51
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Qiao J, Han B. Diseases caused by mutations in luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 161:69-89. [PMID: 30711030 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence showed that the luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) is an essential regulator of sexual development and reproduction from zebrafish to human. Activating and inactivating mutations of LHCGR gene have been identified from patients of different phenotypes. Familial male-limited precocious puberty, Leydig cell hypoplasia, and empty follicle syndrome are caused by LHCGR mutations. More than 50 mutations have been reported from subjects of different ethnic backgrounds. Functional analyses of the mutant LHCGR revealed multiple defects, including cell surface expression, ligand binding, and signaling. The difference of the two native ligands and signaling pathway activated by LHCGR are illustrated. Potential therapeutic implications from the analyses of the naturally occurring LHCGR mutations, such as pharmacological chaperones, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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52
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Tao YX, Conn PM. Pharmacoperones as Novel Therapeutics for Diverse Protein Conformational Diseases. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:697-725. [PMID: 29442594 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00029.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After synthesis, proteins are folded into their native conformations aided by molecular chaperones. Dysfunction in folding caused by genetic mutations in numerous genes causes protein conformational diseases. Membrane proteins are more prone to misfolding due to their more intricate folding than soluble proteins. Misfolded proteins are detected by the cellular quality control systems, especially in the endoplasmic reticulum, and proteins may be retained there for eventual degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system or through autophagy. Some misfolded proteins aggregate, leading to pathologies in numerous neurological diseases. In vitro, modulating mutant protein folding by altering molecular chaperone expression can ameliorate some misfolding. Some small molecules known as chemical chaperones also correct mutant protein misfolding in vitro and in vivo. However, due to their lack of specificity, their potential as therapeutics is limited. Another class of compounds, known as pharmacological chaperones (pharmacoperones), binds with high specificity to misfolded proteins, either as enzyme substrates or receptor ligands, leading to decreased folding energy barriers and correction of the misfolding. Because many of the misfolded proteins are misrouted but do not have defects in function per se, pharmacoperones have promising potential in advancing to the clinic as therapeutics, since correcting routing may ameliorate the underlying mechanism of disease. This review will comprehensively summarize this exciting area of research, surveying the literature from in vitro studies in cell lines to transgenic animal models and clinical trials in several protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama ; and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Texas Tech University Health Science Center , Lubbock, Texas
| | - P Michael Conn
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama ; and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Texas Tech University Health Science Center , Lubbock, Texas
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53
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Chemical validation and optimization of pharmacoperones targeting vasopressin type 2 receptor mutant. Biochem J 2018; 475:2941-2953. [PMID: 30068530 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of compounds formerly identified by high-throughput screening was studied for their ability to serve as pharmacoperones for the vasopressin type 2 receptor (V2R) mutant L83Q, which is known to cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Three compounds were particularly effective in rerouting the mutant receptor in a concentration-dependent manner, were neither agonists nor antagonists, and displayed low cellular toxicity. Compound 1 was most effective and can be used as a molecular probe for future studies of how small molecules may affect NDI caused by mutant V2R. These compounds, however, failed to rescue the V2R Y128S mutant, indicating that the compounds described may not work in the rescue of all known mutants of V2R. Taken collectively, the present studies have now identified a promising lead compound that could function as a pharmacoperone to correct the trafficking defect of the NDI-associated mutant V2R L83Q and thus has the therapeutic potential for the treatment of NDI.
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54
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Mackie DI, Al Mutairi F, Davis RB, Kechele DO, Nielsen NR, Snyder JC, Caron MG, Kliman HJ, Berg JS, Simms J, Poyner DR, Caron KM. h CALCRL mutation causes autosomal recessive nonimmune hydrops fetalis with lymphatic dysplasia. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2339-2353. [PMID: 30115739 PMCID: PMC6122977 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first case of nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) associated with a recessive, in-frame deletion of V205 in the G protein-coupled receptor, Calcitonin Receptor-Like Receptor (hCALCRL). Homozygosity results in fetal demise from hydrops fetalis, while heterozygosity in females is associated with spontaneous miscarriage and subfertility. Using molecular dynamic modeling and in vitro biochemical assays, we show that the hCLR(V205del) mutant results in misfolding of the first extracellular loop, reducing association with its requisite receptor chaperone, receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP), translocation to the plasma membrane and signaling. Using three independent genetic mouse models we establish that the adrenomedullin-CLR-RAMP2 axis is both necessary and sufficient for driving lymphatic vascular proliferation. Genetic ablation of either lymphatic endothelial Calcrl or nonendothelial Ramp2 leads to severe NIHF with embryonic demise and placental pathologies, similar to that observed in humans. Our results highlight a novel candidate gene for human congenital NIHF and provide structure-function insights of this signaling axis for human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan I Mackie
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Fuad Al Mutairi
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema B Davis
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Daniel O Kechele
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Natalie R Nielsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Joshua C Snyder
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Marc G Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Harvey J Kliman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathan S Berg
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - John Simms
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, England, UK
| | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, England, UK
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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55
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Li C, Mourton A, Plamont MA, Rodrigues V, Aujard I, Volovitch M, Le Saux T, Perez F, Vriz S, Jullien L, Joliot A, Gautier A. Fluorogenic Probing of Membrane Protein Trafficking. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1823-1828. [PMID: 29791141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methods to differentially label cell-surface and intracellular membrane proteins are indispensable for understanding their function and the regulation of their trafficking. We present an efficient strategy for the rapid and selective fluorescent labeling of membrane proteins based on the chemical-genetic fluorescent marker FAST (fluorescence-activating and absorption-shifting tag). Cell-surface FAST-tagged proteins could be selectively and rapidly labeled using fluorogenic membrane-impermeant 4-hydroxybenzylidene rhodanine (HBR) analogs. This approach allows the study of protein trafficking at the plasma membrane with various fluorometric techniques, and opens exciting prospects for the high-throughput screening of small molecules able to restore disease-related trafficking defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenge Li
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure , PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Aurélien Mourton
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France , CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University , 75231 Paris , France
- PSL Research University , 75006 Paris , France
| | - Marie-Aude Plamont
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure , PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure , PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Isabelle Aujard
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure , PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Michel Volovitch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France , CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University , 75231 Paris , France
- École Normale Supérieure, Department of Biology , PSL Research University , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Thomas Le Saux
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure , PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Franck Perez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144 , 26 rue d'Ulm , 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sophie Vriz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France , CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University , 75231 Paris , France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Biology Department , 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Ludovic Jullien
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure , PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Alain Joliot
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France , CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University , 75231 Paris , France
| | - Arnaud Gautier
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure , PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France
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56
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Hou ZS, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Tao YX. Pharmacoperone drugs: targeting misfolded proteins causing lysosomal storage-, ion channels-, and G protein-coupled receptors-associated conformational disorders. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2018; 11:611-624. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1480367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Shuai Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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57
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Wu H, Zhao Y, Huang Q, Cai M, Pan Q, Fu M, An X, Xia Z, Liu M, Jin Y, He L, Shang J. NK1R/5-HT1AR interaction is related to the regulation of melanogenesis. FASEB J 2018; 32:3193-3214. [PMID: 29430989 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700564rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is a candidate mediator along the brain-skin axis and can mimic the effects of stress to regulate melanogenesis. Previously, we and others have found that the regulation of SP for pigmentary function was mediated by neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). Emerging evidence has accumulated that psychologic stress can induce dysfunction in the cutaneous serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-5-HT1A/1B receptor system, thereby resulting in skin hypopigmentation. Moreover, NK1R and 5-HTR (except 5-HT3) belong to GPCR. The present study aimed at assessing the possible existence of NK1R-5-HTR interactions and related melanogenic functions. Western blot and PCR detection revealed that SP reduced expression of 5-HT1A receptor via the NK1 receptor. Biochemical analyses showed that NK1R and 5-HT1AR could colocalize and interact in a cell and in the skin. When the N terminus of the NK1R protein was removed NK1R surface targeting was prevented, the interaction between NK1R-5-HT1AR decreased, and the depigmentation caused by SP and WAY100635 could be rescued. Importantly, pharmaceutical coadministration of NK1R agonist (SP) and 5-HT1A antagonist (WAY100635) enhanced the NK1-5-HT1A receptor coimmunoprecipitation along with the depigmentary response. SP and WAY100635 cooperation elicited activation of a signaling cascade (the extracellular, regulated protein kinase p-JNK signaling pathway) and inhibition of p70S6K1 phosphorylation and greatly reduced melanin production in vitro and in vivo in mice and zebrafish. Moreover, the SP-induced depigmentation response did not be occur in 5-htr1aa+/- zebrafish embryos. Taken together, the results of our systemic study increases our knowledge of the roles of NK1R and 5-HT1AR in melanogenesis and provides possible, novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of skin hypo/hyperpigmentation.-Wu, H., Zhao, Y., Huang, Q., Cai, M., Pan, Q., Fu, M., An, X., Xia, Z., Liu, M., Jin, Y., He, L., Shang, J. NK1R/5-HT1AR interaction is related to the regulation of melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minxuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengsi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohong An
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenjiang Xia
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Meng Liu
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China; and
| | - Yu Jin
- University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
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58
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Mouillac B, Mendre C. Pharmacological Chaperones as Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Misfolded Mutant Vasopressin Receptors. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 245:63-83. [PMID: 28939971 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological chaperones recently opened new possibilities in G protein-coupled receptor drug discovery. Even more interestingly, some unique ligands combine pharmacological chaperoning and biased agonism properties, boosting their therapeutic interest in many human diseases resulting from G protein-coupled receptor mutation and misfolding. These compounds displaying dual characteristics would constitute a perfect treatment for congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus, a typical conformational disease. This X-linked genetic pathology is mostly associated with inactivating mutations of the renal arginine-vasopressin V2 receptor leading to misfolding and intracellular retention of the receptor, causing the inability of patients to concentrate their urine in response to the antidiuretic hormone. Cell-permeable pharmacological chaperones have been successfully challenged to restore plasma membrane localization of many V2 receptor mutants. In addition, different classes of specific ligands such as antagonists, agonists as well as biased agonists of the V2 receptor have proven their usefulness in rescuing mutant receptor function. This is particularly relevant for small-molecule biased agonists which only trigger Gs protein activation and cyclic adenosine monophosphate production, the V2-induced signaling pathway responsible for water reabsorption. In parallel, high-throughput screening assays based on receptor trafficking rescue approaches have been developed to discover novel V2 pharmacological chaperone molecules from different chemical libraries. These new hit compounds, which still need to be pharmacologically characterized and functionally tested in vivo, represent promising candidates for the treatment of congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Mouillac
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la cardonille, 34094, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
| | - Christiane Mendre
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la cardonille, 34094, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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59
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Erdem B, Schulz A, Saglar E, Deniz F, Schöneberg T, Mergen H. Functional characterization of AVPR2 mutants found in Turkish patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:56-64. [PMID: 29117938 PMCID: PMC5744627 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes insipidus is a rare disorder characterized by an impairment in water balance because of the inability to concentrate urine. While central diabetes insipidus is caused by mutations in the AVP, the reason for genetically determined nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be mutations in AQP2 or AVPR2 After release of AVP from posterior pituitary into blood stream, it binds to AVPR2, which is one of the receptors for AVP and is mainly expressed in principal cells of collecting ducts of kidney. Receptor activation increases cAMP levels in principal cells, resulting in the incorporation of AQP2 into the membrane, finally increasing water reabsorption. This pathway can be altered by mutations in AVPR2 causing nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In this study, we functionally characterize four mutations (R68W, ΔR67-G69/G107W, V162A and T273M) in AVPR2, which were found in Turkish patients. Upon AVP stimulation, R68W, ΔR67-G69/G107W and T273M showed a significantly reduced maximum in cAMP response compared to wild-type receptor. All mutant receptor proteins were expressed at the protein level; however, R68W, ΔR67-G69/G107W and T273M were partially retained in the cellular interior. Immunofluorescence studies showed that these mutant receptors were trapped in ER and Golgi apparatus. The function of V162A was indistinguishable from the indicating other defects causing disease. The results are important for understanding the influence of mutations on receptor function and cellular trafficking. Therefore, characterization of these mutations provides useful information for further studies addressing treatment of intracellularly trapped receptors with cell-permeable antagonists to restore receptor function in patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beril Erdem
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Angela Schulz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of BiochemistryFaculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emel Saglar
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Deniz
- Department of EndocrinologySBÜ Sultan Abdülhamid Han Teaching Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of BiochemistryFaculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hatice Mergen
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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60
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Abstract
The gonadotropin receptors (luteinising hormone receptor; LHR and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor; FSHR) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that play an important role in the endocrine control of reproduction. Thus genetic mutations that cause impaired function of these receptors have been implicated in a number of reproductive disorders. Disease-causing genetic mutations in GPCRs frequently result in intracellular retention and degradation of the nascent protein through misfolding and subsequent recognition by cellular quality control machinery. The discovery and development of novel compounds termed pharmacological chaperones (pharmacoperones) that can stabilise misfolded receptors and restore trafficking and plasma membrane expression are therefore of great interest clinically, and promising in vitro data describing the pharmacoperone rescue of a number of intracellularly retained mutant GPCRs has provided a platform for taking these compounds into in vivo trials. Thienopyrimidine small molecule allosteric gonadotropin receptor agonists (Org 42599 and Org 41841) have been demonstrated to have pharmacoperone activity. These compounds can rescue cell surface expression and in many cases, hormone responsiveness, of a range of retained mutant gonadotropin receptors. Should gonadotropin receptor selectivity of these compounds be improved, they could offer therapeutic benefit to subsets of patients suffering from reproductive disorders attributed to defective gonadotropin receptor trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Newton
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Ross C Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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61
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Asjad HMM, Nasrollahi-Shirazi S, Sucic S, Freissmuth M, Nanoff C. Relax, Cool Down and Scaffold: How to Restore Surface Expression of Folding-Deficient Mutant GPCRs and SLC6 Transporters. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112416. [PMID: 29135937 PMCID: PMC5713384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many diseases arise from mutations, which impair protein folding. The study of folding-deficient variants of G protein-coupled receptors and solute carrier 6 (SLC6) transporters has shed light on the folding trajectory, how it is monitored and how misfolding can be remedied. Reducing the temperature lowers the energy barrier between folding intermediates and thereby eliminates stalling along the folding trajectory. For obvious reasons, cooling down is not a therapeutic option. One approach to rescue misfolded variants is to use membrane-permeable orthosteric ligands. Antagonists of GPCRs are—in many instances—effective pharmacochaperones: they restore cell surface expression provided that they enter cells and bind to folding intermediates. Pharmacochaperoning of SLC6 transporters is less readily achieved because the ionic conditions in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are not conducive to binding of typical inhibitors. The second approach is to target the heat-shock protein (HSP) relay, which monitors the folding trajectory on the cytosolic side. Importantly, orthosteric ligands and HSP-inhibitors are not mutually exclusive. In fact, pharmacochaperones and HSP-inhibitors can act in an additive or synergistic manner. This was exemplified by rescuing disease-causing, folding-deficient variants of the human dopamine transporters with the HSP70 inhibitor pifithrin-μ and the pharmacochaperone noribogaine in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Mazhar Asjad
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Shahrooz Nasrollahi-Shirazi
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sonja Sucic
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christian Nanoff
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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62
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Milano S, Carmosino M, Gerbino A, Svelto M, Procino G. Hereditary Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Pathophysiology and Possible Treatment. An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112385. [PMID: 29125546 PMCID: PMC5713354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, excessive loss of water through the urine is prevented by the release of the antidiuretic hormone arginine-vasopressin (AVP) from the posterior pituitary. In the kidney, AVP elicits a number of cellular responses, which converge on increasing the osmotic reabsorption of water in the collecting duct. One of the key events triggered by the binding of AVP to its type-2 receptor (AVPR2) is the exocytosis of the water channel aquaporin 2 (AQP2) at the apical membrane the principal cells of the collecting duct. Mutations of either AVPR2 or AQP2 result in a genetic disease known as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, which is characterized by the lack of responsiveness of the collecting duct to the antidiuretic action of AVP. The affected subject, being incapable of concentrating the urine, presents marked polyuria and compensatory polydipsia and is constantly at risk of severe dehydration. The molecular bases of the disease are fully uncovered, as well as the genetic or clinical tests for a prompt diagnosis of the disease in newborns. A real cure for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is still missing, and the main symptoms of the disease are handled with s continuous supply of water, a restrictive diet, and nonspecific drugs. Unfortunately, the current therapeutic options are limited and only partially beneficial. Further investigation in vitro or using the available animal models of the disease, combined with clinical trials, will eventually lead to the identification of one or more targeted strategies that will improve or replace the current conventional therapy and grant NDI patients a better quality of life. Here we provide an updated overview of the genetic defects causing NDI, the most recent strategies under investigation for rescuing the activity of mutated AVPR2 or AQP2, or for bypassing defective AVPR2 signaling and restoring AQP2 plasma membrane expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Milano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Monica Carmosino
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Svelto
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Procino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Wu H, Wang K, Lu L, Xue Y, Lyu Q, Jiang M. Deep Conditional Random Field Approach to Transmembrane Topology Prediction and Application to GPCR Three-Dimensional Structure Modeling. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2017; 14:1106-1114. [PMID: 27576262 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2016.2602872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane proteins play important roles in cellular energy production, signal transmission, and metabolism. Many shallow machine learning methods have been applied to transmembrane topology prediction, but the performance was limited by the large size of membrane proteins and the complex biological evolution information behind the sequence. In this paper, we proposed a novel deep approach based on conditional random fields named as dCRF-TM for predicting the topology of transmembrane proteins. Conditional random fields take into account more complicated interrelation between residue labels in full-length sequence than HMM and SVM-based methods. Three widely-used datasets were employed in the benchmark. DCRF-TM had the accuracy 95 percent over helix location prediction and the accuracy 78 percent over helix number prediction. DCRF-TM demonstrated a more robust performance on large size proteins (>350 residues) against 11 state-of-the-art predictors. Further dCRF-TM was applied to ab initio modeling three-dimensional structures of seven-transmembrane receptors, also known as G protein-coupled receptors. The predictions on 24 solved G protein-coupled receptors and unsolved vasopressin V2 receptor illustrated that dCRF-TM helped abGPCR-I-TASSER to improve TM-score 34.3 percent rather than using the random transmembrane definition. Two out of five predicted models caught the experimental verified disulfide bonds in vasopressin V2 receptor.
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Wacker D, Stevens RC, Roth BL. How Ligands Illuminate GPCR Molecular Pharmacology. Cell 2017; 170:414-427. [PMID: 28753422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are modulated by a variety of endogenous and synthetic ligands, represent the largest family of druggable targets in the human genome. Recent structural and molecular studies have both transformed and expanded classical concepts of receptor pharmacology and have begun to illuminate the distinct mechanisms by which structurally, chemically, and functionally diverse ligands modulate GPCR function. These molecular insights into ligand engagement and action have enabled new computational methods and accelerated the discovery of novel ligands and tool compounds, especially for understudied and orphan GPCRs. These advances promise to streamline the development of GPCR-targeted medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wacker
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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65
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Affiliation(s)
- George M. Burslem
- Departments of Molecular,
Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Craig M. Crews
- Departments of Molecular,
Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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66
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Chen L, Higgins PJ, Zhang W. Development and Diseases of the Collecting Duct System. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 60:165-203. [PMID: 28409346 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51436-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The collecting duct of the mammalian kidney is important for the regulation of extracellular volume, osmolarity, and pH. There are two major structurally and functionally distinct cell types: principal cells and intercalated cells. The former regulates Na+ and water homeostasis, while the latter participates in acid-base homeostasis. In vivo lineage tracing using Cre recombinase or its derivatives such as CreGFP and CreERT2 is a powerful new technique to identify stem/progenitor cells in their native environment and to decipher the origins of the tissue that they give rise to. Recent studies using this technique in mice have revealed multiple renal progenitor cell populations that differentiate into various nephron segments and collecting duct. In particular, emerging evidence suggests that like principal cells, most of intercalated cells originate from the progenitor cells expressing water channel Aquaporin 2. Mutations or malfunctions of the channels, pumps, and transporters expressed in the collecting duct system cause various human diseases. For example, gain-of-function mutations in ENaC cause Liddle's syndrome, while loss-of-function mutations in ENaC lead to Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1. Mutations in either AE1 or V-ATPase B1 result in distal renal tubular acidosis. Patients with disrupted AQP2 or AVPR2 develop nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. A better understanding of the function and development of the collecting duct system may facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic strategies for treating kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihe Chen
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, NHLBI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1603, USA
| | - Paul J Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, MC-165, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, MC-165, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
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Abstract
Diabetes insipidus is a disease characterized by polyuria and polydipsia due to inadequate release of arginine vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus) or due to arginine vasopressin insensitivity by the renal distal tubule, leading to a deficiency in tubular water reabsorption (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus). This article reviews the genetics of diabetes insipidus in the context of its diagnosis, clinical presentation, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Helene Schernthaner-Reiter
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria; Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anton Luger
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
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Phenanthridin-6-one derivatives as the first class of non-steroidal pharmacological chaperones for Niemann-Pick disease type C1 protein. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2781-2787. [PMID: 28465104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C is a fatal, progressive neurodegenerative disease mostly caused by mutations in Nieamnn-Pick type C1 (NPC1), a late endosomal membrane protein that is essential for intracellular cholesterol transport. The most prevalent mutation, I1061T (Ile to Thr), interferes with the protein folding process. Consequently, mutated but intrinsically functional NPC1 proteins are prematurely degraded via proteasome, leading to loss of NPC1 function. Previously, we reported sterol derivatives as pharmacological chaperones for NPC1, and showed that these derivatives can normalize folding-defective phenotypes of I1061T NPC1 mutant by directly binding to, and stabilizing, the protein. Here, we report a series of compounds containing a phenanthridin-6-one scaffold as the first class of non-steroidal pharmacological chaperones for NPC1. We also examined their structure-activity relationships.
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69
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Gendron L, Cahill CM, von Zastrow M, Schiller PW, Pineyro G. Molecular Pharmacology of δ-Opioid Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:631-700. [PMID: 27343248 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.008979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are among the most effective analgesics available and are the first choice in the treatment of acute severe pain. However, partial efficacy, a tendency to produce tolerance, and a host of ill-tolerated side effects make clinically available opioids less effective in the management of chronic pain syndromes. Given that most therapeutic opioids produce their actions via µ-opioid receptors (MOPrs), other targets are constantly being explored, among which δ-opioid receptors (DOPrs) are being increasingly considered as promising alternatives. This review addresses DOPrs from the perspective of cellular and molecular determinants of their pharmacological diversity. Thus, DOPr ligands are examined in terms of structural and functional variety, DOPrs' capacity to engage a multiplicity of canonical and noncanonical G protein-dependent responses is surveyed, and evidence supporting ligand-specific signaling and regulation is analyzed. Pharmacological DOPr subtypes are examined in light of the ability of DOPr to organize into multimeric arrays and to adopt multiple active conformations as well as differences in ligand kinetics. Current knowledge on DOPr targeting to the membrane is examined as a means of understanding how these receptors are especially active in chronic pain management. Insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms of pharmacological diversity should guide the rational design of more effective, longer-lasting, and better-tolerated opioid analgesics for chronic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gendron
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Peter W Schiller
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Graciela Pineyro
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
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70
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Huang H, Wang W, Tao YX. Pharmacological chaperones for the misfolded melanocortin-4 receptor associated with human obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2496-2507. [PMID: 28284973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays a vital role in regulating energy homeostasis. Mutations in the MC4R cause early-onset severe obesity. The majority of loss of function MC4R mutants are retained intracellularly, many of which are not terminally misfolded and can be stabilized and targeted to the plasma membrane by different chaperones. Some of the mutants might be functional once coaxed to the cell surface. Molecular chaperones and chemical chaperones correct the misfolding of some mutant MC4Rs. However, their therapeutic application is very limited due to their non-specific mechanism of action and, for chemical chaperone, high dosage needed to be effective. Several pharmacological chaperones have been identified for the MC4R and Ipsen 5i and Ipsen 17 are the most potent and efficacious. Here we provide a comprehensive review on how different approaches have been applied to rescue misfolded MC4R mutants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Melanocortin Receptors - edited by Ya-Xiong Tao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
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71
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Beerepoot P, Nazari R, Salahpour A. Pharmacological chaperone approaches for rescuing GPCR mutants: Current state, challenges, and screening strategies. Pharmacol Res 2017; 117:242-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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72
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Kumar V, Sami N, Kashav T, Islam A, Ahmad F, Hassan MI. Protein aggregation and neurodegenerative diseases: From theory to therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:1105-1120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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73
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Janovick JA, Spicer TP, Smith E, Bannister TD, Kenakin T, Scampavia L, Conn PM. Receptor antagonism/agonism can be uncoupled from pharmacoperone activity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 434:176-85. [PMID: 27389877 PMCID: PMC4983495 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacoperones rescue misrouted mutants of the vasopressin receptor type 2 (V2R) and enable them to traffic to the correct biological locus where they function. Previously, a library of nearly 645,000 structures was interrogated with a high throughput screen; pharmacoperones were identified for V2R mutants with a view toward correcting the underlying mutational defects in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In the present study, an orthologous assay was used to evaluate hits from the earlier study. We found no consistent relation between antagonism or agonism and pharmacoperone activity. Active pharmacoperones were identified which had minimal antagonistic activity. This increases the therapeutic reach of these drugs, since virtually all pharmacoperone drugs reported to date were selected from peptidomimetic antagonists. Such mixed-activity drugs have a complex pharmacology limiting their therapeutic utility and requiring their removal prior to stimulation of the receptor with agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann Janovick
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology/Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Timothy P Spicer
- Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Emery Smith
- Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Thomas D Bannister
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Terry Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Louis Scampavia
- Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - P Michael Conn
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology/Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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74
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Makita N, Sato T, Yajima-Shoji Y, Sato J, Manaka K, Eda-Hashimoto M, Ootaki M, Matsumoto N, Nangaku M, Iiri T. Analysis of the V2 Vasopressin Receptor (V2R) Mutations Causing Partial Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Highlights a Sustainable Signaling by a Non-peptide V2R Agonist. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22460-22471. [PMID: 27601473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.733220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease-causing mutations in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes, including the V2 vasopressin receptor (V2R) gene, often cause misfolded receptors, leading to a defect in plasma membrane trafficking. A novel V2R mutation, T273M, identified in a boy with partial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), shows intracellular localization and partial defects similar to the two mutants we described previously (10). Although non-peptide V2R antagonists have been shown to rescue the membrane localization of V2R mutants, their level of functional rescue is weak. Interestingly, it has been reported that a non-peptide agonist, OPC51803, activates misfolded V2R mutants intracellularly without degradation, thus potentially serving as a therapeutic agent against NDI (14). In our current experiments, however, a peptide antagonist blocked arginine vasopressin (AVP)- or OPC51803-stimulated cAMP accumulation both in COS-7 and MDCK cells, suggesting that OPC51803 mainly stimulates cell surface V2R mutants. In addition, our analyses revealed that OPC51803 works not only as a non-peptide agonist that causes activation/β-arrestin-dependent desensitization of V2R mutants expressed at the plasma membrane but also as a pharmacochaperone that promotes the endoplasmic reticulum-retained mutant maturation and trafficking to the plasma membrane. The ratio of the pharmacochaperone effect to the desensitization effect likely correlates negatively with the residual function of the tested mutants, suggesting that OPC5 has a more favorable effect on the V2R mutants with a less residual function. We speculated that the canceling of the desensitization effect of OPC51803 by the pharmacochaperone effect after long-term treatment may produce sustainable signaling, and thus pharmacochaperone agonists such as OPC51803 may serve as promising therapeutics for NDI caused by misfolded V2R mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Makita
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan,
| | - Tomohiko Sato
- the Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, 036-8562 Japan, and
| | - Yuki Yajima-Shoji
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Junichiro Sato
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Katsunori Manaka
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Makiko Eda-Hashimoto
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masanori Ootaki
- the Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- the Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Taroh Iiri
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, .,the Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
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75
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Thomsen ARB, Plouffe B, Cahill TJ, Shukla AK, Tarrasch JT, Dosey AM, Kahsai AW, Strachan RT, Pani B, Mahoney JP, Huang L, Breton B, Heydenreich FM, Sunahara RK, Skiniotis G, Bouvier M, Lefkowitz RJ. GPCR-G Protein-β-Arrestin Super-Complex Mediates Sustained G Protein Signaling. Cell 2016; 166:907-919. [PMID: 27499021 PMCID: PMC5418658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Classically, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) stimulation promotes G protein signaling at the plasma membrane, followed by rapid β-arrestin-mediated desensitization and receptor internalization into endosomes. However, it has been demonstrated that some GPCRs activate G proteins from within internalized cellular compartments, resulting in sustained signaling. We have used a variety of biochemical, biophysical, and cell-based methods to demonstrate the existence, functionality, and architecture of internalized receptor complexes composed of a single GPCR, β-arrestin, and G protein. These super-complexes or "megaplexes" more readily form at receptors that interact strongly with β-arrestins via a C-terminal tail containing clusters of serine/threonine phosphorylation sites. Single-particle electron microscopy analysis of negative-stained purified megaplexes reveals that a single receptor simultaneously binds through its core region with G protein and through its phosphorylated C-terminal tail with β-arrestin. The formation of such megaplexes provides a potential physical basis for the newly appreciated sustained G protein signaling from internalized GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R B Thomsen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bianca Plouffe
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Thomas J Cahill
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Tarrasch
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Annie M Dosey
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alem W Kahsai
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ryan T Strachan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Biswaranjan Pani
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jacob P Mahoney
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Liyin Huang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Billy Breton
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Franziska M Heydenreich
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Roger K Sunahara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Namkung Y, Le Gouill C, Lukashova V, Kobayashi H, Hogue M, Khoury E, Song M, Bouvier M, Laporte SA. Monitoring G protein-coupled receptor and β-arrestin trafficking in live cells using enhanced bystander BRET. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12178. [PMID: 27397672 PMCID: PMC4942582 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of receptors are pivotal to maintain physiological functions and drug action; however, robust quantitative approaches are lacking to study such processes in live cells. Here we present new bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) sensors to quantitatively monitor G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and β-arrestin trafficking. These sensors are based on bystander BRET and use the naturally interacting chromophores luciferase (RLuc) and green fluorescent protein (rGFP) from Renilla. The versatility and robustness of this approach are exemplified by anchoring rGFP at the plasma membrane or in endosomes to generate high dynamic spectrometric BRET signals on ligand-promoted recruitment or sequestration of RLuc-tagged proteins to, or from, specific cell compartments, as well as sensitive subcellular BRET imaging for protein translocation visualization. These sensors are scalable to high-throughput formats and allow quantitative pharmacological studies of GPCR trafficking in real time, in live cells, revealing ligand-dependent biased trafficking of receptor/β-arrestin complexes. Cellular signaling processes often involve trafficking of receptors and other proteins between subcellular compartments. Here the authors demonstrate a method based on the concept of Enhanced bystander Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (EbBRET) that allows efficient real time monitoring of endocytosis and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Namkung
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Christian Le Gouill
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 1J4
| | - Viktoria Lukashova
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 1J4
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 1J4
| | - Mireille Hogue
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 1J4
| | - Etienne Khoury
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Mideum Song
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 1J4
| | - Stéphane A Laporte
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0C7
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Smith E, Janovick JA, Bannister TD, Shumate J, Scampavia L, Conn PM, Spicer TP. Identification of Potential Pharmacoperones Capable of Rescuing the Functionality of Misfolded Vasopressin 2 Receptor Involved in Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:824-31. [PMID: 27280550 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116653925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacoperones correct the folding of otherwise misfolded protein mutants, restoring function (i.e., providing "rescue") by correcting their trafficking. Currently, most pharmacoperones possess intrinsic antagonist activity because they were identified using methods initially aimed at discovering such functions. Here, we describe an ultra-high-throughput homogeneous cell-based assay with a cAMP detection system, a method specifically designed to identify pharmacoperones of the vasopressin type 2 receptor (V2R), a GPCR that, when mutated, is associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Previously developed methods to identify compounds capable of altering cellular trafficking of V2R were modified and used to screen a 645,000 compound collection by measuring the ability of library compounds to rescue a mutant hV2R [L83Q], using a cell-based luminescent detection system. The campaign initially identified 3734 positive modulators of cAMP. The confirmation and counterscreen identified only 147 of the active compounds with an EC50 of ≤5 µM. Of these, 83 were reconfirmed as active through independently obtained pure samples and were also inactive in a relevant counterscreen. Active and tractable compounds within this set can be categorized into three predominant structural clusters, described here, in the first report detailing the results of a large-scale pharmacoperone high-throughput screening campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emery Smith
- The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jo Ann Janovick
- Texas Tech University Health and Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | | | - Justin Shumate
- The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Louis Scampavia
- The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - P Michael Conn
- Texas Tech University Health and Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Timothy P Spicer
- The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
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78
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Bichet DG, Bockenhauer D. Genetic forms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI): Vasopressin receptor defect (X-linked) and aquaporin defect (autosomal recessive and dominant). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 30:263-76. [PMID: 27156763 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), which can be inherited or acquired, is characterized by an inability to concentrate urine despite normal or elevated plasma concentrations of the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP). Polyuria with hyposthenuria and polydipsia are the cardinal clinical manifestations of the disease. About 90% of patients with congenital NDI are males with X-linked NDI who have mutations in the vasopressin V2 receptor (AVPR2) gene encoding the vasopressin V2 receptor. In less than 10% of the families studied, congenital NDI has an autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with mutations in the aquaporin-2 (AQP2) gene. When studied in vitro, most AVPR2 and AQP2 mutations lead to proteins trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum and are unable to reach the plasma membrane. Prior knowledge of AVPR2 or AQP2 mutations in NDI families and perinatal mutation testing is of direct clinical value and can avert the physical and mental retardation associated with repeated episodes of dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Bichet
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Université de Montréal, Canada; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Boul. Gouin Ouest, Montréal, QC, Canada H4J 1C5.
| | - Detlef Bockenhauer
- UCL Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Vukićević T, Schulz M, Faust D, Klussmann E. The Trafficking of the Water Channel Aquaporin-2 in Renal Principal Cells-a Potential Target for Pharmacological Intervention in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:23. [PMID: 26903868 PMCID: PMC4749865 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) stimulates the redistribution of water channels, aquaporin-2 (AQP2) from intracellular vesicles into the plasma membrane of renal collecting duct principal cells. By this AVP directs 10% of the water reabsorption from the 170 L of primary urine that the human kidneys produce each day. This review discusses molecular mechanisms underlying the AVP-induced redistribution of AQP2; in particular, it provides an overview over the proteins participating in the control of its localization. Defects preventing the insertion of AQP2 into the plasma membrane cause diabetes insipidus. The disease can be acquired or inherited, and is characterized by polyuria and polydipsia. Vice versa, up-regulation of the system causing a predominant localization of AQP2 in the plasma membrane leads to excessive water retention and hyponatremia as in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), late stage heart failure or liver cirrhosis. This article briefly summarizes the currently available pharmacotherapies for the treatment of such water balance disorders, and discusses the value of newly identified mechanisms controlling AQP2 for developing novel pharmacological strategies. Innovative concepts for the therapy of water balance disorders are required as there is a medical need due to the lack of causal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Vukićević
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Schulz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association Berlin, Germany
| | - Dörte Faust
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association Berlin, Germany
| | - Enno Klussmann
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz AssociationBerlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular ResearchBerlin, Germany
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80
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Trudel M, Yao Q, Qian F. The Role of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Proteolysis Site Cleavage of Polycystin-1 in Renal Physiology and Polycystic Kidney Disease. Cells 2016; 5:cells5010003. [PMID: 26805887 PMCID: PMC4810088 DOI: 10.3390/cells5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystin-1 (PC1) plays an essential role in renal tubular morphogenesis, and PC1 dysfunction causes human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. A fundamental characteristic of PC1 is post-translational modification via cleavage at the juxtamembrane GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) motif that is part of the larger GAIN domain. Given the considerable biochemical complexity of PC1 molecules generated in vivo by this process, GPS cleavage has several profound implications on the intracellular trafficking and localization in association with their particular function. The critical nature of GPS cleavage is further emphasized by the increasing numbers of PKD1 mutations that significantly affect this cleavage process. The GAIN domain with the GPS motif therefore represents the key structural element with fundamental importance for PC1 and might be polycystic kidney disease’s (PKD) Achilles’ heel in a large spectrum of PKD1 missense mutations. We highlight the central roles of PC1 cleavage for the regulation of its biogenesis, intracellular trafficking and function, as well as its significance in polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Trudel
- Molecular Genetics and Development, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Universite de Montreal, Faculte de Medecine, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Qin Yao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Feng Qian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Sun L, Wang Z, Wu H, Liu P, Zou C, Xue X, Cao C. Role of ocular albinism type 1 (OA1) GPCR in Asian gypsy moth development and transcriptional expression of heat-shock protein genes. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 126:35-41. [PMID: 26778432 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ocular albinism type 1 gene, named OA1, is a coding pigment cell-specific G protein-coupled receptor exclusively localized in intracellular organelles. However, the function of OA1 in insects remains generally unknown. In the present study, we explore for the first time the function of LdOA1 in the Asian gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. To identify the function of LdOA1 gene in the development and growth of the Asian gypsy moth, the LdOA1 gene in third instar larvae was knocked down by RNAi. Compared with the controls, the knockdown of LdOA1 increased larval mortality but did not significantly affect their utilization of nutrition. Moreover, LdOA1 was stably transformed into the third chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. The LdOA1 gene in the transformed D. melanogaster modulated the expression of heat-shock protein (hsp) and increased the expression of hsp genes under deltamethrin stress, which indicates that LdOA1 is involved in the regulation of hsp gene expression. These results deepen our understanding of the molecular function of OA1 in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiLi Sun
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - ZhiYing Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - HongQu Wu
- Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - ChuanShan Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - XuTing Xue
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - ChuanWang Cao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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83
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Dollerup P, Thomsen TM, Nejsum LN, Færch M, Österbrand M, Gregersen N, Rittig S, Christensen JH, Corydon TJ. Partial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by a novel AQP2 variation impairing trafficking of the aquaporin-2 water channel. BMC Nephrol 2015; 16:217. [PMID: 26714855 PMCID: PMC4696136 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-015-0213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant inheritance of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (CNDI) is rare and usually caused by variations in the AQP2 gene. We have investigated the genetic and molecular background underlying symptoms of diabetes insipidus (DI) in a Swedish family with autosomal dominant inheritance of the condition. METHODS The proband and her father were subjected to water deprivation testing and direct DNA sequencing of the coding regions of the AQP2 and AVP genes. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells stably expressing AQP2 variant proteins were generated by lentiviral gene delivery. Localization of AQP2 variant proteins in the cells under stimulated and unstimulated conditions was analyzed by means of immunostaining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Intracellular trafficking of AQP2 variant proteins was studied using transient expression of mutant dynamin2-K44A-GFP protein and AQP2 variant protein phosphorylation levels were assessed by Western blotting analysis. RESULTS Clinical and genetic data suggest that the proband and her father suffer from partial nephrogenic DI due to a variation (g.4807C > T) in the AQP2 gene. The variation results in substitution of arginine-254 to tryptophan (p.R254W) in AQP2. Analysis of MDCK cells stably expressing AQP2 variant proteins revealed disabled phosphorylation, impaired trafficking and intracellular accumulation of AQP2-R254W protein. Notably, blocking of the endocytic pathway demonstrated impairment of AQP2-R254W to reach the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS Partial CNDI in the Swedish family is caused by an AQP2 variation that seems to disable the encoded AQP2-R254W protein to reach the subapical vesicle population as well as impairing its phosphorylation at S256. The AQP2-R254W protein is thus unable to reach the plasma membrane to facilitate AVP mediated urine concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Dollerup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Troels Møller Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Lene N Nejsum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Mia Færch
- Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Martin Österbrand
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Niels Gregersen
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Søren Rittig
- Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Jane H Christensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Thomas J Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Snyder JC, Pack TF, Rochelle LK, Chakraborty SK, Zhang M, Eaton AW, Bai Y, Ernst LA, Barak LS, Waggoner AS, Caron MG. A rapid and affordable screening platform for membrane protein trafficking. BMC Biol 2015; 13:107. [PMID: 26678094 PMCID: PMC4683952 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membrane proteins regulate a diversity of physiological processes and are the most successful class of targets in drug discovery. However, the number of targets adequately explored in chemical space and the limited resources available for screening are significant problems shared by drug-discovery centers and small laboratories. Therefore, a low-cost and universally applicable screen for membrane protein trafficking was developed. RESULTS This high-throughput screen (HTS), termed IRFAP-HTS, utilizes the recently described MarsCy1-fluorogen activating protein and the near-infrared and membrane impermeant fluorogen SCi1. The cell surface expression of MarsCy1 epitope-tagged receptors can be visualized by simple addition of SCi1. User-friendly, rapid, and quantitative detection occurs on a standard infrared western-blotting scanner. The reliability and robustness of IRFAP-HTS was validated by confirming human vasopressin-2 receptor and dopamine receptor-2 trafficking in response to agonist or antagonist. The IRFAP-HTS screen was deployed against the leucine-rich G protein-coupled receptor-5 (Lgr5). Lgr5 is expressed in stem cells, modulates Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, and is therefore a promising drug target. However, small molecule modulators have yet to be reported. The constitutive internalization of Lgr5 appears to be one primary mode through which its function is regulated. Therefore, IRFAP-HTS was utilized to screen 11,258 FDA-approved and drug-like small molecules for those that antagonize Lgr5 internalization. Glucocorticoids were found to potently increase Lgr5 expression at the plasma membrane. CONCLUSION The IRFAP-HTS platform provides a versatile solution for screening more targets with fewer resources. Using only a standard western-blotting scanner, we were able to screen 5,000 compounds per hour in a robust and quantitative assay. Multi-purposing standardly available laboratory equipment eliminates the need for idiosyncratic and more expensive high-content imaging systems. The modular and user-friendly IRFAP-HTS is a significant departure from current screening platforms. Small laboratories will have unprecedented access to a robust and reliable screening platform and will no longer be limited by the esoteric nature of assay development, data acquisition, and post-screening analysis. The discovery of glucocorticoids as modulators for Lgr5 trafficking confirms that IRFAP-HTS can accelerate drug-discovery and drug-repurposing for even the most obscure targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Snyder
- Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Thomas F Pack
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lauren K Rochelle
- Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Subhasish K Chakraborty
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Andrew W Eaton
- Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yushi Bai
- Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lauren A Ernst
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Larry S Barak
- Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Alan S Waggoner
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Marc G Caron
- Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Departments of Medicine and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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85
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Abstract
Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a conformation disease resulting from protein misfolding. Ninety percent of mutations result from the inactivating mutations of the arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2) gene transmitted in an X-linked fashion, blocking the response to vasopressin, resulting in the inability to concentrate urine. Clinical features include polyuria, polydispsia, dehydration, and hypernatremia. They are generally more severely in affected males but present variably in females due to skewed inactivation of the X chromosome. We describe a case of a 40-year-old woman with a history of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and obesity, who presents with debilitating polyuria since the age of 5 with no clear diagnosis. Interestingly, her son was diagnosed with NDI. Genetic testing revealed that she was heterozygous for the Val88Met mutation in the AVPR2 gene while her son was hemizygous for the same. The patient has since been successfully treated with diuretics and a low solute diet. We highlight that although X-linked NDI patients are mostly males, it should be considered in symptomatic females to prevent delays in the diagnosis. Conformational diseases such as NDI are presently the subject of research using pharmacological chaperones to restore proper receptor membrane localization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Rege
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | - Srujana Polsani
- University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Plainsboro, NJ , USA
| | - Belinda Jim
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
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86
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Abstract
Cones are photoreceptor cells used for bright light and color vision. Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives, one of which is the 11-cis aldehyde form that serves as the chromophore for both cone and rod visual pigments. In the visual disease, Type 2 Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA2), 11-cis-retinal generation is inhibited or abolished. Work by others has shown that patients with LCA2 have symptoms consistent with degenerating cones. In mouse models for LCA2, early cone degeneration is readily apparent: cone opsins and other proteins associated with the outer segment are delocalized and cell numbers decline rapidly within the first month. Rods would appear normal morphologically and functionally, if not for the absence of chromophore. Supplementation of mouse models of LCA2 with cis-retinoids has been shown to slow loss of cone photoreceptor cells if mice were maintained in darkness. Thus, 11-cis-retinal appears not only to have a role in the light response reaction but also to promote proper trafficking of the cone opsins and maintain viable cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Albert Florens Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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87
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Bockenhauer D, Bichet DG. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11:576-88. [PMID: 26077742 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Healthy kidneys maintain fluid and electrolyte homoeostasis by adjusting urine volume and composition according to physiological needs. The final urine composition is determined in the last tubular segment: the collecting duct. Water permeability in the collecting duct is regulated by arginine vasopressin (AVP). Secretion of AVP from the neurohypophysis is regulated by a complex signalling network that involves osmosensors, barosensors and volume sensors. AVP facilitates aquaporin (AQP)-mediated water reabsorption via activation of the vasopressin V2 receptor (AVPR2) in the collecting duct, thus enabling concentration of urine. In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), inability of the kidneys to respond to AVP results in functional AQP deficiency. Consequently, affected patients have constant diuresis, resulting in large volumes of dilute urine. Primary forms of NDI result from mutations in the genes that encode the key proteins AVPR2 and AQP2, whereas secondary forms are associated with biochemical abnormalities, obstructive uropathy or the use of certain medications, particularly lithium. Treatment of the disease is informed by identification of the underlying cause. Here we review the clinical aspects and diagnosis of NDI, the various aetiologies, current treatment options and potential future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Bockenhauer
- University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Daniel G Bichet
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Université de Montréal Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Boulevard Gouin Ouest, Montréal, QC H4J 1C5 Canada
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88
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Conn PM, Spicer TP, Scampavia L, Janovick JA. Assay strategies for identification of therapeutic leads that target protein trafficking. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:498-505. [PMID: 26067100 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Receptors, enzymes, and ion channels are traditional targets of therapeutic development. A common strategy is to target these proteins with agents that either activate or suppress their activity with ligands or substrates that occupy orthosteric sites or have allosteric interactions. An alternative approach involves regulation of protein trafficking. In principle, this approach enables 'rescue' of misfolded and misrouted mutant proteins to restore function, 'shipwrecking' of undesirable proteins by targeting them for destruction, and regulation of levels of partially expressed wild type (WT) proteins at their functional sites of action. Here, we present drug discovery strategies that identify 'pharmacoperones', which are small molecules that serve as molecular templates and cause otherwise misfolded mutant proteins to fold and route correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Michael Conn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Cell Biology/Biochemistry, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Timothy P Spicer
- Lead Identification Division, Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Louis Scampavia
- Lead Identification Division, Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jo Ann Janovick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Cell Biology/Biochemistry, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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89
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Stoy H, Gurevich VV. How genetic errors in GPCRs affect their function: Possible therapeutic strategies. Genes Dis 2015; 2:108-132. [PMID: 26229975 PMCID: PMC4516391 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating and inactivating mutations in numerous human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are associated with a wide range of disease phenotypes. Here we use several class A GPCRs with a particularly large set of identified disease-associated mutations, many of which were biochemically characterized, along with known GPCR structures and current models of GPCR activation, to understand the molecular mechanisms yielding pathological phenotypes. Based on this mechanistic understanding we also propose different therapeutic approaches, both conventional, using small molecule ligands, and novel, involving gene therapy.
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90
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Parry TL, Melehani JH, Ranek MJ, Willis MS. Functional Amyloid Signaling via the Inflammasome, Necrosome, and Signalosome: New Therapeutic Targets in Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2015; 2:25. [PMID: 26664897 PMCID: PMC4671334 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2015.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most common cause of death and disability, globally, heart disease remains an incompletely understood enigma. A growing number of cardiac diseases are being characterized by the presence of misfolded proteins underlying their pathophysiology, including cardiac amyloidosis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). At least nine precursor proteins have been implicated in the development of cardiac amyloidosis, most commonly caused by multiple myeloma light chain disease and disease-causing mutant or wildtype transthyretin (TTR). Similarly, aggregates with PSEN1 and COFILIN-2 have been identified in up to one-third of idiopathic DCM cases studied, indicating the potential predominance of misfolded proteins in heart failure. In this review, we present recent evidence linking misfolded proteins mechanistically with heart failure and present multiple lines of new therapeutic approaches that target the prevention of misfolded proteins in cardiac TTR amyloid disease. These include multiple small molecule pharmacological chaperones now in clinical trials designed specifically to support TTR folding by rational design, such as tafamidis, and chaperones previously developed for other purposes, such as doxycycline and tauroursodeoxycholic acid. Last, we present newly discovered non-pathological "functional" amyloid structures, such as the inflammasome and necrosome signaling complexes, which can be activated directly by amyloid. These may represent future targets to successfully attenuate amyloid-induced proteotoxicity in heart failure, as the inflammasome, for example, is being therapeutically inhibited experimentally in autoimmune disease. Together, these studies demonstrate multiple novel points in which new therapies may be used to primarily prevent misfolded proteins or to inhibit their downstream amyloid-mediated effectors, such as the inflammasome, to prevent proteotoxicity in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci L Parry
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - Jason H Melehani
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - Mark J Ranek
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Institute for CardioScience, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Monte S Willis
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
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91
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Role of post-translational modifications on structure, function and pharmacology of class C G protein-coupled receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:233-40. [PMID: 25981296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are divided into three classes (A, B and C) based on homology of their seven transmembrane domains. Class C is the smallest class with 22 human receptor subtypes including eight metabotropic glutamate (mGlu1-8) receptors, two GABAB receptors (GABAB1 and GABAB2), three taste receptors (T1R1-3), one calcium-sensing (CaS) receptor, one GPCR, class C, group 6, subtype A (GPRC6) receptor, and seven orphan receptors. G protein-coupled receptors undergo a number of post-translational modifications, which regulate their structure, function and/or pharmacology. Here, we review the existence of post-translational modifications in class C G protein-coupled receptors and their regulatory roles, with particular focus on glycosylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, disulphide bonding and lipidation.
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92
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Thompson MD, Hendy GN, Percy ME, Bichet DG, Cole DEC. G protein-coupled receptor mutations and human genetic disease. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1175:153-87. [PMID: 25150870 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations in G protein-coupled receptor genes (GPCRs) disrupt GPCR function in a wide variety of human genetic diseases. In vitro strategies and animal models have been used to identify the molecular pathologies underlying naturally occurring GPCR mutations. Inactive, overactive, or constitutively active receptors have been identified that result in pathology. These receptor variants may alter ligand binding, G protein coupling, receptor desensitization and receptor recycling. Receptor systems discussed include rhodopsin, thyrotropin, parathyroid hormone, melanocortin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRHR), adrenocorticotropic hormone, vasopressin, endothelin-β, purinergic, and the G protein associated with asthma (GPRA or neuropeptide S receptor 1 (NPSR1)). The role of activating and inactivating calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) mutations is discussed in detail with respect to familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) and autosomal dominant hypocalemia (ADH). The CASR mutations have been associated with epilepsy. Diseases caused by the genetic disruption of GPCR functions are discussed in the context of their potential to be selectively targeted by drugs that rescue altered receptors. Examples of drugs developed as a result of targeting GPCRs mutated in disease include: calcimimetics and calcilytics, therapeutics targeting melanocortin receptors in obesity, interventions that alter GNRHR loss from the cell surface in idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and novel drugs that might rescue the P2RY12 receptor congenital bleeding phenotype. De-orphanization projects have identified novel disease-associated receptors, such as NPSR1 and GPR35. The identification of variants in these receptors provides genetic reagents useful in drug screens. Discussion of the variety of GPCRs that are disrupted in monogenic Mendelian disorders provides the basis for examining the significance of common pharmacogenetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8,
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93
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Abstract
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is caused by the inability of renal collecting duct cells to respond to arginine vasopressin (AVP)/antidiuretic hormone (ADH). We present the case of a 7-year-old boy with a history of excretion of large amounts of dilute urine and polydipsia since infancy. The boy had several vomiting episodes with mild dehydration during the first 3 years of life. There was no evidence of headaches, dizziness or visual problems. He drinks between 2 and 3 L/day and has 24-hour diuresis of 2 liters, now. He has prepubertal appearance with appropriate weight [+0.85 standard deviation score (SDS)] and height (+0.15 SDS) for his age. His intelligence was also normal. The water deprivation test showed low urine osmolality after 8 hours of dehydration. After desmopressin administration, urine osmolality remained low. Serum osmolality was in the normal range for sex and age before and after desmopressin administration. This indicated a nephrogenic form of diabetes insipidus. Molecular analyses revealed a P286L [p.Pro(CCC)286Leu(CTC)] mutation in the AVPR2 gene, that was inherited from his mother. This patient is the first case with genetically confirmed X-linked inherited form of NDI in the Republic of Macedonia. Molecular analysis confirmed the clinical diagnosis and enabled genetic advice for this family.
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94
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Abstract
Pharmacological chaperone therapy is an emerging approach to treat lysosomal storage diseases. Small-molecule chaperones interact with mutant enzymes, favor their correct conformation and enhance their stability. This approach shows significant advantages when compared with existing therapies, particularly in terms of the bioavailability of drugs, oral administration and positive impact on the quality of patients' lives. On the other hand, future research in this field must confront important challenges. The identification of novel chaperones is indispensable to expanding the number of patients amenable to this treatment and to optimize therapeutic efficacy. It is important to develop new allosteric drugs, to address the risk of inhibiting target enzymes. Future research must also be directed towards the exploitation of synergies between chaperone treatment and other therapeutic approaches.
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95
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Pharmacological folding chaperones act as allosteric ligands of Frizzled4. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:280-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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96
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Karpinsky-Semper D, Tayou J, Levay K, Schuchardt BJ, Bhat V, Volmar CH, Farooq A, Slepak VZ. Helix 8 and the i3 loop of the muscarinic M3 receptor are crucial sites for its regulation by the Gβ5-RGS7 complex. Biochemistry 2015; 54:1077-88. [PMID: 25551629 PMCID: PMC4318586 DOI: 10.1021/bi500980d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
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The muscarinic M3 receptor (M3R)
is a Gq-coupled receptor and is
known to interact with many intracellular regulatory proteins. One
of these molecules is Gβ5-RGS7, the permanently associated heterodimer
of G protein β-subunit Gβ5 and RGS7, a regulator of G
protein signaling. Gβ5-RGS7 can attenuate M3R-stimulated release
of Ca2+ from intracellular stores or enhance the influx
of Ca2+ across the plasma membrane. Here we show that deletion
of amino acids 304–345 from the central portion of the i3 loop
renders M3R insensitive to regulation by Gβ5-RGS7. In addition
to the i3 loop, interaction of M3R with Gβ5-RGS7 requires helix
8. According to circular dichroism spectroscopy, the peptide corresponding
to amino acids 548–567 in the C-terminus of M3R assumes an
α-helical conformation. Substitution of Thr553 and Leu558 with
Pro residues disrupts this α-helix and abolished binding to
Gβ5-RGS7. Introduction of the double Pro substitution into full-length
M3R (M3RTP/LP) prevents trafficking of the receptor to
the cell surface. Using atropine or other antagonists as pharmacologic
chaperones, we were able to increase the level of surface expression
of the TP/LP mutant to levels comparable to that of wild-type M3R.
However, M3R-stimulated calcium signaling is still severely compromised.
These results show that the interaction of M3R with Gβ5-RGS7
requires helix 8 and the central portion of the i3 loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darla Karpinsky-Semper
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB6024A, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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97
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Bonfrate L, Procino G, Wang DQH, Svelto M, Portincasa P. A novel therapeutic effect of statins on nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:265-82. [PMID: 25594563 PMCID: PMC4407600 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins competitively inhibit hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, resulting in reduced plasma total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Recently, it has been shown that statins exert additional ‘pleiotropic’ effects by increasing expression levels of the membrane water channels aquaporin 2 (AQP2). AQP2 is localized mainly in the kidney and plays a critical role in determining cellular water content. This additional effect is independent of cholesterol homoeostasis, and depends on depletion of mevalonate-derived intermediates of sterol synthetic pathways, i.e. farnesylpyrophosphate and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate. By up-regulating the expression levels of AQP2, statins increase water reabsorption by the kidney, thus opening up a new avenue in treating patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), a hereditary disease that yet lacks high-powered and limited side effects therapy. Aspects related to water balance determined by AQP2 in the kidney, as well as standard and novel therapeutic strategies of NDI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonilde Bonfrate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Internal Medicine, University Medical School, Bari, Italy
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98
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Burczyk M, Burkhalter MD, Blätte T, Matysik S, Caron MG, Barak LS, Philipp M. Phenotypic regulation of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor miles apart by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. Biochemistry 2015; 54:765-75. [PMID: 25555130 PMCID: PMC4310627 DOI: 10.1021/bi501061h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The evolutionarily conserved DRY
motif at the end of the third
helix of rhodopsin-like, class-A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
is a major regulator of receptor stability, signaling activity, and
β-arrestin-mediated internalization. Substitution of the DRY
arginine with histidine in the human vasopressin receptor results
in a loss-of-function phenotype associated with diabetes insipidus.
The analogous R150H substitution of the DRY motif in zebrafish sphingosine-1
phosphate receptor 2 (S1p2) produces a mutation, miles apart m93 (milm93), that not only disrupts signaling but
also impairs heart field migration. We hypothesized that constitutive
S1p2 desensitization is the underlying cause of this strong zebrafish
developmental defect. We observed in cell assays that the wild-type
S1p2 receptor is at the cell surface whereas in distinct contrast
the S1p2 R150H receptor is found in intracellular vesicles, blocking
G protein but not arrestin signaling activity. Surface S1p2 R150H
expression could be restored by inhibition of G protein-coupled receptor
kinase 2 (GRK2). Moreover, we observed that β-arrestin 2 and
GRK2 colocalize with S1p2 in developing zebrafish embryos and depletion
of GRK2 in the S1p2 R150H miles apart zebrafish partially rescued
cardia bifida. The ability of reduced GRK2 activity to reverse a developmental
phenotype associated with constitutive desensitization supports efforts
to genetically or pharmacologically target this kinase in diseases
involving biased GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Burczyk
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University , 89081 Ulm, Germany
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99
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Qureshi S, Galiveeti S, Bichet DG, Roth J. Diabetes insipidus: celebrating a century of vasopressin therapy. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4605-21. [PMID: 25211589 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, widely known to the ancients for polyuria and glycosuria, budded off diabetes insipidus (DI) about 200 years ago, based on the glucose-free polyuria that characterized a subset of patients. In the late 19th century, clinicians identified the posterior pituitary as the site of pathology, and pharmacologists found multiple bioactivities there. Early in the 20th century, the amelioration of the polyuria with extracts of the posterior pituitary inaugurated a new era in therapy and advanced the hypothesis that DI was due to a hormone deficiency. Decades later, a subset of patients with polyuria unresponsive to therapy were recognized, leading to the distinction between central DI and nephrogenic DI, an early example of a hormone-resistant condition. Recognition that the posterior pituitary had 2 hormones was followed by du Vigneaud's Nobel Prize winning isolation, sequencing, and chemical synthesis of oxytocin and vasopressin. The pure hormones accelerated the development of bioassays and immunoassays that confirmed the hormone deficiency in vasopressin-sensitive DI and abundant levels of hormone in patients with the nephrogenic disorder. With both forms of the disease, acquired and inborn defects were recognized. Emerging concepts of receptors and of genetic analysis led to the recognition of patients with mutations in the genes for 1) arginine vasopressin (AVP), 2) the AVP receptor 2 (AVPR2), and 3) the aquaporin 2 water channel (AQP2). We recount here the multiple skeins of clinical and laboratory research that intersected frequently over the centuries since the first recognition of DI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Qureshi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders (S.Q., S.G., J.R.), Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York 11030; Albert Einstein College of Medicine (S.Q., J.R.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461; James J Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Mount Sinai Medical Center Health System, Bronx, New York 10029; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (D.G.B.), Groupe des Protéines Membranaires, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4J IC5; and Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine (J.R.), North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Hempstead, New York 11549
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100
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The safety dance: biophysics of membrane protein folding and misfolding in a cellular context. Q Rev Biophys 2014; 48:1-34. [PMID: 25420508 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583514000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Most biological processes require the production and degradation of proteins, a task that weighs heavily on the cell. Mutations that compromise the conformational stability of proteins place both specific and general burdens on cellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis) in ways that contribute to numerous diseases. Efforts to elucidate the chain of molecular events responsible for diseases of protein folding address one of the foremost challenges in biomedical science. However, relatively little is known about the processes by which mutations prompt the misfolding of α-helical membrane proteins, which rely on an intricate network of cellular machinery to acquire and maintain their functional structures within cellular membranes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the physical principles that guide membrane protein biogenesis and folding in the context of mammalian cells. Additionally, we explore how pathogenic mutations that influence biogenesis may differ from those that disrupt folding and assembly, as well as how this may relate to disease mechanisms and therapeutic intervention. These perspectives indicate an imperative for the use of information from structural, cellular, and biochemical studies of membrane proteins in the design of novel therapeutics and in personalized medicine.
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