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Cirelli T, Finoti LS, Corbi SCT, Anovazzi G, Nepomuceno R, Orrico SRP, Cirelli JA, Mayer MPA, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Absolute quantification of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in patients carrying haplotypes associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis: multifaceted evaluation with periodontitis covariants. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:4056145. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thamiris Cirelli
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Livia S. Finoti
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Sâmia C. T. Corbi
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana Anovazzi
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nepomuceno
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana R. P. Orrico
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Joni A. Cirelli
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia P. A. Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel M. Scarel-Caminaga
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Polymorphisms and Nitric Oxide Levels in Individuals with Chronic Periodontitis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061128. [PMID: 28617311 PMCID: PMC5485952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether the -1026(A>C)(rs2779249) and +2087(A>G)(2297518) polymorphisms in the NOS2 gene were associated with chronic periodontitis (CP) and with salivary levels of nitrite (NO₂-) and/or nitrate + nitrite (NOx). A group of 113 mixed-race patients were subjected to periodontal, genetic, and biochemical evaluations (65 CP/48 periodontally healthy subjects). DNA was extracted from oral epithelial cells and used for genotyping by polymerase chain reaction (real-time). Salivary NOx concentrations were determined using an ozone-based chemiluminescence assay. Association of CP with alleles and genotypes of the -1026(A>C) polymorphism was found (X² test, p = 0.0075; 0.0308), but this was not maintained after multiple logistic regression, performed to estimate the effect of covariates and polymorphisms in CP. This analysis demonstrated, after correction for multiple comparisons, that only the female gender was significantly associated with CP. Polymorphisms analyzed as haplotypes were not associated with CP. NOx levels were significantly higher in the control group of heterozygous individuals for both polymorphisms. In conclusion, the female gender was significantly associated with CP, and higher levels of salivary NOx were found in control subjects and associated with the heterozygous state of the NOS2 polymorphisms, reinforcing the potential of NO metabolites as markers of periodontitis status.
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Shi Q, Cai C, Xu J, Liu J, Liu H, Huo N. Is there an association between IFN-γ +874A/T polymorphism and periodontitis susceptibility?: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7288. [PMID: 28640144 PMCID: PMC5484252 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a key proinflammatory cytokine which plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of periodontitis. The single nucleotide polymorphism of +874A/T in human IFN-γ gene can influence the secretion of IFN-γ and affect periodontitis susceptibility. However, the findings of published studies are inconsistent. Therefore, the goal of this meta-analysis is to investigate whether there is an association between IFN-γ +874A/T polymorphism and periodontitis susceptibility. METHODS PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched for eligible clinical studies. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of each study were pooled to estimate the strength of association between +874A/T and periodontitis. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore whether particular characteristics of studies were related to the overall results. RESULTS Seven studies and a total of 1252 periodontitis patients and 1622 periodontitis-free control subjects were included. No difference was observed in genotype distribution and allele frequency between periodontitis patients and control (T vs A: OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.90-1.13, P = .878; TT vs AA: OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.87-1.32, P = .537; AT vs AA: OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.81-1.23, P = .996; TT+AT vs AA: OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.84-1.19, P = .990; TT vs AA+AT: OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.86-1.23, P = .733). Besides, the subgroup analysis based on ethnicity, type of periodontitis, and smoking status failed to identify significant differences in each model, either. CONCLUSIONS The results of this meta-analysis suggest that IFN-γ +874 A/T polymorphism may not contribute to periodontitis susceptibility. High quality and well-designed studies which combine genetic and other environmental risk factors are needed to validate this conclusion in the future.
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Zhongchao W, Liyuan F, Dan T, Cong Z, Shijun L. [Therapeutic effect of enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 inhibitor GSK343 on periodontitis by regulating macrophage differentiation]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2017; 35:264-268. [PMID: 28675010 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the therapeutic effect of enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) inhibitor GSK343 on periodontitis by regulating microphage differentiation. METHODS Macrophage RAW264.7 cells were divided into the blank (A group), control (B group), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation (C group), and LPS+GSK343 (D group) groups. Phenotype transformations was determined through Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay by detecting the differentiation of phenotypic biological markers, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and Arginase-1 (Arg-1). Metergasis was identified by performing a phagocytosis test on Escherichia coli (E. coli). RESULTS Macrophage RAW264.7 cells produced classical phenotypic biomarkers (M1) TNF-α and iNOS under LPS stimulation. The expression levels of IL-10 and Arg-1 increased after adding GSK343 into the culture medium. GSK343 also induced the conversion of M1 macrophages into M2 macrophages. Macrophage RAW264.7 cells exerted a phagocytic effect on E. coli, and this effect was enhanced after adding LPS into the culture medium. GSK343 regulated the macrophage RAW264.7 phagocytosis of E. coli. CONCLUSIONS GSK343 possibly participates in the regulation of macrophage differentiation and, consequently, in the latent treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhongchao
- Orofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;Dept. of Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Fan Liyuan
- Orofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;Dept. of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Tan Dan
- Orofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;Dept. of Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Zhou Cong
- Orofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;Dept. of Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Luo Shijun
- Orofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;Dept. of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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Sojod B, Chateau D, Mueller CG, Babajko S, Berdal A, Lézot F, Castaneda B. RANK/RANKL/OPG Signalization Implication in Periodontitis: New Evidence from a RANK Transgenic Mouse Model. Front Physiol 2017; 8:338. [PMID: 28596739 PMCID: PMC5442248 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is based on a complex inflammatory over-response combined with possible genetic predisposition factors. The RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway is implicated in bone resorption through its key function in osteoclast differentiation and activation, as well as in the inflammatory response. This central element of osteo-immunology has been suggested to be perturbed in several diseases, including periodontitis, as it is a predisposing factor for this disease. The aim of the present study was to validate this hypothesis using a transgenic mouse line, which over-expresses RANK (RTg) and develops a periodontitis-like phenotype at 5 months of age. RTg mice exhibited severe alveolar bone loss, an increased number of TRAP positive cells, and disorganization of periodontal ligaments. This phenotype was more pronounced in females. We also observed dental root resorption lacunas. Hyperplasia of the gingival epithelium, including Malassez epithelial rests, was visible as early as 25 days, preceding any other symptoms. These results demonstrate that perturbations of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system constitute a core element of periodontitis, and more globally, osteo-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra Sojod
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersParis, France
| | - Danielle Chateau
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Intestine: Nutrition, Barrier, and Diseases Group, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersParis, France
| | - Christopher G Mueller
- Laboratoire Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR-9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Babajko
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersParis, France
| | - Ariane Berdal
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersParis, France
| | - Frédéric Lézot
- INSERM, UMR-957, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Université de NantesNantes, France
| | - Beatriz Castaneda
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersParis, France.,Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of AntioquiaMedellin, Colombia
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Tarannum F, Faizuddin M. Effect of Alox-15 Polymorphism on GCF Levels of Lipoxin-A4 in Chronic Periodontitis: A Preliminary Study. Braz Dent J 2017; 28:140-147. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201701094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxins play an important role in periodontal resolution, hence, investigation of genetic polymorphism of lipoxin gene may provide important information on the role of lipoxins in periodontal disease pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate a polymorphism of C-to-T substitution at position c.-292 in ALOX15 (reticulocyte-type 15 lipoxygenase 1) gene in patients with chronic periodontitis and to associate the polymorphism with gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) lipoxin A4 (LXA4) levels. Forty-five chronic periodontitis and 45 periodontally healthy patients were included in this case-control study. Plaque index, calculus index, sulcus bleeding index, full mouth probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded. GCF and blood samples were collected. GCF was analyzed for LXA4 levels by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay. Genotyping of ALOX15 polymorphism was studied using PCR. Mean LXA4 was lower in periodontitis group compared to the periodontally healthy group. There was a negative correlation between CAL and LXA4. The CC genotype was higher in the study group than in the control group. In the study group, mean CAL was significantly lower among individuals with the CT genotype. Mean LXA4 was significantly lower in CC genotype (45.0±7.11 ng/mL) compared to CT genotype (50.81±5.81 ng/mL) among the patients with periodontitis. The results suggest that LXA4 and c.-292T allele are associated with periodontal health. Polymorphisms in the ALOX15 gene may influence periodontal disease pathogenesis. Hence, investigation of such polymorphisms could benefit the evaluation of lipoxins role in periodontal disease.
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Anovazzi G, Medeiros MC, Pigossi SC, Finoti LS, Souza Moreira TM, Mayer MPA, Zanelli CF, Valentini SR, Rossa-Junior C, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Functionality and opposite roles of two interleukin 4 haplotypes in immune cells. Genes Immun 2017; 18:33-41. [PMID: 28053321 PMCID: PMC5303765 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines expression can be influenced by polymorphisms in their respective coding genes. We associated the CTI/TTD haplotype (Hap-1) and TCI/CCI haplotype (Hap-2) in the IL4 gene formed by the -590, +33 and variable number of tandem repeat polymorphisms with the severity of chronic periodontitis in humans. The functionality of these IL4 haplotypes in the response of immune cells to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) with Ionomycin and IL-1β (as inflammatory stimuli) was evaluated. Gene expression (quantitative real-time PCR), profile of secreted cytokines (multiplex) and phenotypic polarization of T cells (flow cytometry) were the outcomes assessed. Green fluorescent protein reporter plasmid constructs containing specific IL4 haplotype were transiently transfected into JM cells to assess the influence of the individual haplotypes on promoter activity. In response to inflammatory stimuli the immune cells from Hap-1 haplotype had increased expression of anti-inflammatory IL4; conversely, the Hap-2 haplotype showed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The haplotype CTI proved to be the most important for the regulation of IL4 promoter, regardless of the nature of the inflammatory stimulation; whereas the polymorphism in the promoter region had the least functional effect. In conclusion, IL4 haplotypes studied are functional and trigger opposite immune responses: anti-inflammatory (Hap-1) and pro-inflammatory (Hap-2). In addition, we identified the CTI haplotype as the main responsible for the regulation of IL4 transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Anovazzi
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C Medeiros
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S C Pigossi
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L S Finoti
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T M Souza Moreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M P A Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C F Zanelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S R Valentini
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Rossa-Junior
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R M Scarel-Caminaga
- Department of Morphology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lerner UH. Inflammation-induced Bone Remodeling in Periodontal Disease and the Influence of Post-menopausal Osteoporosis. J Dent Res 2016; 85:596-607. [PMID: 16798858 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608500704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During physiological conditions, the skeleton is remodeled in so-called bone multi-cellular units. Such units have been estimated to exist at 1–2 x 106 sites in the adult skeleton. The number and activities of these units are regulated by a variety of hormones and cytokines. In post-menopausal osteoporosis, lack of estrogen leads to increased numbers of bone multi-cellular units and to uncoupling of bone formation and bone resorption, resulting in too little bone laid down by osteoblasts compared with the amount of bone resorbed by osteoclasts. Inflammatory processes in the vicinity of the skeleton, e.g., marginal and apical periodontitis, will affect the remodeling of the nearby bone tissue in such a way that, in most patients, the amount of bone resorbed exceeds that being formed, resulting in net bone loss (inflammation-induced osteolysis). In some patients, however, inflammation-induced bone formation exceeds resorption, and a sclerotic lesion will develop. The cellular and molecular pathogenetic mechanisms in inflammation-induced osteolysis and sclerosis are discussed in the present review. The cytokines believed to be involved in inflammation-induced remodeling are very similar to those suggested to play crucial roles in post-menopausal osteoporosis. In patients with periodontal disease and concomitant post-menopausal osteoporosis, the possibility exists that the lack of estrogen influences the activities of bone cells and immune cells in such a way that the progression of alveolar bone loss will be enhanced. In the present paper, the evidence for and against this hypothesis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- U H Lerner
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden.
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Abariga SA, Whitcomb BW. Periodontitis and gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16:344. [PMID: 27825315 PMCID: PMC5101727 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-1145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose intolerance with first onset during pregnancy and is associated with serious maternal and fetal complications. The etiology of GDM is not well understood, but systemic inflammation effects on insulin signaling and glucose metabolism is suspected. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that induces local and host immune responses and has been evaluated for a potential role in development of GDM. Results from studies evaluating the association between periodontitis and GDM are mixed. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize available data regarding the association between periodontitis and GDM. METHODS Twelve electronic databases were searched for observational studies of the association between periodontitis and GDM through March 2016. Eligible studies were assessed for quality and heterogeneity. Random effects models were used to estimate summary measures of association. RESULTS We identified 44 articles from 115 potentially relevant reports of which 10 studies met our eligibility criteria. Clinical diagnostic criteria for periodontitis and GDM varied widely among studies, and moderate heterogeneity was observed. Random effects meta-analysis of all included studies with a total of 5724 participants including 624 cases, showed that periodontitis is associated with an increased risk of GDM by 66 %, (OR = 1.66, 95 % CI: 1.17 to 2.36; p < 0.05), I2 = 50.5 %. Similar results were seen in sub-analysis restricted to data from methodologically high quality case-control studies including 1176 participants including 380 cases, (OR = 1.85, 95 % CI: 1.03 to 3.32); p < 0.05), I2 = 68.4 %. Meta-analysis of studies that adjusted for potential confounders estimated more than 2-fold increased odds of GDM among women with periodontitis (aOR = 2.08, 95 % CI: 1.21 to 3.58, p = 0.009, I2 = 36.9 %). CONCLUSION Meta-analysis suggests that periodontitis is associated with a statistically significant increased risk for GDM compared to women without periodontitis. Robust prospective study designs and uniform definition for periodontitis and GDM definitions are urgently needed to substantiate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Abariga
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 415 Arnold House, 715 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Brian W Whitcomb
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 415 Arnold House, 715 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Babo PS, Klymov A, teRiet J, Reis RL, Jansen JA, Gomes ME, Walboomers XF. A Radially Organized Multipatterned Device as a Diagnostic Tool for the Screening of Topographies in Tissue Engineering Biomaterials. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:914-22. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro S. Babo
- 3B's Research Group (Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics), University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Alexey Klymov
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost teRiet
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group (Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics), University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - John A. Jansen
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Manuela E. Gomes
- 3B's Research Group (Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics), University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - X. Frank Walboomers
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Investigation of the functional role of human Interleukin-8 gene haplotypes by CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31180. [PMID: 27499075 PMCID: PMC4976357 DOI: 10.1038/srep31180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene polymorphisms have been considered as susceptibility factors in periodontal disease. However, the functional roles of IL-8 gene haplotypes have not been investigated. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to engineer the IL-8 gene, and tested the functionality of different haplotypes. Two sgRNAs vectors targeting the IL-8 gene and the naked homologous repair DNA carrying different haplotypes were used to successfully generate HEK293T cells carrying the AT genotype at the first SNP - rs4073 (alias -251), TT genotype at the second SNP - rs2227307 (alias +396), TC or CC genotypes at the third SNP - rs2227306 (alias +781) at the IL-8 locus. When stimulated with Poly I:C, ATC/TTC haplotype, cells significantly up-regulated the IL-8 at both transcriptional and translational levels. To test whether ATC/TTC haplotype is functional, we used a trans-well assay to measure the transmigration of primary neutrophils incubated with supernatants from the Poly I:C stimulation experiment. ATC/TTC haplotype cells significantly increased transmigration of neutrophils confirming the functional role for this IL-8 haplotype. Taken together, our data provides evidence that carriage of the ATC/TTC haplotype in itself may increase the influx of neutrophils in inflammatory lesions and influence disease susceptibility.
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Özan Ü, Ocak Z, Özan F, Oktay EA, Toptaş O, Şahman H, Yikilgan I, Oruçoğlu H, Er K. Association of Toll-like receptors 2, 3, and 4 genes polymorphisms with periapical pathosis risk. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2016; 21:e408-12. [PMID: 27031066 PMCID: PMC4920452 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.21081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the role of gene variations of Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2, 3, and 4 on genetic susceptibility to periapical pathosis. Material and Methods One hundred patients were included in the study and divided into two groups as follows; Control Group (n=50) that have root canal treatment and no periapical lesion, Patient Group (n=50) that have root canal treatment and periapical lesion. TLR2 Arg753Gln, TLR3 (c.1377C/T) and TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms were genotyped by using PCR-RFLP. Genotypical analysis of control and patient groups were investigated to disclose whether there is any association between periapical lesions and gene variations. Results There are no significant statistical differences between control and patient groups according to TLR 2 and 4 gene sequence. On the contrary, CC allele detected 74% for TLR 3 in patient group, and this difference was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.005). Conclusions According to these results, it can be suggested that patients with Toll-like receptor 3 gene polymorphisms could be susceptible to periapical pathosis. Key words:Toll-like receptors, periapical pathosis, endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ü Özan
- Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Bolu, TURKEY,
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Turkoglu O, Emingil G, Eren G, Atmaca H, Kutukculer N, Atilla G. Gingival crevicular fluid and serum hCAP18/LL-37 levels in generalized aggressive periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:763-769. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Association between Polymorphisms in Interleukins 4 and 13 Genes and Chronic Periodontitis in a Han Chinese Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8389020. [PMID: 27195298 PMCID: PMC4852399 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8389020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis (CP) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases and cytokines play a pivotal role in the regulation of immune response. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) are anti-inflammatory cytokines and several polymorphisms of them have been proved involved in periodontal disease. This study aimed to evaluate whether three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs2070874 and rs2243248 from IL4 and rs1800925 from IL13, are associated with CP in a Han Chinese population consisting of 440 moderate or severe CP patients and 324 healthy controls. Genomic DNA extracted from buccal epithelial cells of the included participants were genotyped using a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry method. No significant association between rs2070874 or rs1800925 and CP was found, while the frequencies of rs2243248 and two haplotypes C-G-T and C-T-T showed significant differences between the two groups. The results suggest that the polymorphism rs2243248 and haplotypes C-G-T and C-T-T may be associated with CP susceptibility in the present Han Chinese population.
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65
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Immune and regulatory functions of neutrophils in inflammatory bone loss. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:146-58. [PMID: 26936034 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although historically viewed as merely anti-microbial effectors in acute infection or injury, neutrophils are now appreciated to be functionally versatile with critical roles also in chronic inflammation. Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease that destroys the tooth-supporting gums and bone, is particularly affected by alterations in neutrophil numbers or function, as revealed by observations in monogenic disorders and relevant mouse models. Besides being a significant debilitating disease and health burden in its own right, periodontitis is thus an attractive model to dissect uncharted neutrophil-associated (patho)physiological pathways. Here, we summarize recent evidence that neutrophils can contribute to inflammatory bone loss not only through the typical bystander injury dogma but intriguingly also through their absence from the affected tissue, where they normally perform important immunomodulatory functions. Moreover, we discuss recent advances in the interactions of neutrophils with the vascular endothelium and - upon extravasation - with bacteria, and how the dysregulation of these interactions leads to inflammatory tissue damage. Overall, neutrophils have both protective and destructive roles in periodontitis, as they are involved in both the maintenance of periodontal tissue homeostasis and the induction of inflammatory bone loss. This highlights the importance of developing approaches that promote or sustain a fine balance between homeostatic immunity and inflammatory pathology.
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66
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Cavalla F, Biguetti CC, Colavite PM, Silveira EV, Martins W, Letra A, Trombone APF, Silva RM, Garlet GP. TBX21-1993T/C (rs4794067) polymorphism is associated with increased risk of chronic periodontitis and increased T-bet expression in periodontal lesions, but does not significantly impact the IFN-g transcriptional level or the pattern of periodontophatic bacterial infection. Virulence 2016; 6:293-304. [PMID: 25832120 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1029828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Th1-polarized host response, mediated by IFN-γ, has been associated with increased severity of periodontal disease as well as control of periodontal infection. The functional polymorphism TBX21-1993T/C (rs4794067) increases the transcriptional activity of the TBX21 gene (essential for Th1 polarization) resulting in a predisposition to a Th-1 biased immune response. Thus, we conducted a case-control study, including a population of healthy controls (H, n = 218), chronic periodontitis (CP, n = 197), and chronic gingivitis patients (CG, n = 193), to investigate if genetic variations in TBX21 could impact the development of Th1 responses, and consequently influence the pattern of bacterial infection and periodontitis outcome. We observed that the polymorphic allele T was significantly enriched in the CP patients compared to CG subjects, while the H controls demonstrated and intermediate genotype. Also, investigating the putative functionality TBX21-1993T/C in the modulation of local response, we observed that the transcripts levels of T-bet, but not of IFN-γ, were upregulated in homozygote and heterozygote polymorphic subjects. In addition, TBX21-1993T/C did not influence the pattern of bacterial infection or the clinical parameters of disease severity, being the presence/absence of red complex bacteria the main factor associated with the disease status and the subrogate variable probing depth (PD) in the logistic regression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cavalla
- a Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru Universidade de São Paulo (FOB/USP) ; Bauru , Brazil
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67
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Marques CPC, Maor Y, de Andrade MS, Rodrigues VP, Benatti BB. Possible evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus and periodontal disease association mediated by Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:187-92. [PMID: 26386242 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) participate in the innate immune response and trigger the immune responses of the body. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology, characterized by an excessive autoimmune response in the body affecting the connective tissues. The disease is possibly triggered by both environmental aetiological factors and pathological organic processes such as exposure to sunlight, chronic infectious processes and genetic factors. Conversely, periodontal disease is an infectious disease caused by microorganisms in the oral cavity, resulting in a chronic inflammatory process which continuously stimulates the immune response, thus causing damage to the periodontal tissues. The expression of both TLR-2 and TLR-4 receptors are increased in both SLE and periodontal disease. Periodontitis might trigger excessive activation of immune response occurring in SLE by maintaining a high expression of TLRs, leading in turn to the acceleration of the onset and progression of autoimmune reactions. In addition, periodontal treatment is able to reduce the expression of these receptors and therefore the symptoms of SLE. Here we discuss the possible interaction between SLE and periodontitis, and suggest further studies evaluating common features in both factors that could explored, due to morbidity and mortality of SLE and the high incidence of periodontal infections around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P C Marques
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Y Maor
- Division of Public Health, The Hebrew University Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - M S de Andrade
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - V P Rodrigues
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - B B Benatti
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
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Hajishengallis G, Moutsopoulos NM. Role of bacteria in leukocyte adhesion deficiency-associated periodontitis. Microb Pathog 2015; 94:21-6. [PMID: 26375893 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency Type I (LAD-I)-associated periodontitis is an aggressive form of inflammatory bone loss that has been historically attributed to lack of neutrophil surveillance of the periodontal infection. However, this form of periodontitis has proven unresponsive to antibiotics and/or mechanical removal of the tooth-associated biofilm. Recent studies in LAD-I patients and relevant animal models have shown that the fundamental cause of LAD-I periodontitis involves dysregulation of a granulopoietic cytokine cascade. This cascade includes interleukin IL-23 (IL-23) and IL-17 that drive inflammatory bone loss in LAD-I patients and animal models and, moreover, foster a nutritionally favorable environment for bacterial growth and development of a compositionally unique microbiome. Although the lack of neutrophil surveillance in the periodontal pockets might be expected to lead to uncontrolled bacterial invasion of the underlying connective tissue, microbiological analyses of gingival biopsies from LAD-I patients did not reveal tissue-invasive infection. However, bacterial lipopolysaccharide was shown to translocate into the lesions of LAD-I periodontitis. It is concluded that the bacteria serve as initial triggers for local immunopathology through translocation of bacterial products into the underlying tissues where they unleash the dysregulated IL-23-IL-17 axis. Subsequently, the IL-23/IL-17 inflammatory response sustains and shapes a unique local microbiome which, in turn, can further exacerbate inflammation and bone loss in the susceptible host.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Penn Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Niki M Moutsopoulos
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Maney P, Owens JL. Interleukin polymorphisms in aggressive periodontitis: A literature review. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2015; 19:131-41. [PMID: 26015661 PMCID: PMC4439620 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.145787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive periodontitis (AgP), occurs in a younger age group (≤35 years) and is associated with the rapid destruction of periodontal attachment and supporting bone. Genetic polymorphisms are allelic variants that occur in at least 1% of the population that could potentially alter the function of the proteins that they encode. Interleukins are a group of cytokines that have complex immunological functions including proliferation, migration, growth and differentiation of cells and play a key role in the immunopathogenesis of periodontal disease. The aim of this review was to summarize the findings of studies that reported associations or potential associations of polymorphisms in the interleukin family of cytokines, specifically with AgP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Maney
- Department of Periodontics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jessica Leigh Owens
- Department of Periodontics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Gonzalez OA, Orraca L, Kensler TB, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Maldonado E, Ebersole JL. Familial periodontal disease in the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques. Am J Primatol 2015; 78:143-51. [PMID: 25708960 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Substantial ongoing research continues to explore the contribution of genetics and environment to the onset, extent and severity of periodontal disease(s). Existing evidence supports that periodontal disease appears to have an increased prevalence in family units with a member having aggressive periodontitis. We have been using the nonhuman primate as a model of periodontal disease for over 25 years with these species demonstrating naturally occurring periodontal disease that increases with age. This report details our findings from evaluation of periodontal disease in skulls from 97 animals (5-31 years of age) derived from the skeletons of the rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago. Periodontal disease was evaluated by determining the distance from the base of the alveolar bone defect to the cemento-enamel junction on 1st/2nd premolars and 1st/2nd molars from all four quadrants. The results demonstrated an increasing extent and severity of periodontitis with aging across the population of animals beyond only compensatory eruption. Importantly, irrespective of age, extensive heterogeneity in disease expression was observed among the animals. Linking these variations to multi-generational matriarchal family units supported familial susceptibility of periodontitis. As the current generations of animals that are descendants from these matrilines are alive, studies can be conducted to explore an array of underlying factors that could account for susceptibility or resistance to periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Luis Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Terry B Kensler
- Laboratory of Primate Morphology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Elizabeth Maldonado
- Laboratory of Primate Morphology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Hiyari S, Atti E, Camargo PM, Eskin E, Lusis AJ, Tetradis S, Pirih FQ. Heritability of periodontal bone loss in mice. J Periodontal Res 2015; 50:730-6. [PMID: 25581386 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissues that compromises tooth support and can lead to tooth loss. Although bacterial biofilm is central in disease pathogenesis, the host response plays an important role in the progression and severity of periodontitis. Indeed, clinical genetic studies indicate that periodontitis is 50% heritable. In this study, we hypothesized that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections lead to a strain-dependent periodontal bone loss pattern. MATERIAL AND METHODS We utilized five inbred mouse strains that derive the recombinant strains of the hybrid mouse diversity panel. Mice received Porphyromonas gingivalis-LPS injections for 6 wk. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Micro-computed tomography analysis demonstrated a statistically significant strain-dependent bone loss. The most susceptible strain, C57BL/6J, had a fivefold higher LPS-induced bone loss compared to the most resistant strain, A/J. More importantly, periodontal bone loss revealed 49% heritability, which closely mimics periodontitis heritability for patients. To evaluate further the functional differences that underlie periodontal bone loss, osteoclast numbers of C57BL/6J and A/J mice were measured in vivo and in vitro. In vitro analysis of osteoclastogenic potential showed a higher number of osteoclasts in C57BL/6J compared to A/J mice. In vivo LPS injections statistically significantly increased osteoclast numbers in both groups. Importantly, the number of osteoclasts was higher in C57BL/6J vs. A/J mice. These data support a significant role of the genetic framework in LPS-induced periodontal bone loss and the feasibility of utilizing the hybrid mouse diversity panel to determine the genetic factors that affect periodontal bone loss. Expanding these studies will contribute in predicting patients genetically predisposed to periodontitis and in identifying the biological basis of disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hiyari
- School of Dentistry, Section of Periodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E Atti
- School of Dentistry, Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P M Camargo
- School of Dentistry, Section of Periodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E Eskin
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A J Lusis
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Tetradis
- School of Dentistry, Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - F Q Pirih
- School of Dentistry, Section of Periodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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72
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Shivaprasad BM, Pradeep AR. Correlation of the interleukin-29 levels in crevicular fluid and plasma with the genetic polymorphism in chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:37-44. [PMID: 25255471 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on the Interleukin (IL-29) quantity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and plasma of chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients. DESIGN Patients with periodontal health (n=30), chronic generalized periodontitis (n=30) and generalized aggressive periodontitis (n=30) were subjected to IL-29 quantity estimation in GCF and plasma using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and was correlated with IL-29 SNP (rs30461) using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS IL-29 concentration in GCF and plasma was highest in aggressive periodontitis patients (114.17 ± 95.07pg/ml and 149.69 ± 109.90pg/ml respectively). The least concentration was found in subjects with healthy periodontium (47.50 ± 37.75pg/ml and 54.52 ± 37.53pg/ml) and in chronic periodontitis it was found to be 65.01 ± 41.26pg/ml and 81.17 ± 46.23pg/ml. The difference in the quantity of IL-29 in GCF and plasma among different groups was statistically significant (p<0.001 and p<0.001 respectively). rs30461 polymorphism of IL-29 analysis revealed that difference in the prevalence of A/A, A/G and G/G genotype among three groups was not statistically significant (p=0.097). CONCLUSION Increased quantity of IL-29 in GCF and plasma of subjects with periodontitis suggests a role in pathogenesis of periodontitis and the SNP (rs30461) is not related to susceptibility to periodontitis in this population of Indian individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Shivaprasad
- Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Periodontology, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India; Reader, Department of Periodontology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, India.
| | - A R Pradeep
- Professor and Head, Department of Periodontology, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India.
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73
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Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T, Hajishengallis E, Lambris JD. Neutrophil homeostasis and inflammation: novel paradigms from studying periodontitis. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 98:539-48. [PMID: 25548253 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3vmr1014-468r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Once viewed as simply antibacterial effector cells packed with antimicrobials, neutrophils are now increasingly appreciated for their regulatory roles in immunity and inflammation. The homeostatic regulation of neutrophils is thus crucial for optimal operation of the immune system. An attractive model to understand mechanistically the role of neutrophils is periodontitis, an oral inflammatory disease that is particularly sensitive to neutrophil alterations in numbers or function. The recruitment and proper activation of neutrophils are largely dependent on leukocyte integrins and complement. This review discusses how these processes are affected by host genetic or microbial factors leading to the development of periodontitis. For instance, both hypo- and hyper-recruitment of neutrophils as a result of deficiencies in the expression of β2 integrins or their negative regulators, respectively, causes unwarranted IL-17-dependent inflammatory bone loss. Moreover, microbial hijacking of C5aR (CD88) signaling in neutrophils impairs their antimicrobial function while promoting destructive inflammatory responses. These studies not only support the concept that neutrophil homeostasis is key to periodontal health but also reveal promising, new therapeutic targets as discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Departments of *Microbiology and Preventive and Restorative Sciences, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Penn Dental Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Departments of *Microbiology and Preventive and Restorative Sciences, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Penn Dental Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Evlambia Hajishengallis
- Departments of *Microbiology and Preventive and Restorative Sciences, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Penn Dental Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - John D Lambris
- Departments of *Microbiology and Preventive and Restorative Sciences, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Penn Dental Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Dresden, Germany
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Guo X, Wang Y, Wang C, Chen J. Identification of several hub-genes associated with periodontitis using integrated microarray analysis. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2541-7. [PMID: 25483140 PMCID: PMC4337736 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify differentially expressed genes and biological processes associated with periodontitis. In this study, the most significant 200 differentially expressed genes associated with periodontitis were identified using integrated analysis of multiple microarray data in combination with screening for genome-wide relative significance and genome-wide global significance. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and pathway analysis were performed using the GO website and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed based on the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins. The top 200 differentially expressed genes were found to be highly associated with periodontitis. GO enrichment analyses revealed that the identified genes were significantly enriched in terms of response to organic substance, response to wounding and cell migration. The most common term of the KEGG pathway was cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. PPI network analysis indicated that interleukin (IL)8, IL1β, vascular endothelial growth factor A, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, PTGS2 and CXCL10 were hub genes, which formed numerous interactions with several genes. In conclusion, the present study identified numerous genes that were differentially expressed in periodontitis, as well as determined the biological pathways and PPI network associated with those genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yiling Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Sterilization and Supply Center, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Polymorphisms in Glutathione S-Transferase M1, T1, and P1 in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:135368. [PMID: 27350970 PMCID: PMC4897437 DOI: 10.1155/2014/135368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background. Although the direct cause of chronic periodontitis is bacterial infection, the progression of this disease depends on genetic and environmental factors, and smoking is a known risk factor in the development and severity of the disease. An individual's susceptibility may be influenced by polymorphisms in the glutathione S-transferase genes. These genes encode enzymes that metabolize xenobiotic compounds. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms in Mexicans with chronic periodontitis. Methods. 60 Mexicans with chronic periodontitis (30 smokers and 30 nonsmokers) were studied. A peripheral blood sample was taken for subsequent DNA extraction. The genetic material was PCR-amplified followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism with the aim of identifying GST polymorphisms. Results. Polymorphisms in the GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes were not significantly different between the smokers and nonsmokers. However, there were significant differences (P = 0.05) between groups in polymorphisms in the GSTM1 gene. The patients with chronic periodontitis have a higher frequency of null and mutant polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 compared with historical data from a healthy Mexican population. Conclusions. The presence of these polymorphisms may be a risk factor for the development of chronic periodontitis.
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Seo JY, Park YJ, Yi YA, Hwang JY, Lee IB, Cho BH, Son HH, Seo DG. Epigenetics: general characteristics and implications for oral health. Restor Dent Endod 2014; 40:14-22. [PMID: 25671208 PMCID: PMC4320272 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2015.40.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic information such as DNA sequences has been limited to fully explain mechanisms of gene regulation and disease process. Epigenetic mechanisms, which include DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNAs, can regulate gene expression and affect progression of disease. Although studies focused on epigenetics are being actively investigated in the field of medicine and biology, epigenetics in dental research is at the early stages. However, studies on epigenetics in dentistry deserve attention because epigenetic mechanisms play important roles in gene expression during tooth development and may affect oral diseases. In addition, understanding of epigenetic alteration is important for developing new therapeutic methods. This review article aims to outline the general features of epigenetic mechanisms and describe its future implications in the field of dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Seo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Jung Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Ah Yi
- Department of Dentistry, Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Hwang
- Nutrition Education Major, Graduate School of Education, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Bog Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong-Hoon Cho
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Hyun Son
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deog-Gyu Seo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
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The effect of IL-4 gene polymorphisms on cytokine production in patients with chronic periodontitis and in healthy controls. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:185757. [PMID: 25530681 PMCID: PMC4229963 DOI: 10.1155/2014/185757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis (CP) is an inflammatory disease of the teeth-supporting tissues in which genetic predisposition, dental plaque bacteria, and immune mechanisms all play important roles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of IL-4 gene polymorphisms in chronic periodontitis and to investigate the association between polymorphisms and cytokines production after bacterial stimulation. Sixty-two subjects (47 CP patients and 15 healthy controls) with detected two polymorphisms in the IL-4 gene (-590C/T and intron 3 VNTR) were examined. Production of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNFα, INFγ, and VEGF) was studied after in vitro stimulation of isolated peripheral blood by mitogens (Pokeweed mitogen, Concanavalin A), dental plaque bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia), and Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 70 by the Luminex multiplex cytokine analysis system. The results were correlated with IL-4 genotypes in patients with CP and healthy controls. The mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood of CP patients with selected IL-4 polymorphisms significantly altered the production of IFNγ, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-1α, TNFα, and IL-6 after stimulation by HSP 70 or selected bacteria (from P < 0.001 to P < 0.05). IL-4 gene polymorphisms may influence the function of mononuclear cells to produce not only interleukin-4 but also other cytokines, especially in patients with CP.
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Bastos JV, Côrtes MIS, Silva JFC, Goulart EMA, Colosimo EA, Gomez RS, Dutra WO. A study of the interleukin-1 gene cluster polymorphisms and inflammatory external root resorption in replanted permanent teeth. Int Endod J 2014; 48:878-87. [PMID: 25266756 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the interleukin-1 gene cluster (IL1) are associated with the occurrence and severity of inflammatory external root resorption (IERR) after replantation of avulsed permanent teeth. METHODOLOGY Indexes of IERR were radiographically assessed in 182 mature replanted permanent teeth from 146 patients at the onset of endodontic therapy. DNA was extracted from buccal mucosa cells and genotyped using TaqMan probes-based assays for the SNPs IL1A -889C/T (rs 180058), IL1B +3954C/T (rs1143634) and IL1RN +2018C/T (rs419598). Teeth were grouped into two categories: IERR absent to mild (indexes ≤ 4) and moderate to severe IERR (indexes > 4). Genetic variations in the IL1 gene cluster were tested for their effect on the occurrence and extension of IERR using the GEE model (generalized estimation equation). Patient's age at the moment of injury, timing of pulpectomy, extra-alveolar period and storage condition of the avulsed teeth was included as possible confounders. RESULTS No association was found between SNPs IL1A -889C/T, IL1B +3954C/T (rs1143634) and IL1RN +2018C/T (rs419598) and IERR indexes. Timing of pulpectomy (OR 3.5 IC 95% 2.0-6.2 P < 0.001) and patient's age at the moment of trauma (OR 0.29 IC 95% 0.12-0.67 P = 0.004) significantly affected the risk of developing severe IERR. CONCLUSIONS While timing of pulpectomy and patient's age at the moment of trauma were confirmed as important risk factors, SNPs within the IL1 gene cluster did not affect the susceptibility for IERR after replantation of permanent teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Bastos
- Dental Trauma Programme, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M I S Côrtes
- Dental Trauma Programme, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - J F C Silva
- Faculty of Health and Biological Sciences, Newton Paiva University Center, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - E M A Goulart
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - E A Colosimo
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - R S Gomez
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - W O Dutra
- Laboratory of Cell-cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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79
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Hajishengallis G. The inflammophilic character of the periodontitis-associated microbiota. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 29:248-57. [PMID: 24976068 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In periodontitis, dysbiotic microbial communities exhibit synergistic interactions for enhanced protection from host defenses, nutrient acquisition, and persistence in an inflammatory environment. This review discusses evidence that periodontitis-associated communities are 'inflammo-philic' (=loving or attracted to inflammation) in that they have evolved to not only endure inflammation but also to take advantage of it. In this regard, inflammation can drive the selection and enrichment of these pathogenic communities by providing a source of nutrients in the form of tissue breakdown products (e.g. degraded collagen peptides and heme-containing compounds). In contrast, those species that cannot benefit from the altered ecological conditions of the inflammatory environment, or for which host inflammation is detrimental, are likely to be outcompeted. Consistent with the concept that inflammation fosters the growth of dysbiotic microbial communities, the bacterial biomass of human periodontitis-associated biofilms was shown to increase with increasing periodontal inflammation. Conversely, anti-inflammatory treatments in animal models of periodontitis were shown to diminish the periodontal bacterial load, in addition to protecting from bone loss. The selective flourishing of inflammophilic bacteria can perpetuate inflammatory tissue destruction by setting off a 'vicious cycle' for disease progression, in which dysbiosis and inflammation reinforce each other. Therefore, the control of inflammation appears to be central to the treatment of periodontitis, as it is likely to control both dysbiosis and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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80
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Damrongrungruang T, Ogawa H, Hori-Matsumoto S, Minagawa K, Hanyu O, Sone H, Miyazaki H. Correlation between SNP genotypes and periodontitis in Japanese type II diabetic patients: a preliminary study. Odontology 2014; 103:233-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-014-0171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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81
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Zhang N, Xu Y, Zhang B, Zhang T, Yang H, Zhang B, Feng Z, Zhong D. Analysis of interleukin-8 gene variants reveals their relative importance as genetic susceptibility factors for chronic periodontitis in the Han population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104436. [PMID: 25101955 PMCID: PMC4125212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-8, an important chemokine that regulates the inflammatory response, plays an important role in periodontitis. Previous studies indicate that certain IL-8 gene polymorphisms are associated with periodontitis susceptibility in some populations. However, the literature is somewhat contradictory, and not all IL-8 polymorphisms have been examined, particularly in Han Chinese individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of every IL-8 SNP with chronic periodontitis in Han Chinese individuals. We analyzed 23 SNPs with minor allele frequency (MAF)≥0.01, which were selected from 219 SNPs in the NCBI dbSNP and preliminary HapMap data analyses from a cohort of 400 cases and 750 controls from genetically independent Han Chinese individuals. Single SNP, haplotype and gender-specific associations were performed. We found that rs4073 and rs2227307 were significantly associated with chronic periodontitis. Further haplotype analysis indicated that a haplotype block (rs4073-rs2227307-rs2227306) that spans the promoter and exon1 of IL-8 was highly associated with chronic periodontitis. Additionally, the ATC haplotype in this block was increased 1.5-fold in these cases. However, when analyzing the samples by gender, no significant gender-specific associations in IL-8 were observed, similar to the results of haplotype association analyses in female and male subgroups. Our results provide further evidence that IL-8 is associated with chronic periodontitis in Han Chinese individuals. Furthermore, our results confirm previous reports suggesting the intriguing possibilities that IL-8 plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis and that this gene may be involved in the etiology of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Dentistry, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuehong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianxiao Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Haojie Yang
- The Second Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Ministry of Health for Forensic Sciences, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zufei Feng
- Key Laboratory of National Ministry of Health for Forensic Sciences, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dexing Zhong
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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82
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Heidari Z. The Association Between Proinflammatory Gene Polymorphisms and Level of Gingival Tissue Degradation in Chronic Periodontitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.17795/gct-21898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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83
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Kulkarni C, Kinane DF. Host response in aggressive periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2014; 65:79-91. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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84
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Albandar JM. Aggressive periodontitis: case definition and diagnostic criteria. Periodontol 2000 2014; 65:13-26. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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85
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Vieira AR, Albandar JM. Role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of aggressive periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2014; 65:92-106. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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86
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Heidari Z, Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb H, Hashemi M, Rigi-Ladiz MA. Quantitative Analysis of Interdental Gingiva in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 29C/T Gene Polymorphisms. J Periodontol 2014; 85:281-9. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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87
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Cantore S, Mirgaldi R, Ballini A, Coscia MF, Scacco S, Papa F, Inchingolo F, Dipalma G, De Vito D. Cytokine gene polymorphisms associate with microbiogical agents in periodontal disease: our experience. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:674-9. [PMID: 24843315 PMCID: PMC4025165 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontics has evolved from a simplistic model to a more complex interplay between infection and host response. Genetic factors have been a new addition to the list of risk factors for periodontal diseases. The processes leading to destruction and regeneration of the destroyed tissues are of great interest to both researchers and clinicians. The selective susceptibility of subjects for periodontitis has remained an enigma and wide varieties of risk factors have been implicated for the manifestation and progression of periodontitis. Emerging pathway models suggest that gene-environment interactions are etiologically important in disease pathogenesis. The current practical utility of genetic knowledge in periodontitis is limited. Allelic variants at multiple gene loci probably influence periodontitis susceptibility. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key modulator of host responses to microbial infection and a major modulator of extracellular matrix catabolism and bone resorption, and polymorphisms in the IL-1 gene cluster have been associated with an increased risk of developing severe adult periodontitis. The aim of this study was to test if polymorphisms of genes of IL-1α(+4845) and IL-1β(+3954) were linked with periodontitis, in a case-control study population, delimited to a specific geographic area, in association with microbiological findings. The polymorphisms observed in IL-1α(+4845) and IL-1β(+3954) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), was significantly different among the study groups (healthy controls, mild, moderate and severe periodontitis with p<0.05, d.f.=1. We found a significant correlation between the severe form of periodontitis and the presence of composite genotype (p < 0.05, d.f.=1, calculated among healthy vs. severe). Furthermore a statistically significant association between the presence of bacteria and periodontitis was detected (p<0.05, d.f.=1). In the current investigation findings were concordant with literature observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cantore
- 1. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Mirgaldi
- 1. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballini
- 1. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Franca Coscia
- 1. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Scacco
- 1. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Papa
- 1. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- 2. Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- 2. Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Danila De Vito
- 1. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
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88
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Abstract
Genetic factors play an important etiologic role in destructive periodontal diseases. There have been reports that sex chromosomes, especially disorders associated with the X chromosome, affect periodontal health. Although numerous X-linked diseases have been reported to be associated with various periodontal diseases, the association of gingivitis and/or periodontitis with these genetic syndromes should be considered tenuous and raises the question of whether the periodontal manifestation truly arises from an underlying X-linked genetic etiology. A brief overview of genetics in relation to sex chromosomes and putative X-linked genetic periodontal diseases is given.
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89
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Reynolds MA. Modifiable risk factors in periodontitis: at the intersection of aging and disease. Periodontol 2000 2013; 64:7-19. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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90
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Michaud DS, Izard J, Wilhelm-Benartzi CS, You DH, Grote VA, Tjønneland A, Dahm CC, Overvad K, Jenab M, Fedirko V, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Racine A, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Foerster J, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Sacerdote C, Sieri S, Palli D, Tumino R, Panico S, Siersema PD, Peeters PHM, Lund E, Barricarte A, Huerta JM, Molina-Montes E, Dorronsoro M, Quirós JR, Duell EJ, Ye W, Sund M, Lindkvist B, Johansen D, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Travis RC, Vineis P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Riboli E. Plasma antibodies to oral bacteria and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large European prospective cohort study. Gut 2013; 62:1764-70. [PMID: 22990306 PMCID: PMC3815505 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine the relationship between antibodies to 25 oral bacteria and pancreatic cancer risk in a prospective cohort study. DESIGN We measured antibodies to oral bacteria in prediagnosis blood samples from 405 pancreatic cancer cases and 416 matched controls, nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Analyses were conducted using conditional logistic regression and additionally adjusted for smoking status and body mass index. RESULTS Individuals with high levels of antibodies against Porphyromonas gingivalis ATTC 53978, a pathogenic periodontal bacteria, had a twofold higher risk of pancreatic cancer than individuals with lower levels of these antibodies (OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.05 to 4.36; >200 ng/ml vs ≤200 ng/ml). To explore the association with commensal (non-pathogenic) oral bacteria, we performed a cluster analysis and identified two groups of individuals, based on their antibody profiles. A cluster with overall higher levels of antibodies had a 45% lower risk of pancreatic cancer than a cluster with overall lower levels of antibodies (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.83). CONCLUSIONS Periodontal disease might increase the risk for pancreatic cancer. Moreover, increased levels of antibodies against specific commensal oral bacteria, which can inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria, might reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer. Studies are needed to determine whether oral bacteria have direct effects on pancreatic cancer pathogenesis or serve as markers of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique S Michaud
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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91
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Expression profile of IL-35 mRNA in gingiva of chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis patients: a semiquantitative RT-PCR study. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:819-23. [PMID: 24376289 PMCID: PMC3860092 DOI: 10.1155/2013/489648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines play a key role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Secretion of bioactive IL-35 has been described by T regulatory cells (Tregs) and is required for their maximal suppressive activity. Tregs are involved in the modulation of local immune response in chronic periodontitis patients. Objective. Hence, the present study was aimed to investigate the expression of IL-35 mRNA in chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods. The present study was carried out in 60 subjects, which included 20 chronic periodontitis patients, 20 aggressive periodontitis patients, and 20 periodontally healthy controls. IL-35 mRNA expression in gingival tissue samples of all subjects was semiquantitatively analyzed using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Results. The present study demonstrated the expression of IL-35 mRNA in gingival tissues of all the three groups. IL-35 mRNA expression was highest in chronic periodontitis subjects (6.87 ± 2.32) as compared to the aggressive periodontitis group (4.71 ± 1.43) and least seen in healthy patients (3.03 ± 1.91). Conclusion. The increased expression of IL-35 in chronic and aggressive periodontitis suggests its possible role in pathogenesis of periodontitis. Future studies done on large samples with intervention will strengthen our result.
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92
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Zuccarello D, Bazzato MF, Ferlin A, Pengo M, Frigo AC, Favero G, Foresta C, Stellini E. Role of familiarity versus interleukin-1 genes cluster polymorphisms in chronic periodontitis. Gene 2013; 535:286-9. [PMID: 24275344 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis (PO) is a multifactorial disease affecting about 10% to 20% of the general population. Several studies have suggested that part of the clinical variability in PO might be explained by genetic factors. Among the candidate genes for PO, IL1 gene polymorphisms have been broadly investigated, with variable results, for their relationship with the disease. We studied three IL1 polymorphisms, IL1A C[-889]T (rs1800587), IL1B C[3953/4]T (rs1143634), and IL1RN VNTR [+2018] (rs419598) in relation to different life styles and familiarities. We did not find correlation between these IL1 polymorphisms and chronic PO, as well as between chronic PO and life styles (smoking, alcohol, coffee, fizzy drink and fish). We found a strong correlation, also after adjustment for age, between familiarity and PO onset (P=0.0062; OR 5.754, 95% CI 1.644-20.145). In conclusion, we did confirm the previously suggested association between PO and IL1 gene cluster polymorphisms, and between PO and four common risk factors (coffee, smoking, alcohol and fizzy drinks) and one common protective factor (fish). On the contrary, we found a strong role of familiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zuccarello
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Human Reproduction Pathology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - M Federica Bazzato
- Department of Neurosciences, Odontostomatology Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Human Reproduction Pathology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuel Pengo
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Human Reproduction Pathology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Frigo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Favero
- Department of Neurosciences, Odontostomatology Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Human Reproduction Pathology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Stellini
- Department of Neurosciences, Odontostomatology Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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93
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Wang X, Guo Y, Luan Q. Association of mitochondrial DNA displacement loop polymorphisms and aggressive periodontitis in a Chinese population: a pilot study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 26:389-95. [DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.840589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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94
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Hughes TE, Townsend GC, Pinkerton SK, Bockmann MR, Seow WK, Brook AH, Richards LC, Mihailidis S, Ranjitkar S, Lekkas D. The teeth and faces of twins: providing insights into dentofacial development and oral health for practising oral health professionals. Aust Dent J 2013; 59 Suppl 1:101-16. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- TE Hughes
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - GC Townsend
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - SK Pinkerton
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - MR Bockmann
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - WK Seow
- School of Dentistry; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - AH Brook
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
- Institute of Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; United Kingdom
| | - LC Richards
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - S Mihailidis
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - S Ranjitkar
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - D Lekkas
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
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95
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Finoti LS, Corbi SCT, Anovazzi G, Teixeira SRL, Capela MV, Tanaka MH, Kim YJ, Orrico SRP, Cirelli JA, Mayer MPA, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Pathogen levels and clinical response to periodontal treatment in patients with Interleukin 8 haplotypes. Pathog Dis 2013; 69:21-28. [PMID: 23821559 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of non-surgical treatment of periodontitis on the levels of periodontopathogens and clinical parameters in patients with different genetic backgrounds produced by polymorphisms in the Interleukin ( IL8) gene. Thirty patients grouped according to IL8 ATC/TTC or AGT/TTC haplotypes were submitted to non-surgical periodontal treatment. Levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola were determined in 240 subgingival plaque samples by qPCR. The association between IL8 haplotypes and the levels of periodontopathogens and clinical parameters was investigated by multilevel analysis accounting for the clustering of diseased sites analyzed within patients. It was observed that neither levels of periodontopathogens nor non-surgical treatment was associated with the IL8 haplotype. The clinical parameters after periodontal treatment were similar in diseased and healthy sites, independently of the IL8 haplotype. Nonetheless, in the same period, diseased sites of AGT/TTC patients harbored higher levels of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythia, and red complex than those of ATC/TTC patients. However, the non-surgical periodontal therapy decreased the levels of these periodontopathogens and of the tested clinical parameters of diseased sites in both groups. Non-surgical therapy is equally effective in improving clinical parameters and decreasing the levels of periodontopathogens, independent of the genotype groups produced by the IL8 haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia S Finoti
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Sâmia C T Corbi
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana Anovazzi
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia R L Teixeira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa V Capela
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia H Tanaka
- Department of Morphology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Yeon J Kim
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana R P Orrico
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Joni A Cirelli
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia P A Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel M Scarel-Caminaga
- Department of Morphology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Corbi SCT, Finoti LS, Anovazzi G, Tanaka MH, Kim YJ, Secolin R, Marcaccini AM, Gerlach RF, Orrico SRP, Cirelli JA, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Clinical outcomes of periodontal therapy are not influenced by the ATC/TTC haplotype in the IL8 gene. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:489-98. [PMID: 24033189 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although chronic periodontitis (CP) is a multifactorial condition, few studies have investigated the potential association of gene variants with the outcome of periodontal therapy. In a previous study, we reported that variants in the interleukin-8 (IL8) gene were associated with CP in a Brazilian population. The aim of this nonrandomized study was to investigate whether genetic susceptibility to CP, conferred by the presence of the IL8 ATC/TTC haplotype, influences the clinical outcomes of nonsurgical periodontal therapy and the IL-8 protein levels in the gingival crevicular fluid. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-one individuals were grouped according to the presence (susceptible to CP; n = 21) or absence (not susceptible to CP; n = 20) of the IL8 ATC/TTC haplotype. These individuals received nonsurgical periodontal therapy from one periodontist, who was blinded to the genetic status of each patient, and follow up continued for 45 d. The clinical parameters and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected at baseline and on day 45. The IL-8 levels were determined by an ELISA. The data were subjected to the Mann-Whitney U-test, Wilcoxon and Spearman tests and to multiple logistic-regression analysis. RESULTS No significant differences between patients with or without the IL8 ATC/TTC haplotype were found for the outcome of nonsurgical periodontal therapy and IL-8 levels. The multiple logistic-regression analysis did not show a statistically significant association between the IL8 haplotype and the variables studied. CONCLUSION In this longitudinal clinical study, we observed that neither the outcome of nonsurgical periodontal therapy nor the IL-8 levels were influenced by the IL8 ATC/TTC CP-susceptibility haplotype. Additional studies of CP patients from other ethnic populations are necessary to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C T Corbi
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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97
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Shusterman A, Salyma Y, Nashef A, Soller M, Wilensky A, Mott R, Weiss EI, Houri-Haddad Y, Iraqi FA. Genotype is an important determinant factor of host susceptibility to periodontitis in the Collaborative Cross and inbred mouse populations. BMC Genet 2013; 14:68. [PMID: 23937452 PMCID: PMC3751202 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontal infection (Periodontitis) is a chronic inflammatory disease, which results in the breakdown of the supporting tissues of the teeth. Previous epidemiological studies have suggested that resistance to chronic periodontitis is controlled to some extent by genetic factors of the host. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic response of inbred and Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse populations to periodontal bacterial challenge, using an experimental periodontitis model. In this model, mice are co-infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, bacterial strains associated with human periodontal disease. Six weeks following the infection, the maxillary jaws were harvested and analyzed for alveolar bone loss relative to uninfected controls, using computerized microtomography (microCT). Initially, four commercial inbred mouse strains were examined to calibrate the procedure and test for gender effects. Subsequently, we applied the same protocol to 23 lines (at inbreeding generations 10–18) from the newly developed mouse genetic reference population, the Collaborative Cross (CC) to determine heritability and genetic variation of control bone volume prior to infection (CBV, naïve bone volume around the teeth of uninfected mice), and residual bone volume (RBV, bone volume after infection) and loss of bone volume (LBV, the difference between CBV and RBV) following infection. Results BALB/CJ mice were highly susceptible (P<0.05) whereas DBA/2J, C57BL/6J and A/J mice were resistant. Six lines of the tested CC population were susceptible, whereas the remaining lines were resistant to alveolar bone loss. Gender effects on bone volume were tested across the four inbred and 23 CC lines, and found not to be significant. Based on ANOVA analyses, broad-sense heritabilities were statistically significant and equal to 0.4 for CBV and 0.2 for LBV. Conclusions The moderate heritability values indicate that the variation in host susceptibility to the disease is controlled to an appreciable extent by genetic factors. These results strongly support the possibility of using the Collaborative Cross, as well as developing dedicated F2 (resistant x susceptible inbred strains) resource populations, for future dissection of genetic factors in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Shusterman
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Centers and The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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98
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Wang X, Luan Q, Chen Q, Zhao L, Guo Y. Mitochondrial polymorphisms and dysfunction related to aggressive periodontitis: a pilot study. Oral Dis 2013; 20:490-8. [PMID: 23902412 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Periodontology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Q Luan
- Department of Periodontology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chaoyang District Beijing China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chaoyang District Beijing China
| | - Y Guo
- Department of Periodontology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
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99
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Jain N, Joseph R, Balan S, Arun R, Banerjee M. Association of interleukin-4 and interleukin-17F polymorphisms in periodontitis in Dravidian ethnicity. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2013; 19:58-64. [PMID: 23901194 PMCID: PMC3722631 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.112891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Complex network of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines are known to act in inflamed periodontal tissue. This study explores the distribution of interleukin (IL)-4 (+33 C/T) and IL-17F (7383A/G, 7488A/G) gene polymorphism in chronic and aggressive periodontitis subjects of Dravidian ethnicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case control study consisted of 124 periodontitis individuals comprising of 63 chronic and 61 aggressive periodontitis subjects as cases, and control group consisted of 101 healthy subjects. All subjects were genotyped for IL-4 + 33C/T, IL-17F 7383A/G, 7488A/G by polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by TaqMan assay for IL-4 + 33C/T, restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis for IL-17F 7383A/G and sequencing for IL-17F 7488A/G. RESULTS: IL-4 + 33C/T was significantly associated with periodontitis (P < 0.05) at both allelic and genotypic level. In subgroup analysis also significant difference (P < 0.05) in allelic distribution between aggressive periodontitis and control group for loci IL-4 + 33C/T was noted. However, there was a lack of association between IL-17F 7383A/G and IL-17F 7488A/G with periodontitis and its sub-groups at both allelic and genotypic levels. CONCLUSIONS: In Malayalam speaking Dravidian population IL-4 + 33C/T loci appears to be an important risk factor for periodontal disease with a leaning towards aggressive periodontitis. The association between IL-17F at 7383A/G and 7488A/G loci with either chronic or an aggressive periodontitis could not be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Jain
- Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College, Calicut, India
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100
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Cafiero C, Matarasso S. Predictive, preventive, personalised and participatory periodontology: 'the 5Ps age' has already started. EPMA J 2013; 4:16. [PMID: 23763842 PMCID: PMC3703280 DOI: 10.1186/1878-5085-4-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An impressive progress in dentistry has been recorded in the last decades. In order to reconsider guidelines in dentistry, it is required to introduce new concepts of personalised patient treatments: the wave of predictive, preventive and personalised medicine is rapidly incoming in dentistry. Worldwide dentists have to make a big cultural effort in changing the actual 'reactive' therapeutic point of view, belonging to the last century, into a futuristic 'predictive' one. The first cause of tooth loss in industrialised world is periodontitis, a Gram-negative anaerobic infection whose pathogenesis is genetically determined and characterised by complex immune reactions. Chairside diagnostic tests based on saliva, gingival crevicular fluid and cell sampling are going to be routinely used by periodontists for a new approach to the diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis and management of periodontal patients. The futuristic '5Ps' (predictive, preventive, personalised and participatory periodontology) focuses on early integrated diagnosis (genetic, microbiology, host-derived biomarker detection) and on the active role of the patient in which networked patients will shift from being mere passengers to responsible drivers of their health. In this paper, we intend to propose five diagnostic levels (high-tech diagnostic tools, genetic susceptibility, bacterial infection, host response factors and tissue breakdown-derived products) to be evaluated with the intention to obtain a clear picture of the vulnerability of a single individual to periodontitis in order to organise patient stratification in different categories of risk. Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology may soon become an important part of efforts to improve worldwide periodontal health in developed nations as well as in the underserved communities, resource-poor areas and poor countries. The use of LOC devices for periodontal inspection will allow patients to be screened for periodontal diseases in settings other than the periodontist practice, such as at general practitioners, general dentists or dental hygienists. Personalised therapy tailored with respect to the particular medical reality of the specific stratified patient will be the ultimate target to be realised by the 5Ps approach. A long distance has to be covered to reach the above targets, but the pathway has already been clearly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cafiero
- University of Naples “FEDERICO II”, Naples 80131, Italy
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