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Yuan JXJ, Garcia JG, West JB, Hales CA, Rich S, Archer SL. High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema. TEXTBOOK OF PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7122766 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-87429-6_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is an uncommon form of pulmonary edema that occurs in healthy individuals within a few days of arrival at altitudes above 2,500–3,000 m. The crucial pathophysiology is an excessive hypoxia-mediated rise in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) or hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) leading to increased microvascular hydrostatic pressures despite normal left atrial pressure. The resultant hydrostatic stress can cause both dynamic changes in the permeability of the alveolar capillary barrier and mechanical damage leading to leakage of large proteins and erythrocytes into the alveolar space in the absence of inflammation. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and pulmonary artery (PA) and microvascular pressure measurements in humans confirm that high capillary pressure induces a high-permeability non-inflammatory-type lung edema; a concept termed “capillary stress failure.” Measurements of endothelin and nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled air, NO metabolites in BAL fluid, and NO-dependent endothelial function in the systemic circulation all point to reduced NO availability and increased endothelin in hypoxia as a major cause of the excessive hypoxic PA pressure rise in HAPE-susceptible individuals. Other hypoxia-dependent differences in ventilatory control, sympathetic nervous system activation, endothelial function, and alveolar epithelial sodium and water reabsorption likely contribute additionally to the phenotype of HAPE susceptibility. Recent studies using magnetic resonance imaging in humans strongly suggest nonuniform regional hypoxic arteriolar vasoconstriction as an explanation for how HPV occurring predominantly at the arteriolar level can cause leakage. This compelling but not yet fully proven mechanism predicts that in areas of high blood flow due to lesser vasoconstriction edema will develop owing to pressures that exceed the structural and dynamic capacity of the alveolar capillary barrier to maintain normal alveolar fluid balance. Numerous strategies aimed at lowering HPV and possibly enhancing active alveolar fluid reabsorption are effective in preventing and treating HAPE. Much has been learned about HAPE in the past four decades such that what was once a mysterious alpine malady is now a well-characterized and preventable lung disease. This chapter will relate the history, pathophysiology, and treatment of HAPE, using it not only to illuminate the condition, but also for the broader lessons it offers in understanding pulmonary vascular regulation and lung fluid balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason X. -J. Yuan
- Departments of Medicine, COMRB Rm. 3131 (MC 719), University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, 60612 Illinois USA
| | - Joe G.N. Garcia
- 310 Admin.Office Building (MC 672), University of Illinois at Chicago, 1737 W. Polk Street, Suite 310, Chicago, 60612 Illinois USA
| | - John B. West
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093-0623 California USA
| | - Charles A. Hales
- Dept. Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, 02114 Massachusetts USA
| | - Stuart Rich
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, 60637 Illinois USA
| | - Stephen L. Archer
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, 60637 Illinois USA
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Stabilized imaging of immune surveillance in the mouse lung. Nat Methods 2010; 8:91-6. [PMID: 21151136 PMCID: PMC3076005 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Real-time imaging of cellular and sub-cellular dynamics in vascularized organs requires image-resolution, image-registration, and demonstrably intact physiology to be simultaneously optimized. This problem is particularly pronounced in the lung in which cells may transit at speeds > 1 mm/sec, and in which normal respiration results in large-scale tissue movements that prevent image registration. Here, we report video-rate, two-photon imaging of a physiologically intact preparation of the mouse lung that is at once stabilizing and non-disruptive. The application of our method provides evidence for differential trapping of T cells and neutrophils in mouse pulmonary capillaries and enables observation of neutrophil mobilization and dynamic vascular leak in response to stretch and inflammatory models of lung injury in mice. The system permits physiological measurement of motility rates of > 1 mm/sec, observation of detailed cellular morphology, and could be applied to other organs and tissues while maintaining intact physiology.
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Toumpanakis D, Kastis GA, Zacharatos P, Sigala I, Michailidou T, Kouvela M, Glynos C, Divangahi M, Roussos C, Theocharis SE, Vassilakopoulos T. Inspiratory Resistive Breathing Induces Acute Lung Injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:1129-36. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201001-0116oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Iwaki M, Ito S, Morioka M, Iwata S, Numaguchi Y, Ishii M, Kondo M, Kume H, Naruse K, Sokabe M, Hasegawa Y. Mechanical stretch enhances IL-8 production in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:531-6. [PMID: 19747898 PMCID: PMC9940996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical over-distension of the lung by a large tidal volume causes further damage and inflammation, called ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), however, it is unclear how mechanical stretch affects the cellular functions or morphology in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs). IL-8 has been proposed to play an important role in the progression of VILI by activating neutrophils. We demonstrated that HPMVECs exposed to cyclic uni-axial stretch produce IL-8 protein with p38 activation in strain- and time-dependent manners. The IL-8 synthesis was not regulated by other signal transduction pathways such as ERK1/2, JNK, or stretch-activated Ca(2+) channels. Moreover, cyclic stretch enhanced IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production and reoriented cell perpendicularly to the stretch axis accompanied by actin polymerization. Taken together, IL-8 production by HPMVECs due to excessive mechanical stretch may activate neutrophilic inflammation, which leads to VILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Iwaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Satoru Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan,Corresponding author. Address: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan. Fax: +81 52 744 2176
| | - Masataka Morioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Susumu Iwata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yasushi Numaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ishii
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masashi Kondo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kume
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Keiji Naruse
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sokabe
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan,ICORP/SORST Cell Mechanosensing, JST, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan,Department of Molecular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Ito S, Suki B, Kume H, Numaguchi Y, Ishii M, Iwaki M, Kondo M, Naruse K, Hasegawa Y, Sokabe M. Actin cytoskeleton regulates stretch-activated Ca2+ influx in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 43:26-34. [PMID: 19648475 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0073oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During high tidal volume mechanical ventilation in patients with acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), regions of the lung are exposed to excessive stretch, causing inflammatory responses and further lung damage. In this study, the effects of mechanical stretch on intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), which regulates a variety of endothelial properties, were investigated in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs). HPMVECs grown on fibronectin-coated silicon chambers were exposed to uniaxial stretching, using a cell-stretching apparatus. After stretching and subsequent unloading, [Ca(2+)](i), as measured by fura-2 fluorescence, was transiently increased in a strain amplitude-dependent manner. The elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) induced by stretch was not evident in the Ca(2+)-free solution and was blocked by Gd(3+), a stretch-activated channel inhibitor, or ruthenium red, a transient receptor potential vanilloid inhibitor. The disruption of actin polymerization with cytochalasin D inhibited the stretch-induced elevation of [Ca(2+)](i). In contrast, increases in [Ca(2+)](i) induced by thapsigargin or thrombin were not affected by cytochalasin D. Increased actin polymerization with sphingosine-1-phosphate or jasplakinolide enhanced the stretch-induced elevation of [Ca(2+)](i). A simple network model of the cytoskeleton was also developed in support of the notion that actin stress fibers are required for efficient force transmission to open stretch-activated Ca(2+) channels. In conclusion, mechanical stretch activates Ca(2+) influx via stretch-activated channels which are tightly regulated by the actin cytoskeleton different from other Ca(2+) influx pathways such as receptor-operated and store-operated Ca(2+) entries in HPMVECs. These results suggest that abnormal Ca(2+) homeostasis because of excessive mechanical stretch during mechanical ventilation may play a role in the progression of ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Kiefmann R, Islam MN, Lindert J, Parthasarathi K, Bhattacharya J. Paracrine purinergic signaling determines lung endothelial nitric oxide production. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 296:L901-10. [PMID: 19304909 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90549.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the vascular bed is a major source of nitric oxide (NO) production, factors regulating the production remain unclear. We considered the role played by paracrine signaling. Determinations by fluorescence microscopy in isolated, blood-perfused rat and mouse lungs revealed that a brief lung expansion enhanced cytosolic Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)cyt) oscillations in alveolar epithelial (AEC) and endothelial (EC) cells, and NO production in EC. Furthermore, as assessed by a novel microlavage assay, alveolar ATP production increased. Intra-alveolar microinfusion of the purinergic receptor antagonist, PPADS, and the nucleotide hydrolyzing enzyme, apyrase, each completely blocked the Ca(2+)cyt and NO responses in EC. Lung expansion induced Ca(2+)cyt oscillations in mice lacking the P2Y1, but not the P2Y2, purinergic receptors, which were located in the perivascular interstitium basolateral to AEC. Prolonged lung expansion instituted by mechanical ventilation at high tidal volume increased EC expression of nitrotyrosine, indicating development of nitrosative stress in lung microvessels. These findings reveal a novel mechanism in which mechanically induced purinergic signaling couples cross-compartmental Ca(2+)cyt oscillations to microvascular NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Kiefmann
- Lung Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
Perinatal brain damage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental impairments and psychiatric illnesses. This article reviews evidence that infection outside of the brain can damage the brain, and discusses specific cytokines and pathomechanisms that probably mediate the putative effect of remote infection on the developing brain. Events associated with increased circulating inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and immune cells are described. Finally, studies of genetic variation in susceptibility to cytokine-related brain damage are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Dammann
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Director of Clinical Research, Div. of Newborn Medicine, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Box 854, Boston, MA 02111 USA, Phone 617-636-0240, Fax 617-636-8943,
| | - Michael O’Shea
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, , Phone: (336)-716-2529, FAX: (336)-716-2525
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Danielson C, Benjamin RJ, Mangano MM, Mills CJ, Waxman DA. Pulmonary pathology of rapidly fatal transfusion-related acute lung injury reveals minimal evidence of diffuse alveolar damage or alveolar granulocyte infiltration. Transfusion 2008; 48:2401-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Endothelium–platelet interactions in inflammatory lung disease. Vascul Pharmacol 2008; 49:141-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Parker JC, Townsley MI. Physiological determinants of the pulmonary filtration coefficient. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L235-7. [PMID: 18502816 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00064.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current emphasis on translational application of genetic models of lung disease has renewed interest in the measurement of the gravimetric filtration coefficient (K(f)) as a means to assess vascular permeability changes in isolated perfused lungs. The K(f) is the product of the hydraulic conductivity and the filtration surface area, and is a sensitive measure of vascular fluid permeability when the pulmonary vessels are fully recruited and perfused. We have observed a remarkable consistency of the normalized baseline K(f) values between species with widely varying body weights from mice to sheep. Uniformity of K(f) values can be attributed to the thin alveolar capillary barrier required for gas exchange and the conserved matching of lung vascular surface area to the oxygen requirements of the body mass. An allometric correlation between the total lung filtration coefficient (K(f,t)) and body weight in several species (r(2)=1.00) had a slope that was similar to those reported for alveolar and pulmonary capillary surface areas and pulmonary diffusion coefficients determined by morphometric methods in these species. A consistent K(f) is dependent on accurately separating the filtration and vascular volume components of lung weight gain, then K(f) is a consistent and repeatable index of lung vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Parker
- Department of Physiology and Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA.
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Bertuglia S, Ichimura H, Fossati G, Parthasarathi K, Leoni F, Modena D, Cremonesi P, Bhattacharya J, Mascagni P. ITF1697, a stable Lys-Pro-containing peptide, inhibits weibel-palade body exocytosis induced by ischemia/reperfusion and pressure elevation. Mol Med 2008; 13:615-24. [PMID: 17948065 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00079.bertuglia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of Lys-Pro-containing short peptides have been described as possessing a variety of biological activities in vitro. Because of limited metabolic stability, however, their efficacy in vivo is uncertain. To exploit the pharmacological potential of Lys-Pro-containing short peptides, we synthesized a series of chemically modified forms of these peptides. One of them, ITF1697 (Gly-(Nalpha-Et)Lys-Pro-Arg) was stable in vivo and particularly efficacious in experimental models of disseminated endotoxemia and of cardiovascular disorders. Using intravital fluorescence microscopy, we studied the peptide cellular and molecular basis of protection in the Syrian hamster cheek pouch microcirculation subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and in pressure elevation-induced proinflammatory responses in isolated Sprague-Dawley rat lungs. Continuous intravenous infusion of ITF1697 at 0.1 to 100 mug/kg/min nearly completely protected the cheek pouch microcirculation from I/R injury as measured by decreased vascular permeability and increased capillary perfusion. Adhesion of leukocytes and platelets to blood vessels was strongly inhibited by the peptide. ITF1697 exerted its activity at the early stages of endothelial activation and inhibited P-selectin and von Willebrand factor secretion. Further mechanistic studies in the rat lung preparation revealed that the peptide inhibited the intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent fusion of Weibel-Palade bodies with the plasma membrane. The ability of ITF1697 to inhibit the early functions of activated endothelial cells, such as the exocytosis of Weibel-Palade bodies, represents a novel and promising pharmacological tool in model of pathologies of a variety of microvascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bertuglia
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Medical School, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Sinclair SE, Molthen RC, Haworth ST, Dawson CA, Waters CM. Airway strain during mechanical ventilation in an intact animal model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:786-94. [PMID: 17626911 PMCID: PMC2020825 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200701-088oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Mechanical ventilation with large tidal volumes causes ventilator-induced lung injury in animal models. Little direct evidence exists regarding the deformation of airways in vivo during mechanical ventilation, or in the presence of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). OBJECTIVES To measure airway strain and to estimate airway wall tension during mechanical ventilation in an intact animal model. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated with tidal volumes of 6, 12, and 25 cm(3)/kg with and without 10-cm H(2)O PEEP. Real-time tantalum bronchograms were obtained for each condition, using microfocal X-ray imaging. Images were used to calculate circumferential and longitudinal airway strains, and on the basis of a simplified mathematical model we estimated airway wall tensions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Circumferential and longitudinal airway strains increased with increasing tidal volume. Levels of mechanical strain were heterogeneous throughout the bronchial tree. Circumferential strains were higher in smaller airways (less than 800 mum). Airway size did not influence longitudinal strain. When PEEP was applied, wall tensions increased more rapidly than did strain levels, suggesting that a "strain limit" had been reached. Airway collapse was not observed under any experimental condition. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical ventilation results in significant airway mechanical strain that is heterogeneously distributed in the uninjured lung. The magnitude of circumferential but not axial strain varies with airway diameter. Airways exhibit a "strain limit" above which an abrupt dramatic rise in wall tension is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Sinclair
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Nash 426, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Sodian R, Lueders C, Kraemer L, Kuebler W, Shakibaei M, Reichart B, Daebritz S, Hetzer R. Tissue engineering of autologous human heart valves using cryopreserved vascular umbilical cord cells. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 81:2207-16. [PMID: 16731156 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue engineering of autologous heart valves with the potential to grow and to remodel represents a promising concept in pediatric cardiovascular surgery. Currently we are exploring the impact of cryopreserved human umbilical cord cells (CHUCCs) for the fabrication of tissue-engineered heart valves for patients diagnosed prenatally with congenital heart lesions, potentially enabling heart valve replacement in the early years of life. METHODS Human umbilical cord cells were isolated from vascular segments of umbilical cords and cryopreserved in a cell bank. After 12 weeks the cryopreserved cells were again expanded in culture and characterized by histology, immunohistochemistry, and proliferation assays. Trileaflet heart valve scaffolds were fabricated from a porous polymer (P4HB, Tepha Inc, Cambridge, MA) and sequentially seeded with CHUCCs (n = 10). Five of the heart valve constructs were grown for 7 days in a pulse duplicator and, as a control, five constructs were grown under static cell culture conditions for 7 days. Analysis of all tissue-engineered heart valves included histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, functional analysis, and biomechanical and biochemical examination. RESULTS We found that CHUCCs remained viable after 12 weeks of cryopreservation and showed a myofibroblast-like morphology that stained positive for alpha-actin and fibroblast specific marker. Histology of the tissue-engineered heart valves showed layered tissue formation, including connective tissue between the inside and the outside of the porous scaffold. Immunohistochemistry was positive for collagen (types I, III, and IV), desmin, laminin, and alpha-actin. Electron microscopy showed that the cells had grown into the pores and formed a confluent tissue layer during maturation in the pulsatile flow system. Biochemical examination showed an increase of extracellular matrix formation in constructs after pulsatile flow exposure compared with the static control group. Functional analysis demonstrated a physiological increase of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration of the recultivated cells and the conditioned constructs after stimulation with histamine. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates in vitro generation of viable and functional human heart valves based on CHUCCs and biomimetic flow culture systems. The CHUCCs demonstrated excellent growth potential and abilities of in vitro tissue formation. These findings suggest the potential benefit of establishing autologous human cell banks for pediatric patients diagnosed intrauterinely with congenital defects that will potentially require heart valve replacement in the early years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Sodian
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany.
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Bhattacharya J. Interpreting the lung microvascular filtration coefficient. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L9-L10. [PMID: 17468133 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00148.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Dull RO, Mecham I, McJames S. Heparan sulfates mediate pressure-induced increase in lung endothelial hydraulic conductivity via nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L1452-8. [PMID: 17351062 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00376.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the nonlinear dynamics of the pressure vs. hydraulic conductivity (Lp) relationship in lung microvascular endothelial cells and demonstrate that heparan sulfates, an important component of the endothelial glycocalyx, participate in pressure-sensitive mechanotransduction that results in barrier dysfunction. The pressure vs. Lp relationship was complex, possessing both time- and pressure-dependent components. Pretreatment of lung capillary endothelial cells with heparanase III completely abolished the pressure-induced increase in Lp. This extends our ( 7 ) previous observation regarding heparan sulfates as mechanotransducers for shear stress. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase with l-NAME ( NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester HCl) and intracellular scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by TBAP [tetrakis-(4-benzoic acid) porphorin] significantly attenuated the pressure-induced Lp response. Intracellular NO/ROS were visualized using the fluorescent dye, 2′7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFA), and cells demonstrated a pressure-induced increase in intracellular fluorescence. Heparanase pretreatment significantly reduced the pressure-induced increase in intracellular fluorescence, suggesting that cell-surface heparan sulfates directly participate in mechanotransduction that results in NO/ROS production and increased permeability. This is the first report to demonstrate a role for heparan sulfates in pressure-mediated mechanotransduction and barrier regulation. These observations may have important clinical implications during conditions where pulmonary microvascular pressure is elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal O Dull
- Univ. of Utah School of Medicine, Dept. of Anesthesiology, Lung Vascular Biology Laboratory, 30 North 1900 East, 3C444 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Bocsi J, Lenz D, Sauer U, Wild L, Hess J, Schranz D, Hambsch J, Schneider P, Tárnok A. Inflammation and Immune Suppression following Protein Losing Enteropathy after Fontan Surgery Detected by Cytomics. Transfus Med Hemother 2007. [DOI: 10.1159/000101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
In recent decades, it has become evident that the endothelium is by no means a passive inner lining of blood vessels. This 'organ' with a large surface (approximately 350 m2) and a comparatively small total mass (approximately 110 g) is actively involved in vital functions of the cardiovascular system, including regulation of perfusion, fluid and solute exchange, haemostasis and coagulation, inflammatory responses, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. The present chapter focusses on two central aspects of endothelial structure and function: (1) the heterogeneity in endothelial properties between species, organs, vessel classes and even within individual vessels and (2) the composition and role of the molecular layer on the luminal surface of endothelial cells. The endothelial lining of blood vessels in different organs differs with respect to morphology and permeability and is classified as 'continuous', 'fenestrated' or 'discontinuous'. Furthermore, the mediator release, antigen presentation or stress responses of endothelial cells vary between species, different organs and vessel classes. Finally there are relevant differences even between adjacent endothelial cells, with some cells exhibiting specific functional properties, e.g. as pacemaker cells for intercellular calcium signals. Organ-specific structural and functional properties of the endothelium are marked in the vascular beds of the lung and the brain. Pulmonary endothelium exhibits a high constitutive expression of adhesion molecules which may contribute to the margination of the large intravascular pool of leucocytes in the lung. Furthermore, the pulmonary microcirculation is less permeable to protein and water flux as compared to large pulmonary vessels. Endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier exhibit a specialised phenotype with no fenestrations, extensive tight junctions and sparse pinocytotic vesicular transport. This barrier allows a strict control of exchange of solutes and circulating cells between the plasma and the interstitial space. It was observed that average haematocrit levels in muscle capillaries are much lower as compared to systemic haematocrit, and that flow resistance of microvascular beds is higher than expected from in vitro studies of blood rheology. This evidence stimulated the concept of a substantial layer on the luminal endothelial surface (endothelial surface layer, ESL) with a thickness in the range of 0.5-1 microm. In comparison, the typical thickness of the glycocalyx directly anchored in the endothelial plasma membrane, as seen in electron micrographs, amounts to only about 50-100 microm. Therefore it is assumed that additional components, e.g. adsorbed plasma proteins or hyaluronan, are essential in constituting the ESL. Functional consequences of the ESL presence are not yet sufficiently understood and acknowledged. However, it is evident that the thick endothelial surface layer significantly impacts haemodynamic conditions, mechanical stresses acting on red cells in microvessels, oxygen transport, vascular control, coagulation, inflammation and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Pries
- Dept. of Physiology, Charité Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Although proinflammatory cell signaling in the alveolo-capillary region predisposes to acute lung injury, key cell-signaling mechanisms remain inadequately understood. Alveolo-capillary inflammation is likely to involve coordinated signaling among cells of different phenotypes. For example, migration of inflammatory cells into the alveolus might entail coordinated signaling between adjoining alveolar epithelial and microvascular endothelial cells. The popular cultured cell experimental strategy fails to replicate this multicellular environment. Cultured lung cells, both alveolar and endothelial, undergo phenotypic transformations; hence they might inadequately reflect innate responses of native cells. Consequently, new approaches are required for the investigation of cell signaling in the native setting. Here we summarize new developments in classical intravital microscopy and discuss real-time fluorescence imaging as a novel technique for studying second-messenger mechanisms in the alveolo-capillary region.
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Miyahara T, Hamanaka K, Weber DS, Drake DA, Anghelescu M, Parker JC. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Src, and Akt modulate acute ventilation-induced vascular permeability increases in mouse lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L11-21. [PMID: 17322282 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00279.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the role of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase (PI3K) pathways in the acute vascular permeability increase associated with ventilator-induced lung injury, we ventilated isolated perfused lungs and intact C57BL/6 mice with low and high peak inflation pressures (PIP). In isolated lungs, filtration coefficients (K(f)) increased significantly after ventilation at 30 cmH(2)O (high PIP) for successive periods of 15, 30 (4.1-fold), and 50 (5.4-fold) min. Pretreatment with 50 microM of the PI3K inhibitor, LY-294002, or 20 microM PP2, a Src kinase inhibitor, significantly attenuated the increase in K(f), whereas 10 microM Akt inhibitor IV significantly augmented the increased K(f). There were no significant differences in K(f) or lung wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratios between groups ventilated with 9 cmH(2)O PIP (low PIP), with or without inhibitor treatment. Total lung beta-catenin was unchanged in any low PIP isolated lung group, but Akt inhibition during high PIP ventilation significantly decreased total beta-catenin by 86%. Ventilation of intact mice with 55 cmH(2)O PIP for up to 60 min also increased lung vascular permeability, indicated by increases in lung lavage albumin concentration and lung W/D ratios. In these lungs, tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin and serine/threonine phosphorylation of Akt, glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta), and ERK1/2 increased significantly with peak effects at 60 min. Thus mechanical stress activation of PI3K and Src may increase lung vascular permeability through tyrosine phosphorylation, but simultaneous activation of the PI3K-Akt-GSK3beta pathway tends to limit this permeability response, possibly by preserving cellular beta-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashige Miyahara
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA
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71
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Luh SP, Chiang CH. Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS): the mechanism, present strategies and future perspectives of therapies. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2007; 8:60-9. [PMID: 17173364 PMCID: PMC1764923 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2007.b0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), which manifests as non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, respiratory distress and hypoxemia, could be resulted from various processes that directly or indirectly injure the lung. Extensive investigations in experimental models and humans with ALI/ARDS have revealed many molecular mechanisms that offer therapeutic opportunities for cell or gene therapy. Herein the present strategies and future perspectives of the treatment for ALI/ARDS, include the ventilatory, pharmacological, as well as cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-ping Luh
- Department of Surgery, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, 402 Taichung, Taiwan, China
- †E-mail:
| | - Chi-huei Chiang
- Division of Pulmonary Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112 Taipei, Taiwan, China
- †E-mail:
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72
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Abstract
Lung capillary pressure in healthy humans at rest ranges between 6 and 10 mmHg. At maximal effort or in pathophysiological conditions such as left sided heart disease or massive pulmonary vasoconstriction, for example in high-altitude pulmonary disease, capillary pressure may be markedly elevated. Increased capillary pressure directly affects transendothelial fluid dynamics and thus results in the formation of hydrostatic lung edema. Excessive pressure increases may cause capillary stress failure. Recent studies, however, suggest that the microvascular response to lung capillary hypertension is more complex. Pressure, strain and shear stress cause dysfunction of the capillary endothelium characterized by an imbalanced release of vasoactive mediators. Endothelial dysfunction evokes a multicellular response with features of vasoconstriction, inflammation, and vascular leakage, thrombosis, and remodeling. These active cellular reactions contribute to the pathophysiological process and may be specifically targeted by new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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73
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Minshall RD, Malik AB. Transport across the endothelium: regulation of endothelial permeability. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2006:107-44. [PMID: 16999218 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-32967-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An important function of the endothelium is to regulate the transport of liquid and solutes across the semi-permeable vascular endothelial barrier. Two cellular pathways controlling endothelial barrier function have been identified. The transcellular pathway transports plasma proteins of the size of albumin or greater via the process of transcytosis in vesicle carriers originating from cell surface caveolae. Specific signalling cues are able to induce the internalisation of caveolae and their movement to the basal side of the endothelium. Caveolin-1, the primary structural protein required for the formation of caveolae, is also important in regulating vesicle trafficking through the cell by controlling the activity and localisation of signalling molecules that mediate vesicle fission, endocytosis, fusion and finally exocytosis. An important function of the transcytotic pathways is to regulate the delivery of albumin and immunoglobulins, thereby controlling tissue oncotic pressure and host-defence. The paracellular pathway induced during inflammation is formed by gaps between endothelial cells at the level of adherens and tight junctional complexes. Paracellular permeability is increased by second messenger signalling pathways involving Ca2+ influx via activation of store-operated channels, protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha), and Rho kinase that together participate in the stimulation of myosin light chain phosphorylation, actin-myosin contraction, and disruption of the junctions. In this review of the field, we discuss the current understanding of the signalling pathways regulating paracellular and transcellular endothelial permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Minshall
- Department of Pharmacology (m/c 868), University of Illinois, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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74
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Brueckl C, Kaestle S, Kerem A, Habazettl H, Krombach F, Kuppe H, Kuebler WM. Hyperoxia-induced reactive oxygen species formation in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells in situ. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 34:453-63. [PMID: 16357365 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0223oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung capillary endothelial cells (ECs) are a critical target of oxygen toxicity and play a central role in the pathogenesis of hyperoxic lung injury. To determine mechanisms and time course of EC activation in normobaric hyperoxia, we measured endothelial concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytosolic calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) by in situ imaging of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) and fura 2 fluorescence, respectively, and translocation of the small GTPase Rac1 by immunofluorescence in isolated perfused rat lungs. Endothelial DCF fluorescence and [Ca(2+)](i) increased continuously yet reversibly during a 90-min interval of hyperoxic ventilation with 70% O(2), demonstrating progressive ROS generation and second messenger signaling. ROS formation increased exponentially with higher O(2) concentrations. ROS and [Ca(2+)](i) responses were blocked by the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone, whereas inhibitors of NAD(P)H oxidase and the intracellular Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA predominantly attenuated the late phase of the hyperoxia-induced DCF fluorescence increase after > 30 min. Rac1 translocation in lung capillary ECs was barely detectable at normoxia but was prominent after 60 min of hyperoxia and could be blocked by rotenone and BAPTA. We conclude that hyperoxia induces ROS formation in lung capillary ECs, which initially originates from the mitochondrial electron transport chain but subsequently involves activation of NAD(P)H oxidase by endothelial [Ca(2+)](i) signaling and Rac1 activation. Our findings demonstrate rapid activation of ECs by hyperoxia in situ and identify mechanisms that may be relevant in the initiation of hyperoxic lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Brueckl
- Institute of Physiology Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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75
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Matthay MA, Zimmerman GA. Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome: four decades of inquiry into pathogenesis and rational management. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 33:319-27. [PMID: 16172252 PMCID: PMC2715340 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.f305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Matthay
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0130, USA.
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76
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Stenmark KR, Davie NJ, Reeves JT, Frid MG. Hypoxia, leukocytes, and the pulmonary circulation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 98:715-21. [PMID: 15649883 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00840.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Data are rapidly accumulating in support of the idea that circulating monocytes and/or mononuclear fibrocytes are recruited to the pulmonary circulation of chronically hypoxic animals and that these cells play an important role in the pulmonary hypertensive process. Hypoxic induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, endothelin-1, and tumor growth factor-beta(1) in pulmonary vessel wall cells, either directly or indirectly via signals from hypoxic lung epithelial cells, may be a critical first step in the recruitment of circulating leukocytes to the pulmonary circulation. In addition, hypoxic stress appears to induce release of increased numbers of monocytic progenitor cells from the bone marrow, and these cells may have upregulated expression of receptors for the chemokines produced by the lung circulation, which thus facilitates their specific recruitment to the pulmonary site. Once present, macrophages/fibrocytes may exert paracrine effects on resident pulmonary vessel wall cells stimulating proliferation, phenotypic modulation, and migration of resident fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. They may also contribute directly to the remodeling process through increased production of collagen and/or differentiation into myofibroblasts. In addition, they could play a critical role in initiating and/or supporting neovascularization of the pulmonary artery vasa vasorum. The expanded vasa network may then act as a conduit for further delivery of circulating mononuclear cells to the pulmonary arterial wall, creating a feedforward loop of pathological remodeling. Future studies will need to determine the mechanisms that selectively induce leukocyte/fibrocyte recruitment to the lung circulation under hypoxic conditions, their direct role in the remodeling process via production of extracellular matrix and/or differentiation into myofibroblasts, their impact on the phenotype of resident smooth muscle cells and adventitial fibroblasts, and their role in the neovascularization observed in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R Stenmark
- Developmental Lung Biology Laboratory, Univ. of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Ave., Box B131, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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77
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Ichimura H, Parthasarathi K, Issekutz AC, Bhattacharya J. Pressure-induced leukocyte margination in lung postcapillary venules. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L407-12. [PMID: 15879460 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00048.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although pressure elevation in lung postcapillary venules increases endothelial P-selectin expression, the extent to which P-selectin causes lung leukocyte margination remains controversial. To address this issue, we optically viewed postcapillary venules of the isolated blood-perfused rat lung by real-time fluorescence imaging. To determine leukocyte margination in single postcapillary venules, we quantified the fluorescence of leukocytes labeled in situ with rhodamine 6G (R6G). Although baseline fluorescence was sparse, a 10-min pressure elevation by 10 cmH(2)O markedly increased R6G fluorescence. Both stopping blood flow during pressure elevation and eliminating leukocytes from the perfusion blocked the fluorescence increase, affirming that these fluorescence responses were attributable to pressure-induced leukocyte margination. A P-selectin-blocking MAb and the L- and P-selectin blocker fucoidin each inhibited the fluorescence increase, indicating that P-selectin was critical for inducing margination. Time-dependent imaging of blood-borne fluorescent beads revealed reduction of plasma velocity during pressure elevation. After pressure returned to baseline, a similar reduction of plasma velocity, established by manually decreasing the perfusion rate, prolonged margination. Our findings show that in lung postcapillary venules, the decrease in plasma velocity critically determines pressure-induced leukocyte margination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ichimura
- lung Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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78
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Abstract
Heterogeneity in endothelial cell structure and function among vascular beds has been recognized for decades. However, recent findings have resolved that endothelial cells possess a functional memory based upon where they are in a blood vessel or based upon where they are isolated from within the blood vessel. Functional memory has been identified using integrated in vivo and in vitro bioassays and, most recently, through molecular profiling experiments. Memory is attributed to the epigenetic modification of phenotype that occurs in response to site-specific, cell-environment interaction during vascular development. In the embryo, Notch signal transduction is required for proper large blood vessel formation and function, whereas vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) is required for many of the processes of early vascular development including vasculogenesis and large vessel formation. Both Notch and VEGF are expressed in the developing lung, and their roles in pulmonary vascular development likely parallel those in the systemic circulation. Thus, integrated molecular profiling and transgenic technology provide new tools to investigate the interplay between epigenetic and environmental modulation of cell phenotype that controls endothelial cell behavior, and will aid in our understanding of the molecular signals required for normal and abnormal lung vascular development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gebb
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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79
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Mehta D, Bhattacharya J, Matthay MA, Malik AB. Integrated control of lung fluid balance. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 287:L1081-90. [PMID: 15531757 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00268.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the highlights of the EB2004 symposium that dealt with the integrated aspects of the lung fluid balance. It is apparent that maintenance of lung fluid balance requires the proper functioning of vascular endothelial and alveolar epithelial barriers. Under physiological conditions, the transcytotic pathway requiring repeated fission-fusion events of the caveolar membrane with other caveolae solely transports albumin. Caveolin-1, which forms caveolae, and albumin-binding proteins play a central role in signaling the transcytosis of albumin. Signals responsible for increasing endothelial permeability in lung microvessels in response to inflammatory mediators were also described. These studies in gene knockout mouse models revealed the importance of Ca(2+) signaling via store-operated transient receptor channel 4 and the activation of endothelial myosin light chain kinase isoform in mediating the increase in microvessel permeability. Increases in the cytosolic Ca(2+) in situ in microvessel endothelia can occur by mitochondria-dependent as well as mitochondria-independent pathways (such as the endoplasmic reticulum). Both these pathways, by triggering endothelial cell activation, may result in lung microvascular injury. The resolution of alveolar edema, requiring clearance of fluid from the air space, is another area of intense investigation in animal models. Although beta-adrenergic agonists can activate alveolar fluid clearance, signaling pathways regulating these events in intact alveoli remain to be established. Development of mouse models in which the function of regulatory proteins (identified in cell culture studies) can be systematically analyzed will provide a better and more integrated picture of lung fluid balance. In vivo veritas!
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois-Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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80
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Fürst R, Brueckl C, Kuebler WM, Zahler S, Krötz F, Görlach A, Vollmar AM, Kiemer AK. Atrial natriuretic peptide induces mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 in human endothelial cells via Rac1 and NAD(P)H oxidase/Nox2-activation. Circ Res 2004; 96:43-53. [PMID: 15569826 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000151983.01148.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The cardiovascular hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) exerts anti-inflammatory effects on tumor necrosis factor-alpha-activated endothelial cells by inducing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP-1). The underlying mechanisms are as yet unknown. We aimed to elucidate the signaling pathways leading to an induction of MKP-1 by ANP in primary human endothelial cells. By using antioxidants, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was shown to be crucially involved in MKP-1 upregulation. ANP was found to increase ROS formation in cultured cells as well as in the endothelium of intact rat lung vessels. We applied NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox) inhibitors (apocynin and gp91ds-tat) and revealed this enzyme complex to be crucial for superoxide generation and MKP-1 expression. Moreover, by performing Nox2/4 antisense experiments, we identified Nox2 as the critically involved Nox homologue. Pull-down assays and confocal microscopy showed that ANP activates the small Rho-GTPase Rac1. Transfection of a dominant-negative (RacN17) and constitutively active Rac1 mutant (RacV12) indicated that ANP-induced superoxide generation and MKP-1 expression are mediated via Rac1 activation. ANP-evoked production of superoxide was found to activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Using specific inhibitors, we linked ANP-induced JNK activation to MKP-1 expression and excluded an involvement of protein kinase C, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38 MAPK. MKP-1 induction was shown to depend on activation of the transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) by using electrophoretic mobility shift assay and AP-1 decoys. In summary, our work provides insights into the mechanisms by which ANP induces MKP-1 and shows that ANP is a novel endogenous activator of endothelial Rac1 and Nox/Nox2.
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MESH Headings
- Acetophenones/pharmacology
- Animals
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor/pharmacology
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor/physiology
- Capillaries
- Cell Cycle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP/pharmacology
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- DNA, Antisense/pharmacology
- Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Enzyme Induction/physiology
- Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Guanylate Cyclase/drug effects
- Guanylate Cyclase/physiology
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/biosynthesis
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Lung/blood supply
- MAP Kinase Kinase 4
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidase 1
- NADPH Oxidase 2
- NADPH Oxidase 4
- NADPH Oxidase 5
- NADPH Oxidases/biosynthesis
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/physiology
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/biosynthesis
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Phosphatase 1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/biosynthesis
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transfection
- Umbilical Veins/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fürst
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Munich, Germany
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81
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Sue RD, Matthay MA, Ware LB. Hydrostatic mechanisms may contribute to the pathogenesis of human re-expansion pulmonary edema. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30:1921-6. [PMID: 15258730 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-004-2379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to test the hypothesis that clinical re-expansion pulmonary edema is predominantly due to increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary barrier. A secondary objective was to determine if the alveolar epithelium was functionally intact in patients with re-expansion pulmonary edema by measuring net alveolar epithelial fluid transport in a subset of patients. DESIGN Retrospective study of mechanically ventilated patients with re-expansion pulmonary edema. SETTING Two academic tertiary care hospitals. PATIENTS Seven patients with acute onset of re-expansion pulmonary edema after tube thoracostomy or thoracentesis. INTERVENTIONS Pulmonary edema fluid and plasma were collected at the time of onset of re-expansion edema. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Contrary to our hypothesis, the mean initial edema fluid to plasma protein ratio was 0.58+/-0.21, supporting a hydrostatic mechanism of edema formation. Four of the patients had an initial edema fluid to plasma protein ratio of less than 0.65, consistent with pure hydrostatic pulmonary edema, while the others had a slight increase in permeability (edema fluid to plasma ratios of 0.67, 0.71 and 0.77), perhaps due to capillary stress failure from hydrostatic stress. Alveolar fluid clearance (mean 9.8+/-8.0%/h) was intact in the subset of three patients in whom it was measured. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first direct evidence that hydrostatic forces may contribute to the development of re-expansion pulmonary edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Sue
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, 900 Veteran Avenue, 14-154 Warren Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1999, USA
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82
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Wessells H, King SH, Schmelz M, Nagle RB, Heimark RL. Immunohistochemical comparison of vascular and sinusoidal adherens junctions in cavernosal endothelium. Urology 2004; 63:201-6. [PMID: 14751392 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2003.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize endothelial cell-to-cell junctions in the sinusoids and microvasculature of the corpus cavernosum. METHODS Corporal tissue was obtained from 6 potent human subjects, cut into 5-microm cryosections, and double-labeled with consecutive applications of primary and secondary antibodies. Laser scanning confocal microscopy identified subcellular localization of endothelial anchoring and adhesion molecules. Fluorescence intensity was rated as strong, weak, or absent by two observers. RESULTS The cavernosal endothelial adherens junction was composed of vascular endothelial cadherin, alpha-catenin, plakoglobin, vinculin, and the regulatory proteins beta-catenin and ZO-1. Adherens junctions in sinusoids were elongated, redundant, and narrow versus short, dense, linear cell-to-cell contacts in small arterioles and venules. Vinculin expression along the basal interface of the endothelium and stroma was weak in the sinusoids and strong in the arterioles. Definite sinusoidal expression of CD31 and CD34 was noted. P-selectin was only expressed within the cavernosal microvessels. CONCLUSIONS The regulatory and structural proteins extending from vascular endothelial cadherin provide immunohistochemical evidence of a role for adherens junctions in cavernosal endothelial barrier function and cellular homeostasis. The sinusoidal endothelium has a unique junctional phenotype consistent with its blood trapping function. Differential expression of functional proteins in sinusoidal and microvascular endothelium may reflect segmental variation in hemodynamic exposure to pressure, stretch, or flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Wessells
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
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83
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Safdar Z, Wang P, Ichimura H, Issekutz AC, Quadri S, Bhattacharya J. Hyperosmolarity enhances the lung capillary barrier. J Clin Invest 2004; 112:1541-9. [PMID: 14617755 PMCID: PMC259125 DOI: 10.1172/jci18370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although capillary barrier deterioration underlies major inflammatory lung pathology, barrier-enhancing strategies are not available. To consider hyperosmolar therapy as a possible strategy, we gave 15-minute infusions of hyperosmolar sucrose in lung venular capillaries imaged in real time. Surprisingly, this treatment enhanced the capillary barrier, as indicated by quantification of the capillary hydraulic conductivity. The barrier enhancement was sufficient to block the injurious effects of thrombin, TNF-alpha, and H2O2 in single capillaries, and of intratracheal acid instillation in the whole lung. Capillary immunofluorescence indicated that the hyperosmolar infusion markedly augmented actin filament formation and E-cadherin expression at the endothelial cell periphery. The actin-depolymerizing agent latrunculin B abrogated the hyperosmolar barrier enhancement as well as the actin filament formation, suggesting a role for actin in the barrier response. Furthermore, hyperosmolar infusion blocked TNF-alpha-induced P-selectin expression in an actin-dependent manner. Our results provide the first evidence to our knowledge that in lung capillaries, hyperosmolarity remodels the endothelial barrier and the actin cytoskeleton to enhance barrier properties and block proinflammatory secretory processes. Hyperosmolar therapy may be beneficial in lung inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenat Safdar
- Division of Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York 10019, USA
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84
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Carpenter TC, Stenmark KR. Predisposition of infants with chronic lung disease to respiratory syncytial virus-induced respiratory failure: a vascular hypothesis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23:S33-40. [PMID: 14730268 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000108191.13799.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes the highest rate of severe respiratory infections and mortality in infants and children worldwide. Preterm infants with underlying chronic lung disease (CLD), including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), are among those at high risk for severe morbidity, long term sequelae and mortality postinfection. The definition of CLD/BPD has evolved and is currently described as a disease of restricted lung development (i.e. impaired alveolar and pulmonary vascular development). This article describes potential mechanisms by which RSV infection causes respiratory failure in the infant with BPD. METHODS AND RESULTS The opinions expressed in this article are based on a review of recent investigations into the mechanisms through which RSV infections could cause excessive pulmonary edema formation and subsequent respiratory failure in the infant with CLD. Although alveolar overinflation and atelectasis are well-described patterns of RSV-induced respiratory illness in this infant population, the finding of pulmonary edema is a complex, multifactorial process that is less well understood. Experimental evidence suggests that RSV infection in infants with CLD/BPD not only causes increases in pulmonary vascular reactivity but also precipitates pulmonary edema formation via multiple mechanisms (e.g. nonuniform elevations in pulmonary artery pressure, endothelial injury, alveolar epithelial damage and impairments of native alveolar liquid clearance mechanisms). CONCLUSIONS Novel therapies for managing RSV-induced respiratory failure in the infant with CLD/BPD must consider factors responsible for the substantial pulmonary vascular component of this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Carpenter
- Developmental Lung Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, 80602, USA
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85
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Kuebler WM, Uhlig U, Goldmann T, Schael G, Kerem A, Exner K, Martin C, Vollmer E, Uhlig S. Stretch activates nitric oxide production in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells in situ. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168:1391-8. [PMID: 12947026 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200304-562oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas endothelial responses to shear stress have been studied extensively, the responses to circumferential vascular stretch are yet poorly defined. Circumferential stretch in pulmonary microvessels is largely determined by the transmural pressure gradient, hence by both vascular perfusion and alveolar ventilation pressures. Here, we have studied the production of nitric oxide (NO) by the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in two different models of vascular stretch in the intact lung: In isolated-perfused rat lungs, vascular stretch was induced by elevation of vascular pressure. In situ digital fluorescence microscopy revealed stretch-dependent NO production, which was localized to capillary endothelial cells and inhibited by NOS blockers. In isolated-perfused mouse lungs, vascular stretch was generated by ventilation with elevated negative pressure. Stretch-induced phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS in lung endothelial cells was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and increased NO production by in situ fluorescence microscopy. Stretch-induced endothelial responses in both models were abrogated by pretreatment with phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase inhibitors. These findings demonstrate that circumferential stretch activates NO production in pulmonary endothelial cells by a signaling cascade involving phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, Akt, and eNOS and that this response is independent from the mechanical factors causing vascular distension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Division of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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86
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87
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Bhattacharya J. Pressure-induced capillary stress failure: is it regulated? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L701-2. [PMID: 12676760 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00425.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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88
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Matthay MA, Zimmerman GA, Esmon C, Bhattacharya J, Coller B, Doerschuk CM, Floros J, Gimbrone MA, Hoffman E, Hubmayr RD, Leppert M, Matalon S, Munford R, Parsons P, Slutsky AS, Tracey KJ, Ward P, Gail DB, Harabin AL. Future research directions in acute lung injury: summary of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute working group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:1027-35. [PMID: 12663342 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200208-966ws] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are syndromes of acute respiratory failure that result from acute pulmonary edema and inflammation. The development of ALI/ARDS is associated with several clinical disorders including direct pulmonary injury from pneumonia and aspiration as well as indirect pulmonary injury from trauma, sepsis, and other disorders such as acute pancreatitis and drug overdose. Although mortality from ALI/ARDS has decreased in the last decade, it remains high. Despite two major advances in treatment, low VT ventilation for ALI/ARDS and activated protein C for severe sepsis (the leading cause of ALI/ARDS), additional research is needed to develop specific treatments and improve understanding of the pathogenesis of these syndromes. The NHLBI convened a working group to develop specific recommendations for future ALI/ARDS research. Improved understanding of disease heterogeneity through use of evolving biologic, genomic, and genetic approaches should provide major new insights into pathogenesis of ALI. Cellular and molecular methods combined with animal and clinical studies should lead to further progress in the detection and treatment of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Matthay
- Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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89
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De Pasquale CG, Arnolda LF, Doyle IR, Grant RL, Aylward PE, Bersten AD. Prolonged alveolocapillary barrier damage after acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1060-7. [PMID: 12682473 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000059649.31659.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema is associated with damage to the alveolocapillary barrier, as evidenced by increased leakage of surfactant specific proteins into the circulation, to document the duration of alveolocapillary barrier damage in this setting, and to explore the role of pulmonary parenchymal inflammation by determining if circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha is increased after acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. DESIGN Prospective, observational study. SETTING Critical care, cardiac intensive care, and cardiology wards of a tertiary-care university teaching hospital. PATIENTS A total of 28 patients presenting with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema and 13 age-matched normal volunteers. INTERVENTIONS Circulating surfactant protein-A and -B and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were measured on days 0 (presentation), 1, 3, 7, and 14. Clinical markers of pulmonary edema were documented at the same times. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Surfactant protein-A and -B were elevated on day 0 compared with controls (367 +/- 17 ng/mL vs. 303 +/- 17 and 3821 +/- 266 ng/mL vs. 2747 +/- 157 [mean +/- sem], p <.05), and although clinical, hemodynamic and radiographic variables improved rapidly (p <.001), surfactant protein-A and -B rose further until day 3 (437 +/- 22, p <.001, 4642 +/- 353, p <.01). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha was elevated at presentation (p <.05), doubled by day 1 (6.98 +/- 1.36 pg/mL, p <.05), remained elevated on day 3 (5.72 +/- 0.96 pg/mL, p <.05), and peak levels were related to chest radiograph extravascular lung water score (r(p) = 0.64, p =.003). CONCLUSIONS Although the initial increase in plasma surfactant protein-A and -B may represent hydrostatic stress failure of the alveolocapillary barrier, the prolonged elevation, when hemodynamic abnormalities have resolved, and the delayed elevation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha are consistent with pulmonary parenchymal inflammation, which may further damage the alveolocapillary barrier. This prolonged physiologic defect at the alveolocapillary barrier after acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema may partly account for the vulnerability of these patients to recurrent pulmonary fluid accumulation.
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90
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Ichimura H, Parthasarathi K, Quadri S, Issekutz AC, Bhattacharya J. Mechano-oxidative coupling by mitochondria induces proinflammatory responses in lung venular capillaries. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:691-9. [PMID: 12618523 PMCID: PMC151903 DOI: 10.1172/jci17271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevation of lung capillary pressure causes exocytosis of the leukocyte adhesion receptor P-selectin in endothelial cells (ECs), indicating that lung ECs generate a proinflammatory response to pressure-induced stress. To define underlying mechanisms, we followed the EC signaling sequence leading to P-selectin exocytosis through application of real-time, in situ fluorescence microscopy in lung capillaries. Pressure elevation increased the amplitude of cytosolic Ca(2+) oscillations that triggered increases in the amplitude of mitochondrial Ca(2+) oscillations and in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Responses to blockers of the Ca(2+) oscillations and of mitochondrial electron transport indicated that the ROS production was Ca(2+) dependent and of mitochondrial origin. A new proinflammatory mechanism was revealed in that pressure-induced exocytosis of P-selectin was inhibited by both antioxidants and mitochondrial inhibitors, indicating that the exocytosis was driven by mitochondrial ROS. In this signaling pathway mitochondria coupled pressure-induced Ca(2+) oscillations to the production of ROS that in turn acted as diffusible messengers to activate P-selectin exocytosis. These findings implicate mitochondrial mechanisms in the lung's proinflammatory response to pressure elevation and identify mitochondrial ROS as critical to P-selectin exocytosis in lung capillary ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ichimura
- Lung Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10019, USA
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91
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van Zyl S. Capillary Pressure-induced Lung Injury: Fact or Fiction? SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/22201173.2003.10872995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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92
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Bhattacharya S, Sen N, Yiming MT, Patel R, Parthasarathi K, Quadri S, Issekutz AC, Bhattacharya J. High tidal volume ventilation induces proinflammatory signaling in rat lung endothelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 28:218-24. [PMID: 12540489 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.4763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar overdistension during mechanical ventilation causes leukocyte sequestration, leading to lung injury. However, underlying endothelial cell (EC) mechanisms are undefined. In a new approach, we exposed isolated blood-perfused rat lungs to high tidal volume ventilation (HV) for 2 h, then obtained fresh lung endothelial cells (FLEC) by immunosorting at 4 degrees C. Immunoblotting experiments indicated that as compared with FLEC derived from lungs ventilated at low volume (LV), HV markedly enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation (TyrP). The tyrosine kinase blocker, genistein, inhibited this response. HV also induced focal adhesion (FA) formation in FLEC, as detected by immunofluorescent aggregates of the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin that co-localized with aggregations of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Immunoprecipitation and blotting experiments revealed that HV increased TyrP of the FA protein, paxillin. In addition, HV induced a paxillin-associated P-selectin expression on FLEC that was also inhibited by genistein. However, HV did not increase lung water. These results indicate that in HV, EC signaling in situ causes FA formation and induces TyrP-dependent P-selectin expression. These signaling mechanisms may promote leukocyte-mediated responses in HV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Bhattacharya
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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93
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Lenz D, Hambsch J, Schneider P, Häusler HJ, Sauer U, Hess J, Tárnok A. Protein-losing enteropathy in patients with Fontan circulation: is it triggered by infection? Crit Care 2003; 7:185-90. [PMID: 12720566 PMCID: PMC270635 DOI: 10.1186/cc2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2002] [Revised: 01/20/2003] [Accepted: 02/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) is a recognised complication of the Fontan circulation. Its pathogenesis is not fully understood, however, and it is unclear why its onset occurs months or even years after Fontan surgery. PATIENTS We report a 4.5-year-old girl with Fontan circulation who developed PLE almost 1 year after surgery. At the time of onset the patient had rotavirus enteritis and streptococcal tonsillitis. We have reviewed the records of seven other patients with longstanding PLE. In six of these patients we identified infections at the onset of symptoms. None of our patients had evidence of opportunistic infection. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The immune system of patients with PLE is compromised, but reports on recurrent opportunistic infections are rare. The present observations suggest that infection and inflammation may be associated with the onset of PLE. The mechanism of how infection may trigger PLE warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lenz
- Research Assistant, Research Laboratory, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Cardiac Centre Leipzig, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Hambsch
- Assistant Medical Director, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Cardiac Centre Leipzig, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Schneider
- Director, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Cardiac Centre Leipzig, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Häusler
- Assistant Medical Director, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Cardiac Centre Leipzig, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ursula Sauer
- Assistant Medical Director, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, German Cardiac Centre, Munich, Germany
| | - John Hess
- Director, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, German Cardiac Centre, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Director, Research Laboratory, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Cardiac Centre Leipzig, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
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94
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Schoof E, von der Hardt K, Kandler MA, Abendroth F, Papadopoulos T, Rascher W, Dötsch J. Aerosolized perfluorocarbon reduces adhesion molecule gene expression and neutrophil sequestration in acute respiratory distress. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 457:195-200. [PMID: 12464366 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In acute respiratory distress syndrome, neutrophil migration into the lung plays a key role in the development of lung injury. To study the effect of different modes of ventilation with perfluorocarbon (FC77), intrapulmonary neutrophil accumulation and mRNA expression of E-selectin, P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), mediating leukocyte sequestration, were measured in surfactant depleted piglets. After bronchoalveolar lavage, 20 animals either received aerosolized perfluorocarbon (Aerosol-PFC), partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with perfluorocarbon at functional residual capacity filling volume (FRC-PLV) or at low volume (LV-PLV) or intermittent mandatory ventilation (control). After 2 h of perfluorocarbon application, intermittent mandatory ventilation was continued for 6 h. In the Aerosol-PFC group, all measured adhesion molecules showed a significantly reduced gene expression compared to controls. FRC-PFC treatment was effective in significantly diminishing P-selectin and ICAM-1 mRNA expression. Relative lung tissue neutrophil counts were significantly reduced in the Aerosol-PFC and the FRC-PLV group. Treatment with aerosolized perfluorocarbon is at least as effective as partial liquid ventilation at FRC volume in reducing pulmonary adhesion molecule expression and neutrophil accumulation in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Schoof
- Klinik mit Poliklinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Pathologisch-Anatomisches Institut der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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95
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Parthasarathi K, Ichimura H, Quadri S, Issekutz A, Bhattacharya J. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate spatial profile of proinflammatory responses in lung venular capillaries. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:7078-86. [PMID: 12471144 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.7078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-induced lung expression of the endothelial cell (EC) leukocyte receptor P-selectin initiates leukocyte rolling. To understand the early EC signaling that induces the expression, we conducted real-time digital imaging studies in lung venular capillaries. To compare receptor- vs nonreceptor-mediated effects, we infused capillaries with respectively, TNF-alpha and arachidonate. At concentrations adjusted to give equipotent increases in the cytosolic Ca(2+), both agents increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and EC P-selectin expression. Blocking the cytosolic Ca(2+) increases abolished ROS production; blocking ROS production abrogated P-selectin expression. TNF-alpha, but not arachidonate, released Ca(2+) from endoplasmic stores and increased mitochondrial Ca(2+). Furthermore, Ca(2+) depletion abrogated TNF-alpha responses partially, but arachidonate responses completely. These differences in Ca(2+) mobilization by TNF-alpha and arachidonate were reflected in spatial patterning in the capillary in that the TNF-alpha effects were localized at branch points, while the arachidonate effects were nonlocalized and extensive. Furthermore, mitochondrial blockers inhibited the TNF-alpha- but not the arachidonate-induced responses. These findings indicate that the different modes of Ca(2+) mobilization determined the spatial patterning of the proinflammatory response in lung capillaries. Responses to TNF-alpha revealed that EC mitochondria regulate the proinflammatory process by generating ROS that activate P-selectin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Parthasarathi
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10019, USA
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96
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Parker JC, Yoshikawa S. Vascular segmental permeabilities at high peak inflation pressure in isolated rat lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:L1203-9. [PMID: 12388351 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00488.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of segmental filtration coefficients (Kf) to high peak inflation pressure (PIP) injury was determined in isolated perfused rat lungs. Total (K f,t ), arterial (K f,a ), and venous (K f,v ) filtration coefficients were measured under baseline conditions and after ventilation with 40-45 cmH(2)O PIP. K f,a and K f,v were measured under zone I conditions by increasing airway pressure to 25-27 cmH(2)O. The microvascular segment K f (K f,mv ) was then calculated by: K f,mv = K f,t - K f,a - K f,v. The baseline K f,t was 0.090 +/- 0.022 ml. min(-1). cm H2O(-1). 100 g(-1) and segmentally distributed 18% arterial, 41% venous, and 41% microvascular. After high PIP injury, K f,t increased by 680%, whereas K f,a, K f,v, and K f,mv increased by 398, 589, and 975%, respectively. Pretreatment with 50 microM gadolinium chloride prevented the high PIP-induced increase in K f in all vascular segments. These data imply a lower hydraulic conductance for microvascular endothelium due to its large surface area and a gadolinium-sensitive high-PIP injury, produced in both alveolar and extra-alveolar vessel segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Parker
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA.
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97
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Guazzi M, Brambilla R, De Vita S, Guazzi MD. Diabetes worsens pulmonary diffusion in heart failure, and insulin counteracts this effect. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:978-82. [PMID: 12359657 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200203-234oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) (hydrostatic stress) and diabetes (basal laminae thickening) share the potentiality of damaging the alveolar-capillary membrane. We investigated 15 control subjects and 3 groups of 15 patients each having type 2 diabetes (Group 1), CHF (Group 2), and diabetes and CHF (Group 3), to probe whether addition of diabetes worsens lung diffusion in CHF and whether insulin counteracts this effect. Compared with control subjects, carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DL(CO)) and diffusing capacity of the alveolar-capillary membrane at rest were increasingly depressed from Group 1 through Group 3. DL(CO) was lower than predicted in 11 patients each in Groups 1 and 2 and in all patients in Group 3. Regular insulin (10 IU) was ineffective in CHF alone, whereas it improved DL(CO) and diffusing capacity of the alveolar-capillary membrane in diabetes; changes, however, were significantly greater in the patients with both diabetes and CHF (+17.6%, +27.3%) than in those with diabetes alone (+9.2%, +13.1%). Insulin did not affect lung spirometry, volumes, and hemodynamics. Thus, gas transfer is depressed in a number of patients with diabetes or CHF; comorbidity increases the frequency and extent of this disorder. Insulin facilitates diffusion in diabetes, through an influence on alveolar-capillary conductance, and its efficacy is greater in comorbidity; diabetes is more disturbing in patients with CHF and produces a synergistic rather than a simple additive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Guazzi
- Istituto di Cardiologia dell'Università degli Studi, Milan, Italy
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98
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Bertuglia S, Giusti A. Blockade of P-selectin does not affect reperfusion injury in hamsters subjected to glutathione inhibition. Microvasc Res 2002; 64:56-64. [PMID: 12074631 DOI: 10.1006/mvre.2002.2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
P-selectin antibody has been shown to prevent microvascular damage after ischemia reperfusion (I/R). We investigated whether the treatment with anti-P-selectin would attenuate the decrease in capillary perfusion after glutathione (GSH) inhibition in hamster cheek pouch microcirculation subjected to I/R. Animals were treated for 3 days with l-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine (BSO) to inhibit GSH synthesis. P-selectin expression was determined by using an in situ immunofluorescence method in the microvessels. Ischemia was induced by clamping the cheek pouch for 30 min followed by 30 min of reperfusion. Changes in capillary perfusion, RBC velocity, and leukocyte and platelet adhesion on microvessels were measured after I/R. Hamsters subjected to I/R showed increased leukocyte and platelet adhesion as well as decreased capillary perfusion. The anti-P-selectin group showed a significant P-selectin expression, that occurs at the venular bifurcations within 15-30 min of reperfusion, as well as no increase in leukocyte and platelet adhesion on microvessels. BSO partially prevented P-selectin expression but the decrease in capillary perfusion and the increase in both platelet and leukocyte adhesion in microvessels were greater. GSH significantly prevented P-selectin expression as well as capillary perfusion decrease after I/R. In conclusion, GSH inhibition blunted the protective effects of anti-P-selectin treatment with marked leukocyte adhesion on postcapillary venules and platelet-endothelial cell interactions in arterioles and venules and decreased capillary perfusion at reperfusion, thus suggesting that the mechanism of I/R injury is not critically dependent on P-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bertuglia
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Trieste, 41, 56100, Pisa, Italy.
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99
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Kuebler WM, Ying X, Bhattacharya J. Pressure-induced endothelial Ca(2+) oscillations in lung capillaries. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L917-23. [PMID: 11943655 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00275.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial second messenger responses may contribute to the pathology of high vascular pressure but remain poorly understood because of the lack of direct in situ quantification. In lung venular capillaries, we determined endothelial cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration [Ca(2+)](i) by the fura 2 ratioing method. Pressure elevation increased mean endothelial [Ca(2+)](i) by Ca(2+) influx through gadolinium-inhibitable channels and amplified [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations by Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores. Endothelial [Ca(2+)](i) transients were induced by pressure elevations of as little as 5 cmH(2)O and increased linearly with higher pressures. Heptanol inhibition of [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations in a subset of endothelial cells indicated that oscillations originated from pacemaker endothelial cells and were propagated to adjacent nonpacemaker cells by gap junctional communication. Our findings indicate the presence of a sensitive, active endothelial response to pressure challenge in lung venular capillaries that may be relevant in the pathogenesis of pressure-induced lung microvascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York 10019, USA
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100
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Wang PM, Fujita E, Bhattacharya J. Vascular regulation of type II cell exocytosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L912-6. [PMID: 11943654 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00303.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether lung capillary pressure regulates surfactant secretion, we viewed alveoli of the constantly inflated, isolated blood-perfused rat lung by fluorescence microscopy. By alveolar micropuncture we infused fura 2 and lamellar body (LB)-localizing dyes for fluorescence detection of, respectively, the alveolar cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and type II cell exocytosis. Increasing left atrial pressure (Pla) from 5 to 10 cmH(2)O increased septal capillary diameter by 26% and induced marked alveolar [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations that abated on relief of pressure elevation. The rate of loss of LB fluorescence that reflects the LB exocytosis rate increased fourfold after the pressure elevation and continued at the same rate even after pressure and [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations had returned to baseline. In alveoli pretreated with either 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-AM, the intracellular Ca(2+) chelator, or heptanol, the gap junctional blocker, the pressure-induced exocytosis was completely inhibited. We conclude that capillary pressure and surfactant secretion are mechanically coupled. The secretion initiates in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner but is sustained by Ca(2+)-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Wang
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons; and St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10019, USA
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