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Nguyen VT, Dawson P, Zhang Q, Harris Z, Limesand KH. Administration of growth factors promotes salisphere formation from irradiated parotid salivary glands. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193942. [PMID: 29590144 PMCID: PMC5873995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, 500,000 cases of head and neck cancer (HNC) are reported each year and the primary treatment for HNC is radiotherapy. Although the goal of radiotherapy is to target the tumor, secondary exposure occurs in surrounding normal tissues, such as the salivary glands. As a result, despite successful treatment of the cancer, patients are left with long-term side effects due to direct damage to the salivary glands. The effect is chronic and currently there is no treatment. Stem cells are an attractive therapeutic option for treatment of radiation-induced glandular dysfunction because of the potential to regenerate damaged cell populations and restore salivary gland function. However, limited knowledge about the endogenous stem cell population post irradiation hinders the development for stem cell-based therapies. In this study, an ex vivo sphere formation cell culture system was utilized to assess the self-renewal capacity of cells derived from parotid salivary glands at a chronic time point following radiation. Salivary glands from irradiated mice generate significantly fewer salispheres, but can be stimulated with fetal bovine serum (FBS) to generate an equivalent number of salispheres as unirradiated salivary glands. Interestingly, the number and size of salispheres formed is dependent on the concentration of FBS supplemented into the media. Salispheres derived from irradiated glands and cultured in FBS media were found to contain cells that proliferate and express progenitor and acinar cell markers such as Keratin 5, Keratin 14, Aquaporin 5, and NKCC1. Utilization of insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) injections following radiation treatment restores salivary gland function and improves salisphere generation. These findings indicate that stimulation of these cellular populations may provide a promising avenue for the development of cell-based therapies for radiation-induced salivary gland damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky T. Nguyen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Peter Dawson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Qionghui Zhang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Zoey Harris
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kirsten H. Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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Emmerson E, May AJ, Berthoin L, Cruz-Pacheco N, Nathan S, Mattingly AJ, Chang JL, Ryan WR, Tward AD, Knox SM. Salivary glands regenerate after radiation injury through SOX2-mediated secretory cell replacement. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e8051. [PMID: 29335337 PMCID: PMC5840548 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland acinar cells are routinely destroyed during radiation treatment for head and neck cancer that results in a lifetime of hyposalivation and co-morbidities. A potential regenerative strategy for replacing injured tissue is the reactivation of endogenous stem cells by targeted therapeutics. However, the identity of these cells, whether they are capable of regenerating the tissue, and the mechanisms by which they are regulated are unknown. Using in vivo and ex vivo models, in combination with genetic lineage tracing and human tissue, we discover a SOX2+ stem cell population essential to acinar cell maintenance that is capable of replenishing acini after radiation. Furthermore, we show that acinar cell replacement is nerve dependent and that addition of a muscarinic mimetic is sufficient to drive regeneration. Moreover, we show that SOX2 is diminished in irradiated human salivary gland, along with parasympathetic nerves, suggesting that tissue degeneration is due to loss of progenitors and their regulators. Thus, we establish a new paradigm that salivary glands can regenerate after genotoxic shock and do so through a SOX2 nerve-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lionel Berthoin
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Noel Cruz-Pacheco
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron J Mattingly
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jolie L Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William R Ryan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron D Tward
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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53
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Basova LV, Tang X, Umasume T, Gromova A, Zyrianova T, Shmushkovich T, Wolfson A, Hawley D, Zoukhri D, Shestopalov VI, Makarenkova HP. Manipulation of Panx1 Activity Increases the Engraftment of Transplanted Lacrimal Gland Epithelial Progenitor Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:5654-5665. [PMID: 29098296 PMCID: PMC5678547 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sjögren's syndrome is a systemic chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that primarily targets the salivary and lacrimal glands (LGs). Currently there is no cure; therefore, cell-based regenerative therapy may be a viable option. LG inflammation is facilitated by extracellular ATP and mediated by the Pannexin-1 (Panx1) membrane channel glycoprotein. We propose that suppression of inflammation through manipulation of Panx1 activity can stimulate epithelial cell progenitor (EPCP) engraftment. Methods The expression of pannexins in the mouse and human LG was assayed by qRT-PCR and immunostaining. Acute LG inflammation was induced by interleukin-1α (IL1α) injection. Prior to EPCP transplantation, IL1α-injured or chronically inflamed LGs of thrombospondin-1–null mice (TSP-1−/−) were treated with the Panx1-specific blocking peptide (10panx) or the self-deliverable RNAi (sdRNAi). The efficacy of cell engraftment and the area of inflammation were analyzed by microscopy. Results Panx1 and Panx2 were detected in the mouse and human LGs. Panx1 and proinflammatory factors were upregulated during acute inflammation at days 1 to 3 after the IL1α injection. The analysis of EPCP engraftment demonstrated a significant and reproducible positive correlation between the 10panx peptide or Panx1 sdRNAi treatment and the number of engrafted cells. Similarly, treatment of the LG of the TSP-1−/− mouse (mouse model of chronic LG inflammation) by either Panx1 or Caspase-4 (also known as Casp11) sdRNAi showed a significant decrease in expression of proinflammatory markers and the lymphocyte infiltration. Conclusions Our results suggest that blocking Panx1 and/or Casp4 activities is a beneficial strategy to enhance donor cell engraftment and LG regeneration through the reduction of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana V Basova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Takeshi Umasume
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Anastasia Gromova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Tatiana Zyrianova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | | | | | - Dillon Hawley
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Valery I Shestopalov
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Helen P Makarenkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
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Xiao N, Yu WY, Liu D. Glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor promotes dental pulp stem cell migration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:705-714. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of DentistryUniversity of the Pacific San Francisco CA USA
| | - Wei Ye Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of DentistryUniversity of the Pacific San Francisco CA USA
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental MedicineUniversity of the Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
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Peng X, Varendi K, Maimets M, Andressoo JO, Coppes RP. Role of glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor in salivary gland stem cell response to irradiation. Radiother Oncol 2017; 124:448-454. [PMID: 28784438 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recently, stem cell therapy has been proposed to allow regeneration of radiation damaged salivary glands. It has been suggested that glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promotes survival of mice salivary gland stem cells (mSGSCs). The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of GDNF in the modulation of mSGSC response to irradiation and subsequent salivary gland regeneration. METHODS Salivary gland sphere derived cells of Gdnf hypermorphic (Gdnfwt/hyper) and wild type mice (Gdnfwt/wt) were irradiated (IR) with γ-rays at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8Gy. mSGSC survival and stemness were assessed by calculating surviving fraction measured as post-IR sphere forming potential and population doublings. Flow cytometry was used to determine the CD24hi/CD29hi stem cell (SC) population. QPCR and immunofluorescence was used to detect GDNF expression. RESULTS The IR survival responses of mSGSCs were similar albeit resulted in larger spheres and an increased cell number in the Gdnfwt/hyper compared to Gdnfwt/wt group. Indeed, mSGSC of Gdnfwt/hyper mice showed high sphere forming efficiency upon replating. Interestingly, GDNF expression co-localized with receptor tyrosine kinase (RET) and was upregulated after IR in vitro and in vivo, but normalized in vivo after mSGSC transplantation. CONCLUSION GDNF does not protect mSGSCs against irradiation but seems to promote mSGSCs proliferation through the GDNF-RET signaling pathway. Post-transplantation stimulation of GDNF/RET pathway may enhance the regenerative potential of mSGSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Peng
- Departments of Cell Biology and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centrum Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kärt Varendi
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martti Maimets
- Departments of Cell Biology and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centrum Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; BRIC-Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jaan-Olle Andressoo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology - BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Rob P Coppes
- Departments of Cell Biology and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centrum Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Dong J, Huang G. [Research progress in cell therapy and tissue engineering approach to regenerate salivary gland]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2017; 31:369-373. [PMID: 29806270 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201611101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To review the research progress in cell therapy and tissue engineering approach to regenerate salivary gland so as to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of salivary hypofunction. Methods The recent literature on cell therapy and tissue engineering for the regeneration of salivary glands was reviewed and summarized. Results It is feasible to repair the salivary function by using various stem cells to repair damaged tissue, or by establishing salivary gland tissue ex vivo for salivary gland function restoration and reconstruction. However, the mechanism of three dimensional culturing salivary organoids during organogenesis and function expressing and the potential influence of tissue specific extracellular matrix during this process should be further studied. Conclusion Basic research of cell therapy and salivary tissue engineering should be deeply developed, and a standardized culturing system should be established in vitro. In addition, it is of great significance to study the in vivo effects of salivary gland-specific cells, non salivary gland epithelial cells and transplanted gene-transfected stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Dong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou, 563000, P.R.China
| | - Guilin Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou, 563000,
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Hai B, Zhao Q, Qin L, Rangaraj D, Gutti VR, Liu F. Rescue Effects and Underlying Mechanisms of Intragland Shh Gene Delivery on Irradiation-Induced Hyposalivation. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:390-9. [PMID: 27021743 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible hypofunction of salivary glands is common in head and neck cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy and can only be temporarily relieved with current treatments. We found in an inducible sonic hedgehog (Shh) transgenic mouse model that transient activation of the Hedgehog pathway after irradiation rescued salivary gland function in males by preserving salivary stem/progenitor cells and parasympathetic innervation. To translate these findings into feasible clinical application, we evaluated the effects of Shh gene transfer to salivary glands of wild-type mice on irradiation-induced hyposalivation. Shh or control GFP gene was delivered by noninvasive retrograde ductal instillation of corresponding adenoviral vectors. In both male and female mice, Shh gene delivery efficiently activated Hedgehog/Gli signaling, and significantly improved stimulated saliva secretion and preserved saliva-producing acinar cells after irradiation. In addition to preserving parasympathetic innervation through induction of neurotrophic factors, Shh gene delivery also alleviated the irradiation damage of the microvasculature, likely via inducing angiogenic factors, but did not expand the progeny of cells responsive to Hedgehog/Gli signaling. These data indicate that transient activation of the Hedgehog pathway by gene delivery is promising to rescue salivary function after irradiation in both sexes, and the Hedgehog/Gli pathway may function mainly in cell nonautonomous manners to achieve the rescue effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hai
- 1 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Temple, Texas
| | - Qingguo Zhao
- 1 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Temple, Texas
| | - Lizheng Qin
- 1 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Temple, Texas.,2 Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | | | - Veera R Gutti
- 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Hospital , Temple, Texas
| | - Fei Liu
- 1 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Temple, Texas
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Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Nanotechnologies towards Clinical Application of Stem Cells and Their Secretome in Salivary Gland Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7564689. [PMID: 28090208 PMCID: PMC5206456 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7564689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland (SG) functional damage and severe dry mouth (or xerostomia) are commonly observed in a wide range of medical conditions from autoimmune to metabolic disorders as well as after radiotherapy to treat specific head and neck cancers. No effective therapy has been developed to completely restore the SG functional damage on the long-term and reverse the poor quality of life of xerostomia patients. Cell- and secretome-based strategies are currently being tested in vitro and in vivo for the repair and/or regeneration of the damaged SG using (1) epithelial SG stem/progenitor cells from salispheres or explant cultures as well as (2) nonepithelial stem cell types and/or their bioactive secretome. These strategies will be the focus of our review. Herein, innovative 3D bioprinting nanotechnologies for the generation of organotypic cultures and SG organoids/mini-glands will also be discussed. These bioprinting technologies will allow researchers to analyze the secretome components and extracellular matrix production, as well as their biofunctional effects in 3D mini-glands ex vivo. Improving our understanding of the SG secretome is critical to develop effective secretome-based therapies towards the regeneration and/or repair of all SG compartments for proper restoration of saliva secretion and flow into the oral cavity.
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Saligan L, Lukkahatai N, Holder G, Walitt B, Machado-Vieira R. Lower brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels associated with worsening fatigue in prostate cancer patients during repeated stress from radiation therapy. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016; 17:608-614. [PMID: 25815565 PMCID: PMC4751064 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1012227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fatigue during cancer treatment is associated with depression. Neurotrophic factors play a major role in depression and stress and might provide insight into mechanisms of fatigue. This study investigated the association between plasma concentrations of three neurotrophic factors (BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDNF, glial-derived neurotrophic factor; and SNAPIN, soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion attachment receptor-associated protein) and initial fatigue intensification during external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in euthymic non-metastatic prostate cancer men. METHODS Fatigue, as measured by the 13-item Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Fatigue (FACT-F), and plasma neurotrophic factors were collected at baseline (prior to EBRT) and mid-EBRT. Subjects were categorized into fatigue and no fatigue groups using a > 3-point change in FACT-F scores between the two time points. Multiple linear regressions analysed the associations between fatigue and neurotrophic factors. RESULTS FACT-F scores of 47 subjects decreased from baseline (43.95 ± 1.3) to mid-EBRT (38.36 ± 1.5, P < 0.001), indicating worsening fatigue. SNAPIN levels were associated with fatigue scores (rs = 0.43, P = 0.005) at baseline. A significant decrease of BDNF concentration (P = 0.008) was found in fatigued subjects during EBRT (n = 39). CONCLUSIONS Baseline SNAPIN and decreasing BDNF levels may influence worsening fatigue during EBRT. Further investigations are warranted to confirm their role in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.N. Saligan
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N. Lukkahatai
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,University of Nevada, Las Vegas, School of Nursing, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - G. Holder
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B. Walitt
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R. Machado-Vieira
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Single Cell Clones Purified from Human Parotid Glands Display Features of Multipotent Epitheliomesenchymal Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36303. [PMID: 27824146 PMCID: PMC5099888 DOI: 10.1038/srep36303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the biology of tissue-resident stem cell populations is essential to development of therapeutic strategies for regeneration of damaged tissue. Here, we describe the isolation of glandular stem cells (GSCs) from a small biopsy specimen from human parotid glands. Single colony-forming unit-derived clonal cells were isolated through a modified subfractionation culture method, and their stem cell properties were examined. The isolated clonal cells exhibited both epithelial and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like features, including differentiation potential and marker expression. The cells transiently displayed salivary progenitor phenotypes during salivary epithelial differentiation, suggesting that they may be putative multipotent GSCs rather than progenitor cells. Both epithelial and mesenchymal-expressing putative GSCs, LGR5+CD90+ cells, were found in vivo, mostly in inter-secretory units of human salivary glands. Following in vivo transplantation into irradiated salivary glands of mice, these cells were found to be engrafted around the secretory complexes, where they contributed to restoration of radiation-induced salivary hypofunction. These results showed that multipotent epitheliomesenchymal GSCs are present in glandular mesenchyme, and that isolation of homogenous GSC clones from human salivary glands may promote the precise understanding of biological function of bona fide GSCs, enabling their therapeutic application for salivary gland regeneration.
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Lee JY, Abugharib A, Nguyen R, Eisbruch A. Impact of xerostomia and dysphagia on health-related quality of life for head and neck cancer patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23809000.2016.1236661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Galvão-Moreira LV, Santana T, da Cruz MCFN. A closer look at strategies for preserving salivary gland function after radiotherapy in the head and neck region. Oral Oncol 2016; 60:137-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yarbrough WG, Panaccione A, Chang MT, Ivanov SV. Clinical and molecular insights into adenoid cystic carcinoma: Neural crest-like stemness as a target. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2016; 1:60-77. [PMID: 28894804 PMCID: PMC5510248 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review surveys trialed therapies and molecular defects in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), with an emphasis on neural crest-like stemness characteristics of newly discovered cancer stem cells (CSCs) and therapies that may target these CSCs. DATA SOURCES Articles available on Pubmed or OVID MEDLINE databases and unpublished data. REVIEW METHODS Systematic review of articles pertaining to ACC and neural crest-like stem cells. RESULTS Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland is a slowly growing but relentless cancer that is prone to nerve invasion and metastases. A lack of understanding of molecular etiology and absence of targetable drivers has limited therapy for patients with ACC to surgery and radiation. Currently, no curative treatments are available for patients with metastatic disease, which highlights the need for effective new therapies. Research in this area has been inhibited by the lack of validated cell lines and a paucity of clinically useful markers. The ACC research environment has recently improved, thanks to the introduction of novel tools, technologies, approaches, and models. Improved understanding of ACC suggests that neural crest-like stemness is a major target in this rare tumor. New cell culture techniques and patient-derived xenografts provide tools for preclinical testing. CONCLUSION Preclinical research has not identified effective targets in ACC, as confirmed by the large number of failed clinical trials. New molecular data suggest that drivers of neural crest-like stemness may be required for maintenance of ACC; as such, CSCs are a target for therapy of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell G. Yarbrough
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Yale Cancer CenterNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Alexander Panaccione
- Department of Cancer BiologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeU.S.A.
| | - Michael T. Chang
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Sergey V. Ivanov
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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Lombaert I, Movahednia MM, Adine C, Ferreira JN. Concise Review: Salivary Gland Regeneration: Therapeutic Approaches from Stem Cells to Tissue Organoids. Stem Cells 2016; 35:97-105. [PMID: 27406006 PMCID: PMC6310135 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human salivary gland (SG) has an elegant architecture of epithelial acini, connecting ductal branching structures, vascular and neuronal networks that together function to produce and secrete saliva. This review focuses on the translation of cell- and tissue-based research toward therapies for patients suffering from SG hypofunction and related dry mouth syndrome (xerostomia), as a consequence of radiation therapy or systemic disease. We will broadly review the recent literature and discuss the clinical prospects of stem/progenitor cell and tissue-based therapies for SG repair and/or regeneration. Thus far, several strategies have been proposed for the purpose of restoring SG function: (1) transplanting autologous SG-derived epithelial stem/progenitor cells; (2) exploiting nonepithelial cells and/or their bioactive lysates; and (3) tissue engineering approaches using 3D (three-dimensional) biomaterials loaded with SG cells and/or bioactive cues to mimic in vivo SGs. We predict that further scientific improvement in each of these areas will translate to effective therapies toward the repair of damaged glands and the development of miniature SG organoids for the fundamental restoration of saliva secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lombaert
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Biointerfaces Institute, North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mohammad M Movahednia
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 119083, Singapore
| | - Christabella Adine
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joao N Ferreira
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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65
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA
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van Luijk P, Pringle S, Deasy JO, Moiseenko VV, Faber H, Hovan A, Baanstra M, van der Laan HP, Kierkels RGJ, van der Schaaf A, Witjes MJ, Schippers JM, Brandenburg S, Langendijk JA, Wu J, Coppes RP. Sparing the region of the salivary gland containing stem cells preserves saliva production after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:305ra147. [PMID: 26378247 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Each year, 500,000 patients are treated with radiotherapy for head and neck cancer, resulting in relatively high survival rates. However, in 40% of patients, quality of life is severely compromised because of radiation-induced impairment of salivary gland function and consequent xerostomia (dry mouth). New radiation treatment technologies enable sparing of parts of the salivary glands. We have determined the parts of the major salivary gland, the parotid gland, that need to be spared to ensure that the gland continues to produce saliva after irradiation treatment. In mice, rats, and humans, we showed that stem and progenitor cells reside in the region of the parotid gland containing the major ducts. We demonstrated in rats that inclusion of the ducts in the radiation field led to loss of regenerative capacity, resulting in long-term gland dysfunction with reduced saliva production. Then we showed in a cohort of patients with head and neck cancer that the radiation dose to the region of the salivary gland containing the stem/progenitor cells predicted the function of the salivary glands one year after radiotherapy. Finally, we showed that this region of the salivary gland could be spared during radiotherapy, thus reducing the risk of post-radiotherapy xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Luijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Sarah Pringle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands. Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Joseph O Deasy
- Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vitali V Moiseenko
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hette Faber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands. Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Allan Hovan
- British Columbia Cancer Agency-Vancouver Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Mirjam Baanstra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands. Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hans P van der Laan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Roel G J Kierkels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Arjen van der Schaaf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Max J Witjes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jacobus M Schippers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands. Accelerator Department, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5212 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Sytze Brandenburg
- KVI Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, 9747 AA Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Langendijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jonn Wu
- British Columbia Cancer Agency-Vancouver Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Robert P Coppes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands. Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, Netherlands.
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Pringle S, Maimets M, van der Zwaag M, Stokman MA, van Gosliga D, Zwart E, Witjes MJ, de Haan G, van Os R, Coppes RP. Human Salivary Gland Stem Cells Functionally Restore Radiation Damaged Salivary Glands. Stem Cells 2016; 34:640-52. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pringle
- Department of Cell Biology; University of Groningen, University Medical Centrum Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Groningen, University Medical Centrum Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Martti Maimets
- Department of Cell Biology; University of Groningen, University Medical Centrum Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Groningen, University Medical Centrum Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Marianne van der Zwaag
- Department of Cell Biology; University of Groningen, University Medical Centrum Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Monique A. Stokman
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Groningen, University Medical Centrum Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; University of Groningen, University Medical Centrum Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Djoke van Gosliga
- Department of Cell Biology; University of Groningen, University Medical Centrum Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Groningen, University Medical Centrum Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Erik Zwart
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Max J.H. Witjes
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; University of Groningen, University Medical Centrum Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gerald de Haan
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Os
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Rob P. Coppes
- Department of Cell Biology; University of Groningen, University Medical Centrum Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Groningen, University Medical Centrum Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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68
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Xerostomia: current streams of investigation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 122:53-60. [PMID: 27189896 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Xerostomia is the subjective feeling of dry mouth, and it is often related to salivary hypofunction. Besides medication-related salivary hypofunction, Sjögren syndrome and head-and-neck radiation are two common etiologies that have garnered considerable attention. Approaches to treating and/or preventing salivary hypofunction in patients with these conditions will likely incorporate gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and tissue engineering. Advances in these disciplines are central to current research in the cure for xerostomia and will be key to eventual treatment.
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Nevens D, Nuyts S. The role of stem cells in the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. Cancer Med 2016; 5:1147-53. [PMID: 26880659 PMCID: PMC4924373 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia is an important complication following radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer. Current treatment approaches are insufficient and can only temporarily relieve symptoms. New insights into the physiopathology of radiation‐induced xerostomia might help us in this regard. This review discusses the current knowledge of salivary gland stem cells in radiation‐induced xerostomia and their value in the prevention and treatment of this complication. Salivary gland stem cell transplantation, bone marrow‐derived cell mobilization, molecular regulation of parotid stem cells, stem cell sparing RT, and adaptive RT are promising techniques that are discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Nevens
- Radiation Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven and Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Nuyts
- Radiation Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven and Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Maruyama EO, Aure MH, Xie X, Myal Y, Gan L, Ovitt CE. Cell-Specific Cre Strains For Genetic Manipulation in Salivary Glands. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146711. [PMID: 26751783 PMCID: PMC4709230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretory acinar cells of the salivary gland are essential for saliva secretion, but are also the cell type preferentially lost following radiation treatment for head and neck cancer. The source of replacement acinar cells is currently a matter of debate. There is evidence for the presence of adult stem cells located within specific ductal regions of the salivary glands, but our laboratory recently demonstrated that differentiated acinar cells are maintained without significant stem cell contribution. To enable further investigation of salivary gland cell lineages and their origins, we generated three cell-specific Cre driver mouse strains. For genetic manipulation in acinar cells, an inducible Cre recombinase (Cre-ER) was targeted to the prolactin-induced protein (Pip) gene locus. Targeting of the Dcpp1 gene, encoding demilune cell and parotid protein, labels intercalated duct cells, a putative site of salivary gland stem cells, and serous demilune cells of the sublingual gland. Duct cell-specific Cre expression was attempted by targeting the inducible Cre to the Tcfcp2l1 gene locus. Using the R26Tomato Red reporter mouse, we demonstrate that these strains direct inducible, cell-specific expression. Genetic tracing of acinar cells using PipGCE supports the recent finding that differentiated acinar cells clonally expand. Moreover, tracing of intercalated duct cells expressing DcppGCE confirms evidence of duct cell proliferation, but further analysis is required to establish that renewal of secretory acinar cells is dependent on stem cells within these ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri O. Maruyama
- Center for Oral Biology; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States of America
| | - Marit H. Aure
- Center for Oral Biology; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States of America
| | - Xiaoling Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Yvonne Myal
- Department of Pathology; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Lin Gan
- Department of Ophthalmology; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Catherine E. Ovitt
- Center for Oral Biology; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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71
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Zeidan YH, Xiao N, Cao H, Kong C, Le QT, Sirjani D. Botulinum Toxin Confers Radioprotection in Murine Salivary Glands. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 94:1190-7. [PMID: 26907915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.12.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Xerostomia is a common radiation sequela, which has a negative impact on the quality of life of patients with head and neck cancer. Current treatment strategies offer only partial relief. Botulinum toxins (BTX) have been successfully used in treating a variety of radiation sequelae such as cystitis, proctitis, fibrosis, and facial pain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of BTX on radiation-induced salivary gland damage. METHODS AND MATERIALS We used a previously established model for murine salivary gland irradiation (IR). The submandibular glands (SMGs) of C5BL/6 mice (n=6/group) were injected with saline or BTX 72 hours before receiving 15 Gy of focal irradiation. Saliva flow was measured 3, 7, and 28 days after treatment. The SMGs were collected for immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and Western blotting. A cytokine array consisting of 40 different mouse cytokines was used to evaluate cytokine profiles after radiation treatment. RESULTS Irradiated mice showed a 50% reduction in saliva flow after 3 days, whereas mice preinjected with BTX had 25% reduction in saliva flow (P<.05). Cell death detected by TUNEL staining was similar in SMG sections of both groups. However, neutrophil infiltrate, detected by myeloperoxidase staining, was 3-fold lower for the BTX treated mice. A cytokine array showed a 2-fold upregulation of LPS-induced chemokine (LIX/CXCL5) 3 days after IR. BTX pretreatment reduced LIX levels by 40%. At 4 weeks after IR, the saline (control) group showed a 40% reduction in basal SMG weight, compared with 20% in the BTX group. Histologically, BTX-pretreated glands showed relative preservation of acinar structures after radiation. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that BTX pretreatment ameliorates radiation-induced saliva dysfunction. Moreover, we demonstrate a novel role for CXCL5 in the acute phase of salivary gland damage after radiation. These results carry important clinical implications for the treatment of xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef H Zeidan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
| | - Nan Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Christina Kong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Davud Sirjani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Long-Term In Vitro Expansion of Salivary Gland Stem Cells Driven by Wnt Signals. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 6:150-62. [PMID: 26724906 PMCID: PMC4720006 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells are the ultimate source for replenishment of salivary gland (SG) tissue. Self-renewal ability of stem cells is dependent on extrinsic niche signals that have not been unraveled for the SG. The ductal compartment in SG has been identified as the location harboring stem cells. Here, we report that rare SG ductal EpCAM(+) cells express nuclear β-catenin, indicating active Wnt signaling. In cell culture experiments, EpCAM(high) cells respond potently to Wnt signals stimulating self-renewal and long-term expansion of SG organoids, containing all differentiated SG cell types. Conversely, Wnt inhibition ablated long-term organoid cultures. Finally, transplantation of cells pre-treated with Wnt agonists into submandibular glands of irradiated mice successfully and robustly restored saliva secretion and increased the number of functional acini in vivo. Collectively, these results identify Wnt signaling as a key driver of adult SG stem cells, allowing extensive in vitro expansion and enabling restoration of SG function upon transplantation.
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73
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Xiao N, Le QT. Neurotrophic Factors and Their Potential Applications in Tissue Regeneration. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:89-99. [PMID: 26611762 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are growth factors that can nourish neurons and promote neuron survival and regeneration. They have been studied as potential drug candidates for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Since their identification, there are more and more evidences to indicate that neurotrophic factors are also expressed in non-neuronal tissues and regulate the survival, anti-inflammation, proliferation and differentiation in these tissues. This mini review summarizes the characteristics of the neurotrophic factors and their potential clinical applications in the regeneration of neuronal and non-neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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74
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Identification of the active components in Bone Marrow Soup: a mitigator against irradiation-injury to salivary glands. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16017. [PMID: 26526154 PMCID: PMC4630618 DOI: 10.1038/srep16017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In separate studies, an extract of soluble intracellular contents from whole bone marrow cells, named “Bone Marrow (BM) Soup”, was reported to either improve cardiac or salivary functions post-myocardial infarction or irradiation (IR), respectively. However, the active components in BM Soup are unknown. To demonstrate that proteins were the active ingredients, we devised a method using proteinase K followed by heating to deactivate proteins and for safe injections into mice. BM Soup and “deactivated BM Soup” were injected into mice that had their salivary glands injured with 15Gy IR. Control mice received either injections of saline or were not IR. Results at week 8 post-IR showed the ‘deactivated BM Soup’ was no better than injections of saline, while injections of native BM Soup restored saliva flow, protected salivary cells and blood vessels from IR-damage. Protein arrays detected several angiogenesis-related factors (CD26, FGF, HGF, MMP-8, MMP-9, OPN, PF4, SDF-1) and cytokines (IL-1ra, IL-16) in BM Soup. In conclusion, the native proteins (but not the nucleic acids, lipids or carbohydrates) were the therapeutic ingredients in BM Soup for functional salivary restoration following IR. This molecular therapy approach has clinical potential because it is theoretically less tumorigenic and immunogenic than cell therapies.
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75
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Maimets M, Bron R, de Haan G, van Os R, Coppes RP. Similar ex vivo expansion and post-irradiation regenerative potential of juvenile and aged salivary gland stem cells. Radiother Oncol 2015; 116:443-8. [PMID: 26138058 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Salivary gland dysfunction is a major side effect of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer patients, which in the future might be salvaged by autologous adult salivary gland stem cell (SGSC) therapy. Since frail elderly patients may have decreased activity of SGSCs, we aimed to characterize the potential of aged SGSC-population in a murine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Salivary glands and salisphere-derived cells from young and old mice were tested for CD24 and CD29 stem cell marker expression using FACS. Moreover, in vitro expansion capability and in vivo regeneration potential upon post-irradiation transplantation of young and aged SGSCs were measured. RESULTS An increase in CD24(hi)/CD29(hi) putative stem cells was detected in aged salivary glands albeit with a decrease in functional ability to form salispheres. However, the salispheres formed from aged mice salivary glands expressed CD24(hi)/CD29(hi) to the same extent as the ones from young mice. Moreover, following exposure to adequate growth conditions old and young SGSCs exhibited similar in vitro expansion- and in vivo regeneration potential. CONCLUSIONS Aged SGSCs although reduced in number are in vitro indistinguishable from young SGSCs and could potentially be used to ameliorate age- or treatment related salivary gland dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martti Maimets
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinier Bron
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald de Haan
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Os
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P Coppes
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Rostoker R, Abelson S, Genkin I, Ben-Shmuel S, Sachidanandam R, Scheinman EJ, Bitton-Worms K, Orr ZS, Caspi A, Tzukerman M, LeRoith D. CD24(+) cells fuel rapid tumor growth and display high metastatic capacity. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:78. [PMID: 26040280 PMCID: PMC4479226 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast tumors are comprised of distinct cancer cell populations which differ in their tumorigenic and metastatic capacity. Characterization of cell surface markers enables investigators to distinguish between cancer stem cells and their counterparts. CD24 is a well-known cell surface marker for mammary epithelial cells isolation, recently it was suggested as a potential prognostic marker in a wide variety of malignancies. Here, we demonstrate that CD24+ cells create intra-tumor heterogeneity, and display highly metastatic properties. Methods The mammary carcinoma Mvt1 cells were sorted into CD24− and CD24+ cells. Both subsets were morphologically and phenotypically characterized, and tumorigenic capacity was assessed via orthotopic inoculation of each subset into the mammary fat pad of wild-type and MKR mice. The metastatic capacity of each subset was determined with the tail vein metastasis assay. The role of CD24 in tumorigenesis was further examined with shRNA technology. GFP-labeled cells were monitored in vivo for differentiation. The genetic profile of each subset was analyzed using RNA sequencing. Results CD24+ cells displayed a more spindle-like cytoplasm. The cells formed mammospheres in high efficiency and CD24+ tumors displayed rapid growth in both WT and MKR mice, and were more metastatic than CD24- cells. Interestingly, CD24-KD in CD24+ cells had no effect both in vitro and in vivo on the various parameters studied. Moreover, CD24+ cells gave rise in vivo to the CD24− that comprised the bulk of the tumor. RNA-seq analysis revealed enrichment of genes and pathways of the extracellular matrix in the CD24+ cells. Conclusion CD24+ cells account for heterogeneity in mammary tumors. CD24 expression at early stages of the cancer process is an indication of a highly invasive tumor. However, CD24 is not a suitable therapeutic target; instead we suggest here new potential targets accounting for early differentiated cancer cells tumorigenic capacity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0589-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Rostoker
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Sagi Abelson
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Inna Genkin
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Sarit Ben-Shmuel
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Ravi Sachidanandam
- Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai and the James J Peters VA Medical Center, New York, USA.
| | - Eyal J Scheinman
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Keren Bitton-Worms
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Zila Shen Orr
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Avishay Caspi
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Maty Tzukerman
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel. .,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Le QT, Shirato H, Giaccia AJ, Koong AC. Emerging Treatment Paradigms in Radiation Oncology. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3393-401. [PMID: 25991820 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advancements in radiotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies have resulted in the development of potential paradigm-shifting use of radiotherapy in the treatment of cancer. In this review, we discuss some of the most promising therapeutic approaches in the field of radiation oncology. These strategies include the use of highly targeted stereotactic radiotherapy and particle therapy as well as combining radiotherapy with agents that modulate the DNA damage response, augment the immune response, or protect normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
| | - Hiroki Shirato
- Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Albert C Koong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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78
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Mattingly A, Finley JK, Knox SM. Salivary gland development and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:573-90. [PMID: 25970268 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian salivary glands synthesize and secrete saliva via a vast interconnected network of epithelial tubes attached to secretory end units. The extensive morphogenesis required to establish this organ is dependent on interactions between multiple cell types (epithelial, mesenchymal, endothelial, and neuronal) and the engagement of a wide range of signaling pathways. Here we describe critical regulators of salivary gland development and discuss how mutations in these impact human organogenesis. In particular, we explore the genetic contribution of growth factor pathways, nerve-derived factors and extracellular matrix molecules to salivary gland formation in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Mattingly
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer K Finley
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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79
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Takeyama A, Yoshikawa Y, Ikeo T, Morita S, Hieda Y. Expression patterns of CD66a and CD117 in the mouse submandibular gland. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:76-82. [PMID: 25498293 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial tissue of the salivary gland consists of the acinar and ductal parts, the latter of which is further divided into the intercalated, striated and excretory duct segments and is the residential site for salivary stem/progenitor cells. In the present study, the expression patterns of two cell surface molecules, CD66a and CD117, were investigated in the adult mouse submandibular glands (SMG) by immunofluorescence microscopy. Combinations of the two molecules differentially marked several types of SMG epithelial cells, including acinar cells (CD66a-intense, CD117-negative), intercalated duct cells (CD66a-intense, CD117-positive), a subset of the striated and excretory duct cells (CD66a-weak, CD117-positive). Most of the CD117-positive ductal cells were negative for cytokeratin 5 and overlapped with the NKCC1-expressing cells. The CD117- and keratin 5-positive cells resided only in the excretory duct were suggested to correspond to the recently identified salivary stem cells. CD66a and CD117 may be useful markers to isolate several cell types consisting of SMG epithelium and to analyze their molecular and cellular nature. Our data also suggest that CD117-expressing epithelial cells of the gland include at least two distinct populations of the stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Takeyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | - Takashi Ikeo
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shosuke Morita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohki Hieda
- Department of Biology, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan
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80
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Swick A, Kimple RJ. Wetting the whistle: neurotropic factor improves salivary function. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3282-4. [PMID: 25036702 DOI: 10.1172/jci77194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia, or dry mouth, is a common side effect of head and neck radiotherapy, Sjögren syndrome, diabetes, old age, and numerous medications. In this issue of the JCI, Xiao and colleagues identified glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) as a potential stimulus for salivary stem cell growth. Due to its ability to promote neuronal growth, differentiation, and survival, GDNF is currently being used in clinical trials as a treatment for Parkinson disease; therefore, the findings of Xiao and colleagues may initiate a potential treatment for the millions of patients who suffer from xerostomia each year.
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