51
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Xu J, Zhan Q, Fan Y, Yu Y, Zeng Z. Human genetic susceptibility to hepatitis B virus infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 87:104663. [PMID: 33278635 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a serious health threat worldwide. The outcomes of HBV infection consist of spontaneous HBV clearance and chronic HBV infection. Multiple factors contribute to the disparity of HBV infection outcomes, including host factors, viral factors and environmental factors. The present review comprehends the current researches mainly focusing on the relationships between genetic determinants, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes, and susceptibility of HBV infection, namely chronic (persistent) HBV infection and HBV clearance. A number of determinants in the chromosomes, including mutations in human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), cytokines genes, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and other genes are related to the human susceptibility to HBV infection. Among the above variants, some of those in HLAs have been studied and replicated in multiple-ethnic populations and came to consistent conclusions, while some others are novel and need to be evaluated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghang Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Qiao Zhan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yanan Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China.
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52
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Yu CW, Yau M, Mezey N, Joarder I, Micieli JA. Neuro-ophthalmic Complications of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review. Eye Brain 2020; 12:139-167. [PMID: 33173368 PMCID: PMC7648547 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s277760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are novel cancer therapies that may be associated with immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) and come to the attention of neuro-ophthalmologists. This systematic review aims to synthesize the reported ICI-associated IRAEs relevant to neuro-ophthalmologists to help in the diagnosis and management of these conditions. METHODS A systematic review of the literature indexed by MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases was searched from inception to May 2020. Reporting followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Primary studies on ICIs and neuro-ophthalmic complications were included. Outcomes included number of cases and incidence of neuro-ophthalmic IRAEs. RESULTS Neuro-ophthalmic complications of ICIs occurred in 0.46% of patients undergoing ICI and may affect the afferent and efferent visual systems. Afferent complications include optic neuritis (12.8%), neuroretinitis (0.9%), and giant cell arteritis (3.7%). Efferent complications include myasthenia gravis (MG) (45.0%), thyroid-like eye disease (11.9%), orbital myositis (13.8%), general myositis with ptosis (7.3%), internuclear ophthalmoplegia (0.9%), opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome (0.9%), and oculomotor nerve palsy (0.9%). Pembrolizumab was the most common causative agent for neuro-ophthalmic complications (32.1%). Mortality was highest for MG (19.8%). Most patients (79.8%) experienced improvement or complete resolution of neuro-ophthalmic symptoms due to cessation of ICI and immunosuppression with systemic corticosteroids. CONCLUSION While incidence of neuro-ophthalmic IRAEs is low, clinicians involved in the care of cancer patients must be aware of their presentation to facilitate prompt recognition and management. Collaboration between oncology and neuro-ophthalmology teams is required to effectively manage patients and reduce morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caberry W Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Matthew Yau
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Natalie Mezey
- Faculty of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Ishraq Joarder
- Faculty of Science, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan A Micieli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, Canada
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Wang W, Gao Z, Wang L, Li J, Yu J, Han S, Meng X. Application and Prospects of Molecular Imaging in Immunotherapy. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:9389-9403. [PMID: 33061627 PMCID: PMC7533904 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s269773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, immunotherapies that target the interactions of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) with its major ligands, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2), have achieved significant success. To date, several immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have been developed to treat melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and urothelial carcinoma. Despite promising outcomes with immunotherapy, there are many limitations to several current immune biomarkers for predicting immune benefits and to traditional imaging for evaluating the efficacy and prognosis of immunotherapy and monitoring adverse reactions. In this review, we recommend a novel imaging method, molecular imaging. This paper reviews the application and prospects of molecular imaging in the context of current immunotherapies in regard to the following aspects: 1) detecting the expression of PD-1/PD-L1; 2) evaluating the efficacy of immunotherapy; 3) assessing patient prognosis with immunotherapy; 4) monitoring the toxicity of immunotherapy; and 5) other targets imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Yu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumei Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Meng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Antibody-Based Immunotherapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4956946. [PMID: 33015169 PMCID: PMC7519992 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4956946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As the most common type of cancer in the world, hematological malignancies (HM) account for 10% of all annual cancer deaths and have attracted more attention. Conventional treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), could relieve patients suffering HM. However, serious side effects and high costs bring patients both physical complaints and mental pressure. Recently, compared with conventional therapeutic strategies for HM patients, antibody-based immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines, oncolytic virus therapies, monoclonal antibody treatments, and CAR-T cell therapies, have displayed longer survival time and fewer adverse reactions, even though specific efficacy and safety of these antibody-based immunotherapies still need to be evaluated and improved. This review summarized the advantages of antibody-based immunotherapies over conventional treatments, as well as its existing difficulties and solutions, thereby enhancing the understanding and applications of antibody-based immunotherapies in HM treatment.
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55
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Mihic-Probst D, Reinehr M, Dettwiler S, Kolm I, Britschgi C, Kudura K, Maggio EM, Lenggenhager D, Rushing EJ. The role of macrophages type 2 and T-regs in immune checkpoint inhibitor related adverse events. Immunobiology 2020; 225:152009. [PMID: 32962812 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitory (ICI) therapy represents a novel approach in a variety of cancers, with impressive survival benefit. With ICIs, however, a new spectrum of immune related adverse events (irAE) including life threatening hypohysitis has emerged. This autopsy study aimed to investigate inflammatory cells, PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in cases of patients who developed hypophysitis and involvement of other organs. We analysed 6 patients, who were treated with ICIs and developed hypophysitis. Two received an additional MAP-kinase inhibitor, MEK-inhibitor and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Besides the pituitary gland, all investigated adrenal glands (5/5) were affected; three cases had other organs involved (liver (2/6), thyroid (2/6), lung (1/6), myocardium (1/6), colon (1/6). The inflammatory cells of involved organs were further specified and PD1 and PDL-1 expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. We observed that patients treated with ICIs alone showed T-cell predominant lymphocytic infiltrates, whereas patients receiving additional therapies demonstrated an increase in B- and T-lymphocytes. Surprisingly, the dominant inflammatory population was not T-cell, but type 2 macrophages. CD25 positive T-regs were sparse or absent. Our study suggests that T cell activation is only partially responsible for irAE. ICI therapy interaction with CTLA-4, PD-1 and PDL-1 in type 2 macrophages appears to result in disturbance of their control. Furthermore, depletion of T-regs seems to contribute significantly. Our findings with simultaneous pituitary and adrenal gland involvement underlines the systemic involvement as well as the importance of monitoring cortisol levels to avoid potentially life threatening hypocortisolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mihic-Probst
- Institute for Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Reinehr
- Institute for Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Dettwiler
- Institute for Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Kolm
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Britschgi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ken Kudura
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ewerton Marques Maggio
- Institute for Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Lenggenhager
- Institute for Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth J Rushing
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kaumaya PTP. B-cell epitope peptide cancer vaccines: a new paradigm for combination immunotherapies with novel checkpoint peptide vaccine. Future Oncol 2020; 16:1767-1791. [PMID: 32564612 PMCID: PMC7426751 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the numerous US FDA-approved humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for cancer immunotherapy, it is surprising that the advancement of B-cell epitope vaccines designed to elicit a natural humoral polyclonal antibody response has not gained traction in the immune-oncology landscape. Passive immunotherapy with humanized mAbs (Trastuzumab [Herceptin®]; Pertuzumab [Perjeta®]) has provided clinical benefit to breast cancer patients, albeit with significant shortcomings including toxicity problems and resistance, high costs, sophisticated therapeutic regimen and long half-life. The role of B-cell humoral immunity in cancer is under appreciated and underdeveloped. We have advanced the idea of active immunotherapy with chimeric B-cell epitope peptides incorporating a 'promiscuous' T-cell epitope that elicits a polyclonal antibody response, which provides safe, cost-effective therapeutic advantage over mAbs. We have created a portfolio of validated B-cell peptide epitopes against multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (HER-1, HER-3, IGF-1R and VEGF). We have successfully translated two HER-2 combination B-cell peptide vaccines in Phase I and II clinical trials. We have recently developed an effective novel PD-1 vaccine. In this article, I will review our approaches and strategies that focus on B-cell epitope cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin TP Kaumaya
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The James Cancer Hospital & Solove Research Institute, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Basu S, Elkington P, Rao NA. Pathogenesis of ocular tuberculosis: New observations and future directions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 124:101961. [PMID: 33010848 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ocular tuberculosis (OTB) encompasses all forms of intra- and extra-ocular inflammation associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. However, the organism is rarely found in ocular fluid samples of diseased eyes, rendering the pathomechanisms of the disease unclear. This confounds clinical decision-making in diagnosis and treatment of OTB. Here, we critically review existing human and animal data related to ocular inflammation and TB pathogenesis to unravel likely pathomechanisms of OTB. Broadly there appear to be two fundamental mechanisms that may underlie the development of TB-associated ocular inflammation: a. inflammatory response to live/replicating Mtb in the eye, and b. immune mediated ocular inflammation induced by non-viable Mtb or its components in the eye. This distinction is significant as in direct Mtb-driven mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment would be aimed at detection of Mtb-infection and its elimination; while indirect mechanisms would primarily require anti-inflammatory therapy with adjunctive anti-TB therapy. Further, we discuss how that most clinical phenotypes of OTB likely represent a combination of both mechanisms, with one being predominant than the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyava Basu
- Retina and Uveitis Service, L V Prasad Eye Institute (Mithu Tulsi Chanrai Campus), Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - Paul Elkington
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Narsing A Rao
- USC-Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Jin J, Zhao Q. Engineering nanoparticles to reprogram radiotherapy and immunotherapy: recent advances and future challenges. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:75. [PMID: 32408880 PMCID: PMC7227304 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00629-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been increasingly studied for radiosensitization. The principle of NPs radio-enhancement is to use high-atomic number NPs (e.g. gold, hafnium, bismuth and gadolinium) or deliver radiosensitizing substances, such as cisplatin and selenium. Nowadays, cancer immunotherapy is emerged as a promising treatment and immune checkpoint regulation has a potential property to improve clinical outcomes in cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, NPs have been served as an ideal platform for immunomodulator system delivery. Owing to enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, modified-NPs increase the targeting and retention of antibodies in target cells. The purpose of this review is to highlight the latest progress of nanotechnology in radiotherapy (RT) and immunotherapy, as well as combining these three strategies in cancer treatment. Overall, nanomedicine as an effective strategy for RT can significantly enhance the outcome of immunotherapy response and might be beneficial for clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Ali MA, Abdelaziz A, Ali M, Abonar A, Hanafy M, Hussein H, Shabana H, Abd El-Hmid R, Kaddafy S. PADI4 (rs2240340), PDCD1 (rs10204525), and CTLA4 (231775) gene polymorphisms and polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Br J Biomed Sci 2020; 77:123-128. [PMID: 32163016 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2020.1730626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes such as PADI4 (coding for peptidyl arginine deiminase 4), PDCD1 (coding for programmed cell death 1), and CTLA4 (coding for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) are linked to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, links between SNPs rs2240340, rs10204525 and rs231775 in PADI4, PDCD1 and CTLA4 respectively, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), the commonest type of childhood arthritis, are unclear. We aimed to determine whether any of these SNPs are associated with JIA, and to clinical indices disease activity score (JADAS 71) and functional disability score (CHAQ). METHODS We genotyped the three SNPs in 150 children with polyarticular JIA and 160 healthy children, recording standard health questionnaires, clinical features and laboratory markers. RESULTS The TT genotype of PADI4 rs2240340 (aOR/95%CI 2.64: 1.31-5.30, P = 0.006) and CT genotype of PDCD1 rs10204525 (aOR/95%CI 4.99: 2.98-8.36, P < 0.0001) were associated with JIA. The AG+GG genotype of CTLA4 rs231175 was modestly linked to disease activity (aOR/95%CI 2.44 (1.19-5.04), p = 0.015). PADI4 rs2240340 was linked to CHAQ score (genotypes p = 0.013, alleles p = 0.006), whilst PDCD1 rs10204525 was linked to anti-CCP antibodies (genotypes p = 0.004), RF (genotypes p = 0.01), and the CHAQ score (genotypes p = 0.005, alleles p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS There are various roles for these SNPs in PADI4, CTLA4 and PDCD1 in the diagnosis and, potentially, in the management of JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University , Fayoum, Egypt
| | - A Abdelaziz
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University , Cairo, Egypt
| | - M Ali
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University , Cairo, Egypt
| | - A Abonar
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University , Cairo, Egypt
| | - M Hanafy
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University , Cairo, Egypt
| | - H Hussein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University , Fayoum, Egypt
| | - H Shabana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University , Cairo, Egypt
| | - R Abd El-Hmid
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University , Fayoum, Egypt
| | - S Kaddafy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University , Fayoum, Egypt
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Concurrent Control of the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Life Cycle through Chromatin Modulation and Host Hedgehog Signaling: a New Prospect for the Therapeutic Potential of Lipoxin A4. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02177-19. [PMID: 32102879 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02177-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is an endogenous lipid mediator with compelling anti-inflammatory and proresolution properties. Studies done to assess the role of arachidonic acid pathways of the host in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) biology helped discover that KSHV infection hijacks the proinflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathways and concurrently reduces anti-inflammatory LXA4 secretion to maintain KSHV latency in infected cells. Treatment of KSHV-infected cells with LXA4 minimizes the activation of inflammatory and proliferative signaling pathways, including the NF-κB, AKT, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathways, but the exact mechanism of action of LXA4 remains unexplored. Here, using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified components from the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) protein and chromatin-remodeling complex SMARCB1 and SMARCC2 to be LXA4-interacting host proteins in KSHV-infected cells. We identified a higher level of nuclear aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in LXA4-treated KSHV-infected cells than in untreated KSHV-infected cells, which probably facilitates the affinity interaction of the nucleosome complex protein with LXA4. We demonstrate that SMARCB1 regulates both replication and transcription activator (RTA) activity and host hedgehog (hh) signaling in LXA4-treated KSHV-infected cells. Host hedgehog signaling was modulated in an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-S6 kinase-dependent manner in LXA4-treated KSHV-infected cells. Since anti-inflammatory drugs are beneficial as adjuvants to conventional and immune-based therapies, we evaluated the potential of LXA4 treatment in regulating programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on KSHV-carrying tumor cells. Overall, our study identified LXA4-interacting host factors in KSHV-infected cells, which could help provide an understanding of the mode of action of LXA4 and its therapeutic potential against KSHV.IMPORTANCE The latent-to-lytic switch in KSHV infection is one of the critical events regulated by the major replication and transcription activator KSHV protein called RTA. Chromatin modification of the viral genome determines the phase of the viral life cycle in the host. Here, we report that LXA4 interacts with a host chromatin modulator, especially SMARCB1, which upregulates the KSHV ORF50 promoter. SMARCB1 has also been recognized to be a tumor suppressor protein which controls many tumorigenic events associated with the hedgehog (hh) signaling pathway. We also observed that LXA4 treatment reduces PD-L1 expression and that PD-L1 expression is an important immune evasion strategy used by KSHV for its survival and maintenance in the host. Our study underscores the role of LXA4 in KSHV biology and emphasizes that KSHV is strategic in downregulating LXA4 secretion in the host to establish latency. This study also uncovers the therapeutic potential of LXA4 and its targetable receptor, AhR, in KSHV's pathogenesis.
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De Vito A, Orecchia P, Balza E, Reverberi D, Scaldaferri D, Taramelli R, Noonan DM, Acquati F, Mortara L. Overexpression of Murine Rnaset2 in a Colon Syngeneic Mouse Carcinoma Model Leads to Rebalance of Intra-Tumor M1/M2 Macrophage Ratio, Activation of T Cells, Delayed Tumor Growth, and Rejection. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E717. [PMID: 32197460 PMCID: PMC7140044 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human RNASET2 acts as a powerful oncosuppressor protein in in vivo xenograft-based murine models of human cancer. Secretion of RNASET2 in the tumor microenvironment seems involved in tumor suppression, following recruitment of M1-polarized macrophages. Here, we report a murine Rnaset2-based syngeneic in vivo assay. BALB/c mice were injected with parental, empty vector-transfected or murine Rnaset2-overexpressing mouse C51 or TS/A syngeneic cells and tumor growth pattern and immune cells distribution in tumor mass were investigated. Compared to control cells, mouse Rnaset2-expressing C51 cells showed strong delayed tumor growth. CD86+ M1 macrophages were massively recruited in Rnaset2-expressing C51-derived tumors, with concomitant inhibition of MDSCs and CD206+ M2 macrophages recruitment. At later times, a relevant expansion of intra-tumor CD8+ T cells was also observed. After re-challenge with C51 parental cells, most mice previously injected with Rnaset2-expressing C51 cells still rejected C51 tumor cells, suggesting a Rnaset2-mediated T cell adaptive immune memory response. These results point at T2 RNases as evolutionary conserved oncosuppressors endowed with the ability to inhibit cancer growth in vivo through rebalance of intra-tumor M1/M2 macrophage ratio and concomitant recruitment of adaptive anti-tumor CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarosaria De Vito
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.D.V.); (D.S.); (R.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Paola Orecchia
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy (D.R.)
| | - Enrica Balza
- Cell Biology Unit, IRCSS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Daniele Reverberi
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy (D.R.)
| | - Debora Scaldaferri
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.D.V.); (D.S.); (R.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Roberto Taramelli
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.D.V.); (D.S.); (R.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Douglas M. Noonan
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
- Scientific and Technology Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Acquati
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.D.V.); (D.S.); (R.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Lorenzo Mortara
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
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Xu Y, Cai Y, Zu J, Wang X, Wang Y, Sun C, Guo Y, Shao G, Yang Z, Qiu S, Ma K. Aggravation of depigmentation for a non-small-cell lung cancer patient with pre-existing vitiligo using anti-programmed cell death-1 therapy: case report. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:175-181. [PMID: 32064977 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors can enhance the antitumor activity of the immune system by mainly promoting CD8+ T lymphocyte immune function. However, they can also induce immune-related adverse events, especially skin toxicity. Some studies found that patients with autoimmune or inflammatory disease are susceptible to immune checkpoint inhibitors and were associated with a significantly increased risk of immune-related adverse events. In our present report, we described a newly diagnosed non-small-cell lung cancer patient who suffered from focal vitiligo for approximately ten years and was treated with the anti-programmed cell death-1 receptor antibody camrelizumab (SHR-1210), which accelerated the aggravation of depigmentation of the skin over the whole body in just half a year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Xu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yangyang Cai
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Jianjiao Zu
- Dermatological Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Ye Guo
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Guoguang Shao
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Zhiguang Yang
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Kewei Ma
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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Perumal D, Imai N, Laganà A, Finnigan J, Melnekoff D, Leshchenko VV, Solovyov A, Madduri D, Chari A, Cho HJ, Dudley JT, Brody JD, Jagannath S, Greenbaum B, Gnjatic S, Bhardwaj N, Parekh S. Mutation-derived Neoantigen-specific T-cell Responses in Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:450-464. [PMID: 31857430 PMCID: PMC6980765 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Somatic mutations in cancer cells can give rise to novel protein sequences that can be presented by antigen-presenting cells as neoantigens to the host immune system. Tumor neoantigens represent excellent targets for immunotherapy, due to their specific expression in cancer tissue. Despite the widespread use of immunomodulatory drugs and immunotherapies that recharge T and NK cells, there has been no direct evidence that neoantigen-specific T-cell responses are elicited in multiple myeloma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using next-generation sequencing data we describe the landscape of neo-antigens in 184 patients with multiple myeloma and successfully validate neoantigen-specific T cells in patients with multiple myeloma and support the feasibility of neoantigen-based therapeutic vaccines for use in cancers with intermediate mutational loads such as multiple myeloma. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrate an increase in neoantigen load in relapsed patients with multiple myeloma as compared with newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma. Moreover, we identify shared neoantigens across multiple patients in three multiple myeloma oncogenic driver genes (KRAS, NRAS, and IRF4). Next, we validate neoantigen T-cell response and clonal expansion in correlation with clinical response in relapsed patients with multiple myeloma. This is the first study to experimentally validate the immunogenicity of predicted neoantigens from next-generation sequencing in relapsed patients with multiple myeloma. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that somatic mutations in multiple myeloma can be immunogenic and induce neoantigen-specific T-cell activation that is associated with antitumor activity in vitro and clinical response in vivo. Our results provide the foundation for using neoantigen targeting strategies such as peptide vaccines in future trials for patients with multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Perumal
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Naoko Imai
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alessandro Laganà
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - John Finnigan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - David Melnekoff
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Violetta V Leshchenko
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alexander Solovyov
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Center for Computational Immunology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Deepu Madduri
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ajai Chari
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hearn Jay Cho
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Joel T Dudley
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Joshua D Brody
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sundar Jagannath
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Benjamin Greenbaum
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Center for Computational Immunology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Samir Parekh
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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64
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Lütje S, Feldmann G, Essler M, Brossart P, Bundschuh RA. Immune Checkpoint Imaging in Oncology: A Game Changer Toward Personalized Immunotherapy? J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1137-1144. [PMID: 31924724 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.237891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade represents a promising approach in oncology, showing antitumor activities in various cancers. However, although being generally far better tolerated than classic cytotoxic chemotherapy, this treatment, too, may be accompanied by considerable side effects and not all patients benefit equally. Therefore, careful patient selection and monitoring of the treatment response is mandatory. At present, checkpoint-specific molecular imaging is being increasingly investigated as a tool for patient selection and response evaluation. Here, an overview of the current developments in immune checkpoint imaging is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Lütje
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Georg Feldmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Essler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Peter Brossart
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralph A Bundschuh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; and
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65
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Wang Y, Luo YL, Chen YF, Lu ZD, Wang Y, Czarna A, Shen S, Xu CF, Wang J. Dually regulating the proliferation and the immune microenvironment of melanoma via nanoparticle-delivered siRNA targeting onco-immunologic CD155. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:6683-6694. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01420f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-delivered siRNA targeting CD155 for dual regulation of the proliferation and of the immune microenvironment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institutes for Life Sciences
- School of Medicine
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P.R. China
| | - Ying-Li Luo
- Institutes for Life Sciences
- School of Medicine
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P.R. China
| | - Yi-Fang Chen
- Institutes for Life Sciences
- School of Medicine
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P.R. China
| | - Zi-Dong Lu
- Institutes for Life Sciences
- School of Medicine
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering
- Guangzhou International Campus
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P.R. China
| | - Anna Czarna
- Institutes for Life Sciences
- School of Medicine
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P.R. China
| | - Song Shen
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering
- Guangzhou International Campus
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P.R. China
| | - Cong-Fei Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering
- Guangzhou International Campus
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering
- Guangzhou International Campus
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P.R. China
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66
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Nogueira E, Newsom-Davis T, Morganstein DL. Immunotherapy-induced endocrinopathies: assessment, management and monitoring. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2019; 10:2042018819896182. [PMID: 31903179 PMCID: PMC6933543 DOI: 10.1177/2042018819896182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has transformed the treatment of cancer, but frequently results in immune-mediated adverse events affecting multiple organs, amongst which endocrine adverse events are frequent. The patterns of endocrine adverse events differ between inhibitors of the CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 pathways, but most frequently involve the thyroid and pituitary with insulin deficient diabetes also emerging as an important adverse event. These frequently result in long-lasting hormone deficiency requiring replacement. This review explores the mechanism of action of checkpoint inhibitors and details the expected endocrine adverse events and typical presentations. The effect of high-dose glucocorticoids therapy to treat nonendocrine adverse events is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Nogueira
- Department of Endocrinology, Chelsea and
Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tom Newsom-Davis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chelsea and
Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Daniel L. Morganstein
- Department of Endocrinology, Chelsea and
Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
- Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
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67
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Al Baroudi S, Collaco JM, McGrath-Morrow S. An 18-year-old woman with pulmonary nodules found to have cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 deficiency. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/12/e231600. [PMID: 31818888 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-231600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An 18-year-old woman was admitted with abdominal pain and hematochezia. She was previously healthy until 15 years of age and was subsequently diagnosed with hypogammaglobulinemia, protein-losing enteropathy, a benign temporal lobe brain lesion/orbital fibroadenoma, autoimmune hepatitis, iron deficiency anaemia and hypothyroidism. She developed respiratory distress and hypoxemia. She was found to have nodules on chest CT scan. She was diagnosed with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 deficiency via genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Al Baroudi
- The Department of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Michael Collaco
- The Department of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon McGrath-Morrow
- The Department of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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68
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Du Y, Qi Y, Jin Z, Tian J. Noninvasive imaging in cancer immunotherapy: The way to precision medicine. Cancer Lett 2019; 466:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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69
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A systems approach to clinical oncology uses deep phenotyping to deliver personalized care. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 17:183-194. [DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Bladder cancer is an important public health concern owing to its prevalence, high recurrence risk and treatment failures. Maintaining the equilibrium between prompt and effective immunity and an excessive and protracted immune response is critical for successful immune defence. This delicate balance is ensured by intrinsic or extrinsic immunoregulatory mechanisms. Intrinsic control of immune cell activation is mediated by stimulatory and inhibitory receptors expressed on the effector cell itself, whereas extrinsic control is mediated via other immune cells by cell-cell contact and/or secretion of inhibitory factors. Tumours can exacerbate these immunosuppressive pathways, fostering a tolerant microenvironment. These mechanisms have previously been poorly described in urothelial carcinoma, but a growing body of evidence highlights the key role of immune regulation in bladder cancer. This process includes immune checkpoints (mostly programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1)), as well as regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tumour-associated macrophages and type 2 innate and adaptive lymphocytes. For each component, quantitative and qualitative alterations, clinical relevance and potential targeting strategies are currently being explored. An improved understanding of immune regulation pathways in bladder cancer development, recurrence and progression will help in the design of novel diagnostic and prognostic tools as well as treatments.
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71
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Prognostic Value of Combined Analysis of CTLA-4 and PLR in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) Patients. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:1601072. [PMID: 31485274 PMCID: PMC6710793 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1601072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) expression level and the platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) level in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients. Methods 84 ESCC patients who received surgical treatment in our hospital were enrolled in the study. The correlation of each biomarker's level with ESCC patients' clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival (OS) was assessed. Results The elevated expression rate of T-CTLA-4 (tumor cell CTLA-4) and I-CTLA-4 (interstitial lymphocyte CTLA-4) was 48.8% and 44.0%, respectively. The number of enrolled patients with a higher PLR level (≥119) was 48. The prognostic value of T-CTLA-4, I-CTLA-4, and PLR in ESCC patients was not detected. However, patients with both a low T-CTLA-4 expression level and a low PLR level that had longer OS (p = 0.023) were found. The prognostic role of T-CTLA-4(-) +PLR (-) status in ESCC patients was also confirmed in multivariate analyses (p = 0.027). Conclusion These results demonstrated the potential prognostic value of combined analysis of CTLA-4 and PLR in ESCC patients.
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72
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Zhang Z, Wang C, Liu Z, Zou G, Li J, Lu M. Host Genetic Determinants of Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Genet 2019; 10:696. [PMID: 31475028 PMCID: PMC6702792 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a major health problem worldwide. Recently, a great number of genetic studies based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genome-wide association studies have been performed to search for host determinants of the development of chronic HBV infection, clinical outcomes, therapeutic efficacy, and responses to hepatitis B vaccines, with a focus on human leukocyte antigens (HLA), cytokine genes, and toll-like receptors. In addition to SNPs, gene insertions/deletions and copy number variants are associated with infection. However, conflicting results have been obtained. In the present review, we summarize the current state of research on host genetic factors and chronic HBV infection, its clinical type, therapies, and hepatitis B vaccine responses and classify published results according to their reliability. The potential roles of host genetic determinants of chronic HBV infection identified in these studies and their clinical significance are discussed. In particular, HLAs were relevant for HBV infection and pathogenesis. Finally, we highlight the need for additional studies with large sample sizes, well-matched study designs, appropriate statistical methods, and validation in multiple populations to improve the treatment of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Changtai Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Anqing Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anqing, China
| | - Zhongping Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guizhou Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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73
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Ma Y, Wang Q, Dong Q, Zhan L, Zhang J. How to differentiate pseudoprogression from true progression in cancer patients treated with immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1546-1553. [PMID: 31497342 PMCID: PMC6726978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has achieved unprecedented clinical efficacy in patients with various types of advanced tumors; however, some patients experience delayed tumor shrinkage following an increase in tumor burden after such a therapeutic method. This phenomenon is called pseudoprogression and can lead to premature cessation of efficacious immunotherapeutic agents. Consequently, we summarized the available data on methods to differentiate pseudoprogression from true progression in patients who have been treated with immunotherapy including biomarkers, medical imaging techniques and biopsy. We also introduce hyperprogression and special pseudoprogression for improved evaluation of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ma
- Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute No. 44, Xiaohe Road, Dadong District, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qiwei Wang
- Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute No. 44, Xiaohe Road, Dadong District, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qian Dong
- Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute No. 44, Xiaohe Road, Dadong District, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lei Zhan
- Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute No. 44, Xiaohe Road, Dadong District, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute No. 44, Xiaohe Road, Dadong District, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, China
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Erra A, Pannu BS, Patel S, Qureshi F, Soliman M. A Rare Case of Ipilimumab-induced Reversible Hypophysitis and Permanent Primary Hypothyroidism. Cureus 2019; 11:e5001. [PMID: 31497432 PMCID: PMC6713251 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ipilimumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 receptor, which was originally approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. It is the first immune checkpoint inhibitor to enter clinical practice. Immune toxicity due to ipilimumab causing colitis, hepatitis, and dermatitis are well-described in literature. We report a case of hypophysitis resolving with corticosteroid treatment, following which the patient developed long-term primary thyroid impairment. This highlights the importance of vigilance for rarer immune-related toxicities as clinical utilization of ipilimumab becomes more widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Erra
- Internal Medicine, Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Little Rock, USA
| | | | - Sabah Patel
- Internal Medicine, Presence Saint Joseph Hospital, Chicago, USA
| | - Faisal Qureshi
- Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, Chicago, USA
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Abstract
Immunotherapy has significantly advanced the field of oncology in recent decades. Understanding normal immunosurveillance, as well as the ways in which tumor cells have evolved to evade it, has provided the knowledge for development of drugs that allow one's own immune system to target and destroy malignant cells (immunotherapy). Cutaneous malignancies are particularly sensitive to this class of drugs. In a very sensitive anatomic region such as the periocular tissue, where surgical excision may come with significant morbidity, this technology has had a strong impact in the successful treatment of historically challenging tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa A Habib
- a Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery , Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Natalie Wolkow
- a Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery , Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Suzanne K Freitag
- a Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery , Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Michael K Yoon
- a Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery , Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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Wang H, Milberg O, Bartelink IH, Vicini P, Wang B, Narwal R, Roskos L, Santa-Maria CA, Popel AS. In silico simulation of a clinical trial with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapies in metastatic breast cancer using a systems pharmacology model. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190366. [PMID: 31218069 PMCID: PMC6549962 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The low response rate of immune checkpoint blockade in breast cancer has highlighted the need for predictive biomarkers to identify responders. While a number of clinical trials are ongoing, testing all possible combinations is not feasible. In this study, a quantitative systems pharmacology model is built to integrate immune-cancer cell interactions in patients with breast cancer, including central, peripheral, tumour-draining lymph node (TDLN) and tumour compartments. The model can describe the immune suppression and evasion in both TDLN and the tumour microenvironment due to checkpoint expression, and mimic the tumour response to checkpoint blockade therapy. We investigate the relationship between the tumour response to checkpoint blockade therapy and composite tumour burden, PD-L1 expression and antigen intensity, including their individual and combined effects on the immune system, using model-based simulations. The proposed model demonstrates the potential to make predictions of tumour response of individual patients given sufficient clinical measurements, and provides a platform that can be further adapted to other types of immunotherapy and their combination with molecular-targeted therapies. The patient predictions demonstrate how this systems pharmacology model can be used to individualize immunotherapy treatments. When appropriately validated, these approaches may contribute to optimization of breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Oleg Milberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Imke H. Bartelink
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics and DMPK (CPD), MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Vicini
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics and DMPK, MedImmune, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bing Wang
- Amador Bioscience Inc, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - Rajesh Narwal
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK (CPD), MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Lorin Roskos
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK (CPD), MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Cesar A. Santa-Maria
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aleksander S. Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zhang W, Shi L, Zhao Z, Du P, Ye X, Li D, Cai Z, Han J, Cai J. Disruption of CTLA-4 expression on peripheral blood CD8 + T cell enhances anti-tumor efficacy in bladder cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 83:911-920. [PMID: 30848330 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) on T cells leads to T cell exhaustion and ultimately facilitates tumor progression. Recent success of using immune cell checkpoint inhibitors offers a great promise to treat various cancers, including bladder cancer. However, the expression pattern and therapeutic value of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in peripheral blood T cells remain largely unexplored. In this study, we presume that disruption of the potential dysregulated checkpoint molecules in peripheral blood T cells may improve the anti-tumor efficacy of cytotoxic T cells in bladder cancer. We showed that both PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression were specifically elevated on CD8 + T cells but not CD4 + T cells in peripheral blood of patients with bladder cancer compared with that in healthy donors. Notably, CTLA-4 expression was significantly higher in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and correlated with tumor size. By blocking CTLA-4 with anti-CTLA-4 antibody and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated CTLA-4 disruption, we revealed that CTLA-4-disrupted CTLs had enhanced cellular immune response and superior cytotoxicity to the CD80/CD86-positive bladder cancer cells in vitro. Moreover, the CTLA-4-disrupted CTLs exhibited a pronounced anti-tumor effect in vivo as demonstrated by prophylactic assay and therapeutic assay in the subcutaneous xenograft model. Collectively, our findings confirm improved therapeutic efficacy of CTLA-4-disrupted CTLs and provides the potential strategy for targeting immune checkpoints to enhance the promising immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Graduate school of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Shi
- Department of Surgey, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilong Zhao
- Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingping Du
- Center of Cell Therapy Engineering Technology, Hebei NOFOY Bio-Tech Co. Ltd., 238 Changjiang Avenue, High-tech Zone, Shijiazhuang, 050035, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueshuai Ye
- Center of Cell Therapy Engineering Technology, Hebei NOFOY Bio-Tech Co. Ltd., 238 Changjiang Avenue, High-tech Zone, Shijiazhuang, 050035, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongbin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Cai
- Handan Central Hospital, Handan, 056001, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsheng Han
- Cangzhou Sino-Western Integrated Hospital, Cangzhou, 061000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Cai
- Graduate school of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Surgery, Department of Oncology and Immunotherapy, Hebei General Hospital, 348 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
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79
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Li Y, Li X, Doughty A, West C, Wang L, Zhou F, Nordquist RE, Chen WR. Phototherapy using immunologically modified carbon nanotubes to potentiate checkpoint blockade for metastatic breast cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 18:44-53. [PMID: 30844573 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of cancer-death. Checkpoint inhibition shows great promise as an immunotherapeutic treatment for cancer patients. However, most currently available checkpoint inhibitors have low response rates. To augment the antitumor efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors, such as CTLA-4 antibodies, a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) modified by a novel immunoadjuvant, glycated chitosan (GC), was used for the treatment of metastatic mammary tumors in mice. We treated the primary tumors by intratumoral administration of SWNT-GC, followed with irradiation with a 1064-nm laser to achieve local ablation through photothermal therapy (PTT). The treatment induced a systemic antitumor immunity which inhibited lung metastasis and prolonged the animal survival time of treated. Combining SWNT-GC-laser treatment with anti-CTLA-4 produced synergistic immunomodulatory effects and further extended the survival time of the treated mice. The results showed that the special combination, PTT + SWNT-GC + anti-CTLA, could effectively suppress primary tumors and inhibit metastases, providing a new treatment strategy for metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Interventional Therapy Department, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA; Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Austin Doughty
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA
| | - Connor West
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA
| | - Feifan Zhou
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA.
| | | | - Wei R Chen
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA.
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80
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Thanindratarn P, Dean DC, Nelson SD, Hornicek FJ, Duan Z. Advances in immune checkpoint inhibitors for bone sarcoma therapy. J Bone Oncol 2019; 15:100221. [PMID: 30775238 PMCID: PMC6365405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2019.100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone sarcomas are a collection of sporadic malignancies of mesenchymal origin. The most common subtypes include osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and chordoma. Despite the use of aggressive treatment protocols consisting of extensive surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, outcomes have not significantly improved over the past few decades for osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma patients. In addition, chondrosarcoma and chordoma are resistant to both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. There is, therefore, an urgent need to elucidate which novel new therapies may affect bone sarcomas. Emerging checkpoint inhibitors have generated considerable attention for their clinical success in a variety of human cancers, which has led to works assessing their potential in bone sarcoma management. Here, we review the recent advances of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 blockade as well as other promising new immune checkpoint targets for their use in bone sarcoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichaya Thanindratarn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 615 Charles E. Young. Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chulabhorn hospital, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dylan C. Dean
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 615 Charles E. Young. Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott D. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Francis J. Hornicek
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 615 Charles E. Young. Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 615 Charles E. Young. Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author.
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81
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Ayoub NM, Al-Shami KM, Yaghan RJ. Immunotherapy for HER2-positive breast cancer: recent advances and combination therapeutic approaches. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2019; 11:53-69. [PMID: 30697064 PMCID: PMC6340364 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s175360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has evolved dramatically with improved understanding of immune microenvironment and immunosurveillance. The immunogenicity of breast cancer is rather heterogeneous. Specific subtypes of breast cancer such as estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, human EGF receptor 2 (HER2)-positive, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) have shown evidence of immunogenicity based on tumor–immune interactions. Several preclinical and clinical studies have explored the potential for immunotherapy to improve the clinical outcomes for different subtypes of breast cancer. This review describes the immune microenvironment of HER2-positive breast cancer and summarizes recent clinical advances of immunotherapeutic treatments in this breast cancer subtype. The review provides rationale and ongoing clinical evidence to the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines, and adoptive T cell immunotherapy in breast cancer. In addition, the present paper describes the most relevant clinical progress of strategies for the combination of immunotherapy with standard treatment modalities in HER2-positive breast cancer including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad M Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan,
| | - Kamal M Al-Shami
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Rami J Yaghan
- Department of General Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan
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82
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Khalife E, Khodadadi A, Talaeizadeh A, Rahimian L, Nemati M, Jafarzadeh A. Overexpression of Regulatory T Cell-Related Markers (FOXP3, CTLA-4 and GITR) by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Breast Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:3019-3025. [PMID: 30484986 PMCID: PMC6318404 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2018.19.11.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Regulatory T (Treg) cells are immunosuppressor lymphocytes that play a critical role in the establishment and progression of cancers. A number of markers, especially FOXP3, CTLA-4 and GITR influence the function of Treg cells. This investigation aimed to evaluate the expression of a number of important Treg cell-related markers by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from newly-diagnosed women with breast cancer. Methods: The fresh PBMCs were obtained from 20 women with breast cancer and 20 healthy individuals. The PBMCs from both groups were cultured for 32 hours in the presence or absence of PHA (10 μg/ml). After total RNA extraction from cultured PBMCs, the expression of the FOXP3, CTLA-4 and GITR transcripts was assessed using real time-PCR. Results: The mRNA expression of FOXP3, CTLA-4 and GITR in unstimulated PBMCs from patients with breast cancer were significantly higher than healthy control group (P<0.05, P<0.03 and P<0.04, respectively). Similarly, the expression of FOXP3, CTLA-4 and GITR transcripts in PHA-stimulated PBMCs from patients with breast cancer were significantly increased in comparison with healthy individuals (P<0.01, P<0.005 and P<0.01, respectively). Conclusion: The increased expression of FOXP3, CTLA-4 and GITR represent higher activity of Treg cells in patients with breast cancer that may play an important role in the tumor establishment and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Khalife
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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83
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immune checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies against the inhibitory, co-stimulatory molecules CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1. Their use in oncology has been associated with frequent and diverse immune-related adverse events. In the digestive tract, such toxicity presents primarily as colonic inflammation, resembling inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This review presents recent developments regarding the characteristics of checkpoint inhibitor colitis (CIC) and its relation to IBD. RECENT FINDINGS Several reports from patient cohorts with CIC have outlined its similarities and differences with IBD. Clinically and endoscopically, there is high overlap, including the negative prognostic significance of deep ulceration. Histologically, CIC may present as either acute colitis or demonstrate features of chronic damage, including IBD-like and lymphocytic colitis-like phenotypes. CIC immunopathogenesis appears to be associated with a predominance of mucosal Th1/Th17 effector responses, and may also be influenced by input from the gut microflora. Finally, current treatment of CIC is based on steroids and infliximab, although other biologics such as vedolizumab may also be effective. SUMMARY CIC represents a distinct form of colitis with characteristics reminiscent of IBD flares. Clarification of the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis will greatly enhance our understanding and therapeutic management of immune-mediated colitides, including IBD.
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84
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Zhang JC, Chen WD, Alvarez JB, Jia K, Shi L, Wang Q, Zou N, He K, Zhu H. Cancer immune checkpoint blockade therapy and its associated autoimmune cardiotoxicity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1693-1698. [PMID: 29991709 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint molecules are emerged in the evolution to protect the host from self-attacks by activated T cells. However, cancer cells, as a strategy to survive and expand, can hijack these molecules and mechanisms to suppress T cell-mediated immune responses. Therefore, an idea of blocking the checkpoint molecules to enhance the anti-tumor activities of the host immune system has been developed and applied to the cancer therapy after discovery of the inhibitory T cell co-receptor, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and further enhanced on the identification of PD-1 and its ligands. Since 2010, several checkpoint inhibitors have been approved by FDA and many more are in clinical trials. In the treatment of advanced cancers, these inhibitors significantly increased response rates and survival benefits. However, accompanied with the striking results, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that broadly occurred in many organs were observed and reported, some of which were fatal. Herein, we first review the recent progressions in the research of the immune checkpoint molecules and the application of their blocking antibodies in cancer treatment, and then discuss the cardiac toxicity induced by the therapy and the strategy to monitor, manage this adverse event when it occurs.
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85
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The Mayo Clinic Experience With the Neurological Complications of the CTLA-4 Inhibitor Ipilimumab. Neurologist 2018; 23:98-99. [PMID: 29722744 DOI: 10.1097/nrl.0000000000000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neurological complications are an increasingly recognized complication of the use of the immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumors. Ipilimumab is a monoclonal antibody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, an immune checkpoint inhibitor that suppresses T-cell effector function. The clinical spectrum of ipilimumab-associated neurological complications and optimum treatment approach is not established. We describe our institution's experience with ipilimumab and illustrate 2 cases of presumed autoimmune neurological phenomenon resulting from its use.
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86
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Bajor DL, Mick R, Riese MJ, Huang AC, Sullivan B, Richman LP, Torigian DA, George SM, Stelekati E, Chen F, Melenhorst JJ, Lacey SF, Xu X, Wherry EJ, Gangadhar TC, Amaravadi RK, Schuchter LM, Vonderheide RH. Long-term outcomes of a phase I study of agonist CD40 antibody and CTLA-4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1468956. [PMID: 30288340 PMCID: PMC6169575 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1468956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report long-term clinical outcomes and immune responses observed from a phase 1 trial of agonist CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and blocking CTLA-4 mAb in patients with metastatic melanoma. Twenty-four patients previously untreated with checkpoint blockade were enrolled. The agonistic CD40 mAb CP-870,893 and the CTLA-4 blocking mAb tremelimumab were dosed concomitantly every 3 weeks and 12 weeks, respectively, across four dose combinations. Two patients developed dose-limiting grade 3 immune-mediated colitis that led to the definition of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Other immune-mediated toxicity included uveitis (n = 1), hypophysitis (n = 1), hypothyroidism (n = 2), and grade 3 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) (n = 1). The estimated MTD was 0.2 mg/kg of CP-870,893 and 10 mg/kg of tremelimumab. In 22 evaluable patients, the objective response rate (ORR) was 27.3%: two patients (9.1%) had complete responses (CR) and four (18.2%) patients had partial responses (PR). With a median follow-up of 45 months, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 3.2 months (95% CI, 1.3–5.1 months) and median overall survival (OS) was 23.6 months (95% CI, 11.7–35.5 months). Nine patients are long-term survivors (> 3 years), 8 of whom subsequently received other therapy including PD-1 mAb, surgery, or radiation therapy. Elevated baseline soluble CD25 was associated with shorter OS. Immunologically, treatment was associated with evidence of T cell activation and increased tumor T cell infiltration that was accomplished without therapeutic PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. These results suggest opportunities for immune activation and cancer immunotherapy beyond PD-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bajor
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Rosemarie Mick
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Alex C Huang
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Brendan Sullivan
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Lee P Richman
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Drew A Torigian
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sangeeth M George
- Departments of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Erietta Stelekati
- Departments of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - J Joseph Melenhorst
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Simon F Lacey
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tara C Gangadhar
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Lynn M Schuchter
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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87
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Marciani DJ. Elucidating the Mechanisms of Action of Saponin-Derived Adjuvants. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:573-585. [PMID: 29655658 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous triterpenoid saponins are adjuvants that modify the activities of T cells and antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells (DCs). Saponins can induce either proinflammatory Th1/Th2 or sole anti-inflammatory Th2 immunities. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) have shown that imine-forming carbonyl groups are needed for T cell activation leading to induction of Th1/Th2 immunities. While saponins having different triterpenoid aglycons and oligosaccharide chains can activate DCs to induce Th1/Th2 immunoresponses, fucopyranosyl residues from their oligosaccharides by binding to the DC-SIGN receptor can bias DCs toward a sole Th2 immunity. Here we discuss the mechanisms of action of these saponins in view of new information, which may serve as a basis to design improved adjuvants and related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante J Marciani
- Qantu Therapeutics, Inc., 612 East Main Street, Lewisville, TX 75057, USA.
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88
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Amantea D, Greco R, Micieli G, Bagetta G. Paradigm Shift to Neuroimmunomodulation for Translational Neuroprotection in Stroke. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:241. [PMID: 29692708 PMCID: PMC5903066 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of acute ischemic stroke is still an unresolved clinical problem since the only approved therapeutic intervention relies on early blood flow restoration through pharmacological thrombolysis, mechanical thrombus removal, or a combination of both strategies. Due to their numerous complications and to the narrow time-window for the intervention, only a minority of stroke patients can actually benefit from revascularization procedures, highlighting the urgent need of identifying novel strategies to prevent the progression of an irreversible damage in the ischemic penumbra. During the past three decades, the attempts to target the pathways implicated in the ischemic cascade (e.g., excitotoxicity, calcium channels overactivation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production) have failed in the clinical setting. Based on a better understanding of the pathobiological mechanisms and on a critical reappraisal of most failed trials, numerous findings from animal studies have demonstrated that targeting the immune system may represent a promising approach to achieve neuroprotection in stroke. In particular, given the dualistic role of distinct components of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, a strategic intervention should be aimed at establishing the right equilibrium between inflammatory and reparative mechanisms, taking into consideration their spatio-temporal recruitment after the ischemic insult. Thus, the application of immunomodulatory drugs and their ability to ameliorate outcomes deserve validation in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Rosaria Greco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Micieli
- Department of Emergency Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
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89
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Zhao S, Jiang T, Zhang L, Yang H, Liu X, Jia Y, Zhou C. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of regulatory T cells in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:36065-36073. [PMID: 27153545 PMCID: PMC5094983 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic and clinicopathological value of regulatory T cells (Tregs) infiltration in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains undetermined. A comprehensive literature search of electronic databases (up to December 2015) was conducted. Relationship between Tregs infiltration and clinicopathological features, recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) was investigated by synthesizing the qualified data. A total of 1303 NSCLC patients from 11 studies were included. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) for survival showed that high Tregs infiltration had no effect on RFS (HR = 2.03, 95% CI: 0.61–3.44, P = 0.708) and OS (HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.58–1.62, P = 0.981). High FoxP3+ Tregs infiltration was significantly associated with poor OS in NSCLC (HR = 3.88, 95% CI: 2.45–5.40, P = 0.000). Test methods, ethnicity and types of specimens had no effect on predicting prognosis of Tregs infiltration. While high Tregs infiltration was significantly correlated with smoking status [odds ratios (ORs) = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.15–2.08; P = 0.004], none of other clinicopathological characteristics such as gender, histological type, lymph node metastasis status, tumor size, vascular invasion, lymphatic invasion and pleural invasion were associated with Tregs infiltration. The present study demonstrated that high FoxP3+ Tregs infiltration was significantly associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC and smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhen Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijun Jia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
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90
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Kumar S, Ward BR, Irani AM. Future Prospects of Biologic Therapies for Immunologic Diseases. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2017; 37:431-448. [PMID: 28366486 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an overview of future uses for biologic therapies in the treatment of immunologic and allergic conditions. Discussion is centered on the use of existing therapies outside of their current indication or on new therapies that are close to approval. This information may help familiarize practicing allergists and immunologists with therapies they may soon encounter in their practice as well as help identify conditions and treatments that will require further study in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Kumar
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, CHoR Pavilion, 5th Floor, 1000 East Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0225, USA.
| | - Brant R Ward
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, CHoR Pavilion, 5th Floor, 1000 East Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0225, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, McGuire Hall, Room 4-115A, 1112 East Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0263, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, P.O. Box 980678, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Irani
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, CHoR Pavilion, 5th Floor, 1000 East Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0225, USA
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91
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Xu P, Fan W, Zhang Z, Wang J, Wang P, Li Y, Yu M. The Clinicopathological and Prognostic Implications of FoxP3 + Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:950. [PMID: 29209232 PMCID: PMC5702298 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) is known as the specific marker for regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs), which are responsible for self-tolerance and disturb the antitumor immunity. However, the prognostic implication of tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+ Tregs in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) still remains controversial. The aim of this present study was to investigate the prognostic role of FoxP3+ Tregs in CRC through meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched for relevant articles up to December 12, 2016. Pooled hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to explore the prognostic value of FoxP3+ Tregs in CRC. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated to investigate the correlation between FoxP3+ Tregs and pathological parameters. Results: A total of 18 studies comprising 3,627 patients with CRC were enrolled in our meta-analysis. The combined HR for FoxP3+ Tregs on cancer-specific survival was 0.70 (95% CI = 0.62-0.80, P < 0.001). High FoxP3+ Tregs level was also associated with favorable prognosis on overall survival (HR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.58-1.01, P = 0.058), with P-value very close to the statistical threshold. Yet, there was no correlation between FoxP3+ Tregs infiltration and disease-free survival (HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.63-1.09, P = 0.182). Moreover, FoxP3+ Tregs infiltration was significantly correlated with pT stage (OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.39-0.65, P < 0.001), tumor grade (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.61-0.98, P = 0.032), lymphatic invasion (OR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.07-0.89, P = 0.033) and vascular invasion (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.52-0.86, P = 0.001). Conclusion: The present meta-analysis suggests that high FoxP3+ Tregs infiltration is inclined to indicate favorable prognosis and is associated with the pathogenesis of CRC. Immunotherapy targeting Tregs in patients with CRC should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - June Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingxia Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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92
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Alaibac
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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93
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Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a distinct type of CD4+ T cell specialized in providing help to B cells during the germinal centre (GC) reaction. As such, they are critical determinants of the quality of an antibody response following antigen challenge. Excessive production of Tfh cells can result in autoimmunity whereas too few can result in inadequate protection from infection. Hence, their differentiation and maintenance must be tightly regulated to ensure appropriate but limited help to B cells. Unlike the majority of other CD4+ T-cell subsets, Tfh cell differentiation occurs in three phases defined by their anatomical location. During each phase of differentiation the emerging Tfh cells express distinct patterns of co-receptors, which work together with the T-cell receptor (TCR) to drive Tfh differentiation. These signals provided by both TCR and co-receptors during Tfh differentiation alter proliferation, survival, metabolism, cytokine production and transcription factor expression. This review will discuss how engagement of TCR and co-receptors work together to shape the formation and function of Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M C Webb
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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94
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Roberts K, Culleton V, Lwin Z, O'Byrne K, Hughes BGM. Immune checkpoint inhibitors: Navigating a new paradigm of treatment toxicities. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2017; 13:277-288. [DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Roberts
- Cancer Care Services; The Prince Charles Hospital; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Vanessa Culleton
- Cancer Care Services; The Prince Charles Hospital; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Zarnie Lwin
- Cancer Care Services; The Prince Charles Hospital; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Herston Queensland Australia
- School of Medicine; University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Kenneth O'Byrne
- Princess Alexandra Hospital; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Brett GM Hughes
- Cancer Care Services; The Prince Charles Hospital; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Herston Queensland Australia
- School of Medicine; University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
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95
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Correale P, Botta C, Ciliberto D, Pastina P, Ingargiola R, Zappavigna S, Tassone P, Pirtoli L, Caraglia M, Tagliaferri P. Immunotherapy of colorectal cancer: new perspectives after a long path. Immunotherapy 2017; 8:1281-1292. [PMID: 27993089 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although significant therapeutic improvement has been achieved in the last 10 years, the survival of metastatic colorectal cancer patients remains in a range of 28 to 30 months. Presently, systemic treatment includes combination chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and/or irinotecan together with a backbone of 5-fluorouracil/levofolinate, alone or in combination with monoclonal antibodies to VEGFA (bevacizumab) or EGF receptor (cetuximab and panitumumab). The recent rise of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the therapeutic scenario has renewed scientific interest in the investigation of immunotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. According to our experience and view, here, we review the immunological strategies investigated for the treatment of this disease, including the use of tumor target-specific cancer vaccines, chemo-immunotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Correale
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery & Neuroscience, Siena University School of Medicine, Viale Bracci 11, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cirino Botta
- Medical Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Unit, AUO 'Materdomini', Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Ciliberto
- Medical Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Unit, AUO 'Materdomini', Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Pastina
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery & Neuroscience, Siena University School of Medicine, Viale Bracci 11, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rossana Ingargiola
- Medical Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Unit, AUO 'Materdomini', Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Zappavigna
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & General Pathology, Second Naples University, Naples, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Medical Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Unit, AUO 'Materdomini', Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luigi Pirtoli
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery & Neuroscience, Siena University School of Medicine, Viale Bracci 11, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & General Pathology, Second Naples University, Naples, Italy
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Medical Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Unit, AUO 'Materdomini', Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
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96
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Yang CH, Chen XX, Chen L, Zheng DH, Liu QS, Xie WF. Association of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 +49A/G gene polymorphism with acute rejection risk in renal transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2017; 21. [PMID: 28333403 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The conclusions on the association between cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) +49A/G gene polymorphism and acute rejection risk in renal transplantation are still debated. This meta-analysis was performed to update the association between CTLA4 +49A/G and acute rejection risk in renal transplantation. The association investigations were identified from PubMed and Cochrane Library, and eligible studies were included and synthesized using meta-analysis method. Fourteen reports were included into this meta-analysis for the association of CTLA4 A/G gene polymorphism and acute rejection risk in renal transplantation, consisting of 962 acute rejection patients and 2084 non-acute rejection controls. The association between CTLA4 G allele/GG genotype and acute rejection risk in renal transplantation was found in this meta-analysis (G allele: OR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.03-1.44, P=.02; GG genotype: OR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.10-1.69, P=.004). However, the AA genotype was not associated with acute rejection risk in renal transplantation. In conclusion, CTLA4 G allele/GG genotype is associated with the acute rejection risk in renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Yang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Xia Chen
- Department of Critical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Critical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Hua Zheng
- Department of Critical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong-Shan Liu
- Department of Critical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Feng Xie
- Department of Critical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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97
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Bamias G, Delladetsima I, Perdiki M, Siakavellas SI, Goukos D, Papatheodoridis GV, Daikos GL, Gogas H. Immunological Characteristics of Colitis Associated with Anti-CTLA-4 Antibody Therapy. Cancer Invest 2017; 35:443-455. [PMID: 28548891 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2017.1324032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Anti-CTL4-A therapy is associated with development of colitis. We characterized ipilimumab-associated colitis in nine melanoma patients (6 male, mean age: 55.3-yrs). Median value for diarrhea grade was 2, number of ipilimumab doses 2, and interval since last administration 3-wks. Endoscopic characteristics resembled inflammatory bowel disease and histology revealed predominance of plasmacytes or CD4+ T-cells. We observed significant upregulation of Th1 and Th17 effector pathways (>10-fold increase for IFN-γmRNA, >5-fold for IL-17A, p < 0.01 vs. controls). Significant elevation of FoxP3 was also detected. In conclusion, ipilimumab administration results in elevations of effector lymphocytes and pro-inflammatory mediators in the gut lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos Bamias
- a Academic Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Ioanna Delladetsima
- b First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Marina Perdiki
- b First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Spyros I Siakavellas
- a Academic Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Dimitrios Goukos
- c First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - George V Papatheodoridis
- a Academic Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - George L Daikos
- c First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Helen Gogas
- c First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital , Athens , Greece
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98
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Kondo T, Morita R, Okuzono Y, Nakatsukasa H, Sekiya T, Chikuma S, Shichita T, Kanamori M, Kubo M, Koga K, Miyazaki T, Kassai Y, Yoshimura A. Notch-mediated conversion of activated T cells into stem cell memory-like T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15338. [PMID: 28530241 PMCID: PMC5458121 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell immunotherapy is a promising approach to cancer therapy. Stem cell memory T (TSCM) cells have been proposed as a class of long-lived and highly proliferative memory T cells. CD8+ TSCM cells can be generated in vitro from naive CD8+ T cells via Wnt signalling; however, methods do not yet exist for inducing TSCM cells from activated or memory T cells. Here, we show a strategy for generating TSCM-like cells in vitro (iTSCM cells) from activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in mice and humans by coculturing with stromal cells that express a Notch ligand. iTSCM cells lose PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression, and produce a large number of tumour-specific effector cells after restimulation. This method could therefore be used to generate antigen-specific effector T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Tumour-specific T cells can be expanded in vitro and adoptively transferred for therapy, but this strategy is limited by induction of short-lived T cell populations. Here the authors activate Notch signalling in cultured mouse or human T cells, resulting in the production of a long-lived stem cell memory T cell population that can fight tumours in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Kondo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Rimpei Morita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuumi Okuzono
- Inflammation Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakatsukasa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Sekiya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Chikuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Shichita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kanamori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Kubo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.,Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Keiko Koga
- Inflammation Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyazaki
- Inflammation Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kassai
- Inflammation Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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99
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Chen M, Xie S, Wan C, Zeng N, Wu Y, Qin J, Shen Y, Wen F. Diagnostic performance of CTLA-4, carcinoembryonic antigen and CYFRA 21-1 for malignant pleural effusion. Postgrad Med 2017; 129:644-648. [PMID: 28506100 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2017.1331112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) remains a clinical challenge. As a negative regulator of T-cell activation, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) has been associated with many malignant diseases. However, there is limited data about the relationship between CTLA-4 and MPE. The present study aims to investigate whether CTLA-4 levels may correlate with presence of MPE and to assess its potential diagnostic accuracy relative to that of the established markers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1). METHODS Pleural effusion samples were collected from 36 patients with MPE and 48 patients with benign pleural effusion (BPE). Pleural levels of CTLA-4 were measured by ELISA; levels of CEA and CYFRA 21-1, by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated to evaluate the ability of CTLA-4, CEA and CYFRA 21-1 to differentiate MPE from BPE. RESULTS Pleural levels of CTLA-4 were significantly higher in MPE than in BPE patients (471.73 ± 378.86 vs. 289.22 ± 173.67 pg/ml, p = 0.004). At a cut-off value of 351.25 pg/ml, the sensitivity and specificity of CTLA-4 in diagnosing MPE were 58.30% and 83.30%, respectively, and the area under the curve was 0.72. Pleural levels of CEA and CYFRA 21-1 were also higher in MPE. Using the combination of CTLA-4, CEA and CYFRA 21-1 increased diagnostic sensitivity to 88.89% and the area under the curve to 0.92. CONCLUSION The results of this preliminary study suggest that increased levels of CTLA-4 correlate with MPE, and that CTLA-4 may have some diagnostic usefulness when used in combination with conventional tumor markers such as CEA and CYFRA 21-1. These results justify larger, more rigorous studies to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China , Chengdu , China
| | - Shenglong Xie
- b Department of Thoracic Surgery , Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu , China
| | - Chun Wan
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China , Chengdu , China
| | - Ni Zeng
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China , Chengdu , China
| | - Yanqiu Wu
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China , Chengdu , China
| | - Jiangyue Qin
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China , Chengdu , China
| | - Yongchun Shen
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China , Chengdu , China
| | - Fuqiang Wen
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China , Chengdu , China
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100
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Henrickson SE, Ruffner MA, Kwan M. Unintended Immunological Consequences of Biologic Therapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 16:46. [PMID: 27324478 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of immune dysregulation in autoimmune diseases have enabled the development of new monoclonal antibody-based drugs called biologics. Biologics have been used to target aberrant immune responses in many diseases, but patients with rheumatologic and other autoimmune diseases have benefited the most and improvements in outcomes have been significant. The use of biologics is not without hazard, however, as these agents block immune pathways adapted to protect the host. This has been borne out by increased rates of infections as well as induction of new autoimmune and hematologic adverse effects. As new drugs for the treatment of autoimmune conditions are entering the pipeline, it is incumbent on the practicing immunologist to understand the mechanism of these biologics and the implications of clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Henrickson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3550 Market St. 3rd floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Melanie A Ruffner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3550 Market St. 3rd floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mildred Kwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 3300 Thurston, CB #7280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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