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Presence of Rheumatoid Factor during Chronic HCV Infection Is Associated with Expansion of Mature Activated Memory B-Cells that Are Hypo-Responsive to B-Cell Receptor Stimulation and Persist during the Early Stage of IFN Free Therapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144629. [PMID: 26649443 PMCID: PMC4674123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately half of those with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have circulating rheumatoid factor (RF), and a portion of these individuals develop cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. B cell phenotype/function in relation to RF in serum has been unclear. We examined B cell subset distribution, activation state (CD86), cell cycle state (Ki67), and ex-vivo response to BCR, TLR9 and TLR7/8 stimulation, in chronic HCV-infected donors with or without RF, and uninfected donors. Mature-activated B-cells of HCV-infected donors had lower CD86 expression compared to uninfected donors, and in the presence of RF they also showed reduced CD86 expression in response to BCR and TLR9 stimulation. Additionally, mature activated memory B cells of HCV RF+ donors less commonly expressed Ki67+ than HCV RF- donors, and did not proliferate as well in response to BCR stimulation. Proportions of mature-activated B cells were enhanced, while naïve B-cells were lower in the peripheral blood of HCV-RF+ compared to RF- and uninfected donors. None of these parameters normalize by week 8 of IFN free direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy in HCV RF+ donors, while in RF- donors, mature activated B cell proportions did normalize. These data indicate that while chronic HCV infection alone results in a lower state of activation in mature activated memory B cells, the presence of RF in serum is associated with a more pronounced state of unresponsiveness and an overrepresentation of these B cells in the blood. This phenotype persists at least during the early time window after removal of HCV from the host.
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du Plessis WJ, Walzl G, Loxton AG. B cells as multi-functional players during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 97:118-25. [PMID: 26611659 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to tuberculosis is still understood to be driven and maintained by T-cell derived immune responses. With a steady influx of data, it is becoming clear that B cells, the mediators of humoral immunity, have the capacity to function in roles not previously appreciated within the traditional B cell dogma. In this review we aim to discuss B cells, from its generation through to its functioning as effectors in both the innate and adaptive immune response, within the tuberculosis domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J du Plessis
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - André G Loxton
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
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Wentink MWJ, Lambeck AJA, van Zelm MC, Simons E, van Dongen JJM, IJspeert H, Schölvinck EH, van der Burg M. CD21 and CD19 deficiency: Two defects in the same complex leading to different disease modalities. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:120-7. [PMID: 26325596 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deficiencies in CD19 and CD81 (forming the CD19-complex with CD21 and CD225) cause a severe clinical phenotype. One CD21 deficient patient has been described. We present a second CD21 deficient patient, with a mild clinical phenotype and compared the immunobiological characteristics of CD21 and CD19 deficiency. METHODS CD21 deficiency was characterized by flowcytometric immunophenotyping and sequencing. Real-time PCR, in vitro stimulation and next generation sequencing were used to characterize B-cell responses and affinity maturation in CD21(-/-) and CD19(-/-) B cells. RESULTS A compound heterozygous mutation in CD21 caused CD21 deficiency. CD21(-/-) B cells responded normally to in vitro stimulation and AID was transcribed. Affinity maturation was less affected by CD21 than by CD19 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Both CD21 and CD19 deficiencies cause hypogammaglobulinemia and reduced memory B cells. CD19 deficiency causes a more severe clinical phenotype. B-cell characteristics reflect this, both after in vitro stimulation as in affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein W J Wentink
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annechien J A Lambeck
- Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Simons
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna IJspeert
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth H Schölvinck
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1,9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Bemark M. Translating transitions - how to decipher peripheral human B cell development. J Biomed Res 2015; 29:264-84. [PMID: 26243514 PMCID: PMC4547376 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.29.20150035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades our understanding of human B cell differentiation has developed considerably. Our understanding of the human B cell compartment has advanced from a point where essentially all assays were based on the presence or not of class-switched antibodies to a level where a substantial diversity is appreciated among the cells involved. Several consecutive transitional stages that newly formed IgM expressing B cells go through after they leave the bone marrow, but before they are fully mature, have been described, and a significant complexity is also acknowledged within the IgM expressing and class-switched memory B cell compartments. It is possible to isolate plasma blasts in blood to follow the formation of plasma cells during immune responses, and the importance and uniqueness of the mucosal IgA system is now much more appreciated. Current data suggest the presence of at least one lineage of human innate-like B cells akin to B1 and/or marginal zone B cells in mice. In addition, regulatory B cells with the ability to produce IL-10 have been identified. Clinically, B cell depletion therapy is used for a broad range of conditions. The ability to define different human B cell subtypes using flow cytometry has therefore started to come into clinical use, but as our understanding of human B cell development further progresses, B cell subtype analysis will be of increasing importance in diagnosis, to measure the effect of immune therapy and to understand the underlying causes for diseases. In this review the diversity of human B cells will be discussed, with special focus on current data regarding their phenotypes and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Bemark
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University hospital, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Abstract
Recent studies have compelled further interest in the potential pathological role of B cells in chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). In patients with cGVHD, B cells are activated and primed for survival via B-cell activating factor and B-cell receptor-associated pathways. Understanding the signaling pathways that drive immune pathology in cGVHD will facilitate the development of new strategies to selectively target aberrantly activated B cells and restore normal B-cell homeostasis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
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Roberto A, Castagna L, Gandolfi S, Zanon V, Bramanti S, Sarina B, Crocchiolo R, Todisco E, Carlo-Stella C, Tentorio P, Timofeeva I, Santoro A, Della Bella S, Roederer M, Mavilio D, Lugli E. B-cell reconstitution recapitulates B-cell lymphopoiesis following haploidentical BM transplantation and post-transplant CY. Bone Marrow Transplant 2014; 50:317-9. [PMID: 25419693 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2014.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Roberto
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - L Castagna
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - S Gandolfi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - V Zanon
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - S Bramanti
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - B Sarina
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - R Crocchiolo
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - E Todisco
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - C Carlo-Stella
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - P Tentorio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - I Timofeeva
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - A Santoro
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - S Della Bella
- 1] Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy [2] Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Roederer
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Mavilio
- 1] Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy [2] Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
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Greinix HT, Kuzmina Z, Weigl R, Körmoczi U, Rottal A, Wolff D, Kralj M, Kalhs P, Mitterbauer M, Rabitsch W, Edinger M, Holler E, Pickl WF. CD19+CD21low B cells and CD4+CD45RA+CD31+ T cells correlate with first diagnosis of chronic graft-versus-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2014; 21:250-8. [PMID: 25460358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a serious and frequent complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). Currently, no biomarkers for prediction and diagnosis of cGVHD are available. We performed a large prospective study focusing on noninvasive biomarkers for National Institutes of Health-defined cGVHD patients (n = 163) in comparison to time-matched HCT recipients who never experienced cGVHD (n = 64), analyzed from day 100 after HCT. In logistic regression analysis, CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells (P = .002; hazard ratio [HR], 3.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53 to 7.17) and CD4(+)CD45RA(+)CD31(+) T cells (P < .001; HR, 3.88; 95% CI, 1.88 to 7.99) assessed on day 100 after HCT were significantly associated with subsequent development of cGVHD, independent of clinical parameters. A significant association with diagnosis of cGVHD was only observed for CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells (P = .008; HR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.33 to 6.75) and CD4(+)CD45RA(+)CD31(+) T cells (P = .017; HR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.19 to 6.55). CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells were found to have the highest discriminatory value with an area under the receiver operating curve of .77 (95% CI, .64 to .90). Our results demonstrate that CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells and CD4(+)CD45RA(+)CD31(+) T cells are significantly elevated in patients with newly diagnosed cGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard T Greinix
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Zoya Kuzmina
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Weigl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Körmoczi
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arno Rottal
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Wolff
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mateja Kralj
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Kalhs
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margit Mitterbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Rabitsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ernst Holler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Figgett WA, Vincent FB, Saulep-Easton D, Mackay F. Roles of ligands from the TNF superfamily in B cell development, function, and regulation. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:191-202. [PMID: 24996229 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most ligands from the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily play very important roles in the immune system, and particularly so in B lymphocyte biology. TNF ligands are essential to many aspects of normal B cell biology from development in the bone marrow to maturation in the periphery as well as for activation and differentiation into germinal centre, memory or plasma cells. TNF ligands also influence other aspects of B cell biology such as their ability to present antigens or regulate immune responses. Importantly, inadequate regulation of many TNF ligands is associated with B cell disorders including autoimmunity and cancers. As a result, inhibitors of a number of TNF ligands have been tested in the clinic, with some becoming very successful approved treatments alleviating B cell-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Figgett
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Fabien B Vincent
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Damien Saulep-Easton
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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Benitez A, Weldon AJ, Tatosyan L, Velkuru V, Lee S, Milford TA, Francis OL, Hsu S, Nazeri K, Casiano CM, Schneider R, Gonzalez J, Su RJ, Baez I, Colburn K, Moldovan I, Payne KJ. Differences in mouse and human nonmemory B cell pools. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4610-9. [PMID: 24719464 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying cross-species similarities and differences in immune development and function is critical for maximizing the translational potential of animal models. Coexpression of CD21 and CD24 distinguishes transitional and mature B cell subsets in mice. In this study, we validate these markers for identifying analogous subsets in humans and use them to compare the nonmemory B cell pools in mice and humans, across tissues, and during fetal/neonatal and adult life. Among human CD19(+)IgM(+) B cells, the CD21/CD24 schema identifies distinct populations that correspond to transitional 1 (T1), transitional 2 (T2), follicular mature, and marginal zone subsets identified in mice. Markers specific to human B cell development validate the identity of marginal zone cells and the maturation status of human CD21/CD24 nonmemory B cell subsets. A comparison of the nonmemory B cell pools in bone marrow, blood, and spleen in mice and humans shows that transitional B cells comprise a much smaller fraction in adult humans than mice. T1 cells are a major contributor to the nonmemory B cell pool in mouse bone marrow, in which their frequency is more than twice that in humans. Conversely, in spleen, the T1:T2 ratio shows that T2 cells are proportionally ∼ 8-fold higher in humans than in mice. Despite the relatively small contribution of transitional B cells to the human nonmemory pool, the number of naive follicular mature cells produced per transitional B cell is 3- to 6-fold higher across tissues than in mice. These data suggest differing dynamics or mechanisms produce the nonmemory B cell compartments in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Benitez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350
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60
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Brigida I, Sauer AV, Ferrua F, Giannelli S, Scaramuzza S, Pistoia V, Castiello MC, Barendregt BH, Cicalese MP, Casiraghi M, Brombin C, Puck J, Müller K, Notarangelo LD, Montin D, van Montfrans JM, Roncarolo MG, Traggiai E, van Dongen JJM, van der Burg M, Aiuti A. B-cell development and functions and therapeutic options in adenosine deaminase-deficient patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:799-806.e10. [PMID: 24506932 PMCID: PMC4489526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency causes severe cellular and humoral immune defects and dysregulation because of metabolic toxicity. Alterations in B-cell development and function have been poorly studied. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy (GT) are therapeutic options for patients lacking a suitable bone marrow (BM) transplant donor. OBJECTIVE We sought to study alterations in B-cell development in ADA-deficient patients and investigate the ability of ERT and HSC-GT to restore normal B-cell differentiation and function. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to characterize B-cell development in BM and the periphery. The percentage of gene-corrected B cells was measured by using quantitative PCR. B cells were assessed for their capacity to proliferate and release IgM after stimulation. RESULTS Despite the severe peripheral B-cell lymphopenia, patients with ADA-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency showed a partial block in central BM development. Treatment with ERT or HSC-GT reverted most BM alterations, but ERT led to immature B-cell expansion. In the periphery transitional B cells accumulated under ERT, and the defect in maturation persisted long-term. HSC-GT led to a progressive improvement in B-cell numbers and development, along with increased levels of gene correction. The strongest selective advantage for ADA-transduced cells occurred at the transition from immature to naive cells. B-cell proliferative responses and differentiation to immunoglobulin secreting IgM after B-cell receptor and Toll-like receptor triggering were severely impaired after ERT and improved significantly after HSC-GT. CONCLUSIONS ADA-deficient patients show specific defects in B-cell development and functions that are differently corrected after ERT and HSC-GT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Brigida
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Aisha V Sauer
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrua
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Giannelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Samantha Scaramuzza
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Pistoia
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Carmina Castiello
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara H Barendregt
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Pia Cicalese
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Miriam Casiraghi
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Brombin
- CUSSB, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Jennifer Puck
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Klaus Müller
- Pediatric Clinic, Juliane Marie Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lucia Dora Notarangelo
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology and BMT Unit, Children's Hospital, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Montin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Joris M van Montfrans
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.
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61
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Boldt A, Borte S, Fricke S, Kentouche K, Emmrich F, Borte M, Kahlenberg F, Sack U. Eight-color immunophenotyping of T-, B-, and NK-cell subpopulations for characterization of chronic immunodeficiencies. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2014; 86:191-206. [PMID: 24488780 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heterogeneity of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies demands for the development of a comprehensive flow cytometric screening system, based on reference values that support a standardized immunophenotypic characterization of most lymphocyte subpopulations. METHODS Peripheral blood samples from healthy adult volunteers (n = 25) were collected and split into eight panel fractions (100 µl each). Subsequently, premixed eight-color antibody cocktails were incubated per specific panel of whole blood to detect and differentiate cell subsets of: (i) a general lymphocyte overviews, (ii) B-cell subpopulations, (iii) CD4+ subpopulations, (iv) CD8+ subpopulations, (v) regulatory T-cells, (vi) recent thymic emigrants (RTE), (vii) NK-cell subpopulations, and (viii) NK-cell activation markers. All samples were lysed, washed, and measured by flow cytometry. FACS DIVA software was used for data analysis and calculation of quadrant statistics (mean values, standard error of mean, and percentile ranges). RESULTS Whole blood staining of lymphocytes provided the analysis of: (i) CD3+, 4+, 8+, 19+, 16/56+, and activated CD4/8 cells; (ii) immature, naïve, nonswitched/switched, memory, (activated) CD21(low) , transitional B-cells, plasmablasts/plasmacells; (iii and iv) naïve, central memory, effector, effector memory, TH1/TH2/TH17-like, and CCR5+CD8-cells; (v) CD25+, regulatory T-cells (naïve/memory, HLA-DR+); (vi) α/β- and γ/δ-T-cells, RTE in CD4/CD8 cells; (vii) immature/mature CD56(bright) , CD94/NKG2D+ NK-cells; and (viii) Nkp30, 44, 46, and CD57+NK-cells. Clinical examples and quadrant statistics are provided. CONCLUSION The present study represents a practical approach to standardize the immunophenotyping of most T-, B-, and NK-cell subpopulations. That allows differentiating whether abnormalities or developmental shifts observed in lymphocyte subpopulations originates either from primary or secondary immunological disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Boldt
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Universität Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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62
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Moir S, Fauci AS. Insights into B cells and HIV-specific B-cell responses in HIV-infected individuals. Immunol Rev 2014; 254:207-24. [PMID: 23772622 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is associated with dysregulation and dysfunction involving all major lymphocyte populations, including B cells. Such perturbations occur early in the course of infection and are driven in large part by immune activation resulting from ongoing HIV replication leading to bystander effects on B cells. While most of the knowledge regarding immune cell abnormalities in HIV-infected individuals has been gained from studies conducted on the peripheral blood, it is clear that the virus is most active and most damaging in lymphoid tissues. Here, we discuss B-cell perturbations in HIV-infected individuals, focusing on the skewing of B-cell subsets that circulate in the peripheral blood and their counterparts that reside in lymphoid tissues. This review also highlights recent advances in evaluating HIV-specific B-cell responses both in the memory B-cell compartment, as well as in circulating antibody-secreting plasmablasts and the more differentiated plasma cells residing in tissues. Finally, we consider how knowledge gained by investigating B cells in HIV-infected individuals may help inform the development of an effective antibody-based HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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63
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Suryani S, Tangye SG. Therapeutic implications of advances in our understanding of transitional B-cell development in humans. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 6:765-75. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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64
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Agrawal S, Smith SABC, Tangye SG, Sewell WA. Transitional B cell subsets in human bone marrow. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:53-9. [PMID: 23731328 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells originate from precursors in the bone marrow, and the first cells which migrate to the peripheral blood have been classified as 'transitional B cells'. Transitional B cells have been characterized in human blood with stage 1 (T1) and stage 2 (T2) subsets being proposed. In the present study, 27 normal human bone marrow samples were analysed for transitional B cell markers by eight-colour flow cytometry. T1 transitional B cells (CD45(+)CD19(+)CD10(+)IgM(+)IgD(lo)) and T2 transitional B cells (CD45(+)CD19(+)CD10(+)IgM(+)IgD(+)) were identified in normal bone marrow samples at a mean frequency of 3·2 and 3·1% of total B lineage cells, respectively. A majority of the bone marrow transitional B cells were CD24(hi)CD38(hi) , the phenotype of blood transitional B cells. Consistent with recent peripheral blood data, T2 B cells had a significantly higher CD21 expression compared with T1 B cells (72·4 versus 40·9%) in the bone marrow. These data raise the possibility that transitional B cells are capable of differentiating from T1 to T2 B cells within the bone marrow. Furthermore, transitional cells at either stages 1 or 2 might be capable of migrating out of the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Agrawal
- Immunology Department, SydPath, St Vincent's Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, NSW, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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65
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Abstract
A variety of B-cell dysfunctions are manifested during HIV-1 infection, as reported early during the HIV-1 epidemic. It is not unusual that the pathogenic mechanisms presented to elucidate impairment of B-cell responses during HIV-1 infection focus on the impact of reduced T-cell numbers and functions, and lack of germinal center formation in lymphoid tissues. To our understanding, however, perturbation of B-cell phenotype and function during HIV-1 infection may begin at several different B-cell developmental stages. These impairments can be mediated by intrinsic B-cell defects as well as by the lack of proper T-cell help. In this review, we will highlight some of the pathways and molecular interactions leading to B-cell impairment prior to germinal center formation and B-cell activation mediated through the B-cell receptor in response to HIV-1 antigens. Recent studies indicate a regulatory role for B cells on T-cell biology and immune responses. We will discuss some of these novel findings and how these regulatory mechanisms could potentially be affected by the intrinsic defects of B cells taking place during HIV-1 infection.
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66
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Scholz JL, Diaz A, Riley RL, Cancro MP, Frasca D. A comparative review of aging and B cell function in mice and humans. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:504-10. [PMID: 23932400 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Immune system function declines with age. Here we review and compare age-associated changes in murine and human B cell pools and humoral immune responses. We summarize changes in B cell generation and homeostasis, as well as notable changes at the subcellular level; then discuss how these changes help to explain alterations in immune responses across the adult lifespan of the animal. In each section we compare and contrast findings in the mouse, arguably the best animal model of the aging immune system, with current understanding of B cell immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean L Scholz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States
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67
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Blüml S, McKeever K, Ettinger R, Smolen J, Herbst R. B-cell targeted therapeutics in clinical development. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15 Suppl 1:S4. [PMID: 23566679 PMCID: PMC3624127 DOI: 10.1186/ar3906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes are the source of humoral immunity and are thus a critical component of the adaptive immune system. However, B cells can also be pathogenic and the origin of disease. Deregulated B-cell function has been implicated in several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. B cells contribute to pathological immune responses through the secretion of cytokines, costimulation of T cells, antigen presentation, and the production of autoantibodies. DNA-and RNA-containing immune complexes can also induce the production of type I interferons, which further promotes the inflammatory response. B-cell depletion with the CD20 antibody rituximab has provided clinical proof of concept that targeting B cells and the humoral response can result in significant benefit to patients. Consequently, the interest in B-cell targeted therapies has greatly increased in recent years and a number of new biologics exploiting various mechanisms are now in clinical development. This review provides an overview on current developments in the area of B-cell targeted therapies by describing molecules and subpopulations that currently offer themselves as therapeutic targets, the different strategies to target B cells currently under investigation as well as an update on the status of novel therapeutics in clinical development. Emerging data from clinical trials are providing critical insight regarding the role of B cells and autoantibodies in various autoimmune conditions and will guide the development of more efficacious therapeutics and better patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Blüml
- MedImmune, LLC, Department of Research, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20854, USA
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68
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Leandro MJ. B-cell subpopulations in humans and their differential susceptibility to depletion with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15 Suppl 1:S3. [PMID: 23566754 PMCID: PMC3624669 DOI: 10.1186/ar3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, different B-cell subpopulations can be distinguished in peripheral blood
and other tissues on the basis of differential expression of various surface markers.
These different subsets correspond to different stages of maturation, activation and
differentiation. B-cell depletion therapy based on rituximab, an anti-CD20 mAb, is
widely used in the treatment of various malignant and autoimmune diseases. Rituximab
induces a very significant depletion of B-cell subpopulations in the peripheral blood
usually for a period of 6 to 9 months after one cycle of therapy. Cells detected
circulating during depletion are mainly CD20 negative plasmablasts. Data on depletion
of CD20-expressing B cells in solid tissues are limited but show that depletion is
significant but not complete, with bone marrow and spleen being more easily depleted
than lymph nodes. Factors influencing depletion are thought to include not only the
total drug dose administered and distribution into various tissues, but also B-cell
intrinsic and microenvironment factors influencing recruitment of effector mechanisms
and antigen and effector modulation. Available studies show that the degree of
depletion varies between individuals, even if treated with the same dose, but that it
tends to be consistent in the same individual. This suggests that individual factors
are important in determining the final extent of depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Leandro
- Centre for Rheumatology and Bloomsbury Rheumatology Unit, Rayne Building, Room 416, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK.
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69
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Piątosa B, Pac M, Siewiera K, Pietrucha B, Klaudel-Dreszler M, Heropolitańska-Pliszka E, Wolska-Kuśnierz B, Dmeńska H, Gregorek H, Sokolnicka I, Rękawek A, Tkaczyk K, Bernatowska E. Common variable immune deficiency in children--clinical characteristics varies depending on defect in peripheral B cell maturation. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:731-41. [PMID: 23389235 PMCID: PMC3631512 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous disease associated with ineffective production of antibodies. It is usually diagnosed in adulthood, but a variable proportion of children develop CVID. Early identification of patients with potentially worse prognosis may help to avoid serious complications. The goal of this study was to associate the clinical phenotype of patients with early onset CVID with peripheral B-cell maturation profile. Four color flow cytometry was used to define distribution of peripheral B-cell subsets in 49 children with early-onset CVID. All clinical data were extracted from medical records. A proportion of patients demonstrated diminishing with time total B-lymphocytes pool, beyond physiological age-related changes. Irrespective from duration of the follow-up period the B-cell maturation profile in individual patients remained unchanged. We identified six different aberrant peripheral B cell maturation profiles associated with different clinical characteristics. Patients with an early B-cell maturation block earlier required replacement therapy and were at significantly greater risk of enteropathy, granuloma formation, cytopenia, and lymphoproliferation. B-cell maturation inhibited at the natural effector stage was associated with higher risk of autoimmune manifestations other than autoimmune cytopenia. Prevalence of male patients was observed among patients with B-cell maturation inhibited at naïve B-cell stage. In conclusion, the diagnostic process in patients with suspected early-onset CVID shall include routine analysis of peripheral B-cell maturation to provide surrogate markers identifying patients at greater risk of developing certain complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Piątosa
- Histocompatibility Laboratory, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland.
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70
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CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells and patients at risk for NIH-defined chronic graft-versus-host disease with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Blood 2013; 121:1886-95. [PMID: 23303823 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-435008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), pathognomonic for chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) of the lung, is a progressive and often fatal complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Biomarkers for the prediction and diagnosis of BOS are urgently needed to improve patients' prognosis. We prospectively evaluated B-cell subpopulations and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in 136 patients (46 BOS, 41 no cGVHD, 49 cutaneous cGVHD) to define novel biomarkers for early diagnosis of National Institutes of Health-defined BOS diagnosed a median of 11 mo after HCT. Patients with newly diagnosed BOS had significantly higher percentages of CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells (25.5 versus 6.6%, P < .0001), BAFF (7.3 versus 3.5 ng/mL, P = .02), and BAFF/CD19(+) ratio (0.18 versus 0.02 ng/10(3) CD19(+) B cells, P 5 .007) compared with patients without cGVHD. The area under the receiver operating curve for CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells was 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.94-0.99) and a cutoff point >9% was optimal for diagnosing BOS in patients with first drop of pulmonary function tests with a sensitivity of 96% and a negative predictive value of 94%. Thus, elevated levels of CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells are a potential novel biomarker for HCT patients at risk for developing BOS at an early stage and could allow improvement of patient outcome.
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71
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Rehe K, Wilson K, Bomken S, Williamson D, Irving J, den Boer ML, Stanulla M, Schrappe M, Hall AG, Heidenreich O, Vormoor J. Acute B lymphoblastic leukaemia-propagating cells are present at high frequency in diverse lymphoblast populations. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 5:38-51. [PMID: 23229821 PMCID: PMC3569652 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukaemia-propagating cells are more frequent in high-risk acute B lymphoblastic leukaemia than in many malignancies that follow a hierarchical cancer stem cell model. It is unclear whether this characteristic can be more universally applied to patients from non-'high-risk' sub-groups and across a broad range of cellular immunophenotypes. Here, we demonstrate in a wide range of primary patient samples and patient samples previously passaged through mice that leukaemia-propagating cells are found in all populations defined by high or low expression of the lymphoid differentiation markers CD10, CD20 or CD34. The frequency of leukaemia-propagating cells and their engraftment kinetics do not differ between these populations. Transcriptomic analysis of CD34(high) and CD34(low) blasts establishes their difference and their similarity to comparable normal progenitors at different stages of B-cell development. However, consistent with the functional similarity of these populations, expression signatures characteristic of leukaemia propagating cells in acute myeloid leukaemia fail to distinguish between the different populations. Together, these findings suggest that there is no stem cell hierarchy in acute B lymphoblastic leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Rehe
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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72
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Lanzilli G, Traggiai E, Braido F, Garelli V, Folli C, Chiappori A, Riccio AM, Bazurro G, Agazzi A, Magnani A, Canonica GW, Melioli G. Administration of a polyvalent mechanical bacterial lysate to elderly patients with COPD: Effects on circulating T, B and NK cells. Immunol Lett 2012. [PMID: 23206888 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The modifications of the subsets of circulating lymphocytes were evaluated in a group of patients with COPD undergoing treatment with a polyvalent mechanical bacterial lysate (PMBL), a drug that is able to significantly modify the natural history of these patients. Using multicolor immune-florescence and flow cytometry, T, B subsets and NK cells were extensively studied both in the group of treated patients and in a disease and age matched controls. Despite the age, in treated patients, T and NK cells were significantly increased in numbers of circulating cells, but not in percentages, while B cells remained unmodified. CD3+4+T cells were increased in treated patients, while CD3+CD8T cells were unmodified by the treatment. Activated T cells were increased but Treg, resulted reduced both in percentage than in absolute numbers. Transitional B cells resulted increased (in percentage and in absolute numbers) in their late maturation step (T3), while only early Naïve B cells were increased by the treatment, while other naïve subpopulations were unmodified. Memory B cells were reduced in percentage (but remained unmodified as absolute numbers), while the most immature form of memory B cells was significantly increased. Finally, both switch memory B cells and plasma cells resulted unmodified by the PMBL treatment. These results clearly indicated that the administration of the PMBL, even in elderly patients with COPD, was able to induce a significant immune-stimulation and these results, at cellular level, clearly support the evidence that the mechanism of action of PMBL is strictly related to a direct effect on immune-competent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lanzilli
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00133, Roma, Italy
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73
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Giltiay NV, Chappell CP, Clark EA. B-cell selection and the development of autoantibodies. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14 Suppl 4:S1. [PMID: 23281837 PMCID: PMC3535718 DOI: 10.1186/ar3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clearest evidence that B cells play an important role in human autoimmunity is that immunotherapies that deplete B cells are very effective treatments for many autoimmune diseases. All people, healthy or ill, have autoreactive B cells, but not at the same frequency. A number of genes influence the level of these autoreactive B cells and whether they are eliminated or not during development at a central checkpoint in the bone marrow (BM) or at a later checkpoint in peripheral lymphoid tissues. These genes include those encoding proteins that regulate signaling through the B-cell receptor complex such as Btk and PTPN22, proteins that regulate innate signaling via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) such as MyD88 and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4, as well as the gene encoding the activation-induced deaminase (AID) essential for B cells to undergo class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Recent studies have revealed that TLR signaling elements and AID function not only in peripheral B cells to help mediate effective antibody responses to foreign antigens, but also in the BM to help remove autoreactive B-lineage cells at a very early point in B-cell development. Newly arising B cells that leave the BM and enter the blood and splenic red pulp can express both AID and TLR signaling elements like TLR7, and thus are fully equipped to respond rapidly to antigens (including autoantigens), to isotype class switch, and to undergo somatic hypermutation. These red pulp B cells may thus be an important source of autoantibody-producing cells arising particularly in extrafollicular sites, and indeed may be as significant a source of autoantibody-producing cells as B cells arising from germinal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Giltiay
- Department of Immunology, 1959 NE Pacific Street, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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74
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Manjarrez-Orduño N, Marasco E, Chung SA, Katz MS, Kiridly JF, Simpfendorfer KR, Freudenberg J, Ballard DH, Nashi E, Hopkins TJ, Cunninghame Graham DS, Lee AT, Coenen MJH, Franke B, Swinkels DW, Graham RR, Kimberly RP, Gaffney PM, Vyse TJ, Behrens TW, Criswell LA, Diamond B, Gregersen PK. CSK regulatory polymorphism is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and influences B-cell signaling and activation. Nat Genet 2012; 44:1227-30. [PMID: 23042117 PMCID: PMC3715052 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
C-src tyrosine kinase, Csk, physically interacts with the intracellular phosphatase Lyp (PTPN22) and can modify the activation state of downstream Src kinases, such as Lyn, in lymphocytes. We identified an association of Csk with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and refined its location to an intronic polymorphism rs34933034 (OR 1.32, p = 1.04 × 10−9). The risk allele is associated with increased CSK expression and augments inhibitory phosphorylation of Lyn. In carriers of the risk allele, B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated activation of mature B cells, as well as plasma IgM, are increased. Moreover, the fraction of transitional B cells is doubled in the cord blood of carriers of the risk allele compared to non-risk haplotypes due to an expansion of the late transitional cells, a stage targeted by selection mechanisms. This suggests that the Lyp-Csk complex increases susceptibility to lupus at multiple maturation and activation points of B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Manjarrez-Orduño
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish, Manhasset, New York, USA
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75
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t(X;14)(p11;q32) in MALT lymphoma involving GPR34 reveals a role for GPR34 in tumor cell growth. Blood 2012; 120:3949-57. [PMID: 22966169 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-389908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic aberrations, including trisomies 3 and 18, and well-defined IGH translocations, have been described in marginal zone lymphomas (MZLs); however, these known genetic events are present in only a subset of cases. Here, we report the cloning of an IGH translocation partner on chromosome X, t(X;14)(p11.4;q32) that deregulates expression of an poorly characterized orphan G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR34. Elevated GPR34 gene expression was detected independent of the translocation in multiple subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and distinguished a unique molecular subtype of MZL. Increased expression of GPR34 was also detected in tissue from brain tumors and surface expression of GPR34 was detected on human MZL tumor cells and normal immune cells. Overexpression of GPR34 in lymphoma and HeLa cells resulted in phosphorylation of ERK, PKC, and CREB; induced CRE, AP1, and NF-κB-mediated gene transcription; and increased cell proliferation. In summary, these results are the first to identify a role for a GPR34 in lymphoma cell growth, provide insight into GPR34-mediated signaling, identify a genetically unique subset of MZLs that express high levels of GPR34, and suggest that MEK inhibitors may be useful for treatment of GPR34-expressing tumors.
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76
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Thibult ML, Rivals JP, Mamessier E, Gertner-Dardenne J, Pastor S, Speiser DE, Derré L, Olive D. CpG-ODN-induced sustained expression of BTLA mediating selective inhibition of human B cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 91:195-205. [PMID: 22903545 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BTLA (B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator) is a prominent co-receptor that is structurally and functionally related to CTLA-4 and PD-1. In T cells, BTLA inhibits TCR-mediated activation. In B cells, roles and functions of BTLA are still poorly understood and have never been studied in the context of B cells activated by CpG via TLR9. In this study, we evaluated the expression of BTLA depending on activation and differentiation of human B cell subsets in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. Stimulation with CpG upregulated BTLA, but not its ligand: herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), on B cells in vitro and sustained its expression in vivo in melanoma patients after vaccination. Upon ligation with HVEM, BTLA inhibited CpG-mediated B cell functions (proliferation, cytokine production, and upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules), which was reversed by blocking BTLA/HVEM interactions. Interestingly, chemokine secretion (IL-8 and MIP1β) was not affected by BTLA/HVEM ligation, suggesting that BTLA-mediated inhibition is selective for some but not all B cell functions. We conclude that BTLA is an important immune checkpoint for B cells, as similarly known for T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Thibult
- INSERM U1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, 13009, France
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77
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Cruickshank MN, Karimi M, Mason RL, Fenwick E, Mercer T, Tsao BP, Boackle SA, Ulgiati D. Transcriptional effects of a lupus-associated polymorphism in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of human complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21). Mol Immunol 2012; 52:165-73. [PMID: 22673213 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with a strong genetic component that determines risk. A common three single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotype of the complement receptor 2 (CR2) gene has been associated with increased risk of SLE (Wu et al., 2007; Douglas et al., 2009), and a less common haplotype consisting of the major allele at SNP1 and minor alleles at SNP2 and 3 confers protection (Douglas et al., 2009). SNP1 (rs3813946), which is located in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the CR2 gene, altered transcriptional activity of a CR2 promoter-luciferase reporter gene construct transiently transfected into a B cell line (Wu et al., 2007) and had an independent effect in the protective haplotype (Douglas et al., 2009). In this study, we show that this SNP alters transcriptional activity in a transiently transfected non B-cell line as well as in stably transfected cell lines, supporting its relevance in vivo. Furthermore, the allele at this SNP affects chromatin accessibility of the surrounding sequence and transcription factor binding. These data confirm the effects of rs3813946 on CR2 transcription, identifying the 5' UTR to be a novel regulatory element for the CR2 gene in which variation may alter gene function and modify the development of lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Cruickshank
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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78
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Clinical, molecular, and cellular immunologic findings in patients with SP110-associated veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:735-742.e6. [PMID: 22621957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the SP110 gene result in infantile onset of the autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency disease veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency syndrome (VODI), which is characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, T-cell dysfunction, and a high frequency of hepatic veno-occlusive disease. OBJECTIVES We sought to further characterize the clinical features, B-lineage cellular immunologic findings, and molecular pathogenesis of this disorder in 9 patients with new diagnoses, including 4 novel mutations from families of Italian, Hispanic, and Arabic ethnic origin. METHODS Methods used include clinical review; Sanger DNA sequencing of the SP110 gene; determination of transfected mutant protein function by using immunofluorescent studies in Hep-2 cells; quantitation of B-cell subsets by means of flow cytometry; assessments of B-cell function after stimulation with CD40 ligand, IL-21, or both; and differential gene expression array studies of EBV-transformed B cells. RESULTS We confirm the major diagnostic criteria and the clinical utility of SP110 mutation testing for the diagnosis of VODI. Analysis of 4 new alleles confirms that VODI is caused by reduced functional SP110 protein levels. Detailed B-cell immunophenotyping demonstrated that Sp110 deficiency compromises the ability of human B cells to respond to T cell-dependent stimuli and differentiate into immunoglobulin-secreting cells in vitro. Expression microarray studies have identified pathways involved in B-lymphocyte differentiation and macrophage function. CONCLUSION These studies show that a range of mutations in SP110 that cause decreased SP110 protein levels and impaired late B-cell differentiation cause VODI and that the condition is not restricted to the Lebanese population.
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79
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Kogut I, Scholz JL, Cancro MP, Cambier JC. B cell maintenance and function in aging. Semin Immunol 2012; 24:342-9. [PMID: 22560930 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the changes that occur in the B lymphocyte compartment of mice and humans as they progress to old age, focusing on recent advances in this important area of research. Primary areas considered include increased morbidity and mortality in the elderly following infection, and decreased responsiveness to vaccines that evoke primary humoral immune responses, as well as those that evoke responses by memory B cells generated following vaccination and natural infection earlier in life. We then consider some of the mechanisms that may underlie these observed declines in humoral immune function. This includes a discussion of alterations in B cell repertoire and subcompartment distribution, as well as defects in B lymphopoiesis, cell development and homeostasis that may contribute to these alterations, and ultimately to declining protective quality of antibodies produced in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Kogut
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Bemark M, Holmqvist J, Abrahamsson J, Mellgren K. Translational Mini-Review Series on B cell subsets in disease. Reconstitution after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation - revelation of B cell developmental pathways and lineage phenotypes. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:15-25. [PMID: 22132880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an immunological treatment that has been used for more than 40 years to cure a variety of diseases. The procedure is associated with serious side effects, due to the severe impairment of the immune system induced by the treatment. After a conditioning regimen with high-dose chemotherapy, sometimes in combination with total body irradiation, haematopoietic stem cells are transferred from a donor, allowing a donor-derived blood system to form. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of humoral problems and B cell development after HSCT, and relate these to the current understanding of human peripheral B cell development. We describe how these studies have aided the identification of subsets of transitional B cells and also a robust memory B cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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81
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Meyer-Bahlburg A, Rawlings DJ. Differential impact of Toll-like receptor signaling on distinct B cell subpopulations. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2012; 17:1499-516. [PMID: 22201817 DOI: 10.2741/4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
B cells exhibit a range of functional responses following TLR engagement including immunoglobulin and cytokine production, proliferation, antigen presentation and migration. However, B cell intrinsic TLR responses appear to be precisely programmed based upon the developmental stage of the cell. B cell subpopulations classified as innate immune cells including marginal zone and B-1 B cells exhibit robust responses to TLR stimulation. In contrast, activation of other B cell subsets is constrained via a variety of developmentally regulated events. In this review we provide an overview of TLR responses in murine and human B cells and specifically highlight patterns of TLR expression and developmentally regulated functional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut Meyer-Bahlburg
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Germany.
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82
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Vossenkämper A, Lutalo PMK, Spencer J. Translational Mini-Review Series on B cell subsets in disease. Transitional B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome: clinical implications and effects of B cell-targeted therapies. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:7-14. [PMID: 22132879 PMCID: PMC3248081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome are autoimmune disorders which are characterized by a disturbed B cell homeostasis which leads ultimately to dysfunction of various organs. One of the B cell subsets that appear in abnormal numbers is the population of transitional B cells, which is increased in the blood of patients with SLE and Sjögren's syndrome. Transitional B cells are newly formed B cells. In mice, transitional B cells undergo selection checks for unwanted specificity in the bone marrow and the spleen in order to eliminate autoreactive B cells from the circulating naive B cell population. In humans, the exact anatomical compartments and mechanisms of the specificity check-points for transitional B cells remain unclear, but appear to be defective in SLE and Sjögren's syndrome. This review aims to highlight the current understanding of transitional B cells and their defects in the two disorders before and after B cell-targeted therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/therapeutic use
- B-Cell Activating Factor/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic
- Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Double-Blind Method
- Humans
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/therapy
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocyte Depletion/methods
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/pathology
- Lymphopoiesis
- Mice
- Rituximab
- Sjogren's Syndrome/immunology
- Sjogren's Syndrome/pathology
- Sjogren's Syndrome/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vossenkämper
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, London, UK.
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83
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Habib T, Funk A, Rieck M, Brahmandam A, Dai X, Panigrahi AK, Luning Prak ET, Meyer-Bahlburg A, Sanda S, Greenbaum C, Rawlings DJ, Buckner JH. Altered B cell homeostasis is associated with type I diabetes and carriers of the PTPN22 allelic variant. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:487-96. [PMID: 22105996 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The PTPN22 genetic variant 1858T, encoding Lyp620W, is associated with multiple autoimmune disorders for which the production of autoantibodies is a common feature, suggesting a loss of B cell tolerance. Lyp620W results in blunted BCR signaling in memory B cells. Because BCR signal strength is tightly coupled to central and peripheral tolerance, we examined whether Lyp620W impacts peripheral B cell homeostasis in healthy individuals heterozygous for the PTPN221858T variant. We found that these subjects display alterations in the composition of the B cell pool that include specific expansion of the transitional and anergic IgD(+)IgM(-)CD27(-) B cell subsets. The PTPN22 1858T variant was further associated with significantly diminished BCR signaling and a resistance to apoptosis in both transitional and naive B cells. Strikingly, parallel changes in both BCR signaling and composition of B cell compartment were observed in type 1 diabetic subjects, irrespective of PTPN22 genotype, revealing a novel immune phenotype and likely shared mechanisms leading to a loss of B cell tolerance. Our combined findings suggest that Lyp620W-mediated effects, due in part to the altered BCR signaling threshold, contribute to breakdown of peripheral tolerance and the entry of autoreactive B cells into the naive B cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Habib
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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84
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Vossenkämper A, Spencer J. Transitional B cells: how well are the checkpoints for specificity understood? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 59:379-84. [PMID: 21789626 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-011-0135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is crucial for the immune system to minimise the number of circulating mature self-reactive B cells, in order to reduce the potential for the development of autoantibody-related autoimmune diseases. Studies of animal models have identified two major checkpoints that ensure that such cells do not contribute to the naïve B cell repertoire. The first is in the bone marrow as B cells develop and the second is in the spleen; B cells that are released from the bone marrow as transitional B cells go through more stringent selection in the spleen before they develop into mature naïve B cells. Transitional B cells and their maturation have mostly been studied in mice. However, recent studies characterised human transitional B cells and found considerable differences to current models. In this review, we will consider these differences alongside known differences in mouse and human splenic function and ask whether human transitional B cells might develop along a different pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vossenkämper
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, UK.
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85
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Yeramilli VA, Knight KL. Somatically diversified and proliferating transitional B cells: implications for peripheral B cell homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6437-44. [PMID: 21525392 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral B cell compartment in mice and humans is maintained by continuous production of transitional B cells in the bone marrow. In other species, however, including rabbits, B lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow abates early in life, and it is unclear how the peripheral B cell compartment is maintained. We identified transitional B cells in rabbits and classified them into T1 (CD24(high)CD21(low)) and T2 (CD24(high)CD21(+)) B cell subsets. By neutralizing B cell-activating factor in vivo, we found an arrest in peripheral B cell development at the T1 B cell stage. Surprisingly, T1 B cells were present in GALT, blood, and spleen of adult rabbits, long after B lymphopoiesis was arrested. T1 B cells were distinct from their counterparts in other species because they are proliferating and the Ig genes are somatically diversified. We designate these newly described cells as T1d B cells and propose a model in which they develop in GALT, self renew, continuously differentiate into mature B cells, and thereby maintain peripheral B cell homeostasis in adults in the absence of B lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata A Yeramilli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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86
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Smet J, Mascart F, Schandené L. Are the reference values of B cell subpopulations used in adults for classification of common variable immunodeficiencies appropriate for children? Clin Immunol 2011; 138:266-73. [PMID: 21215701 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Detailed phenotypic characterization of B cell subpopulations is of utmost importance for the diagnosis and management of humoral immunodeficiencies, as they are used for classification of common variable immunodeficiencies. Since age-specific reference values remain scarce in the literature, we analysed by flow cytometry the proportions and absolute values of total, memory, switched memory and CD21(-/low) B cells in blood samples from 168 healthy children (1 day to 18 years) with special attention to the different subpopulations of CD21(low) B cells. The percentages of total memory B cells and their subsets significantly increased up to 5-10 years. In contrast, the percentages of immature CD21(-) B cells and of immature transitional CD21(low)CD38(hi) B cells decreased progressively with age, whereas the percentage of CD21(low) CD38(low) B cells remained stable during childhood. Our data stress the importance of age-specific reference values for the correct interpretation of B cell subsets in children as a diagnostic tool in immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Smet
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity and Immunobiology Clinic, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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87
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Black CL, Muok EMO, Mwinzi PNM, Carter JM, Karanja DMS, Secor WE, Colley DG. Increases in levels of schistosome-specific immunoglobulin E and CD23(+) B cells in a cohort of Kenyan children undergoing repeated treatment and reinfection with Schistosoma mansoni. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:399-405. [PMID: 20560767 DOI: 10.1086/653828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age prevalence curves for areas in which schistosomiasis is endemic suggest that humans develop partial immunity to reinfection beginning in early adolescence. We conducted a 2-year longitudinal study to determine whether children infected with Schistosoma mansoni develop protection-related immune responses after treatment with praziquantel and whether the development of these immune responses is accelerated by frequent treatment after reinfection. METHODS Children (8-10 years old) were tested for S. mansoni every 4 months and treated with praziquantel when positive (arm A; n=68) or were tested and treated at the end of the 2-year follow-up period (arm B; n=49). RESULTS Children in arm A who remained free of infection during follow-up had significantly higher baseline levels of schistosome-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) than did children with > or =2 repeat diagnoses of S. mansoni infection. Children with > or =2 repeat diagnoses of S. mansoni infection had significantly increased levels of anti-schistosome IgE and CD23(+) B cells after receiving > or =3 praziquantel treatments over the course of follow-up. No increase in either parameter was seen in children who received only the baseline praziquantel treatment. CONCLUSIONS B cell activation and anti-schistosome IgE are associated with resistance to S. mansoni in children, and these immunological parameters can be increased by multiple rounds of infections and praziquantel-induced cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla L Black
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-3799, USA
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88
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Perez-Andres M, Paiva B, Nieto WG, Caraux A, Schmitz A, Almeida J, Vogt RF, Marti GE, Rawstron AC, Van Zelm MC, Van Dongen JJM, Johnsen HE, Klein B, Orfao A. Human peripheral blood B-cell compartments: a crossroad in B-cell traffic. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2010; 78 Suppl 1:S47-60. [PMID: 20839338 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A relatively high number of different subsets of B-cells are generated through the differentiation of early B-cell precursors into mature B-lymphocytes in the bone marrow (BM) and antigen-triggered maturation of germinal center B-cells into memory B-lymphocytes and plasmablasts in lymphoid tissues. These B-cell subpopulations, which are produced in the BM and lymphoid tissues, recirculate through peripheral blood (PB), into different tissues including mucosa and the BM, where long-living plasma cells produce antibodies. These circulating PB B-cells can be classified according to their maturation stage into i) immature/transitional, ii) naïve, and iii) memory B-lymphocytes, and iv) plasmablasts/plasma cells. Additionally, unique subsets of memory B-lymphocytes and plasmablasts/plasma cells can be identified based on their differential expression of unique Ig-heavy chain isotypes (e.g.: IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA). In the present paper, we review recent data reported in the literature about the distribution, immunophenotypic and functional characteristics of these cell subpopulations, as well as their distribution in PB according to age and seasonal changes. Additional information is also provided in this regard based on the study of a population-based cohort of 600 healthy adults aged from 20 to 80 years, recruited in the Salamanca area in western Spain. Detailed knowledge of the distribution and traffic of B-cell subsets through PB mirrors the immune status of an individual subject and it may also contribute to a better understanding of B-cell disorders related to B-cell biology and homeostasis, such as monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perez-Andres
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
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