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Clancy KW, Russell AM, Subramanian V, Nguyen H, Qian Y, Campbell RM, Thompson PR. Citrullination/Methylation Crosstalk on Histone H3 Regulates ER-Target Gene Transcription. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1691-1702. [PMID: 28485572 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of histone tails are a key contributor to epigenetic regulation. Histone H3 Arg26 and Lys27 are both modified by multiple enzymes, and their modifications have profound effects on gene expression. Citrullination of H3R26 by PAD2 and methylation of H3K27 by PRC2 have opposing downstream impacts on gene regulation; H3R26 citrullination activates gene expression, and H3K27 methylation represses gene expression. Both of these modifications are drivers of a variety of cancers, and their writer enzymes, PAD2 and EZH2, are the targets of drug therapies. After biochemical and cell-based analysis of these modifications, a negative crosstalk interaction is observed. Methylation of H3K27 slows citrullination of H3R26 30-fold, whereas citrullination of H3R26 slows methylation 30,000-fold. Examination of the mechanism of this crosstalk interaction uncovered a change in structure of the histone tail upon citrullination which prevents methylation by the PRC2 complex. This mechanism of crosstalk is reiterated in cell lines using knockdowns and inhibitors of both enzymes. Based our data, we propose a model in which, after H3 Cit26 formation, H3K27 demethylases are recruited to the chromatin to activate transcription. In total, our studies support the existence of crosstalk between citrullination of H3R26 and methylation of H3K27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen W. Clancy
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Anna-Maria Russell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Venkataraman Subramanian
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Hannah Nguyen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Yuewei Qian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Robert M. Campbell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program
in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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52
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Lange S, Gallagher M, Kholia S, Kosgodage US, Hristova M, Hardy J, Inal JM. Peptidylarginine Deiminases-Roles in Cancer and Neurodegeneration and Possible Avenues for Therapeutic Intervention via Modulation of Exosome and Microvesicle (EMV) Release? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061196. [PMID: 28587234 PMCID: PMC5486019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes and microvesicles (EMVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures released from cells and participate in cell-to-cell communication via transport of biological molecules. EMVs play important roles in various pathologies, including cancer and neurodegeneration. The regulation of EMV biogenesis is thus of great importance and novel ways for manipulating their release from cells have recently been highlighted. One of the pathways involved in EMV shedding is driven by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) mediated post-translational protein deimination, which is calcium-dependent and affects cytoskeletal rearrangement amongst other things. Increased PAD expression is observed in various cancers and neurodegeneration and may contribute to increased EMV shedding and disease progression. Here, we review the roles of PADs and EMVs in cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Lange
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, 115, New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Mark Gallagher
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
| | - Sharad Kholia
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Uchini S Kosgodage
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London WC1N 6HX, UK.
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Jameel M Inal
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
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53
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Horibata S, Rogers KE, Sadegh D, Anguish LJ, McElwee JL, Shah P, Thompson PR, Coonrod SA. Role of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) in mammary carcinoma cell migration. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:378. [PMID: 28549415 PMCID: PMC5446677 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penetration of the mammary gland basement membrane by cancer cells is a crucial first step in tumor invasion. Using a mouse model of ductal carcinoma in situ, we previously found that inhibition of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2, aka PADI2) activity appears to maintain basement membrane integrity in xenograft tumors. The goal of this investigation was to gain insight into the mechanisms by which PAD2 mediates this process. METHODS For our study, we modulated PAD2 activity in mammary ductal carcinoma cells by lentiviral shRNA-mediated depletion, lentiviral-mediated PAD2 overexpression, or PAD inhibition and explored the effects of these treatments on changes in cell migration and cell morphology. We also used these PAD2-modulated cells to test whether PAD2 may be required for EGF-induced cell migration. To determine how PAD2 might promote tumor cell migration in vivo, we tested the effects of PAD2 inhibition on the expression of several cell migration mediators in MCF10DCIS.com xenograft tumors. In addition, we tested the effect of PAD2 inhibition on EGF-induced ductal invasion and elongation in primary mouse mammary organoids. Lastly, using a transgenic mouse model, we investigated the effects of PAD2 overexpression on mammary gland development. RESULTS Our results indicate that PAD2 depletion or inhibition suppresses cell migration and alters the morphology of MCF10DCIS.com cells. In addition, we found that PAD2 depletion suppresses the expression of the cytoskeletal regulatory proteins RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 and also promotes a mesenchymal to epithelial-like transition in tumor cells with an associated increase in the cell adhesion marker, E-cadherin. Our mammary gland organoid study found that inhibition of PAD2 activity suppresses EGF-induced ductal invasion. In vivo, we found that PAD2 overexpression causes hyperbranching in the developing mammary gland. CONCLUSION Together, these results suggest that PAD2 plays a critical role in breast cancer cell migration. Our findings that EGF treatment increases protein citrullination and that PAD2 inhibition blocks EGF-induced cell migration suggest that PAD2 likely functions within the EGF signaling pathway to mediate cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Horibata
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Katherine E Rogers
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - David Sadegh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Lynne J Anguish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - John L McElwee
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Pragya Shah
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Scott A Coonrod
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
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Ma M, Ma Y, Zhang GJ, Liao R, Jiang XF, Yan XX, Bie FJ, Li XB, Lv YH. Eugenol alleviated breast precancerous lesions through HER2/PI3K-AKT pathway-induced cell apoptosis and S-phase arrest. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56296-56310. [PMID: 28915591 PMCID: PMC5593562 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Eugenol can be separated from the oil extract of clove bud, and has many pharmacological functions such as anticancer and transdermal absorption. HER2/PI3K-AKT is a key signaling pathway in the development of breast cancer. In this study, 80 μM eugenol could significantly inhibit the proliferation of HER-2 positive MCF-10AT cells and the inhibition rate was up to 32.8%, but had no obvious inhibitory effect on MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells with HER2 weak expression. Eugenol also significantly induced human breast precancerous lesion MCF-10AT cell apoptosis and cell cycle S-phase arrest, but the biological effects nearly disappeared after HER2 over-expression through transfecting pcDNA3.1-HER2. In MCF-10AT cells treated by 180 μM eugenol, the protein expressions of HER2, AKT, PDK1, p85, Bcl2, NF-κB, Bad and Cyclin D1 were decreased and the decreased rates were respectively 63.0%, 60.0%, 52.9%, 62.9%, 37.1%, 47.2%, 61.7%, 59.1%, while the p21, p27 and Bax expression were increased by 4.48-, 4.76- and 2.57-fold respectively. In the rat models of breast precancerous lesion, 1 mg eugenol for external use significantly inhibited the progress of breast precancerous lesion and the occurrence rate of breast precancerous lesions and invasive carcinomas was decreased by about 30.5%. Furthermore eugenol for external (1 mg) markedly decreased the protein expressions of HER2 (62.9%), AKT (58.6%), PDK1 (56.4%), p85 (54.3%), Bcl2 (59.3%), NF-κB (65.7%), Bad (64.0%), Cyclin D1 (43.0%), while p21, p27 and Bax protein expressions were respectively increased 1.83-, 2.52- and 2.51-fold. The results showed eugenol could significantly inhibit the development of breast precancerous lesions by blocking HER2/PI3K-AKT signaling network. So eugenol may be a promising external drug for breast precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Gui-Juan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rui Liao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue-Feng Jiang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xian-Xin Yan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feng-Jie Bie
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan-Hong Lv
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
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Muth A, Subramanian V, Beaumont E, Nagar M, Kerry P, McEwan P, Srinath H, Clancy K, Parelkar S, Thompson PR. Development of a Selective Inhibitor of Protein Arginine Deiminase 2. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3198-3211. [PMID: 28328217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) plays a key role in the onset and progression of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and breast cancer. To date, no PAD2-selective inhibitor has been developed. Such a compound will be critical for elucidating the biological roles of this isozyme and may ultimately be useful for treating specific diseases in which PAD2 activity is dysregulated. To achieve this goal, we synthesized a series of benzimidazole-based derivatives of Cl-amidine, hypothesizing that this scaffold would allow access to a series of PAD2-selective inhibitors with enhanced cellular efficacy. Herein, we demonstrate that substitutions at both the N-terminus and C-terminus of Cl-amidine result in >100-fold increases in PAD2 potency and selectivity (30a, 41a, and 49a) as well as cellular efficacy (30a). Notably, these compounds use the far less reactive fluoroacetamidine warhead. In total, we predict that 30a will be a critical tool for understanding cellular PAD2 function and sets the stage for treating diseases in which PAD2 activity is dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Muth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University , Queens, New York 11439, United States
| | - Venkataraman Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | | | - Mitesh Nagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Philip Kerry
- Evotec , Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, U.K
| | - Paul McEwan
- Evotec , Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, U.K
| | - Hema Srinath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Kathleen Clancy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Sangram Parelkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States.,Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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Guo W, Zheng Y, Xu B, Ma F, Li C, Zhang X, Wang Y, Chang X. Investigating the expression, effect and tumorigenic pathway of PADI2 in tumors. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1475-1485. [PMID: 28331341 PMCID: PMC5352236 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s92389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) catalyzes the conversion of arginine residues to citrulline residues, termed citrullination. Recent studies have suggested that PAD isoform 2 (PADI2) plays an important role in tumors, although its tumorigenic effect and mechanism are largely unknown. Materials and methods Immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to investigate the expression level of PADI2 in various tumor tissues and patient blood samples, respectively. MNK-45 and Bel-7402 tumor cell lines originating from gastric and liver tumors, respectively, were treated with anti-PADI2 siRNA, and the subsequent cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration were observed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arrays, including Cancer PathwayFinder, Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes, p53 Signaling Pathway, Signal Transduction Pathway and Tumor Metastasis PCR arrays, were used to investigate the tumorigenic pathway of PADI2 in the siRNA-treated tumor cells. This analysis was verified by real-time PCR. Results Immunohistochemistry detected significantly increased expression of PADI2 in invasive breast ductal carcinoma, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, liver hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, ovarian serous papillary adenocarcinoma and papillary thyroid carcinoma samples. ELISA detected a twofold increase in PADI2 expression in the blood of 48.3% of patients with liver cancer, 38% of patients with cervical carcinoma and 32% of patients with gastric carcinoma. Increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation and migration were observed in the anti-PADI2 siRNA-treated MNK-45 cells, and increased cell proliferation and migration and decreased apoptosis were observed in the treated Bel-7402 cells with suppressed PADI2 expression. PCR arrays and real-time PCR detected significantly decreased CXCR2 and EPO expression in the MNK-45 cells and Bel-7402 cells, respectively, with the anti-PADI2 siRNA treatments. Conclusion PADI2 expression is increased in many types of tumor tissues and patient blood samples. PADI2 may advance abnormal cell behavior in gastric cancers by mediating CXCR2, a well-known gene that stimulates cell proliferation and invasion. However, PADI2 might have deleterious effects on tumor growth and metastasis in liver tumor cells by regulating the expression of EPO, a gene with controversial functions in tumor growth. The results suggest that the effect of PADI2 on tumorigenesis is multifactorial, depending on the tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; Obstetrical Department, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong
| | - Yabing Zheng
- Obstetrical Department, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong
| | - Bing Xu
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital
| | - Fang Ma
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital
| | - Chang Li
- Pathology Department, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, PKU Care Luzhong Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Wang
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital
| | - Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital
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Shangkuan WC, Lin HC, Chang YT, Jian CE, Fan HC, Chen KH, Liu YF, Hsu HM, Chou HL, Yao CT, Chu CM, Su SL, Chang CW. Risk analysis of colorectal cancer incidence by gene expression analysis. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3003. [PMID: 28229027 PMCID: PMC5314952 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading cancers worldwide. Several studies have performed microarray data analyses for cancer classification and prognostic analyses. Microarray assays also enable the identification of gene signatures for molecular characterization and treatment prediction. Objective Microarray gene expression data from the online Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used to to distinguish colorectal cancer from normal colon tissue samples. Methods We collected microarray data from the GEO database to establish colorectal cancer microarray gene expression datasets for a combined analysis. Using the Prediction Analysis for Microarrays (PAM) method and the GSEA MSigDB resource, we analyzed the 14,698 genes that were identified through an examination of their expression values between normal and tumor tissues. Results Ten genes (ABCG2, AQP8, SPIB, CA7, CLDN8, SCNN1B, SLC30A10, CD177, PADI2, and TGFBI) were found to be good indicators of the candidate genes that correlate with CRC. From these selected genes, an average of six significant genes were obtained using the PAM method, with an accuracy rate of 95%. The results demonstrate the potential of utilizing a model with the PAM method for data mining. After a detailed review of the published reports, the results confirmed that the screened candidate genes are good indicators for cancer risk analysis using the PAM method. Conclusions Six genes were selected with 95% accuracy to effectively classify normal and colorectal cancer tissues. We hope that these results will provide the basis for new research projects in clinical practice that aim to rapidly assess colorectal cancer risk using microarray gene expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hung-Che Lin
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tien Chang
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Section of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-En Jian
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Section of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Hua Chen
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Liu
- Section of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Ming Hsu
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chou
- Department of Nursing, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital and Oriental Institute of Technology , New Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Chung-Tay Yao
- Department of Emergency, Cathay General Hospital and School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Chu
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Section of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Lung Su
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Section of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Chang
- RN, PhD, Assistant Professor, School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University & Assistant Research Fellow, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taiwan
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Amin B, Voelter W. Human Deiminases: Isoforms, Substrate Specificities, Kinetics, and Detection. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 106:203-240. [PMID: 28762090 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59542-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes are of enormous interest in biomedicine. They catalyze the conversion of a positively-charged guanidinium at an arginine side chain into a neutral ureido group. As a result of this conversion, proteins acquire the non-ribosomally encoded amino acid "citrulline". This imposes critical influences on the structure and function of the target molecules. In multiple sclerosis, myelin hyper-citrullination promotes demyelination by reducing its compaction and triggers auto-antibody production. Immune responses to citrulline-containing proteins play a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, auto-antibodies, specific to citrullinated proteins, such as collagen type I and II and filaggrin, are early detectable in rheumatoid arthritis, serving as diagnostic markers of the disease. Despite their significance, little is understood about the role in demyelinating disorders, diversified cancers, and auto-immune diseases. To impart their biological and pathological effects, it is crucial to better understand the reaction mechanism, kinetic properties, substrate selection, and specificities of peptidylarginine deiminase isoforms.Many aspects of PAD biochemistry and physiology have been ignored in past, but, herein is presented a comprehensive survey to improve our current understandings of the underlying mechanism and regulation of PAD enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Amin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, PA, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Voelter
- Interfacultary Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076, Tübingen, BW, Germany
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Chaudhury A, Cheema S, Fachini JM, Kongchan N, Lu G, Simon LM, Wang T, Mao S, Rosen DG, Ittmann MM, Hilsenbeck SG, Shaw CA, Neilson JR. CELF1 is a central node in post-transcriptional regulatory programmes underlying EMT. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13362. [PMID: 27869122 PMCID: PMC5121338 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of translational regulation in tumour biology is increasingly appreciated. Here, we leverage polyribosomal profiling to prospectively define translational regulatory programs underlying epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast epithelial cells. We identify a group of ten translationally regulated drivers of EMT sharing a common GU-rich cis-element within the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of their mRNA. These cis-elements, necessary for the regulatory activity imparted by these 3'-UTRs, are directly bound by the CELF1 protein, which itself is regulated post-translationally during the EMT program. CELF1 is necessary and sufficient for both mesenchymal transition and metastatic colonization, and CELF1 protein, but not mRNA, is significantly overexpressed in human breast cancer tissues. Our data present an 11-component genetic pathway, invisible to transcriptional profiling approaches, in which the CELF1 protein functions as a central node controlling translational activation of genes driving EMT and ultimately tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Chaudhury
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shebna Cheema
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Joseph M. Fachini
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Natee Kongchan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Guojun Lu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lukas M. Simon
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sufeng Mao
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Daniel G. Rosen
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Michael M. Ittmann
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Susan G. Hilsenbeck
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Chad A. Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Joel R. Neilson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Wang H, Xu B, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Chang X. PADI2 gene confers susceptibility to breast cancer and plays tumorigenic role via ACSL4, BINC3 and CA9 signaling. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:61. [PMID: 27478411 PMCID: PMC4966586 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) post-translationally converts arginine residues to citrulline residues. Recent studies have suggested that PADI2 (PAD isoform 2), a member of the PAD family, is involved in the tumorigenic process of some tumors, especially breast cancer. However, little is known about the mechanisms of PADI2 in tumorigenesis. This study aimed to elucidate the tumorigenic role and regulatory pathway of PADI2 in breast tumors. METHODS The Sequenom MassARRAY and TaqMan genotyping methods were used to investigate the correlation between PADI2 gene SNPs and various tumor risks. PCR array analyses, including cancer pathway finder and signal transduction PCR arrays, were performed to investigate the tumorigenic pathway of PADI2 in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line following treatment with anti-PADI2 siRNA. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and transwell migration assays were performed to observe the effect of PADI2 in MCF-7 cells treated with anti-PADI2 siRNA. RESULTS Both Sequenom MassARRAY and TaqMan genotyping assays demonstrated that SNP rs10788656 in the PADI2 gene was significantly associated with breast cancer. PCR arrays indicated that inhibiting PADI2 expression significantly increased expression of CA9 and decreased expression of ACSL4 and BIRC3 in MCF-7 cells, which was verified using real-time PCR. Inhibiting PADI2 expression also significantly decreased the migration ability of MCF-7 cells but did not affect cell proliferation or apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The PADI2 gene confers susceptibility to breast cancer. PADI2 expression contributes to abnormal migration of breast tumor cells. PADI2 affects tumorigenesis in breast tumor cells by regulating the expression of ACSL4, BINC3 and CA9, which are known to promote abnormal lipid metabolism and cell invasion of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Wang
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People's Republic of China ; Taian City Central Hospital, Longtan Road 29, Taian, 271000 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Xu
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory of PKUCare Luzhong Hospital, Taigong Road 65, Zibo, 250400 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Yabing Zheng
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People's Republic of China
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iPAD or PADi-'tablets' with therapeutic disease potential? Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 33:169-78. [PMID: 27372273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last five years, a growing body of literature has strengthened the rationale for the involvement of PAD (protein arginine deiminase) enzymes in diverse diseases, through direct roles of citrullination in mechanisms such as neutrophil extracellular trap formation and immune complex formation. The recent development of inhibitors of the PAD family, coupled with the availability of mice genetically deficient in PAD2 or PAD4, has accelerated understanding of the role of these targets in varied disease models. This review surveys the recent literature to confirm the therapeutic potential of PAD inhibitors as a new class of drugs to treat human autoimmune disease.
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Johnson B, Lowe GC, Futterer J, Lordkipanidzé M, MacDonald D, Simpson MA, Sanchez-Guiú I, Drake S, Bem D, Leo V, Fletcher SJ, Dawood B, Rivera J, Allsup D, Biss T, Bolton-Maggs PH, Collins P, Curry N, Grimley C, James B, Makris M, Motwani J, Pavord S, Talks K, Thachil J, Wilde J, Williams M, Harrison P, Gissen P, Mundell S, Mumford A, Daly ME, Watson SP, Morgan NV. Whole exome sequencing identifies genetic variants in inherited thrombocytopenia with secondary qualitative function defects. Haematologica 2016; 101:1170-1179. [PMID: 27479822 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.146316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited thrombocytopenias are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormally low platelet counts which can be associated with abnormal bleeding. Next-generation sequencing has previously been employed in these disorders for the confirmation of suspected genetic abnormalities, and more recently in the discovery of novel disease-causing genes. However its full potential has not yet been exploited. Over the past 6 years we have sequenced the exomes from 55 patients, including 37 index cases and 18 additional family members, all of whom were recruited to the UK Genotyping and Phenotyping of Platelets study. All patients had inherited or sustained thrombocytopenia of unknown etiology with platelet counts varying from 11×109/L to 186×109/L. Of the 51 patients phenotypically tested, 37 (73%), had an additional secondary qualitative platelet defect. Using whole exome sequencing analysis we have identified "pathogenic" or "likely pathogenic" variants in 46% (17/37) of our index patients with thrombocytopenia. In addition, we report variants of uncertain significance in 12 index cases, including novel candidate genetic variants in previously unreported genes in four index cases. These results demonstrate that whole exome sequencing is an efficient method for elucidating potential pathogenic genetic variants in inherited thrombocytopenia. Whole exome sequencing also has the added benefit of discovering potentially pathogenic genetic variants for further study in novel genes not previously implicated in inherited thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Johnson
- Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Gillian C Lowe
- Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Jane Futterer
- Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Marie Lordkipanidzé
- Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - David MacDonald
- Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Michael A Simpson
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - Isabel Sanchez-Guiú
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sian Drake
- Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Danai Bem
- Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Vincenzo Leo
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Sarah J Fletcher
- Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Ban Dawood
- Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - José Rivera
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - David Allsup
- Hull Haemophilia Treatment Centre, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, UK
| | - Tina Biss
- Department of Haematology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Peter Collins
- Arthur Bloom Haemophilia Centre, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Nicola Curry
- Oxford Haemophilia & Thrombosis Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Beki James
- Regional Centre for Paediatric Haematology, Leeds Children's Hospital, UK
| | - Mike Makris
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Sue Pavord
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Katherine Talks
- Department of Haematology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jecko Thachil
- Department of Haematology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan Wilde
- Adult Haemophilia Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mike Williams
- Department of Haematology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK
| | - Paul Harrison
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, UK
| | - Stuart Mundell
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew Mumford
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Martina E Daly
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Neil V Morgan
- Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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Cantariño N, Musulén E, Valero V, Peinado MA, Perucho M, Moreno V, Forcales SV, Douet J, Buschbeck M. Downregulation of the Deiminase PADI2 Is an Early Event in Colorectal Carcinogenesis and Indicates Poor Prognosis. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:841-8. [PMID: 27280713 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADI) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the poorly understood posttranslational modification converting arginine residues into citrullines. In this study, the role of PADIs in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer was investigated. Specifically, RNA expression was analyzed and its association with survival in a cohort of 98 colorectal cancer patient specimens with matched adjacent mucosa and 50 controls from donors without cancer. Key results were validated in an independent collection of tumors with matched adjacent mucosa and by mining of a publicly available expression data set. Protein expression was analyzed by immunoblotting for cell lines or IHC for patient specimens that further included 24 cases of adenocarcinoma with adjacent dysplasia and 11 cases of active ulcerative colitis. The data indicate that PADI2 is the dominantly expressed PADI enzyme in colon mucosa and is upregulated during differentiation. PADI2 expression is low or absent in colorectal cancer. Frequently, this occurs already at the stage of low-grade dysplasia. Mucosal PADI2 expression is also low in ulcerative colitis. The expression level of PADI2 in tumor and adjacent mucosa correlates with differential survival: low levels associate with poor prognosis. IMPLICATIONS Downregulation of PADI2 is an early event in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer associated with poor prognosis and points toward a possible role of citrullination in modulating tumor cells and their microenvironment. Mol Cancer Res; 14(9); 841-8. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Cantariño
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Eva Musulén
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Valero
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain. Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Miquel Angel Peinado
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Manuel Perucho
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sònia-Vanina Forcales
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Julien Douet
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain. Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain. Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain.
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64
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Witalison EE, Thompson PR, Hofseth LJ. Protein Arginine Deiminases and Associated Citrullination: Physiological Functions and Diseases Associated with Dysregulation. Curr Drug Targets 2016; 16:700-10. [PMID: 25642720 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150202160954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human proteins are subjected to more than 200 known post-translational modifications (PTMs) (e.g., phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, S-nitrosylation, methylation, Nacetylation, and citrullination) and these PTMs can alter protein structure and function with consequent effects on the multitude of pathways necessary for maintaining the physiological homeostasis. When dysregulated, however, the enzymes that catalyze these PTMs can impact the genesis of countless diseases. In this review, we will focus on protein citrullination, a PTM catalyzed by the Protein Arginine Deiminase (PAD) family of enzymes. Specifically, we will describe the roles of the PADs in both normal human physiology and disease. The development of PAD inhibitors and their efficacy in a variety of autoimmune disorders and cancer will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy 770 Sumter St., Coker Life Sciences, Rm. 513C University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208.
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65
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Cantariño N, Fernández-Figueras MT, Valero V, Musulén E, Malinverni R, Granada I, Goldie SJ, Martín-Caballero J, Douet J, Forcales SV, Buschbeck M. A cellular model reflecting the phenotypic heterogeneity of mutant HRAS driven squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1106-16. [PMID: 27074337 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas have a range of histopathological manifestations. The parameters that determine this clinically observed heterogeneity are not fully understood. Here, we report the generation of a cell culture model that reflects part of this heterogeneity. We have used the catalytic subunit of human telomerase hTERT and large T to immortalize primary UV-unexposed keratinocytes. Then, mutant HRAS G12V has been introduced to transform these immortal keratinocytes. When injected into immunosuppressed mice, transformed cells grew as xenografts with distinct histopathological characteristics. We observed three major tissue architectures: solid, sarcomatoid and cystic growth types, which were primarily composed of pleomorphic and basaloid cells but in some cases displayed focal apocrine differentiation. We demonstrate that the cells generated represent different stages of skin cancerogenesis and as such can be used to identify novel tumor-promoting alterations such as the overexpression of the PADI2 oncogene in solid-type SCC. Importantly, the cultured cells maintain the characteristics from the xenograft they were derived from while being amenable to manipulation and analysis. The availability of cell lines representing different clinical manifestations opens a new tool to study the stochastic and deterministic factors that cause case-to-case heterogeneity despite departing from the same set of oncogenes and the same genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Cantariño
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Vanesa Valero
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias I Pujol, (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Eva Musulén
- Department Of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Roberto Malinverni
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias I Pujol, (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Isabel Granada
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias I Pujol, (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Instituto Catalán De Oncología (ICO) - Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Stephen J Goldie
- Li KaShing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julien Douet
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias I Pujol, (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sonia-Vanina Forcales
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias I Pujol, (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
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66
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Decreased severity of experimental autoimmune arthritis in peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 knockout mice. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:205. [PMID: 27150598 PMCID: PMC4858923 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4) has been identified as a susceptibility gene for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by genome-wide association studies. PADI4 is highly expressed in the bone marrow, macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes. Peptidyl citrulline is an interesting molecule in RA because it is a target antigen for anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies, and only PADs (translated proteins from PADI genes) can provide peptidyl citrulline via the modification of protein substrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of the PADI4 gene in the progression of RA. Methods We generated Padi4 knockout (Padi4−/−) DBA1J mice. The Padi4−/− DBA1J and wild-type mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen (CII) to develop collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The expression of various inflammatory cytokines and Padi genes in immune cells was detected by the real-time TaqMan assay. Cytokine concentrations in sera were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Localization of the PAD4 and PAD2 proteins was indicated by immunohistochemistry. Results We demonstrated that the clinical disease score was significantly decreased in the Padi4−/− mice and Padi4 expression was induced by CII immunization. In the Padi4−/− mice, serum anti-type II collagen (CII) immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and inflammatory cytokine levels were significantly decreased compared with those in the wild-type mice. Padi2 expression was induced in the immune cells of the Padi4−/− mice as a compensation for the defect in Padi4. Conclusions Padi4 affected disease severity in the CIA mice and was involved in the enhancement of the collagen-initiated inflammatory responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1055-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
The post-translational modification of arginine residues represents a key mechanism for the epigenetic control of gene expression. Aberrant levels of histone arginine modifications have been linked to the development of several diseases including cancer. In recent years, great progress has been made in understanding the physiological role of individual arginine modifications and their effects on chromatin function. The present review aims to summarize the structural and functional aspects of histone arginine modifying enzymes and their impact on gene transcription. We will discuss the potential for targeting these proteins with small molecules in a variety of disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Fuhrmann
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program
in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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68
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Peptidylarginine Deiminase 3 (PAD3) Is Upregulated by Prolactin Stimulation of CID-9 Cells and Expressed in the Lactating Mouse Mammary Gland. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147503. [PMID: 26799659 PMCID: PMC4723263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) post-translationally convert arginine into neutral citrulline residues. Our past work shows that PADs are expressed in the canine and murine mammary glands; however, the mechanisms regulating PAD expression and the function of citrullination in the normal mammary gland are unclear. Therefore, the first objective herein was to investigate regulation of PAD expression in mammary epithelial cells. We first examined PAD levels in CID-9 cells, which were derived from the mammary gland of mid-pregnant mice. PAD3 expression is significantly higher than all other PAD isoforms and mediates protein citrullination in CID-9 cells. We next hypothesized that prolactin regulates PAD3 expression. To test this, CID-9 cells were stimulated with 5 μg/mL of prolactin for 48 hours which significantly increases PAD3 mRNA and protein expression. Use of a JAK2 inhibitor and a dominant negative (DN)-STAT5 adenovirus indicate that prolactin stimulation of PAD3 expression is mediated by the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway in CID-9 cells. In addition, the human PAD3 gene promoter is prolactin responsive in CID-9 cells. Our second objective was to investigate the expression and activity of PAD3 in the lactating mouse mammary gland. PAD3 expression in the mammary gland is highest on lactation day 9 and coincident with citrullinated proteins such as histones. Use of the PAD3 specific inhibitor, Cl4-amidine, indicates that PAD3, in part, can citrullinate proteins in L9 mammary glands. Collectively, our results show that upregulation of PAD3 is mediated by prolactin induction of the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway, and that PAD3 appears to citrullinate proteins during lactation.
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Lewallen DM, Bicker KL, Subramanian V, Clancy KW, Slade DJ, Martell J, Dreyton CJ, Sokolove J, Weerapana E, Thompson PR. Chemical Proteomic Platform To Identify Citrullinated Proteins. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2520-8. [PMID: 26360112 PMCID: PMC4729336 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and are routinely used for disease diagnosis. Protein citrullination is also increased in cancer and other autoimmune disorders, suggesting that citrullinated proteins may serve as biomarkers for diseases beyond RA. To identify these citrullinated proteins, we developed biotin-conjugated phenylglyoxal (biotin-PG). Using this probe and our platform technology, we identified >50 intracellular citrullinated proteins. More than 20 of these are involved in RNA splicing, suggesting, for the first time, that citrullination modulates RNA biology. Overall, this chemical proteomic platform will play a key role in furthering our understanding of protein citrullination in rheumatoid arthritis and potentially a wider spectrum of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Venkataraman Subramanian
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Kathleen W. Clancy
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | | | - Julianne Martell
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Christina J. Dreyton
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Jeremy Sokolove
- Division
of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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70
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Detection and identification of protein citrullination in complex biological systems. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 30:1-6. [PMID: 26517730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein citrullination is a post-translational modification of arginine that is catalyzed by the Protein Arginine Deiminase (PAD) family of enzymes. Aberrantly increased citrullination is associated with a host of inflammatory diseases and cancer and PAD inhibitors have shown remarkable efficacy in a range of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, atherosclerosis, and ulcerative colitis. In rheumatoid arthritis, citrullinated proteins serve as key antigens for rheumatoid arthritis-associated autoantibodies. These data suggest that citrullinated proteins may serve more generally as biomarkers of specific disease states, however, the identification of citrullinated residues remains challenging due to the small 1Da mass change that occurs upon citrullination. Herein, we highlight the available techniques to identify citrullinated proteins/residues focusing on advanced MS techniques as well as chemical derivatization strategies that are currently being employed to identify citrullinated proteins as well as the specific residues modified within those proteins.
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Kholia S, Jorfi S, Thompson PR, Causey CP, Nicholas AP, Inal JM, Lange S. A novel role for peptidylarginine deiminases in microvesicle release reveals therapeutic potential of PAD inhibition in sensitizing prostate cancer cells to chemotherapy. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:26192. [PMID: 26095379 PMCID: PMC4475687 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.26192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein deimination, defined as the post-translational conversion of protein-bound arginine to citrulline, is carried out by a family of 5 calcium-dependent enzymes, the peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) and has been linked to various cancers. Cellular microvesicle (MV) release, which is involved in cancer progression, and deimination have not been associated before. We hypothesize that elevated PAD expression, observed in cancers, causes increased MV release in cancer cells and contributes to cancer progression. BACKGROUND We have previously reported that inhibition of MV release sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. PAD2 and PAD4, the isozymes expressed in patients with malignant tumours, can be inhibited with the pan-PAD-inhibitor chloramidine (Cl-am). We sought to investigate whether Cl-am can inhibit MV release and whether this pathway could be utilized to further increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to drug-directed treatment. METHODS Prostate cancer cells (PC3) were induced to release high levels of MVs upon BzATP stimulation of P2X7 receptors. Western blotting with the pan-protein deimination antibody F95 was used to detect a range of deiminated proteins in cells stimulated to microvesiculate. Changes in deiminated proteins during microvesiculation were revealed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry identified deiminated target proteins with putative roles in microvesiculation. CONCLUSION We report for the first time a novel function of PADs in the biogenesis of MVs in cancer cells. Our results reveal that during the stimulation of prostate cancer cells (PC3) to microvesiculate, PAD2 and PAD4 expression levels and the deimination of cytoskeletal actin are increased. Pharmacological inhibition of PAD enzyme activity using Cl-am significantly reduced MV release and abrogated the deimination of cytoskeletal actin. We demonstrated that combined Cl-am and methotrexate (MTX) treatment of prostate cancer cells increased the cytotoxic effect of MTX synergistically. Refined PAD inhibitors may form part of a novel combination therapy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Kholia
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK
| | - Samireh Jorfi
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Corey P Causey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Anthony P Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, VA, USA
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jameel M Inal
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK;
| | - Sigrun Lange
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK;
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72
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Fuhrmann J, Clancy K, Thompson PR. Chemical biology of protein arginine modifications in epigenetic regulation. Chem Rev 2015; 115:5413-61. [PMID: 25970731 PMCID: PMC4463550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Fuhrmann
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Kathleen
W. Clancy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Program in Chemical
Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical
School, 364 Plantation
Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Program in Chemical
Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical
School, 364 Plantation
Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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73
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Horibata S, Vo TV, Subramanian V, Thompson PR, Coonrod SA. Utilization of the Soft Agar Colony Formation Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Tumorigenicity in Breast Cancer Cells. J Vis Exp 2015:e52727. [PMID: 26067809 DOI: 10.3791/52727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the inherent difficulties in investigating the mechanisms of tumor progression in vivo, cell-based assays such as the soft agar colony formation assay (hereafter called soft agar assay), which measures the ability of cells to proliferate in semi-solid matrices, remain a hallmark of cancer research. A key advantage of this technique over conventional 2D monolayer or 3D spheroid cell culture assays is the close mimicry of the 3D cellular environment to that seen in vivo. Importantly, the soft agar assay also provides an ideal tool to rigorously test the effects of novel compounds or treatment conditions on cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, this assay enables the quantitative assessment of cell transformation potential within the context of genetic perturbations. We recently identified peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PADI2) as a potential breast cancer biomarker and therapeutic target. Here we highlight the utility of the soft agar assay for preclinical anti-cancer studies by testing the effects of the PADI inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine (BB-CLA), on the tumorigenicity of human ductal carcinoma in situ (MCF10DCIS) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Horibata
- Department of Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University
| | - Tommy V Vo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University
| | - Venkataraman Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Scott A Coonrod
- Department of Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University;
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74
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Boone BA, Orlichenko L, Schapiro NE, Loughran P, Gianfrate GC, Ellis JT, Singhi AD, Kang R, Tang D, Lotze MT, Zeh HJ. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) enhances autophagy and neutrophil extracellular traps in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:326-34. [PMID: 25908451 PMCID: PMC4470814 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are formed when neutrophils expel their DNA, histones and intracellular proteins into the extracellular space or circulation. NET formation is dependent on autophagy and is mediated by citrullination of histones to allow for unwinding and subsequent expulsion of DNA. NETs play an important role in the pathogenesis of several sterile inflammatory diseases, including malignancy, therefore we investigated the role of NETs in the setting of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Neutrophils isolated from two distinct animal models of PDA had an increased propensity to form NETs following stimulation with platelet activating factor (PAF). Serum DNA, a marker of circulating NET formation, was elevated in tumor bearing animals as well as in patients with PDA. Citrullinated histone H3 expression, a marker of NET formation, was observed in pancreatic tumors obtained from murine models and patients with PDA. Inhibition of autophagy with chloroquine or genetic ablation of RAGE resulted in decreased propensity for NET formation, decreased serum DNA, and decreased citrullinated histone H3 expression in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. We conclude that NETs are upregulated in pancreatic cancer through RAGE dependent/autophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Boone
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - L Orlichenko
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - N E Schapiro
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - P Loughran
- 1] Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [2] Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - G C Gianfrate
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J T Ellis
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - H J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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75
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Slade DJ, Fang P, Dreyton CJ, Zhang Y, Fuhrmann J, Rempel D, Bax BD, Coonrod SA, Lewis HD, Guo M, Gross ML, Thompson PR. Protein arginine deiminase 2 binds calcium in an ordered fashion: implications for inhibitor design. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1043-53. [PMID: 25621824 PMCID: PMC4569063 DOI: 10.1021/cb500933j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Protein
arginine deiminases (PADs) are calcium-dependent histone-modifying
enzymes whose activity is dysregulated in inflammatory diseases and
cancer. PAD2 functions as an Estrogen Receptor (ER) coactivator in
breast cancer cells via the citrullination of histone tail arginine
residues at ER binding sites. Although an attractive therapeutic target,
the mechanisms that regulate PAD2 activity are largely unknown, especially
the detailed role of how calcium facilitates enzyme activation. To
gain insights into these regulatory processes, we determined the first
structures of PAD2 (27 in total), and through calcium-titrations by
X-ray crystallography, determined the order of binding and affinity
for the six calcium ions that bind and activate this enzyme. These
structures also identified several PAD2 regulatory elements, including
a calcium switch that controls proper positioning of the catalytic
cysteine residue, and a novel active site shielding mechanism. Additional
biochemical and mass-spectrometry-based hydrogen/deuterium exchange
studies support these structural findings. The identification of multiple
intermediate calcium-bound structures along the PAD2 activation pathway
provides critical insights that will aid the development of allosteric
inhibitors targeting the PADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Slade
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Pengfei Fang
- Department
of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Christina J. Dreyton
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jakob Fuhrmann
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Don Rempel
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Bax
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts., SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Scott A. Coonrod
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Huw D. Lewis
- EpiNova DPU,
Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts., SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Min Guo
- Department
of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Michael L. Gross
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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76
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Sabulski MJ, Wang Y, Pires MM. PAD2 Activity Monitored via a Fluorescent Substrate Analog. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:599-605. [PMID: 25643806 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The post-transitional modification of peptidyl arginine to citrulline by PAD2 can affect the inherent biophysical properties of the citrullinated protein. Furthermore, dysregulation of PAD2 activity has been implicated in a number of human diseases. Inhibition of these enzymes by small molecules can serve as essential probes in establishing a link to pathogenesis. Herein, we describe a profluorescent substrate analog that reports on the activity and the inhibition of PAD2 in a robust assay. Most noteworthy, we expect future drug discovery efforts based on PAD2 inhibition can be pursued via this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Sabulski
- Chemistry Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Yanming Wang
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Marcos M Pires
- Chemistry Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
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77
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Subramanian V, Knight JS, Parelkar S, Anguish L, Coonrod SA, Kaplan MJ, Thompson PR. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of tetrazole analogs of Cl-amidine as protein arginine deiminase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1337-44. [PMID: 25559347 PMCID: PMC4610306 DOI: 10.1021/jm501636x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Protein
arginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze the post-translational
hydrolysis of arginine residues to form citrulline. This once obscure
modification is now known to play a key role in the etiology of multiple
autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis,
lupus, and ulcerative colitis) and in some forms of cancer. Among
the five human PADs (PAD1, -2, -3, -4, and -6), it is unclear which
isozyme contributes to disease pathogenesis. Toward the identification
of potent, selective, and bioavailable PAD inhibitors that can be
used to elucidate the specific roles of each isozyme, we describe
tetrazole analogs as suitable backbone amide bond bioisosteres for
the parent pan PAD inhibitor Cl-amidine. These tetrazole based analogs
are highly potent and show selectivity toward particular isozymes.
Importantly, one of the compounds, biphenyl tetrazole tert-butyl Cl-amidine (compound 13), exhibits enhanced cell
killing in a PAD4 expressing osteosarcoma bone marrow (U2OS) cell
line and can also block the formation of neutrophil extracellular
traps. These bioisosteres represent an important step in our efforts
to develop stable, bioavailable, and selective inhibitors for the
PADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkataraman Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, United States
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78
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McElwee JL, Mohanan S, Horibata S, Sams KL, Anguish LJ, McLean D, Cvitaš I, Wakshlag JJ, Coonrod SA. PAD2 overexpression in transgenic mice promotes spontaneous skin neoplasia. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6306-17. [PMID: 25213324 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2/PADI2) has been implicated in various inflammatory diseases and, more recently, cancer. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that PAD2 promotes oncogenesis using a transgenic mouse model. We found that about 37% of transgenic mice overexpressing human FLAG-PAD2 downstream of the MMTV-LTR promoter develop spontaneous neoplastic skin lesions. Molecular and histopathologic analyses of the resulting lesions find that they contain increased levels of markers for invasion, inflammation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and that a subset of the lesions progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We then stably overexpressed FLAG-PAD2 in the human SCC cell line, A431, and found that the PAD2-overexpressing cells were more tumorigenic in vitro and also contained elevated levels of markers for inflammation and EMT. Collectively, these studies provide the first genetic evidence that PAD2 functions as an oncogene and suggest that PAD2 may promote tumor progression by enhancing inflammation within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L McElwee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Sachi Horibata
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Kelly L Sams
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Lynne J Anguish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Dalton McLean
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Iva Cvitaš
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Joseph J Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Scott A Coonrod
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
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79
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Dreyton CJ, Knuckley B, Jones JE, Lewallen DM, Thompson PR. Mechanistic studies of protein arginine deiminase 2: evidence for a substrate-assisted mechanism. Biochemistry 2014; 53:4426-33. [PMID: 24989433 PMCID: PMC4100781 DOI: 10.1021/bi500554b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Citrullination, which is catalyzed
by protein arginine deiminases
(PADs 1–4 and 6), is a post-translational modification (PTM)
that effectively neutralizes the positive charge of a guanidinium
group by its replacement with a neutral urea. Given the sequence similarity
of PAD2 across mammalian species and the genomic organization of the
PAD2 gene, PAD2 is predicted to be the ancestral homologue of the
PADs. Although PAD2 has long been known to play a role in myelination,
it has only recently been linked to other cellular processes, including
gene transcription and macrophage extracellular trap formation. For
example, PAD2 deiminates histone H3 at R26, and this PTM leads to
the increased transcription of more than 200 genes under the control
of the estrogen receptor. Given that our understanding of PAD2 biology
remains incomplete, we initiated mechanistic studies on this enzyme
to aid the development of PAD2-specific inhibitors. Herein, we report
that the substrate specificity and calcium dependence of PAD2 are
similar to those of PADs 1, 3, and 4. However, unlike those isozymes,
PAD2 appears to use a substrate-assisted mechanism of catalysis in
which the positively charged substrate guanidinium depresses the pKa of the nucleophilic cysteine. By contrast,
PADs 1, 3, and 4 use a reverse-protonation mechanism. These mechanistic
differences will aid the development of isozyme-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Dreyton
- Department of Chemistry and The Kellogg School of Graduate Studies, The Scripps Research Institute-Florida , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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80
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Slade DJ, Horibata S, Coonrod SA, Thompson PR. A novel role for protein arginine deiminase 4 in pluripotency: the emerging role of citrullinated histone H1 in cellular programming. Bioessays 2014; 36:736-40. [PMID: 24889365 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) alter the chromatin architecture, generating "open" and "closed" states, and these structural changes can modulate gene expression under specific cellular conditions. While methylation and acetylation are the best-characterized histone PTMs, citrullination by the protein arginine deiminases (PADs) represents another important player in this process. In addition to "fine tuning" chromatin structure at specific loci, histone citrullination can also promote rapid global chromatin decondensation during the formation of extracellular traps (ETs) in immune cells. Recent studies now show that PAD4-mediated citrullination of histone H1 at promoter elements can also promote localized chromatin decondensation in stem cells, thus regulating the pluripotent state. These observations suggest that PAD-mediated histone deimination profoundly affects chromatin structure, possibly above and beyond that of other PTMs. Additionally, these recent findings further enhance our understanding of PAD biology and the important contributions that these enzymes play in development, health, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Slade
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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81
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Lewallen DM, Bicker KL, Madoux F, Chase P, Anguish L, Coonrod S, Hodder P, Thompson PR. A FluoPol-ABPP PAD2 high-throughput screen identifies the first calcium site inhibitor targeting the PADs. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:913-21. [PMID: 24467619 PMCID: PMC4108211 DOI: 10.1021/cb400841k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The protein arginine deiminases (PADs)
catalyze the post-translational
hydrolysis of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-citrulline in a process
termed deimination or citrullination. PADs likely play a role in the
progression of a range of disease states because dysregulated PAD
activity is observed in a host of inflammatory diseases and cancer.
For example, recent studies have shown that PAD2 activates ERα
target gene expression in breast cancer cells by citrullinating histone
H3 at ER target promoters. To date, all known PAD inhibitors bind
directly to the enzyme active site. PADs, however, also require calcium
ions to drive a conformational change between the inactive apo-state
and the fully active calcium bound holoenzyme, suggesting that it
would be possible to identify inhibitors that bind the apoenzyme and
prevent this conformational change. As such, we set out to develop
a screen that can identify PAD2 inhibitors that bind to either the
apo or calcium bound form of PAD2. Herein, we provide definitive proof
of concept for this approach and report the first PAD inhibitor, ruthenium
red (Ki of 17 μM), to preferentially
bind the apoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franck Madoux
- Baker
Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Hungerford Hill Rd., Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Peter Chase
- Baker
Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Hungerford Hill Rd., Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | | | | | - Peter Hodder
- Baker
Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Hungerford Hill Rd., Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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82
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Slade DJ, Subramanian V, Fuhrmann J, Thompson PR. Chemical and biological methods to detect post-translational modifications of arginine. Biopolymers 2014; 101:133-43. [PMID: 23576281 PMCID: PMC3900596 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of protein embedded arginines are increasingly being recognized as playing an important role in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic biology, and it is now clear that these PTMs modulate a number of cellular processes including DNA binding, gene transcription, protein-protein interactions, immune system activation, and proteolysis. There are currently four known enzymatic PTMs of arginine (i.e., citrullination, methylation, phosphorylation, and ADP-ribosylation), and two non-enzymatic PTMs [i.e., carbonylation, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)]. Enzymatic modification of arginine is tightly controlled during normal cellular function, and can be drastically altered in response to various second messengers and in different disease states. Non-enzymatic arginine modifications are associated with a loss of metabolite regulation during normal human aging. This abnormally large number of modifications to a single amino acid creates a diverse set of structural perturbations that can lead to altered biological responses. While the biological role of methylation has been the most extensively characterized of the arginine PTMs, recent advances have shown that the once obscure modification known as citrullination is involved in the onset and progression of inflammatory diseases and cancer. This review will highlight the reported arginine PTMs and their methods of detection, with a focus on new chemical methods to detect protein citrullination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Slade
- Department of Chemistry, The Kellogg School of Graduate Studies, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Venkataraman Subramanian
- Department of Chemistry, The Kellogg School of Graduate Studies, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jakob Fuhrmann
- Department of Chemistry, The Kellogg School of Graduate Studies, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, The Kellogg School of Graduate Studies, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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83
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Dreyton CJ, Anderson ED, Subramanian V, Boger DL, Thompson PR. Insights into the mechanism of streptonigrin-induced protein arginine deiminase inactivation. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1362-9. [PMID: 24440480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein citrullination is just one of more than 200 known PTMs. This modification, catalyzed by the protein arginine deiminases (PADs 1-4 and PAD6 in humans), converts the positively charged guanidinium group of an arginine residue into a neutral ureido-group. Given the strong links between dysregulated PAD activity and human disease, we initiated a program to develop PAD inhibitors as potential therapeutics for these and other diseases in which the PADs are thought to play a role. Streptonigrin which possesses both anti-tumor and anti-bacterial activity was later identified as a highly potent PAD4 inhibitor. In an effort to understand why streptonigrin is such a potent and selective PAD4 inhibitor, we explored its structure-activity relationships by examining the inhibitory effects of several analogues that mimic the A, B, C, and/or D rings of streptonigrin. We report the identification of the 7-amino-quinoline-5,8-dione core of streptonigrin as a highly potent pharmacophore that acts as a pan-PAD inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Dreyton
- Department of Chemistry and The Kellogg School of Graduate Studies, The Scripps Research Institute-Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Erin D Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Venkataraman Subramanian
- Department of Chemistry and The Kellogg School of Graduate Studies, The Scripps Research Institute-Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and The Kellogg School of Graduate Studies, The Scripps Research Institute-Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
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Caballero OL, Shousha S, Zhao Q, Simpson AJG, Coombes RC, Neville AM. Expression of Cancer/Testis genes in ductal carcinoma in situ and benign lesions of the breast. Oncoscience 2013; 1:14-20. [PMID: 25593980 PMCID: PMC4295763 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer/testis (CT) genes represent a unique class of genes, which are expressed by germ cells, normally silenced in somatic cells, but activated in various cancers. CT proteins can elicit spontaneous immune responses in cancer patients and this feature makes them attractive targets for immunotherapy-based approaches. We have previously reported that CTs are relatively commonly expressed in estrogen receptor (ER) negative, high risk carcinomas. In this study, we examined the expression of selected CT genes in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and benign proliferative lesions of the breast. ER negative DCIS were found to be associated with significant CT gene expression together with HER2 positivity and a marked stromal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otavia L Caballero
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sami Shousha
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust & Imperial College, London, Charing Cross Hospital
| | - Qi Zhao
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Andrew J G Simpson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY., USA.,Current affiliation: Orygen Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Charles Coombes
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust & Imperial College, London, Charing Cross Hospital
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Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases, or PADs, convert arginine residues to the non-ribosomally encoded amino acid citrulline in a variety of protein substrates. PAD4 is expressed in granulocytes and is essential for the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) via PAD4-mediated histone citrullination. Citrullination of histones is thought to promote NET formation by inducing chromatin decondensation and facilitating the expulsion of chromosomal DNA that is coated with antimicrobial molecules. Numerous stimuli have been reported to lead to PAD4 activation and NET formation. However, how this signaling process proceeds and how PAD4 becomes activated in cells is largely unknown. Herein, we describe the various stimuli and signaling pathways that have been implicated in PAD4 activation and NET formation, including the role of reactive oxygen species generation. To provide a foundation for the above discussion, we first describe PAD4 structure and function, and how these studies led to the development of PAD-specific inhibitors. A comprehensive survey of the receptors and signaling pathways that regulate PAD4 activation will be important for our understanding of innate immunity, and the identification of signaling intermediates in PAD4 activation may also lead to the generation of pharmaceuticals to target NET-related pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. Rohrbach
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Slade
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kerri A. Mowen
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
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