1
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Sachetto ATA, Mackman N. Commentary: Macrophage IL-1β-positive microvesicles exhibit thrombo-inflammatory properties and are detectable in patients with active juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1397527. [PMID: 38655252 PMCID: PMC11035834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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2
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Ferreira B, Lourenço Á, Sousa MDC. Protozoa-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Intercellular Communication with Special Emphasis on Giardia lamblia. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122422. [PMID: 36557675 PMCID: PMC9788250 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are an important worldwide problem threatening human health and affect millions of people. Acute diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, malabsorption of nutrients and nutritional deficiency are some of the issues related to intestinal parasitic infections. Parasites are experts in subvert the host immune system through different kinds of mechanisms. There are evidences that extracellular vesicles (EVs) have an important role in dissemination of the disease and in modulating the host immune system. Released by almost all types of cells, these nanovesicles are a natural secretory product containing multiple components of interest. The EVs are classified as apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, exosomes, ectosomes, and microparticles, according to their physical characteristics, biochemical composition and cell of origin. Interestingly, EVs play an important role in intercellular communication between parasites as well as with the host cells. Concerning Giardia lamblia, it is known that this parasite release EVs during it life cycle that modulate the parasite growth and adherence as well the immune system of the host. Here we review the recently updates on protozoa EVs, with particular emphasis on the role of EVs released by the flagellate protozoa G. lamblia in cellular communication and its potential for future applications as vaccine, therapeutic agent, drug delivery system and as diagnostic or prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIVG-Vasco da Gama Research Center, EUVG-Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ágata Lourenço
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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3
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Xu H, Liu J, Shen N, Zhao Z, Cui J, Zhou S, Jiang L, Zhu X, Tang L, Liang H, Liu W, Zhu Z, Meng L, Zhu X. The interaction of tumor cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 61:128-137. [PMID: 31530212 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1658098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are considered to be a strong contributor to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In our study, the counts of MDSCs were correlated with the remission status of CML patients, especially the M-MDSCs. M-MDSCs promoted the proliferation of K562 cells or CD34+ cells from newly diagnosed CML patients, no matter in cells or mice experiments. We also established a TKI discontinuation model using the K562 cell line for examining the effect of microvesicles (MVs) derived from K562 cells before and after TKI discontinuation on MDSCs. We found a mutual promotion of proliferation of tumor cells and MDSCs. Moreover, MVs derived from K562 cells after TKI discontinuation significantly improved the proliferation of MDSCs compared with MVs from before TKI discontinuation. The bidirectional interaction results in a vicious cycle, by providing a protective niche against immune attacks. Therapeutic interventions modulating this interaction might accelerate the success of TFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Postgraduate College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China.,Institute of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Na Shen
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Minda Hospital of Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jieke Cui
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haitao Liang
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zunmin Zhu
- Institute of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation and Differentiation, Scientific and Technological Department of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Meng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Zizzo G, Cohen PL. Antibody Cross-Linking of CD14 Activates MerTK and Promotes Human Macrophage Clearance of Apoptotic Neutrophils: the Dual Role of CD14 at the Crossroads Between M1 and M2c Polarization. Inflammation 2019; 41:2206-2221. [PMID: 30091033 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (MerTK) is key for efficient phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils (ANs) and homeostasis of IL-10 production by human anti-inflammatory M2c monocytes/macrophages. We asked whether stimulation of M2c surface receptors contributes in turn to MerTK activation. For this purpose, human monocytes/macrophages were differentiated under M1, M2a, and M2c polarizing conditions. The effects of antibody-mediated cross-linking of M2c receptors (i.e., CD14, CD16, CD32, CD163, CD204) on MerTK phosphorylation and phagocytosis of ANs were tested. MerTK expression was also studied by flow cytometry and western blot in the presence of LPS and in M2c-derived microvesicles (MVs). Antibody cross-linking of either CD14 or CD32/FcγRII led to Syk activation and MerTK phosphorylation in its two distinct glycoforms (175-205 and 135-155 kDa). Cross-linked CD14 enhanced efferocytosis by M2c macrophages and enabled M1 and M2a cells to clear ANs efficiently. In M1 conditions, LPS abolished surface MerTK expression on CD14bright cell subsets, so disrupting the anti-inflammatory pathway. In M2c cells, instead, MerTK was diffusely and brightly co-expressed with CD14, and was also detected in M2c macrophage-derived MVs; in these conditions, LPS only partially downregulated MerTK on cell surfaces, while the smaller MerTK glycoform contained in MVs remained intact. Altogether, cooperation between CD14 and MerTK may foster the clearance of ANs by human monocytes/macrophages. CD14 stands between M1-related LPS co-receptor activity and M2c-related MerTK-dependent response. MerTK interaction with CD32/FcγRII, its detection in M2c MVs, and the differential localization and LPS susceptibility of MerTK glycoforms add further new elements to the complexity of the MerTK network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Zizzo
- Temple Autoimmunity Center, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3322 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Philip L Cohen
- Temple Autoimmunity Center, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3322 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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5
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Farzamfar S, Hasanpour A, Nazeri N, Razavi H, Salehi M, Shafei S, Nooshabadi VT, Vaez A, Ehterami A, Sahrapeyma H, Ai J. Extracellular micro/nanovesicles rescue kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12290-12300. [PMID: 30609022 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) is a clinical challenge that is highly resistant to treatment, and its high rate of mortality is alarming. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the most common cause of ARF. Especially IRI is implicated in kidney transplantation and can determine graft survival. Although the exact pathophysiology of renal IRI is unknown, the role of inflammatory responses has been elucidated. Because mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have strong immunomodulatory properties, they are under extensive investigation as a therapeutic modality for renal IRI. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an integral role in cell-to-cell communication. Because the regenerative potential of the MSCs can be recapitulated by their EVs, the therapeutic appeal of MSC-derived EVs has dramatically increased in the past decade. Higher safety profile and ease of preservation without losing function are other advantages of EVs compared with their producing cells. In the current review, the preliminary results and potential of MSC-derived EVs to alleviate kidney IRI are summarized. We might be heading toward a cell-free approach to treat renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Farzamfar
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Hasanpour
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Nazeri
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hengameh Razavi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Salehi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.,Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Shilan Shafei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, International Campus of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vajiheh T Nooshabadi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Ehterami
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Sahrapeyma
- Department of Biomaterial Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Elia E, Montecucco F, Portincasa P, Sahebkar A, Mollazadeh H, Carbone F. Update on pathological platelet activation in coronary thrombosis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2121-2133. [PMID: 30317596 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although coronary thrombosis (CT) is integral to cardiovascular outcomes, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. CT may occur in case of atherosclerotic plaque erosion/rupture, or even after stenting implantation. Platelets (PLT) activation is the keystone of atherothrombosis and depends on many dysregulated elements, including endothelial dysfunction, oxidized lipoproteins, and immune response. Besides the classical view of PLT as an effector of hemostatic response, a new repertoire of PLT activities is emerging. PLT lipidome oxidation is a self-maintaining process which promotes PLT reactivity, coagulation cascade, and inflammatory cell activation. PLT-innate immune cell interaction is also sustained by neutrophil extracellular traps and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. Other noteworthy emerging mechanisms are implicated in the crosstalk between PLT and surrounding cells. Especially, microvesicles (MVs) released from PLT may extend their signaling network far beyond the classical cell-cell interactions. Moreover, the recognition of noncoding RNA in PLT MVs introduce another layer of complexity in terms of intercellular signaling by a direct regulation of messenger RNA profile and gene expression in the recipient cells. The aim of this narrative review is to update the recent advance in CT and intracoronary stent thrombosis, including causal factors and potential translation of experimental evidence into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Elia
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 10 Largo Benzi, Genoa, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica "A. Murri," University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Mollazadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Federico Carbone
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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7
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Pan Q, Ma C, Wang Y, Wang J, Zheng J, Du D, Liao X, Chen Y, Chen Y, Bihl J, Chen C, Yang Y, Ma X. Microvesicles-mediated communication between endothelial cells modulates, endothelial survival, and angiogenic function via transferring of miR-125a-5p. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3160-3172. [PMID: 30272818 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) released microvesicles (EMVs) could modulate the functions of target cells by transferring their microRNAs (miRs). We have reported that miR-125a-5p protected EC function. In this study, we determined whether EMVs provided beneficial effects on ECs by transferring miR-125a-5p. Human brain microvessel ECs were transfected with miR-125a-5p mimic or miR-125a-5p short hairpin RNA to obtain miR-125a-5p overexpressing ECs and miR-125a-5p knockdown ECs, and their derived EMVs. For the functional study, ECs or hypoxia/reoxygenation injured ECs were coincubated with various EMVs. The survival and angiogenic function of ECs were measured. Western blot and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used for measuring the levels of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylation-Akt (p-Akt)/Akt, p-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS), cleaved caspase-3, and miR-125a-5p. PI3K inhibitor was used for pathway analysis. EMVs promoted the proliferation, migration, and tube formation ability of ECs, and alleviated the apoptotic rate of ECs. These effects were associated by an increase in p-Akt/Akt and p-eNOS, and a decrease in cleaved caspase-3 could be abolished by LY294002. Overexpression or downregulation of miR-125a-5p in EMVs promoted or inhibited those effects of EMVs. EMVs could enhance the survival and angiogenic function of ECs via delivering miR-125a-5p to modulate the expression of PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway and caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunwen Pan
- Department of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chunlian Ma
- Department of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jinju Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Jieyi Zheng
- Department of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Donghui Du
- Department of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaorong Liao
- Department of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yusen Chen
- Department of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Department of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Ji Bihl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Can Chen
- Department of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaotong Ma
- Department of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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8
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Kosgodage US, Mould R, Henley AB, Nunn AV, Guy GW, Thomas EL, Inal JM, Bell JD, Lange S. Cannabidiol (CBD) Is a Novel Inhibitor for Exosome and Microvesicle (EMV) Release in Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:889. [PMID: 30150937 PMCID: PMC6099119 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes and microvesicles (EMV) are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures, released by cells and involved in intercellular communication through transfer of proteins and genetic material. EMV release is also associated with various pathologies, including cancer, where increased EMV release is amongst other associated with chemo-resistance and active transfer of pro-oncogenic factors. Recent studies show that EMV-inhibiting agents can sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents and reduce cancer growth in vivo. Cannabidiol (CBD), a phytocannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa, has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, and displays anti-proliferative activity. Here we report a novel role for CBD as a potent inhibitor of EMV release from three cancer cell lines: prostate cancer (PC3), hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG2) and breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231). CBD significantly reduced exosome release in all three cancer cell lines, and also significantly, albeit more variably, inhibited microvesicle release. The EMV modulating effects of CBD were found to be dose dependent (1 and 5 μM) and cancer cell type specific. Moreover, we provide evidence that this may be associated with changes in mitochondrial function, including modulation of STAT3 and prohibitin expression, and that CBD can be used to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. We suggest that the known anti-cancer effects of CBD may partly be due to the regulatory effects on EMV biogenesis, and thus CBD poses as a novel and safe modulator of EMV-mediated pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchini S Kosgodage
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys Mould
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aine B Henley
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair V Nunn
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey W Guy
- GW Research, Sovereign House Vision Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - E L Thomas
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jameel M Inal
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous and dynamic group of lipid bilayer membrane nanoparticles that can be classified into three different groups depending on their cellular origin: exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. They are produced by different cell types and can be isolated from almost all body fluids. EVs contain a variety of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites which regulate a number of biological and pathological scenarios both locally and systemically. Different techniques have been described in order to determine EV isolation, release, uptake, and cargo. Although standard techniques such as immunoblotting, fluorescent microscopy, and electron microscopy are still being used to characterize and visualize EVs, in the last years, more fine-tuned techniques are emerging. For example, EV uptake can be specifically determined at a single cell level using the Cre reporter methodology and bioluminescence based-methods reports have been employed to determine both EV release and uptake. In addition, techniques for cargo identification have also enormously evolved during these years. Classical mass spectrometry and next generation sequencing have been used in the past, but nowadays, advances in these tools have facilitated a more in depth characterization of the EV content. In this review, we aim to assess the standard and latest technical advances for studying EV biology in different biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Carpintero-Fernández
- Epigenetics and Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Fafián-Labora
- Epigenetics and Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana O'Loghlen
- Epigenetics and Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Lange S, Gallagher M, Kholia S, Kosgodage US, Hristova M, Hardy J, Inal JM. Peptidylarginine Deiminases-Roles in Cancer and Neurodegeneration and Possible Avenues for Therapeutic Intervention via Modulation of Exosome and Microvesicle (EMV) Release? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061196. [PMID: 28587234 PMCID: PMC5486019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes and microvesicles (EMVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures released from cells and participate in cell-to-cell communication via transport of biological molecules. EMVs play important roles in various pathologies, including cancer and neurodegeneration. The regulation of EMV biogenesis is thus of great importance and novel ways for manipulating their release from cells have recently been highlighted. One of the pathways involved in EMV shedding is driven by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) mediated post-translational protein deimination, which is calcium-dependent and affects cytoskeletal rearrangement amongst other things. Increased PAD expression is observed in various cancers and neurodegeneration and may contribute to increased EMV shedding and disease progression. Here, we review the roles of PADs and EMVs in cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Lange
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, 115, New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Mark Gallagher
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
| | - Sharad Kholia
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Uchini S Kosgodage
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London WC1N 6HX, UK.
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Jameel M Inal
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
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11
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Szatanek R, Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Zimoch J, Lekka M, Siedlar M, Baran J. The Methods of Choice for Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1153. [PMID: 28555055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become a subject of intense study. These membrane-enclosed spherical structures are secreted by almost every cell type and are engaged in the transport of cellular content (cargo) from parental to target cells. The impact of EVs transfer has been observed in many vital cellular processes including cell-to-cell communication and immune response modulation; thus, a fast and precise characterization of EVs may be relevant for both scientific and diagnostic purposes. In this review, the most popular analytical techniques used in EVs studies are presented with the emphasis on exosomes and microvesicles characterization.
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12
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Prada I, Amin L, Furlan R, Legname G, Verderio C, Cojoc D. A new approach to follow a single extracellular vesicle-cell interaction using optical tweezers. Biotechniques 2016; 60:35-41. [PMID: 26757810 DOI: 10.2144/000114371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are spherical membrane structures released by most cells. These highly conserved mediators of intercellular communication carry proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and transfer these cellular components between cells by different mechanisms, such as endocytosis, macropinocytosis, or fusion. However, the temporal and spatial dynamics of vesicle-cell interactions still remain largely unexplored. Here we used optical tweezers to drive single EVs produced by microglial cells onto the surface of astrocytes or microglia in primary culture. By visualizing single EV-cell contacts, we observed that microglial vesicles displayed different motilities on the surface of astrocytes compared with microglia. After contact, EVs positioned on astrocytes displayed some minor oscillatory motion around the point of adhesion, while vesicles dragged to microglia displayed quite regular directional movement on the plasma membrane. Both the adhesion and motion of vesicles on glial cells were strongly reduced by cloaking phosphatidylserine (PS) residues, which are externalized on the vesicle membrane and act as determinants for vesicle recognition by target cells. These data identify optical manipulation as a powerful tool to monitor in vitro vesicle-cell dynamics with high temporal and spatial resolution and to determine in a quantitative manner the contribution of surface receptors/extracellular protein ligands to the contact.
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