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López-Seijas J, Miranda-Balbuena D, Iglesias-Fente A, Sacristán-Santos M, Carballo-Pedrares N, Arufe MC, Rey-Rico A, Fafián-Labora J. Development of new non-viral systems for genetic modification of senescent cells. Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids 2023; 32:302-317. [PMID: 37096164 PMCID: PMC10122050 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a process characterized by a prolonged irreversible cell-cycle arrest. The accumulation of senescent cells in tissues is related to aging and to the development of age-related diseases. Recently, gene therapy has emerged as a powerful tool for treating age-associated diseases by the transference of specific genes into the target cell population. However, the high sensitivity of senescent cells significantly precludes their genetic modification via classical viral and non-viral systems. Niosomes are self-assembled non-viral nanocarriers that exhibit important advantages due to their elevated cytocompatibility, versatility, and cost-efficiency, arising as a new alternative for genetic modification of senescent cells. In this work, we explore for the first time the use of niosomes for genetic modification of senescent umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells. We report that niosome composition greatly affected transfection efficiency; those formulations prepared in medium with sucrose and containing cholesterol as helper lipid being the most suitable to transfect senescent cells. Moreover, resulting niosome formulations exhibited a superior transfection efficiency with a markedly less cytotoxicity than the commercial reagent Lipofectamine. These findings highlight the potentiality of niosomes as effective vectors for genetic modification of senescent cells, providing new tools for the prevention and/or treatment of age-related diseases.
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Mato-Basalo R, Morente-López M, Arntz OJ, van de Loo FAJ, Fafián-Labora J, Arufe MC. Therapeutic Potential for Regulation of the Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Transcription Factor p65 to Prevent Cellular Senescence and Activation of Pro-Inflammatory in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073367. [PMID: 33805981 PMCID: PMC8038109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have an important potential in the treatment of age-related diseases. In the last years, small extracellular vesicles derived from these stem cells have been proposed as cell-free therapies. Cellular senescence and proinflammatory activation are involved in the loss of therapeutic capacity and in the phenomenon called inflamm-aging. The regulators of these two biological processes in mesenchymal stem cells are not well-known. In this study, we found that p65 is activated during cellular senescence and inflammatory activation in human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell. To demonstrate the central role of p65 in these two processes, we used small-molecular inhibitors of p65, such as JSH-23, MG-132 and curcumin. We found that the inhibition of p65 prevents the cellular senescence phenotype in human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Besides, p65 inhibition produced the inactivation of proinflammatory molecules as components of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) (interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 (IL-6 and IL-8)). Additionally, we found that the inhibition of p65 prevents the transmission of paracrine senescence between mesenchymal stem cells and the proinflammatory message through small extracellular vesicles. Our work highlights the important role of p65 and its inhibition to restore the loss of functionality of small extracellular vesicles from senescent mesenchymal stem cells and their inflamm-aging signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Mato-Basalo
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Ciencias Biomédicas y Medicina, Universdidade da Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (R.M.-B.); (M.M.-L.)
| | - Miriam Morente-López
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Ciencias Biomédicas y Medicina, Universdidade da Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (R.M.-B.); (M.M.-L.)
| | - Onno J Arntz
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (O.J.A.); (F.A.J.v.d.L.)
| | - Fons A. J. van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (O.J.A.); (F.A.J.v.d.L.)
| | - Juan Fafián-Labora
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Ciencias Biomédicas y Medicina, Universdidade da Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (R.M.-B.); (M.M.-L.)
- Correspondence: (J.F.-L.); (M.C.A.)
| | - María C. Arufe
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Ciencias Biomédicas y Medicina, Universdidade da Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (R.M.-B.); (M.M.-L.)
- Correspondence: (J.F.-L.); (M.C.A.)
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Fafián-Labora J, Morente-López M, Sánchez-Dopico MJ, Arntz OJ, van de Loo FAJ, De Toro J, Arufe MC. Influence of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in vitro and their role in ageing. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:13. [PMID: 31900239 PMCID: PMC6942375 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assessed whether mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles influenced ageing and pluripotency markers in cell cultures where they are added. METHODS MSC-derived extracellular vesicles from old and young rat bone marrows were isolated by ultracentrifugation and were characterised by western blotting, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). They were added to young and old MSC cultures. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions and western blot analysis were performed to check the markers of ageing (vinculin and lamin A), pluripotency markers (Nanog and Oct4) and components of the mTOR signalling pathway (Rictor, Raptor, AKT and mTOR) in these cell populations. Subsequently, microRNA (miR)-188-3p expression was transiently inhibited in young MSCs to demonstrate the influence of mTOR2 on MSC ageing. RESULTS Incubation with young MSC-derived extracellular vesicles decreased the levels of ageing markers and components of the mTOR pathway and increased the pluripotency markers from old MSC populations. By contrast, incubation of young MSCs with old MSC-derived extracellular vesicles generated the reverse effects. Inhibition of miR-188-3p expression in young MSCs produced extracellular vesicles that when incubated with old MSCs produced an increase in the levels of Rictor, as well as a decrease of phosphor-AKT, as indicated by a significant decrease in beta-galactosidase staining. CONCLUSIONS MSC-derived extracellular vesicles affected the behaviour of MSC cultures, based on their composition, which could be modified in vitro. These experiments represented the basis for the development of new therapies against ageing-associated diseases using MSC-derived extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fafián-Labora
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), 15006-A, Coruña, Spain
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Ciencias Biomédicas y Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de A Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006-A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Miriam Morente-López
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), 15006-A, Coruña, Spain
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Ciencias Biomédicas y Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de A Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006-A, Coruña, Spain
| | - María José Sánchez-Dopico
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), 15006-A, Coruña, Spain
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Ciencias Biomédicas y Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de A Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006-A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Onno J Arntz
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Fons A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Javier De Toro
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), 15006-A, Coruña, Spain
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Ciencias Biomédicas y Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de A Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006-A, Coruña, Spain
| | - María C Arufe
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), 15006-A, Coruña, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Ciencias Biomédicas y Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de A Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006-A, Coruña, Spain.
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Borghesan M, Fafián-Labora J, Eleftheriadou O, Carpintero-Fernández P, Paez-Ribes M, Vizcay-Barrena G, Swisa A, Kolodkin-Gal D, Ximénez-Embún P, Lowe R, Martín-Martín B, Peinado H, Muñoz J, Fleck RA, Dor Y, Ben-Porath I, Vossenkamper A, Muñoz-Espin D, O'Loghlen A. Small Extracellular Vesicles Are Key Regulators of Non-cell Autonomous Intercellular Communication in Senescence via the Interferon Protein IFITM3. Cell Rep 2019; 27:3956-3971.e6. [PMID: 31242426 PMCID: PMC6613042 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a cellular phenotype present in health and disease, characterized by a stable cell-cycle arrest and an inflammatory response called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP is important in influencing the behavior of neighboring cells and altering the microenvironment; yet, this role has been mainly attributed to soluble factors. Here, we show that both the soluble factors and small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are capable of transmitting paracrine senescence to nearby cells. Analysis of individual cells internalizing sEVs, using a Cre-reporter system, show a positive correlation between sEV uptake and senescence activation. We find an increase in the number of multivesicular bodies during senescence in vivo. sEV protein characterization by mass spectrometry (MS) followed by a functional siRNA screen identify interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) as being partially responsible for transmitting senescence to normal cells. We find that sEVs contribute to paracrine senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Borghesan
- Epigenetics & Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK; Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Juan Fafián-Labora
- Epigenetics & Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK; Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Olga Eleftheriadou
- Epigenetics & Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK; Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Paula Carpintero-Fernández
- Epigenetics & Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK; Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Marta Paez-Ribes
- CRUK Cambridge Centre Early Detection Programme, Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Avital Swisa
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dror Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Pilar Ximénez-Embún
- Proteomics Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain; ProteoRed-ISCIII, Autonomous University of Madrid Campus, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Robert Lowe
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Belen Martín-Martín
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Hector Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomics Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain; ProteoRed-ISCIII, Autonomous University of Madrid Campus, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Roland A Fleck
- Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ittai Ben-Porath
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anna Vossenkamper
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Daniel Muñoz-Espin
- CRUK Cambridge Centre Early Detection Programme, Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Ana O'Loghlen
- Epigenetics & Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK; Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
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Fafián-Labora J, Carpintero-Fernández P, Jordan SJD, Shikh-Bahaei T, Abdullah SM, Mahenthiran M, Rodríguez-Navarro JA, Niklison-Chirou MV, O'Loghlen A. FASN activity is important for the initial stages of the induction of senescence. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:318. [PMID: 30962418 PMCID: PMC6453932 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Senescent cells accumulate in several tissues during ageing and contribute to several pathological processes such as ageing and cancer. Senescence induction is a complex process not well defined yet and is characterized by a series of molecular changes acquired after an initial growth arrest. We found that fatty acid synthase (FASN) levels increase during the induction of senescence in mouse hepatic stellate cells and human primary fibroblasts. Importantly, we also observed a significant increase in FASN levels during ageing in mouse liver tissues. To probe the central role of FASN in senescence induction, we used a small-molecule inhibitor of FASN activity, C75. We found that C75 treatment prevented the induction of senescence in mouse and human senescent cells. Importantly, C75 also reduced the expression of the signature SASP factors interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-1β and IL-6, and suppressed the secretion of small extracellular vesicles. These findings were confirmed using a shRNA targeting FASN. In addition, we find that FASN inhibition induces metabolic changes in senescent cells. Our work underscores the importance of C75 as a pharmacological inhibitor for reducing the impact of senescent cell accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fafián-Labora
- Epigenetics and Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.,Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Paula Carpintero-Fernández
- Epigenetics and Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.,Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Samuel James Davison Jordan
- Epigenetics and Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.,Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Tamanna Shikh-Bahaei
- Epigenetics and Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.,Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Sana Mohammad Abdullah
- Epigenetics and Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.,Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Midusa Mahenthiran
- Epigenetics and Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.,Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - José Antonio Rodríguez-Navarro
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Neurobiología-Investigación. Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Victoria Niklison-Chirou
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Ana O'Loghlen
- Epigenetics and Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK. .,Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK.
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Mateos J, Fafián-Labora J, Morente-López M, Lesende-Rodriguez I, Monserrat L, Ódena MA, de Oliveira E, de Toro J, Arufe MC. Next-Generation Sequencing and Quantitative Proteomics of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome-derived cells point to a role of nucleotide metabolism in premature aging. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205878. [PMID: 30379953 PMCID: PMC6209416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a very rare fatal disease characterized for accelerated aging. Although the causal agent, a point mutation in LMNA gene, was identified more than a decade ago, the molecular mechanisms underlying HGPS are still not fully understood and, currently, there is no cure for the patients, which die at a mean age of thirteen. With the aim of unraveling non-previously altered molecular pathways in the premature aging process, human cell lines from HGPS patients and from healthy parental controls were studied in parallel using Next-Generation Sequencing (RNAseq) and High-Resolution Quantitative Proteomics (iTRAQ) techniques. After selection of significant proteins and transcripts and crosschecking of the results a small set of protein/transcript pairs were chosen for validation. One of those proteins, ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase 1 (PRPS1), is essential for nucleotide synthesis. PRPS1 loss-of-function mutants present lower levels of purine. PRPS1 protein and transcript levels are detected as significantly decreased in HGPS cell lines vs. healthy parental controls. This modulation was orthogonally confirmed by targeted techniques in cell lines and also in an animal model of Progeria, the ZMPSTE24 knock-out mouse. In addition, functional experiments through supplementation with S-adenosyl-methionine (SAMe), a metabolite that is an alternative source of purine, were done. Results indicate that SAMe has a positive effect in the proliferative capacity and reduces senescence-associated Beta-galactosidase staining of the HPGS cell lines. Altogether, our data suggests that nucleotide and, specifically, purine-metabolism, are altered in premature aging, opening a new window for the therapeutic treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mateos
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Dpto. Ciencias Biomédicas, Medicina y Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña, INIBIC-CHUAC
| | - Juan Fafián-Labora
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Dpto. Ciencias Biomédicas, Medicina y Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña, INIBIC-CHUAC
| | - Miriam Morente-López
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Dpto. Ciencias Biomédicas, Medicina y Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña, INIBIC-CHUAC
| | | | | | - María A. Ódena
- Proteomics Platform–Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Javier de Toro
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Dpto. Ciencias Biomédicas, Medicina y Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña, INIBIC-CHUAC
| | - María C. Arufe
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Dpto. Ciencias Biomédicas, Medicina y Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña, INIBIC-CHUAC
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous and dynamic group of lipid bilayer membrane nanoparticles that can be classified into three different groups depending on their cellular origin: exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. They are produced by different cell types and can be isolated from almost all body fluids. EVs contain a variety of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites which regulate a number of biological and pathological scenarios both locally and systemically. Different techniques have been described in order to determine EV isolation, release, uptake, and cargo. Although standard techniques such as immunoblotting, fluorescent microscopy, and electron microscopy are still being used to characterize and visualize EVs, in the last years, more fine-tuned techniques are emerging. For example, EV uptake can be specifically determined at a single cell level using the Cre reporter methodology and bioluminescence based-methods reports have been employed to determine both EV release and uptake. In addition, techniques for cargo identification have also enormously evolved during these years. Classical mass spectrometry and next generation sequencing have been used in the past, but nowadays, advances in these tools have facilitated a more in depth characterization of the EV content. In this review, we aim to assess the standard and latest technical advances for studying EV biology in different biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Carpintero-Fernández
- Epigenetics and Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Fafián-Labora
- Epigenetics and Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana O'Loghlen
- Epigenetics and Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Fafián-Labora J, Lesende-Rodriguez I, Fernández-Pernas P, Sangiao-Alvarellos S, Monserrat L, Arntz OJ, van de Loo FAJ, Mateos J, Arufe MC. Corrigendum: Effect of age on pro-inflammatory miRNAs contained in mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46850. [PMID: 28731460 PMCID: PMC5520771 DOI: 10.1038/srep46850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/srep43923.
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Fafián-Labora J, Lesende-Rodriguez I, Fernández-Pernas P, Sangiao-Alvarellos S, Monserrat L, Arntz OJ, Loo FJVD, Mateos J, Arufe MC. Effect of age on pro-inflammatory miRNAs contained in mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43923. [PMID: 28262816 PMCID: PMC5338265 DOI: 10.1038/srep43923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells possess significant age-dependent differences in their immune-response profile. These differences were analysed by Next-Generation Sequencing of six age groups from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. A total of 9,628 genes presenting differential expression between age groups were grouped into metabolic pathways. We focused our research on young, pre-pubertal and adult groups, which presented the highest amount of differentially expressed genes related to inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signalling pathways compared with the newborn group, which was used as a control. Extracellular vesicles extracted from each group were characterized by nanoparticle tracking and flow cytometry analysis, and several micro-RNAs were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction because of their relationship with the pathway of interest. Since miR-21-5p showed the highest statistically significant expression in extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells of the pre-pubertal group, we conducted a functional experiment inhibiting its expression and investigating the modulation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 and their link to damage-associated molecular patterns. Together, these results indicate for the first time that mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles have significant age-dependent differences in their immune profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Fafián-Labora
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC). CIBER-BBN/ISCIII. Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Medicina, Facultade de Oza, Universidade de A Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - I. Lesende-Rodriguez
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC). CIBER-BBN/ISCIII. Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Medicina, Facultade de Oza, Universidade de A Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - P. Fernández-Pernas
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC). CIBER-BBN/ISCIII. Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Medicina, Facultade de Oza, Universidade de A Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - S. Sangiao-Alvarellos
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Nutricional y Médica (FENM-CHUAC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Medicina, Facultade de Oza, Universidade de A Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - L. Monserrat
- Cardiology Department, Health in Code, As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - O. J. Arntz
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Huispost 272, route 272, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F. J. Van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Huispost 272, route 272, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Mateos
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC). CIBER-BBN/ISCIII. Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Medicina, Facultade de Oza, Universidade de A Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - M. C. Arufe
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC). CIBER-BBN/ISCIII. Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Medicina, Facultade de Oza, Universidade de A Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
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Marquina M, Collado JA, Pérez-Cruz M, Fernández-Pernas P, Fafián-Labora J, Blanco FJ, Máñez R, Arufe MC, Costa C. Biodistribution and Immunogenicity of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Model of Intraarticular Chondrocyte Xenotransplantation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1465. [PMID: 29163532 PMCID: PMC5681521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenogeneic chondrocytes and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are considered a potential source of cells for articular cartilage repair. We here assessed the immune response triggered by xenogeneic chondrocytes when injected intraarticularly, as well as the immunoregulatory effect of allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSC after systemic administration. To this end, a discordant xenotransplantation model was established by injecting three million porcine articular chondrocytes (PAC) into the femorotibial joint of Lewis rats and monitoring the immune response. First, the fate of MSC injected using various routes was monitored in an in vivo imaging system. The biodistribution revealed a dependency on the injection route with MSC injected intravenously (i.v.) succumbing early after 24 h and MSC injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) lasting locally for at least 5 days. Importantly, no migration of MSC to the joint was detected in rats previously injected with PAC. MSC were then administered either i.v. 1 week before PAC injection or i.p. 3 weeks after to assess their immunomodulatory function on humoral and adaptive immune parameters. Anti-PAC IgM and IgG responses were detected in all PAC-injected rats with a peak at week 2 postinjection and reactivity remaining above baseline levels by week 18. IgG2a and IgG2b were the predominant and long-lasting IgG subtypes. By contrast, no anti-MSC antibody response was detected in the cohort injected with MSC only, but infusion of MSC before PAC injection temporarily augmented the anti-PAC antibody response. Consistent with a cellular immune response to PAC in PAC-injected rats, cytokine/chemokine profiling in serum by antibody array revealed a distinct pattern relative to controls characterized by elevation of multiple markers at week 2, as well as increases in proliferation in draining lymph nodes. Notably, systemic administration of allogeneic MSC under the described conditions did not diminish the immune response. IL-2 measurements in cocultures of rat peripheral blood lymphocytes with PAC indicated that PAC injection induced some T-cell hyporesponsiveness that was not enhanced in the cohorts additionally receiving MSC. Thus, PAC injected intraarticularly in Lewis rats induced a cellular and humoral immune response that was not counteracted by the systemic administration of allogeneic MSC under the described conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Marquina
- Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge – IDIBELL, Bellvitge University Hospital, ICS, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier A. Collado
- Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge – IDIBELL, Bellvitge University Hospital, ICS, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magdiel Pérez-Cruz
- Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge – IDIBELL, Bellvitge University Hospital, ICS, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Fernández-Pernas
- Cellular Therapy and Medicine Regenerative Group, Department of Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña, As Xubias, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Juan Fafián-Labora
- Cellular Therapy and Medicine Regenerative Group, Department of Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña, As Xubias, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Grupo de Proteómica-ProteoRed/Plataforma PBR2-ISCIII, Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña, As Xubias, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Rafael Máñez
- Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge – IDIBELL, Bellvitge University Hospital, ICS, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María C. Arufe
- Cellular Therapy and Medicine Regenerative Group, Department of Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña, As Xubias, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cristina Costa
- Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge – IDIBELL, Bellvitge University Hospital, ICS, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Cristina Costa,
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11
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Fernández-Pernas P, Fafián-Labora J, Lesende-Rodriguez I, Mateos J, De la Fuente A, Fuentes I, De Toro Santos J, Blanco García F, Arufe MC. 3, 3', 5-triiodo-L-thyronine Increases In Vitro Chondrogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Human Umbilical Cord Stroma Through SRC2. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2097-108. [PMID: 26869487 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our group focuses on the study of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from human umbilical cord stroma or Warthońs jelly and their directed differentiation toward chondrocyte-like cells capable of regenerating damaged cartilage when transplanted into an injured joint. This study aimed to determine whether lactogenic hormone prolactin (PRL) or 3, 3', 5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), the active thyroid hormone, modulates chondrogenesis in our in vitro model of directed chondrogenic differentiation, and whether Wnt signalling is involved in this modulation. MSCs from human umbilical cord stroma underwent directed differentiation toward chondrocyte-like cells by spheroid formation. The addition of T3 to the chondrogenic medium increased the expression of genes linked to chondrogenesis like collagen type 2, integrin alpha 10 beta 1, and Sox9 measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Levels of collagen type 2 and aggrecane analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and staining by Safranin O were increased after 14 days in spheroid culture with T3 compared to those without T3 or only with PRL. B-catenin, Frizzled, and GSK-3β gene expressions were significantly higher in spheroids cultured with chondrogenic medium (CM) plus T3 compared to CM alone after 14 days in culture. The increase of chondrogenic differentiation was inhibited when the cells were treated with T3 plus ML151, an inhibitor of the T3 steroid receptor. This work demonstrates, for first time, that T3 promotes differentiation towards chondrocytes-like cells in our in vitro model, that this differentiation is mediated by steroid receptor co-activator 2 (SRC2) and does not induce hypertrophy. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2097-2108, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fernández-Pernas
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC), CIBER-BBN/ISCIII, Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Medicina, Facultade de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Juan Fafián-Labora
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC), CIBER-BBN/ISCIII, Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Medicina, Facultade de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Iván Lesende-Rodriguez
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC), CIBER-BBN/ISCIII, Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Medicina, Facultade de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesús Mateos
- Grupo de Proteómica-PBR2-ProteoRed/ISCIII-Servicio de Reumatologia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, España
| | - Alexandre De la Fuente
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC), CIBER-BBN/ISCIII, Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Medicina, Facultade de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Isaac Fuentes
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC), CIBER-BBN/ISCIII, Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Medicina, Facultade de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Javier De Toro Santos
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC), CIBER-BBN/ISCIII, Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Medicina, Facultade de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Fco Blanco García
- Grupo de Proteómica-PBR2-ProteoRed/ISCIII-Servicio de Reumatologia, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, España
| | - María C Arufe
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC), CIBER-BBN/ISCIII, Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Departamento de Medicina, Facultade de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Xubias, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
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12
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Fafián-Labora J, Fernández-Pernas P, Fuentes I, De Toro J, Oreiro N, Sangiao-Alvarellos S, Mateos J, Arufe M. Influence of age on rat bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells potential. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16765. [PMID: 26581954 PMCID: PMC4652164 DOI: 10.1038/srep16765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells promising role in cell-based therapies and tissue engineering appears to be limited due to a decline of their regenerative potential with increasing donor age. Six age groups from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of Wistar rats were studied (newborn, infant, young, pre-pubertal, pubertal and adult). Quantitative proteomic assay was performance by iTRAQ using an 8-plex iTRAQ labeling and the proteins differentially expressed were grouped in pluripotency, proliferative and metabolism processes. Proliferation makers, CD117 and Ki67 were measure by flow cytometry assay. Real time polymerase chain reaction analysis of pluripotency markers Rex1, Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog were done. Biological differentiation was realized using specific mediums for 14 days to induce osteogenesis, adipogenesis or chondrogenesis and immunostain analysis of differentiated cell resulting were done. Enzimoimmunoassay analysis of several enzymes as L-lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase were also done to validate iTRAQ data. Taking together these results indicate for the first time that mesenchymal stem cells have significant differences in their proliferative, pluripotency and metabolism profiles and those differences are age depending.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Fafián-Labora
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC). CIBER-BBN/ISCIII. Servicio de Reumatología. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC). Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC). SERGAS. Departamento de Medicina. Facultade de Oza. Universidade de A Coruña (UDC). As Xubias, 15006. A Coruña, Spain
| | - P. Fernández-Pernas
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC). CIBER-BBN/ISCIII. Servicio de Reumatología. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC). Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC). SERGAS. Departamento de Medicina. Facultade de Oza. Universidade de A Coruña (UDC). As Xubias, 15006. A Coruña, Spain
| | - I. Fuentes
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC). CIBER-BBN/ISCIII. Servicio de Reumatología. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC). Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC). SERGAS. Departamento de Medicina. Facultade de Oza. Universidade de A Coruña (UDC). As Xubias, 15006. A Coruña, Spain
| | - J. De Toro
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC). CIBER-BBN/ISCIII. Servicio de Reumatología. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC). Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC). SERGAS. Departamento de Medicina. Facultade de Oza. Universidade de A Coruña (UDC). As Xubias, 15006. A Coruña, Spain
| | - N. Oreiro
- Grupo de Proteómica-PBR2-ProteoRed/ISCIII-Servicio de Reumatologia. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas. Universidade da Coruña (UDC). As Xubias, 15006. A Coruña, España
| | - S. Sangiao-Alvarellos
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Nutricional y Médica (FENM-CHUAC). Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC). Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC). SERGAS. Departamento de Medicina. Facultade de Oza. Universidade de A Coruña (UDC). As Xubias, 15006. A Coruña, Spain
| | - J. Mateos
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC). CIBER-BBN/ISCIII. Servicio de Reumatología. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC). Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC). SERGAS. Departamento de Medicina. Facultade de Oza. Universidade de A Coruña (UDC). As Xubias, 15006. A Coruña, Spain
| | - M.C. Arufe
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa (TCMR-CHUAC). CIBER-BBN/ISCIII. Servicio de Reumatología. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC). Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC). SERGAS. Departamento de Medicina. Facultade de Oza. Universidade de A Coruña (UDC). As Xubias, 15006. A Coruña, Spain
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