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Brooke BD, Koekemoer LL. Major effect genes or loose confederations? The development of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:74. [PMID: 20716346 PMCID: PMC2930636 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide use in public health and agriculture presents a dramatic adaptive challenge to target and non-target insect populations. The rapid development of genetically modulated resistance to insecticides is postulated to develop in two distinct ways: By selection for single major effect genes or by selection for loose confederations in which several factors, not normally associated with each other, inadvertently combine their effects to produce resistance phenotypes. Insecticide resistance is a common occurrence and has been intensively studied in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, providing a useful model for examining how insecticide resistance develops and what pleiotropic effects are likely to emerge as a consequence of resistance. As malaria vector control becomes increasingly reliant on successfully managing insecticide resistance, the characterisation of resistance mechanisms and their pleiotropic effects becomes increasingly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil D Brooke
- Malaria Entomology Research Unit, School of Pathology of the University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Rivero A, Vézilier J, Weill M, Read AF, Gandon S. Insecticide control of vector-borne diseases: when is insecticide resistance a problem? PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001000. [PMID: 20700451 PMCID: PMC2916878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the most dangerous human diseases are transmitted by insect vectors. After decades of repeated insecticide use, all of these vector species have demonstrated the capacity to evolve resistance to insecticides. Insecticide resistance is generally considered to undermine control of vector-transmitted diseases because it increases the number of vectors that survive the insecticide treatment. Disease control failure, however, need not follow from vector control failure. Here, we review evidence that insecticide resistance may have an impact on the quality of vectors and, specifically, on three key determinants of parasite transmission: vector longevity, competence, and behaviour. We argue that, in some instances, insecticide resistance is likely to result in a decrease in vector longevity, a decrease in infectiousness, or in a change in behaviour, all of which will reduce the vectorial capacity of the insect. If this effect is sufficiently large, the impact of insecticide resistance on disease management may not be as detrimental as previously thought. In other instances, however, insecticide resistance may have the opposite effect, increasing the insect's vectorial capacity, which may lead to a dramatic increase in the transmission of the disease and even to a higher prevalence than in the absence of insecticides. Either way-and there may be no simple generality-the consequence of the evolution of insecticide resistance for disease ecology deserves additional attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rivero
- Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses (UMR CNRS 2724), Centre de Recherche IRD, Montpellier, France.
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53
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Amorim LB, de Barros RA, Chalegre KDDM, de Oliveira CMF, Regis LN, Silva-Filha MHNL. Stability of Culex quinquefasciatus resistance to Bacillus sphaericus evaluated by molecular tools. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 40:311-316. [PMID: 20211258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus sphaericus binary toxin action on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae relies on the binding to Cqm1alpha-glucosidases, which act as midgut receptors. Resistance of two laboratory-selected colonies is associated with the allele cqm1(REC) that prevents Cqm1 expression as membrane-bound molecules. This study evaluated stability of resistance after the interruption of selection pressure and introduction of susceptible individuals in these colonies. Bioassays showed that frequency of resistant larvae did not decrease throughout 11 generations, under these conditions, and it was associated to a similar frequency of larvae lacking the Cqm1alpha-glucosidase receptor, detected by in gel enzymatic assays. Direct screening of the cqm1(REC) allele, by specific PCR, showed that its frequency remained stable throughout 11 generations. Parental resistant colony did not display biological costs regarding fecundity, fertility and pupal weight and data from susceptibility assays, enzymatic assays and PCR screening showed that cqm1(REC) was not disfavored in competition with the susceptible allele and persisted in the progenies, in the lack of selection pressure. Characterization of molecular basis of resistance is essential for developing diagnostic tools and data have relevant implication for the establishment of strategies for resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Barbosa Amorim
- Departament of Entomology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Av. Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife-PE 50670-420, Brazil
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54
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Hardstone MC, Huang X, Harrington LC, Scott JG. Differences in development, glycogen, and lipid content associated with cytochrome P450-mediated permethrin resistance in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 47:188-198. [PMID: 20380299 DOI: 10.1603/me09131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in populations of mosquitoes is an escalating problem that can directly affect disease prevalence. Determining the fitness associated with an insecticide resistance mechanism (allele) will provide for greater understanding of the evolution of resistance, and help inform effective vector management programs. Previously, a population cage experiment in which the alleles of two highly related strains of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Say) SLAB (susceptible) and ISOP450 (permethrin resistant because of cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification) were placed in direct competition in the absence of insecticide revealed that the P450 resistance allele frequency decreased over time. In the current study, SLAB and ISOP450 development, mortality and energetic resources derived from glycogen, other sugars and lipids were measured to identify biological parameters that might explain the previously observed fitness cost. SLAB exhibited shorter egg-to-adult female development time and larger body size when reared in groups when compared with ISOP450. ISOP450 female adults provided 20% sugar water lived longer than 20% sugar water fed females of the SLAB strain. No significant differences in larval development time, larval mortality, pupal stage duration time, pupal mortality, longevity of male and female adults provided with distilled water and males provided sugar water were found between the strains. The caloric content from glycogen and lipids were significantly higher in SLAB relative to ISOP450 in adults. The slower female emergence time and smaller body size when reared in groups combined with lower energy reserves (glycogen and lipids) associated with the resistance allele (in ISOP450) are likely fitness costs associated with the resistance allele of P450-mediated detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hardstone
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Vila-Aiub MM, Neve P, Powles SB. Fitness costs associated with evolved herbicide resistance alleles in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:751-767. [PMID: 19825013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Predictions based on evolutionary theory suggest that the adaptive value of evolved herbicide resistance alleles may be compromised by the existence of fitness costs. There have been many studies quantifying the fitness costs associated with novel herbicide resistance alleles, reflecting the importance of fitness costs in determining the evolutionary dynamics of resistance. However, many of these studies have incorrectly defined resistance or used inappropriate plant material and methods to measure fitness. This review has two major objectives. First, to propose a methodological framework that establishes experimental criteria to unequivocally evaluate fitness costs. Second, to present a comprehensive analysis of the literature on fitness costs associated with herbicide resistance alleles. This analysis reveals unquestionable evidence that some herbicide resistance alleles are associated with pleiotropic effects that result in plant fitness costs. Observed costs are evident from herbicide resistance-endowing amino acid substitutions in proteins involved in amino acid, fatty acid, auxin and cellulose biosynthesis, as well as enzymes involved in herbicide metabolism. However, these resistance fitness costs are not universal and their expression depends on particular plant alleles and mutations. The findings of this review are discussed within the context of the plant defence trade-off theory and herbicide resistance evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Vila-Aiub
- Western Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (WAHRI), School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Abstract
Ecological impacts of invasive plant species are well documented, but the genetic response of native species to invasive dominance has been often overlooked. Invasive plants can drastically alter site conditions where they reach dominance, potentially exerting novel selective pressures on persistent native plant populations. Do native plant populations in old exotic invasions show evidence of selection when compared to conspecific populations in adjacent, noninvaded areas? We employ amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis to screen a large number of loci from two native grass species (Hesperostipa comata (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth and Sporobolus airoides Torr.) that occur in old infestations of the invasive forb Acroptilon repens. We then compare observed locus by locus F(ST) values with distributions of F(ST) estimated from simulation models under expectation of neutrality. We also compare the proportion of loci possibly linked to selection and those not linked to selection which exhibit parallel trends in divergence between two community types (invaded, noninvaded). Few loci (H. comata, 2.6%; S. airoides, 8.7%) in the two native grasses may be linked to genes under the influence of selection. Also, loci linked to selection showed a greater portion of parallel trends in divergence than neutral loci. Genetic similarities between community types were less than genetic similarity within community types suggesting differentiation in response to community alteration. These results indicate that a small portion of scored AFLP loci may be linked to genes undergoing selection tied to community dominance by an invasive species. We propose that native plants in communities dominated by exotic invasives may be undergoing natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Mealor
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Wyoming, Box 3354, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
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Mandák B, Holmanová S. The effect of fruit age on seed germinability of a heterocarpic species, Atriplex sagittata. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2004; 6:715-720. [PMID: 15570477 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-830384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atriplex sagittata is an annual heterocarpic plant that produces three different fruit types (termed A, B, and C). To examine the consequence of heterocarpy on germinability patterns over long time periods, we compared seed germinability of different fruit types that had been stored for up to 8 years. While germinability of non-dormant type C fruits in distilled water was high (up to 100 %) in the first 2 years, it rapidly decreased over time. Dormant fruit types A and B showed increased germinability up to 7 years, though loss of germinability was lower for type B than for type A fruits. Eight-year-old fruits of all types had significantly lower germinability than younger fruits, probably due to loss of viability. Heterocarpy, therefore, ensures that emergence rates for seedlings of A. sagittata will be maintained over relatively long periods, even in years of strong disturbance when all adult plants may be destroyed. The experiment further showed that germinability of all fruit types in high concentrations of salt, as compared with water treatment, changed over the course of 8 years. Whilst dormant types (A and B) of A. sagittata show increased germinability with age of the seed in water treatment, they significantly lose germinability over time with salinity treatment. Type C fruit was not influenced by salt in the first year, but germinability rapidly decreased with time. It follows that the species is able to germinate under high salt concentration in the first year, but this advantage gradually disappears.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mandák
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic.
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58
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Brown CS, Rice KJ. The Mark of Zorro: Effects of the Exotic Annual Grass
Vulpia myuros
on California Native Perennial Grasses. Restor Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia S. Brown
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Kevin J. Rice
- Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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Leips J, Travis J. The comparative expression of life‐history traits and its relationship to the numerical dynamics of four populations of the least killifish. J Anim Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Leips
- Present address: Department of Genetics, Box 7614, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7614, USA
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA;
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Gibson DJ, Connolly J, Hartnett DC, Weidenhamer JD. Designs for greenhouse studies of interactions between plants. JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 1999. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David. J. Gibson
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901–6509, USA
| | - John Connolly
- Department of Statistics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David. C. Hartnett
- Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; and
| | - Jeffrey. D. Weidenhamer
- Department of Chemistry, Geology and Physics, Ashland University, Ashland, OH 44805–3799, USA
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61
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Perry DA, Margolis H, Choquette C, Molina R, Trappe JM. Ectomycorrhizal mediation of competition between coniferous tree species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1989; 112:501-511. [PMID: 29265433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1989.tb00344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To test the effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) on interactions between host plants, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws., seedlings were grown in replacement series in pasteurized soil with (a) no EMF added, (A) two EMF species added - Rhizopogon vinicolor Smith (specific to Douglas-fir) and R. ochraceorubens Smith (specific to pine), and (c) tour EMF species added - the two Rhizopogon species plus two host generalists, Laccaria laccata (Scop, ex Fr.) Bk. & Br, and Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull.) Quel. A replacement series in unpasteurized forest soil also was included. Seedlings without added EMF were colonized by the greenhouse contaminant, Thelephora terrestris. Without added EMF (but with T. terrestris), the tree species mutually inhibited one another, producing Relative Yield Totals significantly < 1; with EMF added, mutual inhibition disappeared. With four EMF species added, Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings were significantly larger in mixture than in monoculture, with no corresponding decrease in the size of Pinus ponderoso seedlings; this was due solely to seedlings with L. laccata, which apparently enhanced nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake by Pseudotsuga menziesii at the expense of luxury consumption by Pinus ponderosa. Graphical analysis suggested that better growth of Pseudotosuga menziesii in mixture with EMF added was related to improved P nitrogen. Both N and P nutrition of Pinus ponderosa was better in mixture with two than no EMF species added; there was no clear nutrient effect with four EMF species added. Results indicate that EMF can reduce competition between plant species and perhaps increase overall community P uptake. However, patterns were specific to both EMF and tree species and were quite different in unpasteurized soils. Hence generalizations about the effects of EMF on plant-plant interactions must be made cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Perry
- Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USAUSDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
| | - H Margolis
- Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USAUSDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
| | - C Choquette
- Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USAUSDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
| | - R Molina
- Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USAUSDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
| | - J M Trappe
- Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USAUSDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
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