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Pakvasa M, Alverdy A, Mostafa S, Wang E, Fu L, Li A, Oliveira L, Athiviraham A, Lee MJ, Wolf JM, He TC, Ameer GA, Reid RR. Neural EGF-like protein 1 (NELL-1): Signaling crosstalk in mesenchymal stem cells and applications in regenerative medicine. Genes Dis 2017; 4:127-137. [PMID: 29276737 PMCID: PMC5737940 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue regeneration holds the potential to solve both osteoporosis and large skeletal defects, two problems associated with significant morbidity. The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into the osteogenic lineage requires a specific microenvironment and certain osteogenic growth factors. Neural EGF Like-Like molecule 1 (NELL-1) is a secreted glycoprotein that has proven, both in vitro and in vivo, to be a potent osteo-inductive factor. Furthermore, it has been shown to repress adipogenic differentiation and inflammation. NELL-1 can work synergistically with other osteogenic factors such as Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) -2 and -9, and has shown promise for use in tissue engineering and as a systemically administered drug for the treatment of osteoporosis. Here we provide a comprehensive up-to-date review on the molecular signaling cascade of NELL-1 in mesenchymal stem cells and potential applications in bone regenerative engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Pakvasa
- The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alex Alverdy
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Rosalind Franklin University, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Sami Mostafa
- The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lucy Fu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexander Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Leonardo Oliveira
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aravind Athiviraham
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J. Lee
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer Moriatis Wolf
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Guillermo A. Ameer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Russell R. Reid
- The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Li C, Jiang J, Zheng Z, Lee KS, Zhou Y, Chen E, Culiat CT, Qiao Y, Chen X, Ting K, Zhang X, Soo C. Neural EGFL-Like 1 Is a Downstream Regulator of Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 in Chondrogenic Differentiation and Maturation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:963-972. [PMID: 28302495 PMCID: PMC5417045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that neural EGFL-like 1 (Nell-1), a secretive extracellular matrix molecule, is involved in chondrogenic differentiation. Herein, we demonstrated that Nell-1 serves as a key downstream target of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a central regulator of chondrogenesis. Unlike in osteoblast lineage cells where Nell-1 and Runx2 demonstrate mutual regulation, further studies in chondrocytes revealed that Runx2 tightly regulates the expression of Nell-1; however, Nell-1 does not alter the expression of Runx2. More important, Nell-1 administration partially restored Runx2 deficiency-induced impairment of chondrocyte differentiation and maturation in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Mechanistically, although the expression of Nell-1 is highly reliant on Runx2, the prochondrogenic function of Nell-1 persisted in Runx2-/- scenarios. The biopotency of Nell-1 is independent of the nuclear import and DNA binding functions of Runx2 during chondrogenesis. Nell-1 is a key functional mediator of chondrogenesis, thus opening up new possibilities for the application of Nell-1 in cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshuang Li
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Orthodontics, Peking University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- UCLA Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kevin S Lee
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yanheng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Eric Chen
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Yiqiang Qiao
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuepeng Chen
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang Ting
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; UCLA Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Chia Soo
- UCLA Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Ning B, Zhao Y, Buza JA, Li W, Wang W, Jia T. Surgically‑induced mouse models in the study of bone regeneration: Current models and future directions (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1017-1023. [PMID: 28138711 PMCID: PMC5367352 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration has been extensively studied over the past several decades. The surgically‑induced mouse model is the key animal model for studying bone regeneration, of the various research strategies used. These mouse models mimic the trauma and recovery processes in vivo and serve as carriers for tissue engineering and gene modification to test various therapies or associated genes in bone regeneration. The present review introduces a classification of surgically induced mouse models in bone regeneration, evaluates the application and value of these models and discusses the potential development of further innovations in this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ning
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - John A Buza
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Tanghong Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
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Lucaciu O, Crisan B, Crisan L, Baciut M, Soritau O, Bran S, Biris AR, Hurubeanu L, Hedesiu M, Vacaras S, Kretschmer W, Dirzu N, Campian RS, Baciut G. In quest of optimal drug-supported and targeted bone regeneration in the cranio facial area: a review of techniques and methods. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 47:455-69. [PMID: 26689239 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1124889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial bone structures are frequently and extensively affected by trauma, tumors, bone infections and diseases, age-related degeneration and atrophy, as well as congenital malformations and developmental anomalies. Consequently, severe encumbrances are imposed on both patients and healthcare systems due to the complex and lengthy treatment duration. The search for alternative methods to bone transplantation, grafting and the use of homologous or heterologous bone thus responds to one of the most significant problems in human medicine. This review focuses on the current consensus of bone-tissue engineering in the craniofacial area with emphasis on drug-induced stem cell differentiation and induced bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondine Lucaciu
- a Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Implantology , "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Bogdan Crisan
- a Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Implantology , "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Liana Crisan
- a Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Implantology , "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Mihaela Baciut
- a Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Implantology , "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Olga Soritau
- b "Ion Chiricuta" Oncological Institute , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Simion Bran
- a Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Implantology , "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Alexandru Radu Biris
- c National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Lucia Hurubeanu
- a Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Implantology , "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Mihaela Hedesiu
- a Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Implantology , "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Sergiu Vacaras
- a Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Implantology , "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | | | - Noemi Dirzu
- e Technical University of Cluj-Napoca , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Radu Septimiu Campian
- a Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Implantology , "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Grigore Baciut
- a Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Implantology , "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
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Zhang Y, Dong R, Park Y, Bohner M, Zhang X, Ting K, Soo C, Wu BM. Controlled release of NELL-1 protein from chitosan/hydroxyapatite-modified TCP particles. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:79-89. [PMID: 27349789 PMCID: PMC6705139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
NEL-like molecule-1 (NELL-1) is a novel osteogenic protein that showing high specificity to osteochondral cells. It was widely used in bone regeneration research by loading onto carriers such as tricalcium phosphate (TCP) particles. However, there has been little research on protein controlled release from this material and its potential application. In this study, TCP was first modified with a hydroxyapatite coating followed by a chitosan coating to prepare chitosan/hydroxyapatite-coated TCP particles (Chi/HA-TCP). The preparation was characterized by SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, FM and Zeta potential measurements. The NELL-1 loaded Chi/HA-TCP particles and the release kinetics were investigated in vitro. It was observed that the Chi/HA-TCP particles prepared with the 0.3% (wt/wt) chitosan solution were able to successfully control the release of NELL-1 and maintain a slow, steady release for up to 28 days. Furthermore, more than 78% of the loaded protein's bioactivity was preserved in Chi/HA-TCP particles over the period of the investigation, which was significantly higher than that of the protein released from hydroxyapatite coated TCP (HA-TCP) particles. Collectively, this study suggests that the osteogenic protein NELL-1 showed a sustained release pattern after being encapsulated into the modified Chi/HA-TCP particles, and the NELL-1 integrated composite of Chi/HA-TCP showed a potential to function as a protein delivery carrier and as an improved bone matrix for use in bone regeneration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rui Dong
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Yujin Park
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marc Bohner
- RMS Foundation, Bischmattstr. 12, CH-2544 Bettlach, Switzerland
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, and Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kang Ting
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, and Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chia Soo
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, and Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, and Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Tanjaya J, Zhang Y, Lee S, Shi J, Chen E, Ang P, Zhang X, Tetradis S, Ting K, Wu B, Soo C, Kwak JH. Efficacy of Intraperitoneal Administration of PEGylated NELL-1 for Bone Formation. Biores Open Access 2016; 5:159-70. [PMID: 27354930 PMCID: PMC4921932 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemically delivered NEL-like molecule-1 (NELL-1), a potent pro-osteogenic protein, promotes bone formation in healthy and osteoporotic mouse models. PEGylation of NELL-1 (NELL-PEG) increases the half-life of the protein in a mouse model without compromising its osteogenic potential, thereby improving its pharmacokinetics upon systemic delivery. This study consists of a twofold approach: a biodistribution test and an in vivo osteogenic potential test. The biodistribution test compared two commonly used administration methods for drug delivery other than intravenous-intraperitoneal (IP) and subcutaneous (SC)-to examine NELL-PEG biodistribution in mice. Compared to a single-dose SC injection (1.25 mg/kg), a single-dose IP administration yielded a higher protein uptake in the targeted bone sites. When the IP injection dose was doubled to 2.5 mg/kg, the protein remained in the femurs, tibias, and vertebrae for up to 72 h. Next, based on the results of the biodistribution study, IP administration was selected to further investigate the in vivo osteogenic effects of weekly NELL-PEG injection (q7d). In vivo, the IP administered NELL-PEG group showed significantly greater bone mineral density, bone volume fraction, and trabecular bone formation in the targeted bone sites compared to the phosphate-buffered saline control. In summary, weekly NELL-PEG injection via IP administration successfully enhanced the overall bone quality. These findings demonstrate that systemic delivery of NELL-PEG via IP administration may serve as an effective osteogenic therapy for preventing and treating osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Tanjaya
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Soonchul Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Pocheon, South Korea.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric Chen
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pia Ang
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sotirios Tetradis
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Benjamin Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chia Soo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jin Hee Kwak
- Division of Growth and Development and the Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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James AW, Chiang M, Asatrian G, Shen J, Goyal R, Chung CG, Chang L, Shrestha S, Turner AS, Seim HB, Zhang X, Wu BM, Ting K, Soo C. Vertebral Implantation of NELL-1 Enhances Bone Formation in an Osteoporotic Sheep Model. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:840-9. [PMID: 27113550 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebral compression fractures related to osteoporosis greatly afflict the aging population. One of the most commonly used therapy today is balloon kyphoplasty. However, this treatment is far from ideal and is associated with significant side effects. NELL-1, an osteoinductive factor that possesses both pro-osteogenic and anti-osteoclastic properties, is a promising candidate for an alternative to current treatment modalities. This study utilizes the pro-osteogenic properties of recombinant human NELL-1 (rhNELL-1) in lumbar spine vertebral defect model in osteoporotic sheep. METHODS Osteoporosis was induced through ovariectomy, dietary depletion of calcium and vitamin D, and steroid administration. After osteoporotic induction, lumbar vertebral body defect creation was performed. Sheep were randomly implanted with the control vehicle, comprised of hyaluronic acid (HA) with hydroxyapatite-coated β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), or the treatment material of rhNELL-1 protein lyophilized onto β-TCP mixed with HA. Analysis of lumbar spine defect healing was performed by radiographic, histologic, and computer-simulated biomechanical testing. RESULTS rhNELL-1 treatment significantly increased lumbar spine bone formation, as determined by bone mineral density, % bone volume, and mean cortical width as assessed by micro-computed tomography. Histological analysis revealed a significant increase in bone area and osteoblast number and decrease in osteoclast number around the implant site. Computer-simulated biomechanical analysis of trabecular bone demonstrated that rhNELL-1-treatment resulted in a significantly more stress-resistant composition. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest rhNELL-1-based vertebral implantation successfully improved cortical and cancellous bone regeneration in the lumbar spine of osteoporotic sheep. rhNELL-1-based bone graft substitutes represent a potential new local therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W James
- 1 Departments of Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, UCLA and Orthopedic Hospital , Los Angeles, California.,2 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,3 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael Chiang
- 2 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Greg Asatrian
- 2 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jia Shen
- 1 Departments of Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, UCLA and Orthopedic Hospital , Los Angeles, California.,2 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Raghav Goyal
- 2 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Choon G Chung
- 2 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Le Chang
- 1 Departments of Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, UCLA and Orthopedic Hospital , Los Angeles, California.,2 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Swati Shrestha
- 1 Departments of Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, UCLA and Orthopedic Hospital , Los Angeles, California.,2 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - A Simon Turner
- 4 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Howard B Seim
- 4 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Xinli Zhang
- 1 Departments of Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, UCLA and Orthopedic Hospital , Los Angeles, California.,2 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- 5 Departments of Bioengineering and Material Sciences, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kang Ting
- 1 Departments of Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, UCLA and Orthopedic Hospital , Los Angeles, California.,2 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chia Soo
- 1 Departments of Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, UCLA and Orthopedic Hospital , Los Angeles, California.,6 Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Pang S, Shen J, Liu Y, Chen F, Zheng Z, James AW, Hsu CY, Zhang H, Lee KS, Wang C, Li C, Chen X, Jia H, Zhang X, Soo C, Ting K. Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells induced by a short isoform of NELL-1. Stem Cells 2015; 33:904-15. [PMID: 25376942 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neural epidermal growth factor-like (NEL)-like protein 1 (NELL-1) has been identified as an osteoinductive differentiation factor that promotes mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) osteogenic differentiation. In addition to full-length NELL-1, there are several NELL-1-related transcripts reported. We used rapid amplification of cDNA ends to recover potential cDNA of NELL-1 isoforms. A NELL-1 isoform with the N-terminal 240 amino acid (aa) residues truncated was identified. While full-length NELL-1 that contains 810 aa residues (NELL-1810 ) plays an important role in embryologic skeletal development, the N-terminal-truncated NELL-1 isoform (NELL-1570 ) was expressed postnatally. Similar to NELL-1810 , NELL-1570 induced MSC osteogenic differentiation. In addition, NELL-1570 significantly stimulated MSC proliferation in multiple MSC-like populations such as murine C3H10T1/2 MSC cell line, mouse primary MSCs, and perivascular stem cells, which is a type of stem cells proposed as the perivascular origin of MSCs. In contrast, NELL-1810 demonstrated only limited stimulation of MSC proliferation. Similar to NELL-1810 , NELL-1570 was found to be secreted from host cells. Both NELL-1570 expression lentiviral vector and column-purified recombinant protein NELL-1570 demonstrated almost identical effects in MSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, suggesting that NELL-1570 may function as a pro-osteogenic growth factor. In vivo, NELL-1570 induced significant calvarial defect regeneration accompanied by increased cell proliferation. Thus, NELL-1570 has the potential to be used for cell-based or hormone-based therapy of bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Pang
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Mathieu F, Etain B, Dizier MH, Lajnef M, Lathrop M, Cabon C, Leboyer M, Henry C, Bellivier F. Genetics of emotional reactivity in bipolar disorders. J Affect Disord 2015; 188:101-6. [PMID: 26349599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional reactivity has been proposed as a relevant intermediate phenotype of bipolar disorder (BD). Our goal was to identify genetic factors underlying emotional reactivity in a sample of bipolar patients. METHODS Affect intensity (a proxy measure of emotional reactivity) was measured in a sample of 281 euthymic patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for BD. We use a validated dimensional tool, the 40-item self-report Affect Intensity Measure scale developed by Larsen and Diener. Patients with BD were genotyped for 475. 740 SNPs (using Illumina HumanHap550 Beadchips or HumanHap610 Quad chip). Association was investigated with a general mixed regression model of the continuous trait against genotypes, including gender as covariate. RESULTS Four regions (1p31.3, 3q13.11, 11p15.1 and 11q14.4) with a p-value lower or equal to 5×10(-6) were identified. In these regions, the joint effect of the four variants accounted for 24.5% of the variance of AIM score. Epistasis analysis did not detect interaction between these variants. In the 11p15.1 region, the rs10766743 located in the intron of the NELL1 gene remained significant after correction for multiple testing (p=2×10(-7)). CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrate that focusing on quantitative intermediate phenotypes can facilitate the identification of genetic susceptibility variants in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mathieu
- Inserm, UMRS-958, Paris, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - B Etain
- INSERM U955, Equipe de Psychiatrie Translationelle, Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France; AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DHU Pepsy, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - M H Dizier
- Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR-S946, Paris, France
| | - M Lajnef
- INSERM U955, Equipe de Psychiatrie Translationelle, Créteil, France
| | - M Lathrop
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - C Cabon
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, Plateforme de Ressources Biologiques Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Créteil F-94000, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis, Lariboisière, F. Widal, Service de Psychiatrie, Paris; INSERM U955, Equipe de Psychiatrie Translationelle, Créteil, France
| | - M Leboyer
- INSERM U955, Equipe de Psychiatrie Translationelle, Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France; AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DHU Pepsy, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - C Henry
- INSERM U955, Equipe de Psychiatrie Translationelle, Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France; AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DHU Pepsy, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - F Bellivier
- Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; INSERM UMR-S1144, Paris, France
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Takahashi K, Imai A, Iijima M, Yoshimoto N, Maturana AD, Kuroda S, Niimi T. Mapping the heparin-binding site of the osteoinductive protein NELL1 by site-directed mutagenesis. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:4026-32. [PMID: 26627376 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural epidermal growth factor-like (NEL)-like 1 (NELL1) is a secretory osteogenic protein comprising an N-terminal thrombospondin-1-like (TSPN) domain, four von Willebrand factor type C domains, and six epidermal growth factor-like repeats. NELL1 shows heparin-binding activity; however, the biological significance remains to be explored. In this report, we demonstrate that NELL1 binds to cell surface proteoglycans through its TSPN domain. Major heparin-binding sites were identified on the three-dimensional structural model of the TSPN domain of NELL1. Mutant analysis of the heparin-binding sites indicated that the heparin-binding activity of the TSPN domain is involved in interaction of NELL1 with cell surface proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaneyoshi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Arisa Imai
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masumi Iijima
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yoshimoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andrés D Maturana
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Niimi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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61
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Shen J, LaChaud G, Shrestha S, Asatrian G, Zhang X, Dry SM, Soo C, Ting K, James AW. NELL-1 expression in tumors of cartilage. J Orthop 2015; 12:S223-9. [PMID: 27047227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS NELL-1 is a novel osteochondral differentiation factor protein with increasing usage in tissue engineering. Previously, we reported the expression patterns of NELL-1 in bone-forming skeletal tumors. With increasing interest in the use of NELL-1 protein, we sought to examine the expression of NELL-1 in cartilage-forming tumors. METHODS Immunohistochemical expression was examined in human pathologic specimens. RESULTS Consistent NELL-1 overexpression across all cartilage-forming tumors was observed. Similar degrees of expression were observed in enchondroma, chondrosarcoma, and chondroblastic osteosarcoma. NELL-1 expression did not significantly vary by tumor grade. CONCLUSION In summary, NELL-1 demonstrates reliable and consistent expression across cartilage-forming skeletal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shen
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Gregory LaChaud
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Swati Shrestha
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Greg Asatrian
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Sarah M Dry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Aaron W James
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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62
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Lee S, Zhang X, Shen J, James AW, Chung CG, Hardy R, Li C, Girgius C, Zhang Y, Stoker D, Wang H, Wu BM, Peault B, Ting K, Soo C. Brief Report: Human Perivascular Stem Cells and Nel-Like Protein-1 Synergistically Enhance Spinal Fusion in Osteoporotic Rats. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3158-63. [PMID: 26173400 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Autologous bone grafts (ABGs) are considered as the gold standard for spinal fusion. However, osteoporotic patients are poor candidates for ABGs due to limited osteogenic stem cell numbers and function of the bone microenvironment. There is a need for stem cell-based spinal fusion of proven efficacy under either osteoporotic or nonosteoporotic conditions. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of human perivascular stem cells (hPSCs), a population of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from adipose tissue, in the presence and absence of NELL-1, an osteogenic protein, for spinal fusion in the osteoporosis. Osteogenic differentiation of hPSCs with and without NELL-1 was tested in vitro. The results indicated that NELL-1 significantly increased the osteogenic potential of hPSCs in both osteoporotic and nonosteoporotic donors. Next, spinal fusion was performed by implanting scaffolds with regular or high doses of hPSCs, with or without NELL-1 in ovariectomized rats (n = 41). Regular doses of hPSCs or NELL-1 achieved the fusion rates of only 20%-37.5% by manual palpation. These regular doses had previously been shown to be effective in nonosteoporotic rat spinal fusion. Remarkably, the high dose of hPSCs+NELL-1 significantly improved the fusion rates among osteoporotic rats up to approximately 83.3%. Microcomputed tomography imaging and quantification further confirmed solid bony fusion with high dose hPSCs+NELL-1. Finally, histologically, direct in situ involvement of hPSCs in ossification was shown using undecalcified samples. To conclude, hPSCs combined with NELL-1 synergistically enhances spinal fusion in osteoporotic rats and has great potential as a novel therapeutic strategy for osteoporotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonchul Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jia Shen
- Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aaron W James
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Choon G Chung
- Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Reef Hardy
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chenshuang Li
- Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Caroline Girgius
- Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Stoker
- Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Huiming Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bruno Peault
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Center For Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kang Ting
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chia Soo
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Division of Plastic Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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63
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Pharmacokinetics and osteogenic potential of PEGylated NELL-1 in vivo after systemic administration. Biomaterials 2015; 57:73-83. [PMID: 25913252 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder attributable to an imbalance in osteoblast and osteoclast activity. NELL-1, a secretory protein that promotes osteogenesis while suppressing osteoclastic activity, holds potential as an osteoporosis therapy. Recently, we demonstrated that PEGylation of NELL-1 significantly improves its thermostability while preserving its bioactivity in vitro. However, the effect of PEGylation on the pharmacokinetics and osteogenic potential of NELL-1 in vivo have yet to be investigated. The present study demonstrated that PEGylation of NELL-1 significantly increases the elimination half-life time of the protein from 5.5 h to 15.5 h while distributing more than 2-3 times the amount of protein to bone tissues (femur, tibia, vertebrae, calvaria) in vivo when compared to naked NELL-1. In addition, microCT and DXA analyses demonstrated that systemic NELL-PEG therapy administered every 4 or 7 days significantly increases not only femoral and lumbar BMD and percent bone volume, but also new bone formation throughout the overall skeleton after four weeks of treatment. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed increased osteocalcin expression, while TRAP staining showed reduced osteoclast numbers in NELL-PEG groups. Our findings suggest that the PEGylation technique presents a viable and promising approach to further develop NELL-1 into an effective systemic therapeutic for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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64
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Shen J, LaChaud G, Khadarian K, Shrestha S, Zhang X, Soo C, Ting K, Dry SM, James AW. NELL-1 expression in benign and malignant bone tumors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:368-74. [PMID: 25791475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NELL-1 (NEL-like Protein 1) is an osteoinductive protein with increasing usage as a bone graft substitute in preclinical animal models. NELL-1 was first identified to have bone-forming properties by its overexpression in fusing cranial sutures. Since this time, addition of recombinant NELL-1 has been used to successfully induce bone formation in the calvarial, axial and appendicular skeleton. With increasing interest in the use of NELL-1 as a bone-graft substitute, we sought to examine the expression of NELL-1 in a wide spectrum of benign and malignant bone-forming skeletal tumors. Immunohistochemical expression was examined in human pathologic specimens. Quantitative RT-PCR evaluated NELL-1 expression among OS cell lines in vitro. Results showed NELL-1 expression in all bone tumors. Likewise, all OS cell lines demonstrated increased NELL-1 expression in comparison to non-lesional human bone marrow stromal cells. Among, benign bone tumors (osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma), strong and diffuse staining was observed, which spatially correlated with markers of osteogenic differentiation. In contrast, a relative reduction in NELL-1 staining was observed in osteosarcoma, accompanied by increased variation between tumors. Among osteosarcoma specimens, NELL-1 expression did not correlate well with markers of osteogenic differentiation. Surprisingly, among osteosarcoma subtypes, fibroblastic osteosarcoma demonstrated the highest expression of NELL-1. In summary, NELL-1 demonstrates diffuse and reliable expression in benign but not malignant bone-forming skeletal tumors. Future studies will further define the basic biologic, diagnostic and prognostic importance of NELL-1 in bone neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shen
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Greg LaChaud
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kevork Khadarian
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Swati Shrestha
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and The Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sarah M Dry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aaron W James
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and The Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Abdallah BM, Jafari A, Zaher W, Qiu W, Kassem M. Skeletal (stromal) stem cells: an update on intracellular signaling pathways controlling osteoblast differentiation. Bone 2015; 70:28-36. [PMID: 25138551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal (marrow stromal) stem cells (BMSCs) are a group of multipotent cells that reside in the bone marrow stroma and can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes. Studying signaling pathways that regulate BMSC differentiation into osteoblastic cells is a strategy for identifying druggable targets for enhancing bone formation. This review will discuss the functions and the molecular mechanisms of action on osteoblast differentiation and bone formation; of a number of recently identified regulatory molecules: the non-canonical Notch signaling molecule Delta-like 1/preadipocyte factor 1 (Dlk1/Pref-1), the Wnt co-receptor Lrp5 and intracellular kinases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Stem Cells and Bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem M Abdallah
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; DanStem (Danish Stem Cell Center), Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Walid Zaher
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Weimin Qiu
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; DanStem (Danish Stem Cell Center), Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
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Liu J, Chen W, Zhao Z, Xu HH. Effect of NELL1 gene overexpression in iPSC-MSCs seeded on calcium phosphate cement. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:5128-5138. [PMID: 25220281 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iPSC-MSCs) are a promising source of patient-specific stem cells with great regenerative potential. There has been no report on NEL-like protein 1 (NELL1) gene modification of iPSC-MSCs. The objectives of this study were to genetically modify iPSC-MSCs with NELL1 overexpression for bone tissue engineering, and investigate the osteogenic differentiation of NELL1 gene-modified iPSC-MSCs seeded on Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-grafted calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffold. Cells were transduced with red fluorescence protein (RFP-iPSC-MSCs) or NELL1 (NELL1-iPSC-MSCs) by a lentiviral vector. Cell proliferation on RGD-grafted CPC scaffold, osteogenic differentiation and bone mineral synthesis were evaluated. RFP-iPSC-MSCs stably expressed high levels of RFP. Both the NELL1 gene and NELL1 protein levels were confirmed higher in NELL1-iPSC-MSCs than in RFP-iPSC-MSCs using RT-PCR and Western blot (P<0.05). Alkaline phosphatase activity was increased by 130% by NELL1 overexpression at 14days (P<0.05), indicating that NELL1 promoted iPSC-MSC osteogenic differentiation. When seeded on RGD-grafted CPC, NELL1-iPSC-MSCs attached and expanded similarly well to RFP-iPSC-MSCs. At 14days, the runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) gene level of NELL1-iPSC-MSCs was 2.0-fold that of RFP-iPSC-MSCs. The osteocalcin (OC) level of NELL1-iPSC-MSCs was 3.1-fold that of RFP-iPSC-MSCs (P<0.05). The collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) gene level of NELL1-iPSC-MSCs was 1.7-fold that of RFP-iPSC-MSCs at 7days (P<0.05). Mineral synthesis was increased by 81% in NELL1-iPSC-MSCs at 21days. In conclusion, NELL1 overexpression greatly enhanced the osteogenic differentiation and mineral synthesis of iPSC-MSCs on RGD-grafted CPC scaffold for the first time. The novel NELL1-iPSC-MSC seeded RGD-CPC construct is promising for enhancing bone engineering.
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Ge P, Xing N, Ren Y, Zhu L, Han D, Kuang H, Li J. Preventive Effect of American Ginseng Against Premature Ovarian Failure in a Rat Model. Drug Dev Res 2014; 75:521-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengling Ge
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Harbin 150040 China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia (Harbin Medical University); Chinese Ministry of Education; Harbin 150086 China
| | - Nannan Xing
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Harbin 150040 China
| | - Yanhai Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery; Affiliated Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College; Mudanjiang 150007 China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Harbin 150040 China
| | - Dongwei Han
- The Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China; Department of Formulas of Traditional Chinese Medicine; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Harbin 150040 China
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Ministry of Education; Harbin 150040 China
| | - Ji Li
- The Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China; Department of Formulas of Traditional Chinese Medicine; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Harbin 150040 China
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68
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Zhang Y, Velasco O, Zhang X, Ting K, Soo C, Wu BM. Bioactivity and circulation time of PEGylated NELL-1 in mice and the potential for osteoporosis therapy. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6614-21. [PMID: 24818884 PMCID: PMC4077898 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease due to low osteoblast activity and/or high osteoclast activity. NELL-1 is a potential therapy for osteoporosis because it specifically increases osteoblast differentiation. However, similar to other protein drugs, the bioavailability of NELL-1 may be limited by its in vivo half-life and rapid clearance from body. The purpose of the present study is to prolong NELL-1 circulation time in vivo by PEGylation with three monomeric PEG sizes (5, 20, 40 kDa). While linear PEG 5k yielded the most efficient PEGylation and the most thermally stable conjugate, linear PEG 20k resulted in the conjugate with the highest Mw and longest in vivo circulation. Compared to non-modified NELL-1, all three PEGylated conjugates showed enhanced thermal stability and each prolonged the in vivo circulation time significantly. Furthermore, PEGylated NELL-1 retained its osteoblastic activity without any appreciable cytotoxicity. These findings motivate further studies to evaluate the efficacy of PEGylated NELL-1 on the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Omar Velasco
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, and Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, and Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kang Ting
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, and Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chia Soo
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, and Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, and Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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69
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DeConde AS, Lee MK, Sidell D, Aghaloo T, Lee M, Tetradis S, Low K, Elashoff D, Grogan T, Sepahdari AR, St John M. Defining the critical-sized defect in a rat segmental mandibulectomy model. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 140:58-65. [PMID: 24232293 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2013.5669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Advances in tissue engineering offer potential alternatives to current mandibular reconstructive techniques; however, before clinical translation of this technology, a relevant animal model must be used to validate possible interventions. OBJECTIVE To establish the critical-sized segmental mandibular defect that does not heal spontaneously in the rat mandible. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective study of mandibular defect healing in 29 Sprague-Dawley rats in an animal laboratory. INTERVENTIONS The rats underwent creation of 1 of 4 segmental mandibular defects measuring 0, 1, 3, and 5 mm. All mandibular wounds were internally fixated with 1-mm microplates and screws and allowed to heal for 12 weeks, after which the animals were killed humanely. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Analysis with micro-computed tomography of bony union and formation graded on semiquantitative scales. RESULTS Seven animals were included in each experimental group. No 5-mm segmental defects successfully developed bony union, whereas all 0- and 1-mm defects had continuous bony growth across the original defect on micro-computed tomography. Three of the 3-mm defects had bony continuity, and 3 had no healing of the bony wound. Bone union scores were significantly lower for the 5-mm defects compared with the 0-, 1-, and 3-mm defects (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The rat segmental mandible model cannot heal a 5-mm segmental mandibular defect. Successful healing of 0-, 1-, and 3-mm defects confirms adequate stabilization of bony wounds with internal fixation with 1-mm microplates. The rat segmental mandibular critical-sized defect provides a clinically relevant testing ground for translatable mandibular tissue engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S DeConde
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
| | - Matthew K Lee
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
| | - Douglas Sidell
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
| | - Tara Aghaloo
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA3Division of Oral Radiology, School of Dentistry, UCLA4Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, UCLA
| | - Min Lee
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA5Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, UCLA
| | - Sotirios Tetradis
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA3Division of Oral Radiology, School of Dentistry, UCLA
| | - Kyle Low
- currently a postbaccalaureate student at School of Dentistry, UCLA
| | - David Elashoff
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, UCLA7Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Tristan Grogan
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Ali R Sepahdari
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Maie St John
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)2Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
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70
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Nakamura Y, Hasebe A, Takahashi K, Iijima M, Yoshimoto N, Maturana AD, Ting K, Kuroda S, Niimi T. Oligomerization-induced conformational change in the C-terminal region of Nel-like molecule 1 (NELL1) protein is necessary for the efficient mediation of murine MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion and spreading. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9781-94. [PMID: 24563467 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.507020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NELL1 is a large oligomeric secretory glycoprotein that functions as an osteoinductive factor. NELL1 contains several conserved domains, has structural similarities to thrombospondin 1, and supports osteoblastic cell adhesion through integrins. To define the structural requirements for NELL1-mediated cell adhesion, we prepared a series of recombinant NELL1 proteins (intact, deleted, and cysteine-mutant) from a mammalian expression system and tested their activities. A deletion analysis demonstrated that the C-terminal cysteine-rich region of NELL1 is critical for the cell adhesion activity of NELL1. Reducing agent treatment decreased the cell adhesion activity of full-length NELL1 but not of its C-terminal fragments, suggesting that the intramolecular disulfide bonds within this region are not functionally necessary but that other disulfide linkages in the N-terminal region of NELL1 may be involved in cell adhesion activity. By replacing cysteine residues with serines around the coiled-coil domain of NELL1, which is responsible for oligomerization, we created a mutant NELL1 protein that was unable to form homo-oligomers, and this monomeric mutant showed substantially lower cell adhesion activity than intact NELL1. These results suggest that an oligomerization-induced conformational change in the C-terminal region of NELL1 is important for the efficient mediation of cell adhesion and spreading by NELL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nakamura
- From the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan and
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71
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Abstract
Ectopic bone formation refers to the ossification of tissue outside of its typical microenvironment. Numerous animal models exist to experimentally induce ectopic bone formation in order to examine the process of osteogenesis or to evaluate the "osteogenic potential" of a given implant. The most widely employed methods in the rodent include subcutaneous, intramuscular, and renal capsule implantation. This chapter will outline the (1) clinical correlates to ectopic ossification, (2) a brief history of experimental models of ectopic ossification, (3) advantages and disadvantages of various models (with a focus on rodent models), and (4) detailed methods and explanation of a mouse intramuscular implantation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Asatrian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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72
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Fan WL, Ng CS, Chen CF, Lu MYJ, Chen YH, Liu CJ, Wu SM, Chen CK, Chen JJ, Mao CT, Lai YT, Lo WS, Chang WH, Li WH. Genome-wide patterns of genetic variation in two domestic chickens. Genome Biol Evol 2013; 5:1376-92. [PMID: 23814129 PMCID: PMC3730349 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evt097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic chickens are excellent models for investigating the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity, as numerous phenotypic changes in physiology, morphology, and behavior in chickens have been artificially selected. Genomic study is required to study genome-wide patterns of DNA variation for dissecting the genetic basis of phenotypic traits. We sequenced the genomes of the Silkie and the Taiwanese native chicken L2 at ∼23- and 25-fold average coverage depth, respectively, using Illumina sequencing. The reads were mapped onto the chicken reference genome (including 5.1% Ns) to 92.32% genome coverage for the two breeds. Using a stringent filter, we identified ∼7.6 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 8,839 copy number variations (CNVs) in the mapped regions; 42% of the SNPs have not found in other chickens before. Among the 68,906 SNPs annotated in the chicken sequence assembly, 27,852 were nonsynonymous SNPs located in 13,537 genes. We also identified hundreds of shared and divergent structural and copy number variants in intronic and intergenic regions and in coding regions in the two breeds. Functional enrichments of identified genetic variants were discussed. Radical nsSNP-containing immunity genes were enriched in the QTL regions associated with some economic traits for both breeds. Moreover, genetic changes involved in selective sweeps were detected. From the selective sweeps identified in our two breeds, several genes associated with growth, appetite, and metabolic regulation were identified. Our study provides a framework for genetic and genomic research of domestic chickens and facilitates the domestic chicken as an avian model for genomic, biomedical, and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lang Fan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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73
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Wang X, Wang Y, Gou W, Lu Q, Peng J, Lu S. Role of mesenchymal stem cells in bone regeneration and fracture repair: a review. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 37:2491-8. [PMID: 23948983 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-2059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-haematopoietic stromal stem cells that have many sources, such as bone marrow, periosteum, vessel walls, adipose, muscle, tendon, peripheral circulation, umbilical cord blood, skin and dental tissues. They are capable of self-replication and of differentiating into, and contributing to the regeneration of, mesenchymal tissues, such as bone, cartilage, ligament, tendon, muscle and adipose tissue. The homing of MSCs may play an important role in the repair of bone fractures. As a composite material, the formation and growth of bone tissue is a complex process, including molecular, cell and biochemical metabolic changes. The recruitment of factors with an adequate number of MSCs and the micro-environment around the fracture are effective for fracture repair. Several studies have investigated the functional expression of various chemokine receptors, trophic factors and adhesion molecules in human MSCs. Many external factors affect MSC homing. MSCs have been used as seed cells in building tissue-engineered bone grafts. Scaffolds seeded with MSCs are most often used in tissue engineering and include biotic and abiotic materials. This knowledge provides a platform for the development of novel therapies for bone regeneration with endogenous MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Peoples Liberation Army, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
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Christ GJ, Saul JM, Furth ME, Andersson KE. The pharmacology of regenerative medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1091-133. [PMID: 23818131 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a rapidly evolving multidisciplinary, translational research enterprise whose explicit purpose is to advance technologies for the repair and replacement of damaged cells, tissues, and organs. Scientific progress in the field has been steady and expectations for its robust clinical application continue to rise. The major thesis of this review is that the pharmacological sciences will contribute critically to the accelerated translational progress and clinical utility of regenerative medicine technologies. In 2007, we coined the phrase "regenerative pharmacology" to describe the enormous possibilities that could occur at the interface between pharmacology, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. The operational definition of regenerative pharmacology is "the application of pharmacological sciences to accelerate, optimize, and characterize (either in vitro or in vivo) the development, maturation, and function of bioengineered and regenerating tissues." As such, regenerative pharmacology seeks to cure disease through restoration of tissue/organ function. This strategy is distinct from standard pharmacotherapy, which is often limited to the amelioration of symptoms. Our goal here is to get pharmacologists more involved in this field of research by exposing them to the tools, opportunities, challenges, and interdisciplinary expertise that will be required to ensure awareness and galvanize involvement. To this end, we illustrate ways in which the pharmacological sciences can drive future innovations in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering and thus help to revolutionize the discovery of curative therapeutics. Hopefully, the broad foundational knowledge provided herein will spark sustained conversations among experts in diverse fields of scientific research to the benefit of all.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Christ
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
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75
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Askarinam A, James AW, Zara JN, Goyal R, Corselli M, Pan A, Liang P, Chang L, Rackohn T, Stoker D, Zhang X, Ting K, Péault B, Soo C. Human perivascular stem cells show enhanced osteogenesis and vasculogenesis with Nel-like molecule I protein. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1386-97. [PMID: 23406369 PMCID: PMC3638559 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An ideal mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) source for bone tissue engineering has yet to be identified. Such an MSC population would be easily harvested in abundance, with minimal morbidity and with high purity. Our laboratories have identified perivascular stem cells (PSCs) as a candidate cell source. PSCs are readily isolatable through fluorescent-activated cell sorting from adipose tissue and have been previously shown to be indistinguishable from MSCs in the phenotype and differentiation potential. PSCs consist of two distinct cell populations: (1) pericytes (CD146+, CD34-, and CD45-), which surround capillaries and microvessels, and (2) adventitial cells (CD146-, CD34+, and CD45-), found within the tunica adventitia of large arteries and veins. We previously demonstrated the osteogenic potential of pericytes by examining pericytes derived from the human fetal pancreas, and illustrated their in vivo trophic and angiogenic effects. In the present study, we used an intramuscular ectopic bone model to develop the translational potential of our original findings using PSCs (as a combination of pericytes and adventitial cells) from human white adipose tissue. We evaluated human PSC (hPSC)-mediated bone formation and vascularization in vivo. We also examined the effects of hPSCs when combined with the novel craniosynostosis-associated protein, Nel-like molecule I (NELL-1). Implants consisting of the demineralized bone matrix putty combined with NELL-1 (3 μg/μL), hPSC (2.5×10(5) cells), or hPSC+NELL-1, were inserted in the bicep femoris of SCID mice. Bone growth was evaluated using microcomputed tomography, histology, and immunohistochemistry over 4 weeks. Results demonstrated the osteogenic potential of hPSCs and the additive effect of hPSC+NELL-1 on bone formation and vasculogenesis. Comparable osteogenesis was observed with NELL-1 as compared to the more commonly used bone morphogenetic protein-2. Next, hPSCs induced greater implant vascularization than the unsorted stromal vascular fraction from patient-matched samples. Finally, we observed an additive effect on implant vascularization with hPSC+NELL-1 by histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry, accompanied by in vitro elaboration of vasculogenic growth factors. These findings hold significant implications for the cell/protein combination therapy hPSC+NELL-1 in the development of strategies for vascularized bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asal Askarinam
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aaron W. James
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Janette N. Zara
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Raghav Goyal
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mirko Corselli
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Angel Pan
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pei Liang
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Le Chang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Todd Rackohn
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Stoker
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kang Ting
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruno Péault
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chia Soo
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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76
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Larson S, Zhang X, Dumpit R, Coleman I, Lakely B, Roudier M, Higano C, True LD, Lange PH, Montgomery B, Corey E, Nelson PS, Vessella RL, Morrissey C. Characterization of osteoblastic and osteolytic proteins in prostate cancer bone metastases. Prostate 2013; 73:932-40. [PMID: 23334979 PMCID: PMC4214278 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 90% of patients who die of Prostate Cancer (PCa) have bone metastases, which promote a spectrum of osteoblastic, osteolytic or mixed bone responses. Numerous secreted proteins have been reported to promote osteoblastic or osteolytic bone responses. We determined whether previously identified and/or novel proteins were associated with the osteoblastic or osteolytic response in clinical specimens of PCa bone metastases. METHODS Gene expression was analyzed on 14 PCa metastases from 11 patients by microarray profiling and qRT-PCR, and protein expression was analyzed on 33 PCa metastases from 30 patients by immunohistochemistry on highly osteoblastic and highly osteolytic bone specimens. RESULTS Transcript and protein levels of BMP-2, BMP-7, DKK-1, ET-1, and Sclerostin were not significantly different between osteoblastic and osteolytic metastases. However, levels of OPG, PGK1, and Substance P proteins were increased in osteoblastic samples. In addition, Emu1, MMP-12, and sFRP-1 were proteins identified with a novel role of being associated with either the osteoblastic or osteolytic bone response. CONCLUSIONS This is the first detailed analysis of bone remodeling proteins in human specimens of PCa bone metastases. Three proteins not previously shown to be involved may have a role in the PCa bone response. Furthermore, our data suggests that the relative expression of numerous, rather than a single, bone remodeling proteins determine the bone response in PCa bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Larson
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Xiaotun Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ruth Dumpit
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Bryce Lakely
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Martine Roudier
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Celestia Higano
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Paul H. Lange
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Robert L. Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Shen J, James AW, Chung J, Lee K, Zhang JB, Ho S, Lee KS, Kim TM, Niimi T, Kuroda S, Ting K, Soo C. NELL-1 promotes cell adhesion and differentiation via Integrinβ1. J Cell Biochem 2013; 113:3620-8. [PMID: 22807400 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NELL-1 (Nel-like molecule-1) is a secreted osteogenic growth factor first identified in human craniosynostosis (CS) patients. NELL-1 protein has been observed to promote bone and cartilage differentiation and to suppress adipogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo models. Despite these findings, the cell surface receptors of NELL-1 have remained unknown. In this study, we observed for the first time that NELL-1 promotes cell adherence in multiple cell lines, including ST2, C3H10T1/2, M2-10B4, ATDC5, and MC3T3 cells. Additionally, we found that NELL-1 binds to extracellular Integrinβ1 and induces cell focal adhesion. By utilizing siRNA methods, we determined that NELL-1 cell surface binding and enhanced cell attachment were dependent on Integrinβ1 expression. Finally, we observed that pre-coating of culture dishes or PLGA (polylactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffold with NELL-1 resulted in a significant increase in both cell attachment and osteogenic differentiation. Our results identify for the first time a cell surface target of NELL-1, Integrinβ1, and elucidate new functions of NELL-1 in promoting cell adherence and osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shen
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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James AW. Review of Signaling Pathways Governing MSC Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:684736. [PMID: 24416618 PMCID: PMC3874981 DOI: 10.1155/2013/684736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells, functioning as precursors to a variety of cell types including adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. Between osteogenic and adipogenic lineage commitment and differentiation, a theoretical inverse relationship exists, such that differentiation towards an osteoblast phenotype occurs at the expense of an adipocytic phenotype. This balance is regulated by numerous, intersecting signaling pathways that converge on the regulation of two main transcription factors: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- γ (PPAR γ ) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). These two transcription factors, PPAR γ and Runx2, are generally regarded as the master regulators of adipogenesis and osteogenesis. This review will summarize signaling pathways that govern MSC fate towards osteogenic or adipocytic differentiation. A number of signaling pathways follow the inverse balance between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation and are generally proosteogenic/antiadipogenic stimuli. These include β -catenin dependent Wnt signaling, Hedgehog signaling, and NELL-1 signaling. However, other signaling pathways exhibit more context-dependent effects on adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. These include bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling and insulin growth factor (IGF) signaling, which display both proosteogenic and proadipogenic effects. In summary, understanding those factors that govern osteogenic versus adipogenic MSC differentiation has significant implications in diverse areas of human health, from obesity to osteoporosis to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS A3-251, Los Angeles, CA 90077, USA
- *Aaron W. James:
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79
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Justice CM, Yagnik G, Kim Y, Peter I, Jabs EW, Erazo M, Ye X, Ainehsazan E, Shi L, Cunningham ML, Kimonis V, Roscioli T, Wall SA, Wilkie AO, Stoler J, Richtsmeier JT, Heuzé Y, Sanchez-Lara PA, Buckley MF, Druschel CM, Mills JL, Caggana M, Romitti PA, Kay DM, Senders C, Taub PJ, Klein OD, Boggan J, Zwienenberg-Lee M, Naydenov C, Kim J, Wilson AF, Boyadjiev SA. A genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility loci for nonsyndromic sagittal craniosynostosis near BMP2 and within BBS9. Nat Genet 2012; 44:1360-4. [PMID: 23160099 PMCID: PMC3736322 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sagittal craniosynostosis is the most common form of craniosynostosis, affecting approximately one in 5,000 newborns. We conducted, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide association study for nonsyndromic sagittal craniosynostosis (sNSC) using 130 non-Hispanic case-parent trios of European ancestry (NHW). We found robust associations in a 120-kb region downstream of BMP2 flanked by rs1884302 (P = 1.13 × 10(-14), odds ratio (OR) = 4.58) and rs6140226 (P = 3.40 × 10(-11), OR = 0.24) and within a 167-kb region of BBS9 between rs10262453 (P = 1.61 × 10(-10), OR = 0.19) and rs17724206 (P = 1.50 × 10(-8), OR = 0.22). We replicated the associations to both loci (rs1884302, P = 4.39 × 10(-31) and rs10262453, P = 3.50 × 10(-14)) in an independent NHW population of 172 unrelated probands with sNSC and 548 controls. Both BMP2 and BBS9 are genes with roles in skeletal development that warrant functional studies to further understand the etiology of sNSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Justice
- Genometrics Section, Inherited Disease Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NHGRI, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Garima Yagnik
- Section of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Yoonhee Kim
- Genometrics Section, Inherited Disease Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NHGRI, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Monica Erazo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Xiaoqian Ye
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Edmond Ainehsazan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Lisong Shi
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Michael L. Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Virginia Kimonis
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Tony Roscioli
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Sydney Children’s Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steven A. Wall
- Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrew O.M. Wilkie
- Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Joan Stoler
- Division of Genetics, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Joan T. Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Yann Heuzé
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Pedro A. Sanchez-Lara
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of South California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - James L. Mills
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michele Caggana
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Paul A. Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Denise M. Kay
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Craig Senders
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Peter J. Taub
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kravis Children’s Hospital, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ophir D. Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA
- Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - James Boggan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | | | - Cyril Naydenov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jinoh Kim
- Section of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Alexander F. Wilson
- Genometrics Section, Inherited Disease Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NHGRI, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Simeon A. Boyadjiev
- Section of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
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80
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Liu Y, Chen C, He H, Wang D, E L, Liu Z, Liu H. Lentiviral-mediated gene transfer into human adipose-derived stem cells: role of NELL1 versus BMP2 in osteogenesis and adipogenesis in vitro. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2012; 44:856-65. [PMID: 23017834 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
NEL-like molecule 1 (NELL1) is a potent osteogenic factor associated with craniosynostosis. Adenoviruses, the most commonly used viral vectors for gene therapy, have several disadvantages that may restrict osteogenesis. Previous studies have shown that lentiviruses can serve as ideal vectors for gene therapy for bone regeneration. In this study, two lentiviral vectors (LvNELL1 and LvBMP2) that encode human NELL1 and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), respectively, were constructed. The effect of LvNELL1 infection on the proliferation, osteogenesis, and adipogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) in vitro was assessed and compared with that of LvBMP2. The results showed that hADSCs infected with LvNELL1 could efficiently and stably overexpress the target genes. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay results demonstrated that LvBMP2, but not LvNELL1, enhanced the proliferation of hADSCs. Assessment of alkaline phosphatase activity and cellular mineralization indicated that LvNELL1 infection promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs, and the effect was comparable with that of LvBMP2. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that LvNELL1 infection upregulated OSX expression but not RUNX2 expression in hADSCs. In addition, adipogenic markers (lipid droplets, peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor γ, and lipoprotein lipase) analysis showed that LvNELL1 could dramatically inhibit the adipogenic differentiation of hADSCs, but LvBMP2 had no such effect. Taken together, these findings suggested that lentiviral-mediated NELL1 gene transfer in hADSCs may be a novel and promising approach to achieve effective and precise bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Liu
- Institute of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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81
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Rebl A, Verleih M, Köllner B, Korytář T, Goldammer T. Duplicated NELL2 genes show different expression patterns in two rainbow trout strains after temperature and pathogen challenge. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 163:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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82
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of pain and disability in the aging population, but its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Alterations beneath the articular cartilage at the osteochondral junction are attracting interest as possible mediators of pain and structural progression in OA. Osteochondral changes occur early during the development of OA and may aggravate pathology elsewhere in the joint. Loss of osteochondral integrity removes the barrier between intra-articular and subchondral compartments, exposing subchondral bone and its nerves to abnormal chemical and biomechanical influence. Osteochondral plasticity results in a merging of tissue compartments across the junction. Loss of the clearly differentiated demarcation between bone and articular cartilage is associated with invasion of articular cartilage by blood vessels and sensory nerves, and advancing endochondral ossification. Increased subchondral bone turnover is intimately associated with these alterations at the osteochondral junction. Cells signal across the osteochondral junction, and this cross-talk may be both a consequence of, and contribute to these pathological changes. Bone turnover, angiogenesis and nerve growth are also features of other diseases such as osteoporosis and cancers, for which therapeutic interventions are already advanced in their development. Here we review pathological changes at the osteochondral junction and explore their potential therapeutic implications for OA. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Osteoarthritis".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Suri
- Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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83
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Guo X, Peng J, Wang Y, Wang A, Zhang X, Yuan M, Zhang L, Zhao B, Liu B, Fan M, Xue J, Guo Q, Xu W, Lu Q, Ting K, Lu S. NELL1 Promotes Bone Regeneration in Polyethylene Particle-Induced Osteolysis. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1344-51. [PMID: 22404332 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Guo
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Aiyuan Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mei Yuan
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Fan
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Ting
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shibi Lu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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84
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Hasebe A, Nakamura Y, Tashima H, Takahashi K, Iijima M, Yoshimoto N, Ting K, Kuroda S, Niimi T. The C-terminal region of NELL1 mediates osteoblastic cell adhesion through integrin α3β1. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2500-6. [PMID: 22728432 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
NELL1 is a secretory osteogenic protein containing several structural motifs that suggest that it functions as an extracellular matrix component. To determine the mechanisms underlying NELL1-induced osteoblast differentiation, we examined the cell-adhesive activity of NELL1 using a series of recombinant NELL1 proteins. We demonstrated that NELL1 promoted osteoblastic cell adhesion through at least three cell-binding domains located in the C-terminal region of NELL1. Adhesion of cells to NELL1 was strongly inhibited by function-blocking antibodies against integrin α3 and β1 subunits, suggesting that osteoblastic cells adhered to NELL1 through integrin α3β1. Further, focal adhesion kinase activation is involved in NELL1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Hasebe
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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85
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James AW, Zara JN, Zhang X, Askarinam A, Goyal R, Chiang M, Yuan W, Chang L, Corselli M, Shen J, Pang S, Stoker D, Wu B, Ting K, Péault B, Soo C. Perivascular stem cells: a prospectively purified mesenchymal stem cell population for bone tissue engineering. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197855 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an ideal source of mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue engineering: it is largely dispensable and readily accessible with minimal morbidity. However, the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue is a heterogeneous cell population, which leads to unreliable bone formation. In the present study, we prospectively purified human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) from adipose tissue and compared their bone-forming capacity with that of traditionally derived SVF. PSCs are a population (sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting) of pericytes (CD146+CD34-CD45-) and adventitial cells (CD146-CD34+CD45-), each of which we have previously reported to have properties of mesenchymal stem cells. Here, we found that PSCs underwent osteogenic differentiation in vitro and formed bone after intramuscular implantation without the need for predifferentiation. We next sought to optimize PSCs for in vivo bone formation, adopting a demineralized bone matrix for osteoinduction and tricalcium phosphate particle formulation for protein release. Patient-matched, purified PSCs formed significantly more bone in comparison with traditionally derived SVF by all parameters. Recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2 increased in vivo bone formation but with a massive adipogenic response. In contrast, recombinant Nel-like molecule 1 (NELL-1; a novel osteoinductive growth factor) selectively enhanced bone formation. These studies suggest that adipose-derived human PSCs are a new cell source for future efforts in skeletal regenerative medicine. Moreover, PSCs are a stem cell-based therapeutic that is readily approvable by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, with potentially increased safety, purity, identity, potency, and efficacy. Finally, NELL-1 is a candidate growth factor able to induce human PSC osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W James
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. 900950-1579, USA
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86
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Agarwal A, Polineni R, Hussein Z, Vigoda I, Bhagat TD, Bhattacharyya S, Maitra A, Verma A. Role of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2012; 5:382-396. [PMID: 22808291 PMCID: PMC3396065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus, a pre-malignant condition that can lead to esophageal adenocarcinoma, is characterized by histological changes in the normal squamous epithelium of the esophagus. Numerous molecular changes occur during the multistage conversion of Barrett's metaplasia to dysplasia and frank adenocarcinoma. Epigenetic changes, especially changes in DNA methylation are widespread during this process. Aberrant DNA methylation has been shown to occur at promoters of tumor suppressor genes, adhesion molecules and DNA repair genes during Barrett's esophagus. These epigenetic alterations can be used as molecular biomarkers for risk stratification and early detection of esophageal adenocarcinoma. We also show that genome wide analysis of methylation surprisingly reveals that global hypomethylation and not hypermethylation is the dominant change during Barrett's metaplasia. The transformation of Barrett's esophagus to frank adenocarcinoma is in turn characterized by much smaller wave of selective promoter hypermethylation. These studies reveal many novel, potential targets for new therapies and illustrate the utility of incorporating these epigenetic changes as biomarkers during endoscopic surveillance interval for patients with Barrett's esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Agarwal
- Steward Carney Hospital2100 Dorchester Avenue, Dorchester, MA 02124
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amit Verma
- Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronx, NY 10461
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87
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Bartolomé N, Szczypiorska M, Sánchez A, Sanz J, Juanola-Roura X, Gratacós J, Zarco-Montejo P, Collantes E, Martínez A, Tejedor D, Artieda M, Mulero J. Genetic polymorphisms inside and outside the MHC improve prediction of AS radiographic severity in addition to clinical variables. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51:1471-8. [PMID: 22495925 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyse if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inside and outside the MHC region might improve the prediction of radiographic severity in AS. METHODS A cross-sectional multi-centre study was performed including 473 Spanish AS patients previously diagnosed with AS following the Modified New York Criteria and with at least 10 years of follow-up from the first symptoms of AS. Clinical variables and 384 SNPs were analysed to predict radiographic severity [BASRI-total (BASRI-t) corrected for the duration of AS since first symptoms] using multivariate forward logistic regression. Predictive power was measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). RESULTS The model with the best fit measured radiographic severity as the BASRI-t 60th percentile and combined eight variables: male gender, older age at disease onset and six SNPs at ADRB1 (rs1801253), NELL1 (rs8176785) and MHC (rs1634747, rs9270986, rs7451962 and rs241453) genes. The model predictive power was defined by AUC = 0.76 (95% CI 0.71, 0.80), being significantly better than the model with only clinical variables, AUC = 0.68 (95% CI 0.63, 0.73), P = 0.0004. Internal split-sample analysis proved the validation of the model. Patient genotype for SNPs outside the MHC region, inside the MHC region and clinical variables account for 26, 38 and 36%, respectively, of the explained variability on radiographic severity prediction. CONCLUSION Prediction of radiographic severity in AS based on clinical variables can be significantly improved by including SNPs both inside and outside the MHC region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Bartolomé
- Diagnostic Department, Progenika Biopharma SA, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 504, Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain.
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88
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Hu J, Hou Y, Park H, Lee M. Beta-tricalcium phosphate particles as a controlled release carrier of osteogenic proteins for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:1680-6. [PMID: 22447727 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) has been widely used as bone substitutes and delivery carriers of osteogenic proteins. However, low protein carrying capacity and agent burst release profiles of β-TCP limit their usage. This study investigates strategies to enhance protein carrying capacity of β-TCP particles with reduced initial burst by surface etching in citric acid solution or by creating apatite coatings with the simulate body fluid immersion approach. The release kinetics of protein from the modified β-TCP particles was investigated using Nel-like molecule-1 (Nell-1), a novel osteogenic protein, as a model protein. Although chemical etching treatments reduced the initial burst release of protein from the particles, a rapid burst release was observed with high protein dose. In contrast, the burst release of protein was significantly reduced by the apatite coating and a high protein dose was successfully delivered over a prolonged period from the apatite-coated particles. Protein release was further modulated by simultaneously delivering proteins from two different substrates: acid-etched and apatite-coated particles. The bioactivity of the protein was preserved during the loading procedure onto the particles. In addition, protein-loaded particles maintained biological activity in the lyophilized state over 4 weeks. These findings suggest that the protein carrying capacity of β-TCP can be modulated by surface modification, which has a potential for use as a protein carrier with controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Hu
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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89
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Rapa E, Hill SK, Morten KJ, Potter M, Mitchell C. The over-expression of cell migratory genes in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma could contribute to metastatic spread. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:419-29. [PMID: 22415709 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar (ARMS) and Embryonal (ERMS) rhabdomyosarcoma differ in their response to current treatments. The ARMS subtype has a less favourable prognosis and often presents with widespread metastases, while the less metastatic ERMS has a 5 year survival rate of more than 80 %. In this study we investigate gene expression differences that could contribute to the high frequency of metastasis in ARMS. Microarray analysis identified significant differences in DNA repair, cell cycle and cell migration between the two RMS subtypes. Two genes up regulated in ARMS and involved in cell migration; the engulfment and cell motility gene 1 (ELMO1) and NEL-like 1 gene (NELL1) were selected for further investigation. Over-expression of ELMO1 significantly increased cell invasion from 24.70 ± 7% to 93 ± 5.4% in primary myoblasts and from 29.43 ± 2.1% to 87.33 ± 4.1% in the ERMS cell line RD. siRNA knockout of ELMO1 in the ARMS cell line RH30 significantly reduced cell invasion from 88.2 ± 3.8% to 35.2 ± 2.5%. Over-expression of NELL1 significantly increased myoblast invasion from 23.6 ± 6.9% to 100 ± 0.1%, but had no effect on invasion of the ERMS cell line RD. These findings suggest that ELMO1 may play a key role in ARMS metastasis. NELL1 increased invasion in primary myoblasts, but other factors required for it to enhance motility were not present in the RD ERMS cell line. Impairing ELMO1 function by pharmacological or siRNA knockdown could be a highly effective approach to reduce the metastatic spread of RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rapa
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, The Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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90
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Amre DK, Mack DR, Israel D, Krupoves A, Costea I, Lambrette P, Grimard G, Dong J, Levy E. NELL1, NCF4, and FAM92B genes are not major susceptibility genes for Crohn's disease in Canadian children and young adults. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:529-35. [PMID: 21472827 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and replication studies have shown conflicting associations between the NELL1, NCF4, and FAM92B genes and susceptibility for Crohn's disease (CD). We sought to examine whether these genes were associated with CD in Canadian children and young adults. METHODS A case-control study was carried out at three pediatric gastroenterology clinics across Canada. Patients, ≤20 years at diagnosis, along with controls representative of the general population were selected. Study subjects were genotyped for 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the target genes. Allelic and haplotype associations were examined. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. RESULTS In all, 566 CD cases and 602 controls were investigated. The mean (±SD) age of the patients was 12.3 (±3.3) years. Most patients were male (57.8%), of Caucasian ancestry (98.2%), and had ileocolonic disease location (48.8%). Barring nominal associations with one FAM92B SNP, none of the other 21 SNPs analyzed were associated with CD either at the allelic or haplotype level. Separate analysis for ileal CD (L1 plus L3) also did not reveal significant associations with any of the SNPs. Similarly, a pooled analysis using data from two recent studies did not demonstrate associations between the NCF4 (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.91-1.32, P = 0.32) and FAM92B (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.95-1.17, P = 0.36) GWAS lead SNPs and ileal CD. CONCLUSIONS GWAS-reported associations in the NELL1, NCF4, and FAM92B genes could not be replicated in Canadian children and young adults. Further investigation in other populations will be required to confirm the presence/absence of associations, if any.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra K Amre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada.
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91
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Sidell DR, Aghaloo T, Tetradis S, Lee M, Bezouglaia O, DeConde A, St John MA. Composite mandibulectomy: a novel animal model. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 146:932-7. [PMID: 22282867 DOI: 10.1177/0194599811435633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Segmental mandibular defects can result after the treatment of various pathologic processes, including osteoradionecrosis, tumor resection, or fracture nonunion with sequestration. The variety of etiologies and the frequency of occurrence make the reconstruction of segmental mandibular defects a topic of significant interest. Despite these incentives, a well-established small-animal model of the segmental mandibulectomy, including composite resection, does not exist. The objective of this study is the creation of a reliable animal model that can be used to study the reconstruction of en bloc mandibular defects. Surgical techniques and an array of reconstructive options are described. STUDY DESIGN Description of an animal model. SETTING Animal laboratory at a quaternary care university medical center. METHODS We present an Animal Research Oversight Committee-approved prospective analysis of survival operations in the rat model. A detailed, stepwise description of surgical technique and relevant intraoperative anatomy is presented. Postoperative management, early pitfalls, surgical complications, and future applications are discussed. RESULTS A total of 72 operations were performed by a single individual between July and October 2010. Two intraoperative and 9 postoperative complications were recognized. There were 6 orocutaneous fistulas, 2 abscesses, and 1 seroma. There were 4 fatalities, which were attributed to anesthetic complications (2, intraoperative), hematoma formation (1, postoperative), and foreign-body aspiration (1, postoperative). CONCLUSION This novel animal model reliably replicates the en bloc segmental mandibular defects seen in our patient population and can be manipulated to achieve a wide variety of research objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Sidell
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1624, USA.
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92
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Bone regeneration by stem cell and tissue engineering in oral and maxillofacial region. Front Med 2011; 5:401-13. [PMID: 22198752 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-011-0161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical imperatives for the reconstruction of jaw bone defects or resorbed alveolar ridge require new therapies or procedures instead of autologous/allogeneic bone grafts. Regenerative medicine, based on stem cell science and tissue engineering technology, is considered as an ideal alternative strategy for bone regeneration. In this paper, we review the current choices of cell source and strategies on directing the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. The preclinical animal models for bone regeneration and the key translational points to clinical success in oral and maxillofacial region are also discussed. We propose comprehensive strategies based on stem cell and tissue engineering researches, allowing for clinical application in oral and maxillofacial region.
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93
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Hasebe A, Tashima H, Ide T, Iijima M, Yoshimoto N, Ting K, Kuroda S, Niimi T. Efficient Production and Characterization of Recombinant Human NELL1 Protein in Human Embryonic Kidney 293-F Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 51:58-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-011-9440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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94
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NELL-1 binds to APR3 affecting human osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2410-8. [PMID: 21723284 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nel-like protein 1 (NELL-1) is an osteoinductive molecule associated with premature calvarial suture closure. Here we identified apoptosis related protein 3 (APR3), a membrane protein known as a proliferation suppressor, as a binding protein of NELL-1 by biopanning. NELL-1 and APR3 colocalized on the nuclear envelope of human osteoblasts. NELL-1 significantly inhibited proliferation of osteoblasts co-transfected with APR3 through further down-regulation of Cyclin D1. The co-expression of NELL-1 and APR3 enhanced Ocn and Bsp expression and mineralization. RNAi of APR3 significantly reduced the differentiation effect of NELL-1. These findings suggest that the effects of NELL-1 on osteoblastic differentiation and proliferation are partly through binding to APR3.
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95
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Siu RK, Lu SS, Li W, Whang J, McNeill G, Zhang X, Wu BM, Turner AS, Seim HB, Hoang P, Wang JC, Gertzman AA, Ting K, Soo C. Nell-1 protein promotes bone formation in a sheep spinal fusion model. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1123-35. [PMID: 21128865 PMCID: PMC3063712 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are widely used as bone graft substitutes in spinal fusion, but are associated with numerous adverse effects. The growth factor Nel-like molecule-1 (Nell-1) is mechanistically distinct from BMPs and can minimize complications associated with BMP therapies. This study evaluates the efficacy of Nell-1 combined with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) as a novel bone graft material for interbody spine fusion using sheep, a phylogenetically advanced animal with biomechanical similarities to human spine. Nell-1+sheep DBM or Nell-1+heat-inactivated DBM (inDBM) (to determine the osteogenic effect of residual growth factors in DBM) were implanted in surgical sites as follows: (1) DBM only (control) (n=8); (2) DBM+0.3 mg/mL Nell-1 (n=8); (3) DBM+0.6 mg/mL Nell-1 (n=8); (4) inDBM only (control) (n=4); (5) inDBM+0.3 mg/mL Nell-1 (n=4); (6) inDBM+0.6 mg/mL Nell-1 (n=4). Fusion was assessed by computed tomography, microcomputed tomography, and histology. One hundred percent fusion was achieved by 3 months in the DBM+0.6 mg/mL Nell-1 group and by 4 months in the inDBM+0.6 mg/mL Nell-1 group; bone volume and mineral density were increased by 58% and 47%, respectively. These fusion rates are comparable to published reports on BMP-2 or autograft bone efficacy in sheep. Nell-1 is an independently potent osteogenic molecule that is efficacious and easily applied when combined with DBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald K. Siu
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven S. Lu
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Neonatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Weiming Li
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Clinical Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Julie Whang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gabriel McNeill
- Group in Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Benjamin M. Wu
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - A. Simon Turner
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Howard B. Seim
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Paul Hoang
- Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeffrey C. Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Kang Ting
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chia Soo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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