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Identifying the role of cytochrome c in post-resuscitation pathophysiology. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33:1826-30. [PMID: 26494628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c, an electron carrier that normally resides in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, may translocate to the cytosol under ischemic and hypoxic conditions and contribute to mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. In addition, reperfusion of brain tissue following ischemia initiates a cell death cascade that includes cytochrome c-mediated induction of apoptosis. Further studies are needed to determine the contribution of cytochrome c in the regulation of cell death, as well as its value as an in vivo prognostic marker after cardiac arrest and resuscitation.
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Safi SZ, Batumalaie K, Mansor M, Chinna K, Mohan S, Kumar S, Karimian H, Qvist R, Ashraf MA, Yan GOS. Glutamine treatment attenuates hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial stress and apoptosis in umbilical vein endothelial cells. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2015; 70:569-76. [PMID: 26247670 PMCID: PMC4518821 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2015(08)07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro effect of glutamine and insulin on apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell permeability, and inflammatory cytokines in hyperglycemic umbilical vein endothelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were grown and subjected to glutamine and insulin to examine the effects of these agents on the hyperglycemic state. Mitochondrial function and the production of inflammatory cytokines were assessed using fluorescence analysis and multiple cytotoxicity assays. Apoptosis was analyzed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling assay. RESULTS Glutamine maintains the integrity of the mitochondria by reducing the cell permeability and cytochrome c levels and increasing the mitochondrial membrane potential. The cytochrome c level was significantly (p<0.005) reduced when the cells were treated with glutamine. An apoptosis assay revealed significantly reduced apoptosis (p<0.005) in the glutamine-treated cells. Moreover, glutamine alone or in combination with insulin modulated inflammatory cytokine levels. Interleukin-10, interleukin-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor were up-regulated while tumor necrosis factor-α was down-regulated after treatment with glutamine. CONCLUSION Glutamine, either alone or in combination with insulin, can positively modulate the mitochondrial stress and cell permeability in umbilical vein endothelial cells. Glutamine regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and maintains the balance of the mitochondria in a cytoprotective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher Zaman Safi
- University of Malaya, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Kalaivani Batumalaie
- University of Malaya, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marzida Mansor
- University of Malaya, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Karuthan Chinna
- University of Malaya, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syam Mohan
- University of Malaya, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Selva Kumar
- University of Malaya, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamed Karimian
- University of Malaya, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rajes Qvist
- University of Malaya, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf
- University of Malaya, Faculty of Science, Department of Geology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Garcie Ong Siok Yan
- University of Malaya, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chaabane W, Cieślar-Pobuda A, El-Gazzah M, Jain MV, Rzeszowska-Wolny J, Rafat M, Stetefeld J, Ghavami S, Los MJ. Human-gyrovirus-Apoptin triggers mitochondrial death pathway--Nur77 is required for apoptosis triggering. Neoplasia 2015; 16:679-93. [PMID: 25246270 PMCID: PMC4234882 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gyrovirus derived protein Apoptin (HGV-Apoptin) a homologue of the chicken anemia virus Apoptin (CAV-Apoptin), a protein with high cancer cells selective toxicity, triggers apoptosis selectively in cancer cells. In this paper, we show that HGV-Apoptin acts independently from the death receptor pathway as it induces apoptosis in similar rates in Jurkat cells deficient in either FADD (fas-associated death domain) function or caspase-8 (key players of the extrinsic pathway) and their parental clones. HGV-Apoptin induces apoptosis via the activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway. It induces both mitochondrial inner and outer membrane permebilization, characterized by the loss of the mitochondrial potential and the release into cytoplasm of the pro-apoptotic molecules including apoptosis inducing factor and cytochrome c. HGV-Apoptin acts via the apoptosome, as lack of expression of apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 in murine embryonic fibroblast strongly protected the cells from HGV-Apoptin–induced apoptosis. Moreover, QVD-oph a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor delayed HGV-Apoptin–induced death. On the other hand, overexpression of the anti-apoptotic BCL-XL confers resistance to HGV-Apoptin–induced cell death. In contrast, cells that lack the expression of the pro-apoptotic BAX and BAK are protected from HGV-Apoptin induced apoptosis. Furthermore, HGV-Apoptin acts independently from p53 signal but triggers the cytoplasmic translocation of Nur77. Taking together these data indicate that HGV-Apoptin acts through the mitochondrial pathway, in a caspase-dependent manner but independently from the death receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiem Chaabane
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Linköping Sweden; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Artur Cieślar-Pobuda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Linköping Sweden; Inst. of Automatic Control, Silesian Univ. of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mohamed El-Gazzah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mayur V Jain
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Linköping Sweden
| | | | - Mehrdad Rafat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping Sweden
| | - Joerg Stetefeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Marek J Los
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Linköping Sweden; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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Javid J, Mir R, Julka PK, Ray PC, Saxena A. Extracellular cytochrome c as a biomarker for monitoring therapeutic efficacy and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4253-60. [PMID: 25578497 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer has a devastating prognosis, and markers enabling a precise prediction of therapy response have long remained scarce. Better treatment monitoring would allow an individual's more effective patient adjusted therapy with lesser side effects and good clinical outcomes. In the present study, we monitored the serum cytochrome c levels pre- and post-chemotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Using highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we evaluated cytochrome c levels in serum of 100 non-small cell lung cancer and 100 healthy controls. We observed about threefold lower serum cytochrome c level in newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer patients than healthy individuals. Patients in advanced stages and grade 3 histological differentiation showed significantly low level of serum cytochrome c, and the lower levels were associated with worse survival outcome of non-small cell lung cancer patients. In addition, serum cytochrome c level was observed to be more than 13-fold higher after first cycle of conventional chemotherapy, wherein patients with higher level of serum cytochrome c before any therapy showed better response to chemotherapy in terms of significantly higher level of serum cytochrome c after first cycle of chemotherapy than patients with low level of serum cytochrome c at the time of diagnosis. Detection of serum cytochrome c levels at the time of diagnosis may be useful in suggesting disease severity and prognosis of the non-small cell lung cancer patients. Monitoring of serum cytochrome c might also serve as a sensitive apoptotic marker in vivo reflecting chemotherapy-induced cell death burden in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamsheed Javid
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated hospitals, New Delhi, India
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Sinthujaroen P, Wanachottrakul N, Pinkaew D, Petersen JR, Phongdara A, Sheffield-Moore M, Fujise K. Elevation of serum fortilin levels is specific for apoptosis and signifies cell death in vivo. BBA CLINICAL 2014; 2:103-111. [PMID: 25558447 PMCID: PMC4280861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Billions of cells undergo apoptosis each day in the average normal adult. The ability to readily assess the degree of apoptosis in human diseases is hampered by the lack of sensitive and specific serum biomarkers of apoptosis. Fortilin is a novel prosurvival molecule that protects cells against various noxious stimuli. While fortilin is secreted into the extracellular space under certain conditions, the relationship between the serum concentration of fortilin and the presence and extent of apoptosis in vivo remains unknown. Methods & results Using a newly developed fortilin ELISA system, we show here that fortilin exists in the normal human and mouse circulation. We further demonstrate that fortilin serum levels are significantly elevated in patients with solid cancer, in response to anti-cancer chemo- or radiation therapy. The elevation of fortilin serum levels is more robust and sensitive than that of such previously-reported serum biomarkers of apoptosis as fragmented cytokeratin-18, cytochrome c, and nucleosomal DNA. In addition, targeted apoptotic liver damage induced by Jo2 anti-Fas (CD95) antibody consistently and significantly increased serum fortilin levels in C57BL/6J mice. Finally, when challenged by anti-human-Fas IgM antibody, Jurkat leukemic T cells apoptosed and released fortilin into the medium before plasma membrane integrity was compromised. Conclusions Taken together, these data suggest that serum fortilin levels reflect the degree and extent of apoptosis occurring in vivo. General significance Fortilin is a viable serum biomarker of in vivo apoptosis and can be utilized to noninvasively assess the status of in vivo apoptosis in humans. Ultra-sensitive fortilin ELISA has been developed. Fortilin circulates in blood. Fortilin serum levels become highly elevated after apoptosis-inducing therapy. Fortilin is more robust and sensitive than other serum apoptosis markers. Fortilin is actively secreted before plasma membrane becomes disrupted. Fortilin is an excellent serum biomarker of in vivo apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patuma Sinthujaroen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
| | - Nattaporn Wanachottrakul
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Decha Pinkaew
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - John R. Petersen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Amornrat Phongdara
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
| | - Melinda Sheffield-Moore
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ken Fujise
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Corresponding author at: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Suite JSA5.106G, Galveston, TX 77555, USA. Tel.: + 1 409 772 4885; fax: + 1 409 419 1777.
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Langs-Barlow A, Selvaraj S, Ogbuagu O, Shabanova V, Shapiro ED, Paintsil E. Association of circulating cytochrome c with clinical manifestations of antiretroviral-induced toxicity. Mitochondrion 2014; 20:71-4. [PMID: 25435346 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of antiretroviral therapy (ART) toxicity is complicated. Apoptosis has been implicated in ART toxicity. Cytochrome c (Cyt-C) is a mitochondrial protein found in plasma during pro-apoptotic states. We conducted a study of HIV-infected individuals on ART with (cases, n=21) and without (controls, n=21) clinical evidence of toxicity to determine if elevated plasma Cyt-C is associated with ART toxicity. When corrected for CD4 count, viral load, and duration of HIV infection, cases are 7.86 times more likely than controls to have plasma Cyt-C>0.216 ng/mL. Cyt-C could be a useful clinical tool to guide treatment decisions in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Langs-Barlow
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA.
| | - Shanmugapriya Selvaraj
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., Boardman 110, PO Box 208056, New Haven, CT 06520-8056, USA.
| | - Onyema Ogbuagu
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., Boardman 110, PO Box 208056, New Haven, CT 06520-8056, USA.
| | - Veronika Shabanova
- Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 300 George Street, Suite 555, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Eugene D Shapiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, PO Box 208034, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA.
| | - Elijah Paintsil
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, PO Box 208034, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, Sterling Hall of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM B-208, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA.
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Circulating proteolytic signatures of chemotherapy-induced cell death in humans discovered by N-terminal labeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7594-9. [PMID: 24821784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405987111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that many chemotherapeutics induce cellular apoptosis over hours to days. During apoptosis, numerous cellular proteases are activated, most canonically the caspases. We speculated that detection of proteolytic fragments released from apoptotic cells into the peripheral blood may serve as a unique indicator of chemotherapy-induced cell death. Here we used an enzymatic labeling process to positively enrich free peptide α-amines in the plasma of hematologic malignancy patients soon after beginning treatment. This N-terminomic approach largely avoids interference by high-abundance proteins that complicate traditional plasma proteomic analyses. Significantly, by mass spectrometry methods, we found strong biological signatures of apoptosis directly in the postchemotherapy plasma, including numerous caspase-cleaved peptides as well as relevant peptides from apoptotic and cell-stress proteins second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases, HtrA serine peptidase 2, and activating transcription factor 6. We also treated hematologic cancer cell lines with clinically relevant chemotherapeutics and monitored proteolytic fragments released into the media. Remarkably, many of these peptides coincided with those found in patient samples. Overall, we identified 153 proteolytic peptides in postchemotherapy patient plasma as potential indicators of cellular apoptosis. Through targeted quantitative proteomics, we verified that many of these peptides were indeed increased post- vs. prechemotherapy in additional patients. Our findings reveal that numerous proteolytic fragments are released from dying tumor cells. Monitoring posttreatment proteolysis may lead to a novel class of inexpensive, rapid biomarkers of cell death.
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58
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Stobiecka M. Novel plasmonic field-enhanced nanoassay for trace detection of proteins. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 55:379-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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OSU-03012, a non-Cox inhibiting celecoxib derivative, induces apoptosis of human esophageal carcinoma cells through a p53/Bax/cytochrome c/caspase-9-dependent pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2014; 24:690-8. [PMID: 23652278 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328362469f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OSU-03012 is a celecoxib derivative devoid of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory activity. It was previously reported to inhibit the growth of some tumor cells through the AKT-signaling pathway. In the current study, we assessed the ability of OSU-03012 to induce apoptosis in human esophageal carcinoma cells and the mechanism by which this occurs. A cell proliferation assay indicated that OSU-03012 inhibited the growth of human esophageal carcinoma cell lines with an IC50 below 2 μmol/l and had the most effective cytotoxicity against Eca-109 cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling assay and flow cytometry analysis showed that OSU-03012 could induce the apoptosis in Eca-109 cells. After treatment of Eca-109 cells with 2 μmol/l OSU-03012 for 24 h, the apoptosis index increased from 14.07 to 53.72%. OSU-03012 treatment resulted in a 30-40% decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential and caused cytochrome c release into the cytosol. Further studies with caspase-9-specific and caspase-8-specific inhibitors (z-LEHDfmk and z-IETDfmk, respectively) pointed toward the involvement of the caspase-9 pathway, but not the caspase-8 pathway, in the execution of OSU-03012-induced apoptosis. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that OSU-03012-induced cellular apoptosis was associated with upregulation of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9. Ser-15 of p53 was phosphorylated after 24 h of treatment of the cancer cells with OSU-03012. This increase in p53 was associated with the decrease in Bcl-2 and increase in Bax. An inhibitor of p53, pifithrin-α, attenuated the anticancer effects of OSU-03012 and downregulated the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-9. Altogether, our results show that OSU-03012 could induce apoptosis in human esophageal carcinoma cells through a p53/Bax/cytochrome c/caspase-9-dependent pathway.
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Loo J, Lau PM, Ho HP, Kong SK. An aptamer-based bio-barcode assay with isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification for cytochrome-c detection and anti-cancer drug screening. Talanta 2013; 115:159-65. [PMID: 24054573 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Based on a recently reported ultra-sensitive bio-barcode (BBC) assay, we have developed an aptamer-based bio-barcode (ABC) alternative to detect a cell death marker cytochrome-c (Cyto-c) and its subsequent application to screen anti-cancer drugs. Aptamer is a short single-stranded DNA selected from a synthetic DNA library by virtue of its high binding affinity and specificity to its target based on its unique 3D structure from the nucleotide sequence after folding. In the BBC assay, an antigen (Ag) in analytes is captured by a micro-magnetic particle (MMP) coated with capturing antibodies (Abs). Gold nanoparticles (NPs) with another recognition Ab against the same target and hundreds of identical DNA molecules of known sequence are subsequently added to allow the formation of sandwich structures ([MMP-Ab1]-Ag-[Ab2-NP-DNA]). After isolating the sandwiches by a magnetic field, the DNAs hybridized to their complementary DNAs covalently bound on the NPs are released from the sandwiches after heating. Acting as an Ag identification tag, these bio-barcode DNAs with known DNA sequence are then amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and detected by fluorescence. In our ABC assay, we employed a Cyto-c-specific aptamer to substitute both the recognition Ab and barcode DNAs on the NPs in the BBC assay; and a novel isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification for the time-consuming PCR. The detection limit of our ABC assay for the Cyto-c was found to be 10 ng/mL and this new assay can be completed within 3h. Several potential anti-cancer drugs have been tested in vitro for their efficacy to kill liver cancer with or without multi-drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Loo
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Life Sciences, Biochemistry Programme, Room 609, Mong Man Wai Building, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
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Damage-associated molecular patterns derived from mitochondria may contribute to the hemodialysis-associated inflammation. Int Urol Nephrol 2013; 46:107-12. [PMID: 23515931 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-013-0417-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflammation is common in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are released during cell necrosis or apoptosis and induce inflammation. Cell apoptosis is increased in HD patients. The mitochondrial protein cytochrome c, as a marker of released mitochondrial DAMPs, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as a marker of inflammation, were evaluated in HD patients. METHODS Thirty-four HD patients and 20 controls were enrolled in the study. Serum cytochrome c and IL-6 were measured by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Compared to controls, cytochrome c was markedly increased in HD patients (1392.88 ± 905.24 pg/mL vs. 212.95 ± 91.71 pg/mL). IL-6 was also significantly increased in HD patients (50.32 ± 35.89 pg/mL vs. 14.27 ± 6.83 pg/mL). In HD patients serum IL-6 was positively related to serum cytochrome c (r = 0.458). CONCLUSION Both circulating cytochrome c and IL-6 are markedly increased in HD patients. Cytochrome c is positively related to IL-6.
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Udi J, Schüler J, Wider D, Ihorst G, Catusse J, Waldschmidt J, Schnerch D, Follo M, Wäsch R, Engelhardt M. Potent in vitro and in vivo activity of sorafenib in multiple myeloma: induction of cell death, CD138-downregulation and inhibition of migration through actin depolymerization. Br J Haematol 2013; 161:104-16. [PMID: 23384035 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable advances, multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable and the development of novel therapies targeting the interplay between plasma cells (PCs) and their bone marrow (BM) microenvironment remains essential. We investigated the effect of various agents in vitro on the proliferation, phenotype, morphology, actin polymerization and migration of MM cells and, in vivo, the tumour growth of L363-bearing non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mice with a deficient interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain (NSG). In vitro, we observed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity with bortezomib and sorafenib. Using RPMI8226 cells co-expressing histone 2B-mCherry and cytochrome c-GFP, bortezomib- and sorafenib-induced apoptosis was confirmed, and both agents combined showed synergism. Sorafenib induced CD138-downregulation and abolished CXCL12-induced actin polymerization. L363 cells expressed CCR4 and CCR5 and migrated to their common ligand CCL5. Chemotaxis to BM stroma cells was notable and significantly reduced by sorafenib. Downregulation of phospho-ERK appeared relevant for the inhibition of actin polymerization and chemotaxis. Sorafenib alone, and combined with bortezomib, showed substantial antitumour activity in L363-bearing NSG. Correspondingly, sorafenib induced clinical responses in MM-/AL-amyloidosis patients. We conclude that, in addition to the cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic effects of sorafenib, blocking of MM cell migration and homing represent promising mechanisms to interrupt the interplay between PCs and their supportive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Udi
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany
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MAO HAITING, GU HONGTAO, QU XUN, SUN JINTANG, SONG BINGFENG, GAO WENJUAN, LIU JIA, SHAO QIANQIAN. Involvement of the mitochondrial pathway and Bim/Bcl-2 balance in dihydroartemisinin-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2012; 31:213-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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The prognostic significance of the increase in the serum M30 and M65 values after chemotherapy and relationship between these values and clinicopathological factors in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:2201-8. [PMID: 22890829 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In some studies, the prognostic and predictive significance of M30 and M65 has been reported to detect response to chemotherapy. In the present study, we aimed at determining the changes of serum M30 and M65 values after chemotherapy and the impact of these values on treatment response and progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with advanced gastric cancer. A total of 31 patients with advanced gastric cancer was included. M30 and M65 values were measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in serum samples before and 48 h after the first chemotherapy cycle. Pre- and postchemotherapy values of M30 and M65 were compared. The difference between the mean values of serum M30 and M65 before and after chemotherapy was calculated and the prognostic significance of changes for survival was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis. Logistic regression analysis was performed to predict response to chemotherapy. Serum M30 and M65 levels were found to be increased significantly after chemotherapy (M30, 582.7 ± 111.5 U/l [pre mean] vs. 983.3 ± 214.1 U/l [post mean], p = 0.01; M65, 2,061.7 ± 431.2 U/l [pre mean] vs. 2,646.3 ± 433.1 U/l [post mean], p = 0.003). Means of the differences of M30 and M65 levels before and 48 h after chemotherapy were 400.5 ± 190 U/l ([M30-difference] M30-D) and 584.6 ± 335.4 U/l (M65-D), respectively. Patients with serum M30-D of <400.5 U/l had better median PFS and OS times than patients with M30-D >400.5 U/l (PFS, 9.9 vs. 4.3 months, p = 0.018 and OS, 13.6 vs. 8.1 months, p = 0.029). In addition, median PFS and OS intervals in patients with serum M65-D > 584.6 U/l were significantly worse than those of patients whose M65-D was lower than or equal to 584.6 U/l (4.1 vs. 11.4 months for PFS, p = 0.002 and 5.7 vs. 13.6 months for OS, p = 0.005). Patients with values above M30-D and M65-D had a better tumor response compared with patients with values below M30-D and M65-D (p = 0.02 and p = 0.006, respectively). In the logistic regression analysis, only M65-D was significantly found to be an independent factor in predicting response to chemotherapy (p = 0.018, OR:1.4). However, only M30 levels after chemotherapy were found to be an independent prognostic factor for PFS in the multivariate analysis. These results showed for the first time that both M30 and M65 in serum samples of patients with advanced gastric cancer were elevated 48 h after chemotherapy and these were poor prognostic factors for both PFS and OS of patients. Moreover, increased serum M65 levels after chemotherapy can be predict tumor response.
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Protecting mitochondrial bioenergetic function during resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care Clin 2012; 28:245-70. [PMID: 22433486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Naranmandura H, Chen X, Tanaka M, Wang WW, Rehman K, Xu S, Chen Z, Chen SQ, Suzuki N. Release of Apoptotic Cytochrome c From Mitochondria by Dimethylarsinous Acid Occurs Through Interaction With Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel In Vitro. Toxicol Sci 2012; 128:137-46. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Liu H, Sarnaik SM, Manole MD, Chen Y, Shinde SN, Li W, Rose M, Alexander H, Chen J, Clark RSB, Graham SH, Hickey RW. Increased cytochrome c in rat cerebrospinal fluid after cardiac arrest and its effects on hypoxic neuronal survival. Resuscitation 2012; 83:1491-6. [PMID: 22554683 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins may be useful biomarkers of neuronal death and ultimate prognosis after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Cytochrome c has been identified in the CSF of children following traumatic brain injury. Cytochrome c is required for cellular respiration but it is also a central component of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Thus, in addition to serving as a biomarker, cytochrome c release into CSF may have an effect upon survival of adjacent neurons. In this study, we use Western blot and ELISA to show that cytochrome c is elevated in CSF obtained from pediatric rats following resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Using biotinylated human cytochrome c in culture media we show that cytochrome c crosses the cell membrane and is incorporated into mitochondria of neurons exposed to anoxia. Lastly, we show that addition of human cytochrome c to primary neuronal culture exposed to anoxia improves survival. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show cytochrome c is elevated in CSF following hypoxic ischemic brain injury. Results from primary neuronal culture suggest that extracellular cytochrome c is able to cross the cell membrane of injured neurons, incorporate into mitochondria, and promote survival following anoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare Center, PA, USA
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Au AK, Aneja RK, Bell MJ, Bayir H, Feldman K, Adelson PD, Fink EL, Kochanek PM, Clark RSB. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of high-mobility group box 1 and cytochrome C predict outcome after pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:2013-21. [PMID: 22540160 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a ubiquitous nuclear protein that is passively released from damaged and necrotic cells, and actively released from immune cells. In contrast, cytochrome c is released from mitochondria in apoptotic cells, and is considered a reliable biomarker of apoptosis. Thus, HMGB1 and cytochrome c may in part reflect the degree of necrosis and apoptosis present after traumatic brain injury (TBI), where both are felt to contribute to cell death and neurological morbidity. Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained from children admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after TBI (n=37). CSF levels of HMGB1 and cytochrome c were determined at four time intervals (0-24 h, 25-48 h, 49-72 h, and>72 h after injury) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lumbar CSF from children without TBI served as controls (n=12). CSF HMGB1 levels were: control=1.78±0.29, 0-24 h=5.73±1.45, 25-48 h=5.16±1.73, 49-72 h=4.13±0.75,>72 h=3.80±0.90 ng/mL (mean±SEM). Peak HMGB1 levels were inversely and independently associated with favorable Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores at 6 mo (0.49 [0.24-0.97]; OR [5-95% CI]). CSF cytochrome c levels were: control=0.37±0.10, 0-24 h=0.69±0.15, 25-48 h=0.82±0.48, 49-72 h=1.52±1.08,>72 h=1.38±1.02 ng/mL (mean±SEM). Peak cytochrome c levels were independently associated with abusive head trauma (AHT; 24.29 [1.77-334.03]) and inversely and independently associated with favorable GOS scores (0.42 [0.18-0.99]). In conclusion, increased CSF levels of HMGB1 and cytochrome c were associated with poor outcome after TBI in infants and children. These data are also consistent with the designation of HMGB1 as a "danger signal." Distinctly increased CSF cytochrome c levels in infants and children with AHT and poor outcome suggests that apoptosis may play an important role in this unique patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K Au
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Small DM, Gobe GC. Cytochrome c: potential as a noninvasive biomarker of drug-induced acute kidney injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:655-64. [PMID: 22475359 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.679657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients is closely associated with increased morbidity and mortality, yet there remains continued reliance on increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen to diagnose AKI. These biomarkers increase only after significant renal structural damage has occurred. Recent research efforts have focused on discovery and validation of novel serum and urine biomarkers to detect AKI prior to extensive structural damage. Cytochrome c is best known as an indicator of cell death burden in any organ or tissue. It is released during mitochondrial damage that is associated with processing of apoptosis, cell lysis during necrosis and even reversible mitochondrial and cell injury. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the current literature on the potential for cytochrome c as an early biomarker of AKI. The article is based on PubMed searches, using the terms 'acute kidney injury,' 'renal failure,' 'biomarker,' 'toxicity' and 'cytochrome c', with a focus on experimental and clinical data. EXPERT OPINION Cytochrome c, as a biomarker, has the potential to improve outcome for AKI patients. Its release indicates mitochondrial damage, one of the earliest changes in cell injury and death. New mitochondrial-targeted therapeutics may be designed around this molecule. Its disadvantages include only transient increase at expression levels that are easily measurable and nonspecificity for kidney injury. The appropriate and optimal utilization of cytochrome c as a biomarker for AKI will be realized only after its complete characterization in experimental and clinical arenas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Small
- The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
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Hattersley SM, Sylvester DC, Dyer CE, Stafford ND, Haswell SJ, Greenman J. A microfluidic system for testing the responses of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tissue biopsies to treatment with chemotherapy drugs. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 40:1277-88. [PMID: 21997391 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are heterogeneous masses of cells characterized pathologically by their size and spread. Their chaotic biology makes treatment of malignancies hard to generalize. We present a robust and reproducible glass microfluidic system, for the maintenance and "interrogation" of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumor biopsies, which enables continuous media perfusion and waste removal, recreating in vivo laminar flow and diffusion-driven conditions. Primary HNSCC or metastatic lymph samples were subsequently treated with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin, alone and in combination, and were monitored for viability and apoptotic biomarker release 'off-chip' over 7 days. The concentration of lactate dehydrogenase was initially high but rapidly dropped to minimally detectable levels in all tumor samples; conversely, effluent concentration of WST-1 (cell proliferation) increased over 7 days: both factors demonstrating cell viability. Addition of cell lysis reagent resulted in increased cell death and reduction in cell proliferation. An apoptotic biomarker, cytochrome c, was analyzed and all the treated samples showed higher levels than the control, with the combination therapy showing the greatest effect. Hematoxylin- and Eosin-stained sections from the biopsy, before and after maintenance, demonstrated the preservation of tissue architecture. This device offers a novel method of studying the tumor environment, and offers a pre-clinical model for creating personalized treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Hattersley
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston upon Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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Quantitative and subcellular localization analysis of the nuclear isoform dUTP pyrophosphatase in alkylating agent-induced cell responses. Toxicology 2011; 287:15-20. [PMID: 21658424 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our previous proteome analysis showed that the nuclear isoform of dUTP pyrophosphatase (DUT-N) was identified in the culture medium of human amnion FL cells after exposure to the alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). These results suggest that DUT-N may be a potential early biomarker to assess the risk of alkylating agents exposure. DUT-N is one of the two isoforms of deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase). Our current knowledge of DUT-N expression in human cells is very limited. In the current study, we first investigated the appearance of DUT-N in the culture medium of different human cell lines in response to a low concentration of MNNG exposure. We verified that the MNNG-induced appearance of DUT-N in the extracellular environment is cell-specific. Western blot analysis confirmed that the intracellular DUT-N changes responded to MNNG in a concentration-dependent and cell-specific manner. Furthermore, subcellular fraction experiments showed that 0.25μM MNNG treatment dramatically increased the DUT-N expression levels in the cytoplasmic extracts prepared from both FL and HepG2 cells, increased DUT-N levels in nuclear extracts prepared from HepG2 cells, and decreased DUT-N levels in nuclear extracts from FL cells. Morphological studies using immunofluorescence showed that a low concentration of MNNG could alter the distribution of DUT-N in FL and HepG2 cells in different ways. Taken together, these studies indicate a role of DUT-N in alkylating agent-induced cell responses.
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Wang C, Zhang Y. Apoptin gene transfer via modified wheat histone H4 facilitates apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:121-6. [PMID: 21355783 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2010.0858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonviral approaches have been used extensively for intracellular gene transfer and gene therapy. A modified wheat histone H4 protein, H4TL (H4-TAT-LHRH), as a protein-based gene delivery vector that was able to form stable complexes with plasmid DNA and increase gene delivery efficiency has been described previously. In this study, H4TL has been used to deliver apoptin gene into a human ovarian carcinoma cell line HO8910. After transfection, increased expression of apoptin at both mRNA and protein levels was detected in HO8910 cells, accompanied by reduced rate of growth of HO8910 cells in vitro and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in these cells. These data demonstrate that H4TL-mediated transfer of apoptin initiates mitochondrial death pathway in ovarian cancer cells and suggest a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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73
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Yin H, Xie F, Zhang J, Yang Y, Deng B, Sun J, Wang Q, Qu X, Mao H. Combination of interferon-α and 5-fluorouracil induces apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro. Cancer Lett 2011; 306:34-42. [PMID: 21474236 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many clinical reports have proven that the combination therapy of interferon-alpha plus 5-fluorouracil is remarkably effective for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanism of this therapy is not well understood. Here, we demonstrated that the combination therapy synergistically inhibited the growth of Fas-negative HCC cells, arrested cell-cycle progression and induced apoptosis. Moreover, the combination therapy significantly increased the protein expression of caspase-8, activated Bid and cytochrome c. Meanwhile, the expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL was reduced and intracellular calcium elevated obviously during the early stage of treatment. Therefore, mitochondrial pathway was involved in the apoptosis of Fas-negative HCC cells induced by IFN-α/5-FU and Ca(2+) partially promoted the beneficial effect against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Yin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qi Lu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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74
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Krysko DV, Agostinis P, Krysko O, Garg AD, Bachert C, Lambrecht BN, Vandenabeele P. Emerging role of damage-associated molecular patterns derived from mitochondria in inflammation. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:157-64. [PMID: 21334975 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell death and injury often lead to release or exposure of intracellular molecules called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or cell death-associated molecules. These molecules are recognized by the innate immune system by pattern recognition receptors - the same receptors that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns, thus revealing similarities between pathogen-induced and non-infectious inflammatory responses. Many DAMPs are derived from the plasma membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. Recently, mitochondria have emerged as other organelles that function as a source of DAMPs. Here, we highlight the significance of mitochondrial DAMPs and discuss their contribution to inflammation and development of human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Krysko
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Belgium.
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Estrogen plus progestin treatment: effect of different progestin components on serum markers of apoptosis in healthy postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:2399-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ahmed T, Tripathi AK, Ahmed RS, Banerjee BD. Assessment of phosphamidon-induced apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine and curcumin. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 24:286-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
Considerable interest has emerged in serum biomarkers that can be used to evaluate early effects of cancer therapeutics. Such efficacy biomarkers are expected to become valuable both for routine clinical care and for anticancer drug development. Here, we review the literature on serum efficacy biomarkers. We discuss how data using such markers can be interpreted, particularly with regard to the issue of specificity of different markers. An important question is whether biomarker response evaluation is expected to be congruent with evaluation by traditional anatomical methods. We argue that they may not be - biomarkers are expected to provide information with regard to induction of tumor cell death that will not necessarily reflect clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Linder
- Department of Oncology - Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lau IPM, Ngan EKS, Loo J, Suen YK, Ho HP, Kong SK. Aptamer-based bio-barcode assay for the detection of cytochrome-c released from apoptotic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 395:560-4. [PMID: 20398625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recently developed bio-barcode (BBC) assay using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to generate signals has been shown to be an extraordinarily sensitive method to detect protein targets. The BBC assay involves a magnetic microparticle (with antibody to capture the target of interest) and gold nanoparticle (with recognition antibody and thiolated single-stranded barcode DNAs) to form a sandwich around the target. The concentration of target is determined by the amount of barcode DNA released from the nanoparticles. Here we describe a modification using aptamers to substitute the gold nanoparticles for the BBC assay. In this study, we isolated a 76-mer monoclonal aptamer against cytochrome-c (cyto-c) and this single-stranded DNA in defined 3D structure for cyto-c was used in the BBC assay for both recognition and readout reporting. After magnetic separation, the aptamer was amplified by PCR and this aptamer-based barcode (ABC) assay was sensitive enough to detect the cyto-c in culture medium released from the apoptotic cells after drug treatment at the picomolar level. When compared to the conventional cyto-c detection by Western blot analysis, our ABC assay is sensitive, and time for the detection and quantification with ready-made probes was only 3 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene P M Lau
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
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Shirai R, Gotou R, Hirano F, Ikeda K, Inoue S. Autologous extracellular cytochrome c is an endogenous ligand for leucine-rich alpha2-glycoprotein and beta-type phospholipase A2 inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:21607-14. [PMID: 20442399 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.122788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-type phospholipase A(2) inhibitory protein (PLIbeta) from the serum of the venomous snake Gloydius brevicaudus neutralizes basic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) from its own venom, and it has 33% sequence homology with human leucine-rich alpha(2)-glycoprotein (LRG), which has been recently reported to bind cytochrome c (Cyt c) (Cummings, C., Walder, J., Treeful, A., and Jemmerson, R. (2006) Apoptosis 11, 1121-1129). In the present study, PLIbeta was found to bind Cyt c. The interactions of LRG and PLIbeta with Cyt c were compared by surface plasmon resonance analysis. Human LRG bound horse and snake Cyt c with dissociation constants of 1.58 x 10(-13) M and 1.65 x 10(-10) M, respectively, but did not bind yeast Cyt c, while G. brevicaudus PLIbeta bound horse, snake, and yeast Cyt c with dissociation constants of 1.05 x 10(-10) M, 2.37 x 10(-12) M, and 1.67 x 10(-6) M, respectively. On the other hand, LRG did not show any PLA(2) inhibitory activity and did not bind G. brevicaudus basic PLA(2), whereas PLIbeta bound the basic PLA(2) with a dissociation constant of 1.21 x 10(-9) M, which is smaller than those with the Cyt c described above. The PLA(2) inhibitory activity of PLIbeta was also found to be suppressed by the binding of Cyt c to PLIbeta. These results suggest that autologous Cyt c is an endogeneous ligand for LRG and PLIbeta and that these serum proteins neutralize the autologous Cyt c released from the dead cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Shirai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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Brandt D, Volkmann X, Anstätt M, Länger F, Manns MP, Schulze-Osthoff K, Bantel H. Serum biomarkers of cell death for monitoring therapy response of gastrointestinal carcinomas. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:1464-73. [PMID: 20202824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Revised: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antitumour treatments are thought to exert their therapeutic efficacy mainly by induction of apoptosis in tumour cells. In epithelial cells, caspases, the key enzymes of apoptosis, cleave the intermediate filament protein cytokeratin (CK)-18 into specific fragments that are released into circulating blood and can be detected by a specific ELISA. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To investigate the use of CK-18 fragments as a potential biomarker for the treatment response, we examined the association of serum CK-18 levels and clinical response in 35 patients with gastrointestinal cancers. RESULTS While both cleaved and total CK-18 levels were intrinsically elevated in tumour patients, they were further increased during 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based therapy. Importantly, the increased levels of CK-18 could discriminate between patients with different clinical response. Cancer patients with a partial response or stable disease revealed a significantly higher increase of cleaved CK-18 during chemotherapy as compared to patients with progressive disease. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that detection of circulating caspase-cleaved CK-18 might be a useful serum biomarker for monitoring treatment response and should merit further evaluation in larger patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Brandt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Codina R, Vanasse A, Kelekar A, Vezys V, Jemmerson R. Cytochrome c-induced lymphocyte death from the outside in: inhibition by serum leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein-1. Apoptosis 2009; 15:139-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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82
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Arepalli SK, Sridhar V, Venkateswara Rao J, Kavin Kennady P, Venkateswarlu Y. Furano-sesquiterpene from soft coral, Sinularia kavarittiensis: induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial-mediated caspase-dependent pathway in THP-1, leukemia cell line. Apoptosis 2009; 14:729-40. [PMID: 19283488 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bioassay directed fractionation and purification led to the successful isolation of a furano sesquiterpene, Methyl 5-[(1E,5E)-2,6-Dimethyl octa-1,5,7-trienyl] furan-3-carboxylate (MDTFC), a bioactive component from a soft coral, Sinularia kavarittiensis. Its structure was determined by analyzing (1)H, (13)C NMR and FAB-MS. The results show that MDTFC could efficiently and selectively inhibit the proliferation of several human cancer cell lines. Among all the cell lines, THP-1 was found to be most sensitive (IC(50) 29.59 microM), whereas the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were least effected (IC(50) 464.16 microM). The molecular mechanism of MDTFC mediated apoptosis was investigated for the first time. Induction of apoptosis in THP-1 cells was characterized by cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and decrease in level of pro-caspases 3, 9 and increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Our results were further strengthened through cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (Psim) and cytosolic release of cytochrome c, which are key events during apoptosis. Moreover, phosphatidyl serine exposure and appearance of sub-G1 peak also demonstrated cell death, when analyzed by flow cytometry. DNA fragmentation was prevented moderately when pretreated with caspase-9 inhibitor (Z-LEHD-FMK) and largely with caspase-3 inhibitor (Z-DEVD-FMK). In summary, MDTFC mediated apoptosis involves mitochondria-dependent pathway and the present compound of marine origin might have a therapeutic value against human cancer cell lines and especially on leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Arepalli
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 607, India
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OSAKA A, HASEGAWA H, TSURUDA K, INOKUCHI N, YANAGIHARA K, YAMADA Y, AOYAMA M, SAWADA T, KAMIHIRA S. Serum cytochrome c to indicate the extent of ongoing tumor cell death. Int J Lab Hematol 2009; 31:307-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2008.01033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu L, Deng H, Wang Y, Chen P, Yang Y, Yang H, Chen X, Chen L, Zhu W, Liang S, Yang J, Qian Z, Li J, Wen Y, Kan B, Mao Y, Zhao X, Wei Y. A novel strategy for tumour therapy combining cell apoptosis and active immunity induced by caspy2, a zebrafish caspase. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:2271-2281. [PMID: 19220579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspy2, a zebrafish protease, is an active caspase for inducing apoptosis in mammalian cells. To investigate whether caspy2-mediated apoptosis could be used in cancer therapy, its cDNA was amplified and cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(+). The recombinant plasmid was mixed with cationic liposome and introduced into various tumour cell lines in vitro. Our data showed that caspy2 induced remarkable apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro. Treatment of mice-bearing CT26 colon carcinoma or MethA fibrosarcoma with intratumoral injection of liposome-caspy2 plasmid complex resulted in substantial killing of neoplastic cells and long-term survivors. Apoptotic cells were widely distributed in caspy2-treated tumour tissue. Infiltration of CD8(+) T lymphocyte was also observed apparently in the tumour tissue after the treatment with caspy2. Tumour-specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-dependent CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity was found by means of (51)Cr release assay. In MethA model, the mice acquired a long-time protective immunity against the parental tumour cell re-challenge. These results indicated that caspy2 can act as both apoptosis inducer and immune response initiator, which may account for its extraordinary antitumour effect. Furthermore, in vivo depletion of CD8(+) T lymphocytes could completely abrogate the antitumour immune activity, whereas the depletion of CD4(+) cells showed partial abrogation. In this study, we developed a novel anticancer strategy that combines both induction of apoptosis and immune response in mice-bearing tumours with a single caspy2 gene. This approach may provide an important way for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hanshuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xiancheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Shufang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China
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85
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Harguindey S, Orive G, Cacabelos R, Hevia EM, de Otazu RD, Arranz JL, Anitua E. An integral approach to the etiopathogenesis of human neurodegenerative diseases (HNDDs) and cancer. Possible therapeutic consequences within the frame of the trophic factor withdrawal syndrome (TFWS). Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4:1073-84. [PMID: 19337452 PMCID: PMC2646641 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel and integral approach to the understanding of human neurodegenerative diseases (HNDDs) and cancer based upon the disruption of the intracellular dynamics of the hydrogen ion (H(+)) and its physiopathology, is advanced. From an etiopathological perspective, the activity and/or deficiency of different growth factors (GFs) in these pathologies are studied, and their relationships to intracellular acid-base homeostasis reviewed. Growth and trophic factor withdrawal in HNDDs indicate the need to further investigate the potential utilization of certain GFs in the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Platelet abnormalities and the therapeutic potential of platelet-derived growth factors in these pathologies, either through platelet transfusions or other clinical methods, are considered. Finally, the etiopathogenic mechanisms of apoptosis and antiapoptosis in HNDDs and cancer are viewed as opposite biochemical and biological disorders of cellular acid-base balance and their secondary effects on intracellular signaling pathways and aberrant cell metabolism are considered in the light of the both the seminal and most recent data available. The "trophic factor withdrawal syndrome" is described for the first time in English-speaking medical literature, as well as a Darwinian-like interpretation of cellular behavior related to specific and nonspecific aspects of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Harguindey
- Institute of Clinical Biology and Metabolism, c/o Postas 13, 01004 Vitoria, Spain.
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86
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Abstract
Reversal of cardiac arrest requires reestablishment of aerobic metabolism by reperfusion with oxygenated blood of tissues that have been ischemic for variable periods of time. However, reperfusion concomitantly activates a myriad of pathogenic mechanisms causing what is known as reperfusion injury. At the center of reperfusion injury are mitochondria, playing a critical role as effectors and targets of injury. Studies in animal models of ventricular fibrillation have shown that limiting myocardial cytosolic Na+ overload attenuates mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and maintains oxidative phosphorylation, which is the main bioenergetic function of mitochondria. This effect is associated with functional myocardial benefits such as preservation of myocardial compliance during chest compression and attenuation of myocardial dysfunction after return of spontaneous circulation. Additional studies in similar animal models of ventricular fibrillation have shown that mitochondrial injury leads to activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, characterized by the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, reduction of caspase-9 levels, and activation of caspase-3 coincident with marked reduction in left ventricular function. Cytochrome c also "leaks" into the bloodstream attaining levels that are inversely proportional to survival. These data indicate that mitochondria play a key role during cardiac resuscitation by modulating energy metabolism and signaling apoptotic cascades and that targeting mitochondria could represent a promising strategy for cardiac resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyad M Ayoub
- Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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87
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Biomarkers of primary and evolving damage in traumatic and ischemic brain injury: diagnosis, prognosis, probing mechanisms, and therapeutic decision making. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008; 14:135-41. [PMID: 18388674 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0b013e3282f57564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Emerging data suggest that biomarkers of brain injury have potential utility as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic adjuncts in the setting of traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Two approaches are being used, namely, assessing markers of structural damage and quantifying mediators of the cellular, biochemical, or molecular cascades in secondary injury or repair. Novel proteomic, multiplex, and lipidomic methods are also being applied. RECENT FINDINGS Biochemical markers of neuronal, glial, and axonal damage such as neuron-specific enolase, S100B, and myelin basic protein, respectively, are readily detectable in biological samples such as serum or cerebrospinal fluid and are being studied in patients with ischemic and traumatic brain injury. In addition, a number of studies have demonstrated that novel tools to assess simultaneously multiple biomarkers can provide unique insight such as details on specific molecular participants in cell death cascades, inflammation, or oxidative stress. SUMMARY Multifaceted cellular, biochemical, and molecular monitoring of proteins and lipids is logical as an adjunct to guiding therapies and improving outcomes in traumatic and ischemic brain injury and we appear to be on the verge of a breakthrough with the use of these markers as diagnostic, prognostic, and monitoring adjuncts, in neurointensive care.
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88
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Beachy SH, Repasky EA. Using extracellular biomarkers for monitoring efficacy of therapeutics in cancer patients: an update. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:759-75. [PMID: 18188561 PMCID: PMC11029872 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly detectable and easily accessible markers of tumor cell death are needed for evaluating early therapeutic efficacy for immunotherapy and chemotherapy so that patients and their physicians can decide whether to remain with a given therapeutic strategy. Currently, image-based tests such as computed tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging are used to visualize the response of a patient's tumor, but often these evaluations are not conducted for weeks to months after treatment begins. While serum levels of secreted proteins such as carcinoembryonic antigen and prostate specific antigen are commonly monitored to gauge tumor status during therapy and between image evaluations, the levels of these proteins do not always correlate well with the actual tumor response. In laboratory studies, it has been shown that tumor cells undergoing apoptosis can release cellular components into cell culture media such as cytochrome c, nucleosomes, cleaved cytokeratin-18 and E-cadherin. Studies of patient sera have found that these and other macromolecules can be found in circulation during cancer therapy, providing a potential source of material for monitoring treatment efficacy. In the future, analysis of biofluids from severe combined immunodeficiency mice bearing patient tumor specimens treated with a targeted therapy such as Apo2L/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand will be useful in the preclinical identification of therapy response markers. In this review, the current status of the identification of serum markers of tumor cell apoptosis is provided, as well as a discussion of critical research questions that must be addressed and the considerations necessary when identifying a marker that reflects true clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. H. Beachy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - E. A. Repasky
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
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Kawasaki T, Kitao T, Nakagawa K, Fujisaki H, Takegawa Y, Koda K, Ago Y, Baba A, Matsuda T. Nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in cultured rat astrocytes: protection by edaravone, a radical scavenger. Glia 2007; 55:1325-33. [PMID: 17626263 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide induces apoptosis-like cell death in cultured astrocytes, but the exact mechanism is not known. This study further characterized the mechanism of nitric oxide-induced cytotoxicity, and examined the effect of edaravone, a radical scavenger, on cytotoxicity. Treatment of cultured rat astrocytes with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide donor, for 72 h, decreased cell viability by causing apoptosis-like cell death. The injury was accompanied by increases in the production of reactive oxygen species and in the level of nuclear apoptosis-inducing factor, but not in caspase activity. SNP-induced cytotoxicity was blocked by the c-jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125 (20 microM), the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor SB203580 (20 microM), and the extracellular signal-regulating kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 (10 microM), and the nitric oxide donor stimulated the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, JNK, and ERK. Edaravone (10 microM) protected astrocytes against SNP-induced cell injury and it inhibited SNP-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, JNK, and ERK, and the production of reactive oxygen species. Edaravone also attenuated SNP-induced increase in nuclear apoptosis-inducing factor levels. These results suggest that MAP kinase pathways play a key role in nitric oxide-induced apoptosis and that edaravone protects against nitric oxide-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting nitric oxide-induced MAP kinase activation in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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90
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Au-Yeung KK, O K, Choy PC, Zhu DY, Siow YL. Magnesium tanshinoate B protects endothelial cells against oxidized lipoprotein-induced apoptosisThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue (part 2 of 2) on the Safety and Efficacy of Natural Health Products. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:1053-62. [DOI: 10.1139/y07-096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway plays an important role in the induction of cell apoptosis. We previously reported that magnesium tanshinoate B (MTB), a compound purified from a Chinese herb danshen ( Salvia miltiorrhiza ), could inhibit ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocyte apoptosis in the heart. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether MTB can prevent oxidized lipoprotein-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with copper-oxidized very low density lipoprotein (Cu-OxVLDL) or copper-oxidized low density lipoprotein (Cu-OxLDL). Treatment of cells with Cu-OxVLDL or Cu-OxLDL resulted in a 3-fold increase in the JNK activity. The amount of cytochrome c released and the activity of caspase-3 in cells treated with Cu-OxVLDL or Cu-OxLDL were significantly elevated, indicating the occurrence of apoptosis. The presence of MTB was able to abolish the JNK activation, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation induced by Cu-OxVLDL or Cu-OxLDL, resulting in a marked reduction in apoptosis in endothelial cells. The data from this study indicate that oxidized lipoproteins induce apoptosis in endothelial cells. We postulate that the inhibition of the JNK signaling pathway by MTB is a key mechanism that protects these cells from oxidized lipoprotein-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy K.W. Au-Yeung
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine and Departments of Physiology and Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- State Key Laboratory for Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, R2010, Innovative Therapy Research Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Karmin O
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine and Departments of Physiology and Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- State Key Laboratory for Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, R2010, Innovative Therapy Research Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Patrick C. Choy
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine and Departments of Physiology and Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- State Key Laboratory for Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, R2010, Innovative Therapy Research Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Da-yuan Zhu
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine and Departments of Physiology and Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- State Key Laboratory for Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, R2010, Innovative Therapy Research Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Yaw L. Siow
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine and Departments of Physiology and Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- State Key Laboratory for Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, R2010, Innovative Therapy Research Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
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Tarantino G. From bed to bench: Which attitude towards the laboratory liver tests should health care practitioners strike? World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:4917-23. [PMID: 17854131 PMCID: PMC4434613 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i37.4917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a general consensus in re-interpreting the so-called liver function tests in the light of novel discoveries. At the same time, recent evidence favours the use of different laboratory data to assess liver damage, fibrosis or regenerative process, but this point is not always shared. Actually, balancing the need for diagnosis, prognostic evaluation and therapy response of liver disease with a good cost/benefit ratio is very difficult. New tests are probably not needed but the aim should be for better utilization of existing tests to contain the increasing cost of health care.
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92
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Greystoke A, Hughes A, Ranson M, Dive C, Cummings J, Ward T. Serum biomarkers of apoptosis. EJC Suppl 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(07)70032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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93
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Yadavilli S, Martinez-Ceballos E, Snowden-Aikens J, Hurst A, Joseph T, Albrecht T, Muganda PM. Diepoxybutane activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and mediates apoptosis in human lymphoblasts through oxidative stress. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1429-41. [PMID: 17693053 PMCID: PMC2169382 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diepoxybutane (DEB) is the most potent metabolite of the environmental chemical 1,3-butadiene (BD), which is prevalent in petrochemical industrial areas. BD is a known mutagen and human carcinogen, and possesses multi-systems organ toxicity. We recently reported that DEB-induced cell death in TK6 lymphoblasts was due to the occurrence of apoptosis, and not necrosis. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for DEB-induced apoptosis in these cells. Bax and Bak were found to be over-expressed and activated, and the mitochondrial trans-membrane potential was attenuated in cells undergoing DEB-induced apoptosis. Cytochrome c was depleted from the mitochondria of TK6 cells undergoing apoptosis, and was released into the cytosol in Jurkat T-lymphoblasts exposed to the same concentrations of DEB. Executioner caspase 3 was deduced to be activated by initiator caspase 9. DEB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine effectively blocked DEB-induced apoptosis in TK6 cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway is activated to mediate DEB-induced apoptosis in human TK6 lymphoblasts. These results further demonstrate that DEB-induced apoptosis is also mediated by the DEB-induced generation of ROS. This is the first report to examine the mechanism of DEB-induced apoptosis in human lymphoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Yadavilli
- Environmental Toxicology Ph.D. Program, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
| | - Eduardo Martinez-Ceballos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
- Health Research Center, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
| | - Janana Snowden-Aikens
- Environmental Toxicology Ph.D. Program, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
| | - Angela Hurst
- Health Research Center, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
| | - Tranole Joseph
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
| | - Thomas Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Perpetua M. Muganda
- Environmental Toxicology Ph.D. Program, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
- Health Research Center, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
- *To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed at 216 Health Research Center, P.O. Box 9245, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813. Phone: (225) 771-3606. Fax: (225) 771-3060. E-mail:
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Buratta M, Piccotti L, Giannini S, Gresele P, Roberti R, Corazzi L. Selective Cytochrome c Displacement by Phosphate and Ca2+ in Brain Mitochondria. J Membr Biol 2007; 212:199-210. [PMID: 17334837 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-006-0015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 06/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In brain mitochondria, phosphate- and Ca(2+)-dependent cytocrome c (cyt c) release reveals pools that interact differently with the inner membrane. Detachment of the phosphate-dependent pool did not influence the pool released by Ca(2+). Cyt c pools were also detected in a system of cyt c reconstituted in cardiolipin (CL) liposomes. Gradual binding of cyt c (1 nmol) to CL/2-[12-(7-nitrobenz- 2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]dodecanoyl-1-hexadecan oyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (NBDC(12)-HPC) liposomes (10 nmol) produced NBD fluorescence quenching up to 0.4 nmol of added protein. Additional bound cyt c did not produce quenching, suggesting that cyt c-CL interactions originate distinct cyt c pools. Cyt c was removed from CL/NBDC(12)-HPC liposomes by either phosphate or Ca(2+), but only Ca(2+) produced fluorescence dequenching and leakage of encapsulated 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid/p-xylene-bis-pyridinium bromide. In mitochondria, complex IV activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)) were not affected by the release of the phosphate-dependent cyt c pool. Conversely, removal of cyt c by Ca(2+) caused inhibition of complex IV activity and impairment of Deltapsi(m). In a reconstituted system of mitochondria, nuclei and supernatant, cyt c detached from the inner membrane was released outside mitochondria and triggered events leading to DNA fragmentation. These events were prevented by enriching mitochondria with exogenous CL or by sequestering released cyt c with anti-cyt c antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Buratta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122, Perugia, Italy
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95
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Radhakrishnan J, Wang S, Ayoub IM, Kolarova JD, Levine RF, Gazmuri RJ. Circulating levels of cytochrome c after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: a marker of mitochondrial injury and predictor of survival. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 292:H767-75. [PMID: 17040974 PMCID: PMC1796625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00468.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) overload and reactive oxygen species can injure mitochondria during ischemia and reperfusion. We hypothesized that mitochondrial injury occurs during cardiac resuscitation, causing release of cytochrome c to the cytosol and bloodstream while activating apoptotic pathways. Plasma cytochrome c was measured using reverse-phase HPLC and Western immunoblotting in rats subjected to 4 or 8 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation and 8 min of closed-chest resuscitation followed by 240 min of postresuscitation hemodynamic observation. A sham group served as control. Plasma cytochrome c rose progressively to levels 10-fold higher than in sham rats 240 min after resuscitation (P < 0.01), despite reversal of whole body ischemia (decreases in arterial lactate). Cytochrome c levels were inversely correlated with left ventricular stroke work (r = -0.40, P = 0.02). Western immunoblotting of left ventricular tissue demonstrated increased levels of 17-kDa cleaved caspase-3 fragments in the cytosol. Plasma cytochrome c was then serially measured in 12 resuscitated rats until the rat died or cytochrome c returned to baseline. In three survivors, cytochrome c rose slightly to <or=2 microg/ml and returned to baseline within 96 h. In nine nonsurvivors, cytochrome c rose progressively to significantly higher maximal levels [4.6 (SD 2.0) vs. 1.6 (SD 0.3) microg/ml, P = 0.029] and at faster rates [0.7 (SD 0.5) vs. 0.1 (SD 0.1) microg.ml(-1).h(-1), P = 0.046] than in survivors. Plasma cytochrome c may represent a novel in vivo marker of mitochondrial injury after resuscitation from cardiac arrest that relates inversely with survival outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Raúl J. Gazmuri
- Please address correspondence to: Raúl J. Gazmuri, MD, PhD, FCCM, Medical Service (111F), North Chicago VA Medical Center, 3001 Green Bay Road; North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, Phone: (224) 610-3681, Fax: (224) 610-3741, E-mail:
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Anderson JE, Hansen LL, Mooren FC, Post M, Hug H, Zuse A, Los M. Methods and biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer and other diseases: towards personalized medicine. Drug Resist Updat 2006; 9:198-210. [PMID: 17011811 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of new diagnostic procedures, the mapping of the human genome, progress in mapping genetic polymorphisms, and recent advances in nucleic acid- and protein chip technologies are driving the development of personalized therapies. This breakthrough in medicine is expected to be achieved largely due to the implementation of "lab-on-the-chip" technology capable of performing hundreds, even thousands of biochemical, cellular and genetic tests on a single sample of blood or other body fluid. Focusing on a few disease-specific examples, this review discusses selected technologies and their combinations likely to be incorporated in the "lab-on-the-chip" and to provide rapid and versatile information about specific diseases entities. Focusing on breast cancer and after an overview of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-screening methodologies, we discuss the diagnostic and prognostic importance of SNPs. Next, using Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) as an example, we provide a brief overview of powerful and innovative integration of traditional immuno-histochemistry techniques with advanced biophysical methods such as NMR-spectroscopy or Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. A brief overview of the challenges and opportunities provided by protein and aptamer microarrays follows. We conclude by highlighting novel and promising biochemical markers for the development of personalized treatment of cancer and other diseases: serum cytochrome c, cytokeratin-18 and -19 and their proteolytic fragments for the detection and quantitation of malignant tumor mass, tumor cell turn-over, inflammatory processes during hepatitis and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and apoptotic/necrotic cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy E Anderson
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man, Canada
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97
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Cummings C, Walder J, Treeful A, Jemmerson R. Serum leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein-1 binds cytochrome c and inhibits antibody detection of this apoptotic marker in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Apoptosis 2006; 11:1121-9. [PMID: 16699948 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-8159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c (Cyt c) has been implicated as a serum marker for aberrant apoptosis and, thus, has considerable clinical potential. Using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) we found that the sensitivity of Cyt c detection is reduced in the presence of serum. The inhibitory factor responsible was purified from both fetal bovine serum and human serum employing standard chromatography procedures followed by affinity chromatography on Affi-Gel 10-bound Cyt c. In SDS-PAGE, bands at 44 kD and 50 kD were observed for the bovine and human proteins, respectively. Mass spectrometry analysis identified the serum inhibitory factor as leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein-1 (LRalpha2GP1). This identification may lead to a modified ELISA to quantify total Cyt c in patients' sera. LRalpha2GP1 is the first extracellular ligand for Cyt c that has been identified. A physiological function associated with binding is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Cummings
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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98
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Kramer G, Schwarz S, Hägg M, Havelka AM, Linder S. Docetaxel induces apoptosis in hormone refractory prostate carcinomas during multiple treatment cycles. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:1592-8. [PMID: 16685278 PMCID: PMC2361322 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-cleaved proteins are released from disintegrated apoptotic cells and can be detected in the circulation. We here addressed whether caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 (CK18-Asp396) can be used as a serum biomarker for assessment of the clinical efficiency of chemotherapy in hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). A total of 82 patients with HRPC were evaluated during 751 treatment cycles, either with estramustine (EMP)/vinorelbine or with EMP/docetaxel. The levels of CK18-Asp396 and of total CK18 were measured in patient serum before and during therapy by ELISA. Docetaxel induced significant increases in serum CK18-Asp396 (P<0.0001) and total CK18 (P<0.0002), suggesting induction of apoptosis. Similarly, vinorelbine induced increases in both CK18-Asp396 and CK18 (P<0.001 and 0.011). In contrast, EMP induced increases in total serum CK18 (P<0.0001), but not in CK18-Asp396 (P=0.13). The amplitudes of docetaxel-induced increases were associated with baseline prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and CK18 serum levels in these patients, consistent with tumoral origin of caspase-cleaved fragments. Docetaxel induced significant increases in CK18-Asp396 during second-, third- and fourth-line therapy and induced increased levels of CK18-Asp396 during treatment cycles 1–8. In contrast, vinorelbine induced significant increases only during cycles 1–3. In a subgroup of 32 patients that received EMP/vinorelbine in second line followed by EMP/docetaxel in third line, docetaxel induced stronger increases than vinorelbine (P=0.008). These results show that the CK18-Asp396 serum marker can be used to assess tumour apoptosis in vivo and suggest that the clinical efficiency of docetaxel in HRPC is due to induction of apoptosis during multiple treatment cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kramer
- Department of Urology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Schwarz
- Department of Urology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hägg
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Mandic Havelka
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Linder
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Cancer Center Karolinska, CCK R8:03, Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail:
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99
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Bell CW, Jiang W, Reich CF, Pisetsky DS. The extracellular release of HMGB1 during apoptotic cell death. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C1318-25. [PMID: 16855214 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00616.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a non-histone nuclear protein with dual function. Inside the cell, HMGB1 binds DNA and regulates transcription, whereas outside the cell, it serves as a cytokine and mediates the late effects of LPS. The movement of HMGB1 into the extracellular space has been demonstrated for macrophages stimulated with LPS as well as cells undergoing necrosis but not apoptosis. The differential release of HMGB1 during death processes could reflect the structure of chromatin in these settings as well as the mechanisms for HMGB1 translocation. Since apoptotic cells can release some nuclear molecules such as DNA to which HMGB1 can bind, we therefore investigated whether HMGB1 release can occur during apoptosis as well as necrosis. For this purpose, Jurkat cells were treated with chemical inducers of apoptosis (staurosporine, etoposide, or camptothecin), and HMGB1 release into the medium was assessed by Western blotting. Results of these experiments indicate that HMGB1 appears in the media of apoptotic Jurkat cells in a time-dependent manner and that this release can be reduced by Z-VAD-fmk. Panc-1 and U937 cells treated with these agents showed similar release. In addition, HeLa cells induced to undergo apoptosis showed HMGB1 release. Furthermore, we showed using confocal microscopy that HMGB1 and DNA change their nuclear location in Jurkat cells undergoing apoptosis. Together, these studies indicate that HMGB1 release can occur during the course of apoptosis as well as necrosis and suggest that the release process may vary with cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Bell
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, and Medical Research Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Hospital, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
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100
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Kroczak TJ, Baran J, Pryjma J, Siedlar M, Reshedi I, Hernandez E, Alberti E, Maddika S, Los M. The emerging importance of DNA mapping and other comprehensive screening techniques, as tools to identify new drug targets and as a means of (cancer) therapy personalisation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2006; 10:289-302. [PMID: 16548777 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.10.2.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Every human being is genetically unique and this individuality is not only marked by morphologic and physical characteristics but also by an individual's response to a particular drug. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are largely responsible for one's individuality. A drug may be ineffective in one patient, whereas the exact same drug may cure another patient. Recent advances in DNA mapping and other screening technologies have provided researchers and drug developers with crucial information needed to create drugs that are specific for a given individual. In the future, physicians will be able to prescribe individualised drugs adjusted to, for example, activities of specific enzymatic pathways that would either be targeted by these drugs, or would be responsible for drug conversion or inactivation. Furthermore, the mapping of the human genome allows broader development and application of drugs that act on the level of gene transcription rather than as simple biochemical inhibitors or activators of certain enzymes. Such new approaches will maximise desired therapeutic results and may completely eliminate severe side effects. To illustrate the potential of genetic translational research, the authors discuss available analytical methodologies such as; gene arrays, flow cytometry-based screening for SNPs, proteomics, metabolomics, real-time PCR, and other methods capable of detecting both SNPs, as well as more profound changes in cell metabolism. Finally, the authors provide several examples that focus mostly on targeting protein-DNA interactions, but also other processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz J Kroczak
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology (MICB), 675 McDermot Avenue, Rm. ON6010, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada
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