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Sun L, Liao K, Hang C, Wang D. Honokiol induces reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in Candida albicans through mitochondrial dysfunction. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172228. [PMID: 28192489 PMCID: PMC5305218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of honokiol on induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant defense systems, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in Candida albicans. Methods To measure ROS accumulation, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence was used. Lipid peroxidation was assessed using both fluorescence staining and a thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Protein oxidation was determined using dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization. Antioxidant enzymatic activities were measured using commercially available detection kits. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes expression was measured using real time RT-PCR. To assess its antifungal abilities and effectiveness on ROS accumulation, honokiol and the SOD inhibitor N,N′-diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) were used simultaneously. Mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential (mtΔψ). Honokiol-induced apoptosis was assessed using an Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit. Results ROS, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation occurred in a dose-dependent manner in C. albicans after honokiol treatment. Honokiol caused an increase in antioxidant enzymatic activity. In addition, honokiol treatment induced SOD genes expression in C. albicans cells. Moreover, addition of DDC resulted in increased endogenous ROS levels and potentiated the antifungal activity of honokiol. Mitochondrial dysfunction was confirmed by measured changes to mtΔψ. The level of apoptosis increased in a dose-dependent manner after honokiol treatment. Conclusions Collectively, these results indicate that honokiol acts as a pro-oxidant in C. albicans. Furthermore, the SOD inhibitor DDC can be used to potentiate the activity of honokiol against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmei Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Liao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengcheng Hang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Reginato CF, Bandeira LA, Zanette RA, Santurio JM, Alves SH, Danesi CC. Antifungal activity of synthetic antiseptics and natural compounds against Candida dubliniensis before and after in vitro fluconazole exposure. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:75-79. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0461-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Wang TH, Hsia SM, Wu CH, Ko SY, Chen MY, Shih YH, Shieh TM, Chuang LC, Wu CY. Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Liquid and Vapor Phase Phenolic Essential Oil Compounds against Oral Microorganisms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163147. [PMID: 27681039 PMCID: PMC5040402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the antibacterial activities of the phenolic essential oil (EO) compounds hinokitiol, carvacrol, thymol, and menthol against oral pathogens. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Escherichia. coli were used in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), bacterial growth curves, temperature and pH stabilities, and synergistic effects of the liquid and vapor EO compounds were tested. The MIC/MBC of the EO compounds, ranging from the strongest to weakest, were hinokitiol (40-60 μg/mL/40-100 μg/mL), thymol (100-200 μg/mL/200-400 μg/mL), carvacrol (200-400 μg/mL/200-600 μg/mL), and menthol (500-more than 2500 μg/mL/1000-more than 2500 μg/mL). The antibacterial activities of the four EO phenolic compound based on the agar diffusion test and bacterial growth curves showed that the four EO phenolic compounds were stable under different temperatures for 24 h, but the thymol activity decreased when the temperature was higher than 80°C. The combination of liquid carvacrol with thymol did not show any synergistic effects. The activities of the vaporous carvacrol and thymol were inhibited by the presence of water. Continual violent shaking during culture enhanced the activity of menthol. Both liquid and vaporous hinokitiol were stable at different temperatures and pH conditions. The combination of vaporous hinokitiol with zinc oxide did not show synergistic effects. These results showed that the liquid and vapor phases of hinokitiol have strong anti-oral bacteria abilities. Hinokitiol has the potential to be applied in oral health care products, dental materials, and infection controls to exert antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Hong Wang
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hao Wu
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Yao Ko
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Innovate Research Center of Medicine, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Michael Yuanchien Chen
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung,Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hua Shih
- Mind-Body Interface Lab, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chuan Chuang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Wu
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Martínez A, Catalán A, Rojas N, Torres V, Acuña M. In Vitro Effectiveness of a Terpenic Denture Cleanser on Old Biofilm Surfaces. J Prosthodont 2016; 27:57-62. [PMID: 27598657 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effects of terpenic denture cleanser on denture biofilm removal using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS The internal surface biofilm of four maxillary dentures was elucidated with Caristop-revelador Dual Tone, and 40 blue-stained specimens (0.6 cm × 0.4 cm × 2 mm) were obtained. These specimens were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups of 10 specimens each: control, Eci Clean, Fitty Dent, and terpenic denture cleanser. The period of immersion in each solution was 12 hours. Biofilm removal was evaluated using SEM, and morphologically varying areas of the SEM images were quantified with Imaris software. The data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t-tests, ANOVA, and Tamhane's tests (p = 0.05). RESULTS Data revealed that terpenic denture cleanser removed significantly more biofilm than any other treatment examined in this study. The t-tests revealed significant differences in the clean area that resulted from the use of the terpenic cleanser compared with the clean area that resulted from the use of Eci Clean (p = 0.013). Fitty Dent was the least effective and left dirty acrylic resin. The average areas with few removed layers were 59.3%, 43.3%, and 9.5% in Fitty Dent, Eci Clean, and terpenic cleanser groups, respectively. Tamhane's tests indicated that the Eci Clean and Fitty Dent groups were significantly different from the 0.5% terpenic cleanser group (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION The terpenic denture cleanser was effective in removing denture biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Martínez
- Oral Rehabilitation Graduate, School of Dentistry, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Alfonso Catalán
- Oral Rehabilitation Graduate, School of Dentistry, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Ninón Rojas
- Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Viviana Torres
- Center for Advanced Microscopy (CMA Bio-Bio), University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Mónica Acuña
- National Health Service - Consultorio Victor Manuel Fernández, Concepcion, Chile
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Mandras N, Nostro A, Roana J, Scalas D, Banche G, Ghisetti V, Del Re S, Fucale G, Cuffini AM, Tullio V. Liquid and vapour-phase antifungal activities of essential oils against Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:330. [PMID: 27576581 PMCID: PMC5006570 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of Candida infections faces many problems, such as a limited number of antifungal drugs, toxicity, resistance of Candida to commonly antifungal drugs, relapse of Candida infections, and the high cost of antifungal drugs. Though azole antifungal agents and derivatives continue to dominate as drugs of choice against Candida infections, there are many available data referring to the anticandidal activity of essential oils. Since we have previous observed a good antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against filamentous fungi, the aim of this study was to extend the research to evaluate the activity of the same oils on Candida albicans, C.glabrata and C.tropicalis clinical strains, as well as the effects of related components. Essential oils selection was based both on ethnomedicinal use and on proved antibacterial and/or antifungal activity of some of these oils. Fluconazole and voriconazole were used as reference drugs. METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of essential oils (thyme red, fennel, clove, pine, sage, lemon balm, and lavender) and their major components were investigated by the broth microdilution method (BM) and the vapour contact assay (VC). RESULTS Using BM, pine oil showed the best activity against all strains tested, though C.albicans was more susceptible than C.glabrata and C.tropicalis (MIC50-MIC90 = 0.06 %, v/v). On the contrary, sage oil displayed a weak activity (MIC50-MIC90 = 1 %, v/v). Thyme red oil (MIC50-MIC90 ≤ 0.0038 %, v/v for C.albicans and C.tropicalis, and 0.0078- < 0.015 %, v/v for C.glabrata), followed by lemon balm, lavender and sage were the most effective by VC. Carvacrol and thymol showed the highest activity, whereas linalyl acetate showed the lowest activity both by two methods. α-pinene displayed a better activity by BM than VC. CONCLUSION Results show a good activity of essential oils, mainly thymus red and pine oils, and their components carvacrol, thymol and α-pinene against Candida spp., including fluconazole/voriconazole resistant strains. These data encourage adequately controlled and randomized clinical investigations. The use in vapour phase could have additional advantages without requiring direct contact, resulting in easy of environmental application such as in hospital, and/or in school.
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Brilhante RSN, Caetano ÉP, Lima RACD, Marques FJDF, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Melo CVSD, Guedes GMDM, Oliveira JSD, Camargo ZPD, Moreira JLB, Monteiro AJ, Bandeira TDJPG, Cordeiro RDA, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC. Terpinen-4-ol, tyrosol, and β-lapachone as potential antifungals against dimorphic fungi. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:917-924. [PMID: 27520529 PMCID: PMC5052391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of terpinen-4-ol, tyrosol, and β-lapachone against strains of Coccidioides posadasii in filamentous phase (n=22) and Histoplasma capsulatum in both filamentous (n=40) and yeast phases (n=13), using the broth dilution methods as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of these compounds. The mechanisms of action of these compounds were also investigated by analyzing their effect on cell membrane permeability and ergosterol synthesis. The MIC and MFCf these compounds against C. posadasii, mycelial H. capsulatum, and yeast-like H. capsulatum, were in the following ranges: 350-5720μg/mL, 20-2860μg/mL, and 40-1420μg/mL, respectively for terpinen-4-ol; 250-4000μg/mL, 30-2000μg/mL, and 10-1000μg/mL, respectively, for tyrosol; and 0.48-7.8μg/mL, 0.25-16μg/mL, and 0.125-4μg/mL, respectively for β-lapachone. These compounds showed a decrease in MIC when the samples were subjected to osmotic stress, suggesting that the compounds acted on the fungal membrane. All the compounds were able to reduce the ergosterol content of the fungal strains. Finally, tyrosol was able to cause a leakage of intracellular molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil; Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, CE, Brazil.
| | - Érica Pacheco Caetano
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil
| | - Rita Amanda Chaves de Lima
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Charlline Vládia Silva de Melo
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Morgana de Melo Guedes
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil
| | - Jonathas Sales de Oliveira
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cellular Biology Division, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luciano Bezerra Moreira
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil
| | - André Jalles Monteiro
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Department of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil; Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, CE, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil; State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Forteleza, CE, Brazil
| | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil; Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, CE, Brazil
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Singh S, Fatima Z, Hameed S. Insights into the mode of action of anticandidal herbal monoterpenoid geraniol reveal disruption of multiple MDR mechanisms and virulence attributes in Candida albicans. Arch Microbiol 2016; 198:459-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kaomongkolgit R, Jamdee K. Inhibitory Effect of Alpha-Mangostin on Adhesion of Candida albicans to Denture Acrylic. Open Dent J 2015; 9:388-92. [PMID: 26962371 PMCID: PMC4763956 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601509010388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Candida-associated denture stomatitis is a very common disease affecting denture wearers. It is characterized by the presence of yeast biofilm on the denture, primarily associated with C. albicans. The investigation of agents that can reduce C. albicans adhesion may represent a significant advancement in the prevention and treatment of this disease. This study aims to investigate the effect of alpha-mangostin on the in vitro adhesion of C. albicans to denture acrylic and germ tube formation by C. albicans and to compare its activity with clotrimazole which is a topical antifungal agent commonly used for the treatment of Candida-associated denture stomatitis. Materials and Methodology: Alpha-mangostin was extracted by thin layer chromatography. The effect of alpha-mangostin on adhesion of C. albicans to denture acrylic was determined by using a colorimetric tetrazolium assay and germ tube formation by C. albicans was determined by using the counting chamber. Results: A significant reduction of C. albicans adhesion to denture acrylic was evident after exposure to 2,000 µg/ml of alpha-mangostin for only 15 min. In addition, the 2,000 µg/ml of the alpha-mangostin-treated C. albicans had a reduced ability for germ tube formation. These inhibitory effects of alpha-mangostin were as effective as clotrimazole. Conclusion: Alpha-mangostin has antifungal property against C. albicans by inhibiting the adhesion to denture acrylic and germ tube formation in vitro. These results suggest the potential application of alpha-mangostin as a topical medication or a natural oral hygiene product for treatment of Candida-associated denture stomatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchadaporn Kaomongkolgit
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Kusuma Jamdee
- Dental Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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Bogavac M, Karaman M, Janjušević L, Sudji J, Radovanović B, Novaković Z, Simeunović J, Božin B. Alternative treatment of vaginal infections – in vitro antimicrobial and toxic effects of Coriandrum sativum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:697-710. [PMID: 26109513 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of study were to examine the antibacterial potential of two commercial essential oils (EOs) from coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) against vaginal clinical strains of bacteria and yeast and their chemical composition. METHODS AND RESULTS Antimicrobial activities of commercial essential oils were determined using macro-diffusion (disc, well) and micro-dilution method in 96-well micro plates against twelve clinical strains of bacteria: Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus sp., Staph. aureus ATCC 25923, ATCC 6538 and E. coli 25922 and two clinical Candida albicans strains, including ATTC 10231. Spectrophotometric method was used for determination on C. albicans growth. An antimicrobial effect of EOs was strain specific. Bactericidal activity was higher for coriander EO (minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) 0·4-45·4 μl ml(-1)) against almost all tested bacteria, except multiple resistant strains of Eneterococcus sp. and Proteus sp. Thyme EO showed slightly better fungicidal activity reaching MIC at 0·11 mg ml(-1) for all C. albicans strains. The effect of EOs on biofilm-forming ability was tested for two strains of Staph. aureus and E. coli, as well as on C. albicans filamentation ability. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay revealed thymus oil total toxicity and coriander oil intoxicity (LC50 = 2·25 mg ml(-1)). The chemical composition of oils was analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry showing oxygenated monoterepenes as dominant constituents. CONCLUSIONS The results provide in-vitro scientific support for the safety possible use of Coriander EO against E. coli, Staph. aureus and C. albicans vaginal infections in alternative gynaecological treatment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY To examine EOs as possible constituent of naturally based antimicrobial agents in vaginaletes for safety gynaecological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bogavac
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - M Karaman
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Lj Janjušević
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - J Sudji
- Institute of Occupational Health Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - B Radovanović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - J Simeunović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - B Božin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Doke SK, Raut JS, Dhawale S, Karuppayil SM. Sensitization of Candida albicans biofilms to fluconazole by terpenoids of plant origin. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2015; 60:163-8. [PMID: 25420420 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.60.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Infections associated with the biofilms of Candida albicans are a challenge to antifungal treatment. Combinatorial therapy involving plant molecules with antifungal drugs would be an effective complementary approach against drug-resistant Candida biofilms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three bioactive terpenoids (carvacrol, eugenol and thymol) in combination with fluconazole against planktonic cells, biofilm development and mature biofilms of C. albicans. Activities of the selected molecules were tested using a microplate-based methodology, while their combinations with fluconazole were performed in a checkerboard format. Biofilms were quantitated by XTT-metabolic assay and confirmed by microscopic observations. Combinations of carvacrol and eugenol with fluconazole were found synergistic against planktonic growth of C. albicans, while that of thymol with fluconazole did not have any interaction. Biofilm development and mature biofilms were highly resistant to fluconazole, but susceptible to three terpenoids. Sensitization of cells by sub-inhibitory concentrations of carvacrol and eugenol resulted in prevention of biofilm formation at low fluconazole concentrations, i.e. 0.032 and 0.002 mg ml(-1), respectively. Addition of thymol could not potentiate activity of fluconazole against biofilm formation by C. albicans. Fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICI) for carvacrol-fluconazole and eugenol-fluconazole combinations for biofilm formation were 0.311 and 0.25, respectively. The FICI value of 1.003 indicated a status of indifference for the combination of thymol and fluconazole against biofilm formation. Eugenol and thymol combinations with fluconazole did not have useful interaction against mature biofilms of C. albicans, but the presence of 0.5 mg ml(-1) of carvacrol caused inhibition of mature biofilms at a significantly low concentration (i.e. 0.032 mg ml(-1)) of fluconazole. The study indicated that carvacrol and eugenol combinations with fluconazole would be a potential alternative strategy for prevention and control of biofilm-associated C. albicans infections.
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Costa DS, Martino T, Magalhães FC, Justo G, Coelho MG, Barcellos JC, Moura VB, Costa PR, Sabino KC, Dias AG. Synthesis of N-methylarylnitrones derived from alkyloxybenzaldehydes and antineoplastic effect on human cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2053-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Topical Rosemary officinalis essential oil improves wound healing against disseminated Candida albicans infection in rat model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-015-2086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Leite MCA, de Brito Bezerra AP, de Sousa JP, de Oliveira Lima E. Investigating the antifungal activity and mechanism(s) of geraniol against Candida albicans strains. Med Mycol 2014; 53:275-84. [PMID: 25480017 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans can be a yeast that is a commensal on the human body but can cause opportunistic or pathogenic infections. Candida infections may create serious health problems and as a result has initiated a search for new drugs with an antifungal action. Geraniol is an acyclic monoterpene alcohol with known pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial activity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antifungal activity and mechanism(s) of geraniol against C. albicans strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined through broth microdilution techniques. We investigated possible geraniol activity on the fungal cell wall (sorbitol protect effect), cell membrane (geraniol to ergosterol binding), the time-kill curve, and its biological activity on the yeast's morphology. Amphotericin B was used as control, and all tests were performed in duplicate. The MIC of geraniol was 16 μg/ml (for 90% of isolates) but its probable mechanism of action did not involve the cell wall and ergosterol binding. In the morphological interference assay, we observed that the product inhibited pseudohyphae and chlamydoconidia formation. Time-dependent kill curve assay demonstrated that the fungicidal activity for MIC × 2 started at 2 h for the ATCC 76485 strain, and at 4 h for the LM-70 strain. Geraniol showed in vitro antifungal potential against strains of C. albicans but did not involve action on the cell wall or ergosterol. This study contributes to the development of new antifungal drugs, especially against Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clerya Alvino Leite
- Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Paraíba (IFPB), Itaporanga, Paraíba, Brazil Mycology Laboratory, Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-970, Brazil
| | - André Parente de Brito Bezerra
- Mycology Laboratory, Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-970, Brazil
| | - Janiere Pereira de Sousa
- Mycology Laboratory, Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-970, Brazil
| | - Edeltrudes de Oliveira Lima
- Mycology Laboratory, Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-970, Brazil
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Martínez A, Rojas N, García L, González F, Domínguez M, Catalán A. In vitro activity of terpenes against Candida albicans and ultrastructural alterations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 118:553-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Suntres ZE, Coccimiglio J, Alipour M. The Bioactivity and Toxicological Actions of Carvacrol. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 55:304-18. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.653458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Effect of Eugenol on Cell Surface Hydrophobicity, Adhesion, and Biofilm of Candida tropicalis and Candida dubliniensis Isolated from Oral Cavity of HIV-Infected Patients. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:505204. [PMID: 24799938 PMCID: PMC3996878 DOI: 10.1155/2014/505204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most Candida spp. infections are associated with biofilm formation on host surfaces. Cells within these communities display a phenotype resistant to antimicrobials and host defenses, so biofilm-associated infections are difficult to treat, representing a source of reinfections. The present study evaluated the effect of eugenol on the adherence properties and biofilm formation capacity of Candida dubliniensis and Candida tropicalis isolated from the oral cavity of HIV-infected patients. All isolates were able to form biofilms on different substrate surfaces. Eugenol showed inhibitory activity against planktonic and sessile cells of Candida spp. No metabolic activity in biofilm was detected after 24 h of treatment. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that eugenol drastically reduced the number of sessile cells on denture material surfaces. Most Candida species showed hydrophobic behavior and a significant difference in cell surface hydrophobicity was observed after exposure of planktonic cells to eugenol for 1 h. Eugenol also caused a significant reduction in adhesion of most Candida spp. to HEp-2 cells and to polystyrene. These findings corroborate the effectiveness of eugenol against Candida species other than C. albicans, reinforcing its potential as an antifungal applied to limit both the growth of planktonic cells and biofilm formation on different surfaces.
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Essential Oil of Artemisia annua L.: An Extraordinary Component with Numerous Antimicrobial Properties. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:159819. [PMID: 24799936 PMCID: PMC3995097 DOI: 10.1155/2014/159819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) is native to China, now naturalised in many other countries, well known as the source of the unique sesquiterpene endoperoxide lactone artemisinin, and used in the treatment of the chloroquine-resistant and cerebral malaria. The essential oil is rich in mono- and sesquiterpenes and represents a by-product with medicinal properties. Besides significant variations in its percentage and composition have been reported (major constituents can be camphor (up to 48%), germacrene D (up to 18.9%), artemisia ketone (up to 68%), and 1,8 cineole (up to 51.5%)), the oil has been subjected to numerous studies supporting exciting antibacterial and antifungal activities. Both gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Listeria spp.), and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas spp.) and other microorganisms (Candida, Saccharomyces, and Aspergillus spp.) have been investigated. However, the experimental studies performed to date used different methods and diverse microorganisms; as a consequence, a comparative analysis on a quantitative basis is very difficult. The aim of this review is to sum up data on antimicrobial activity of A. annua essential oil and its major components to facilitate future approach of microbiological studies in this field.
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Aprotosoaie AC, Hăncianu M, Costache II, Miron A. Linalool: a review on a key odorant molecule with valuable biological properties. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Aprotosoaie
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”; Iasi Romania
| | - Monica Hăncianu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”; Iasi Romania
| | - Irina-Iuliana Costache
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; “Sf. Spiridon” University Hospital Iasi; Romania
| | - Anca Miron
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”; Iasi Romania
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70
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Early state research on antifungal natural products. Molecules 2014; 19:2925-56. [PMID: 24609016 PMCID: PMC6271505 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19032925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infections caused by fungi have increased greatly in recent years, mainly due to the rising number of immunocompromised patients. However, the available antifungal therapeutic arsenal is limited, and the development of new drugs has been slow. Therefore, the search for alternative drugs with low resistance rates and fewer side effects remains a major challenge. Plants produce a variety of medicinal components that can inhibit pathogen growth. Studies of plant species have been conducted to evaluate the characteristics of natural drug products, including their sustainability, affordability, and antimicrobial activity. A considerable number of studies of medicinal plants and alternative compounds, such as secondary metabolites, phenolic compounds, essential oils and extracts, have been performed. Thus, this review discusses the history of the antifungal arsenal, surveys natural products with potential antifungal activity, discusses strategies to develop derivatives of natural products, and presents perspectives on the development of novel antifungal drug candidates.
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Biohybrid nanostructured iron oxide nanoparticles and Satureja hortensis to prevent fungal biofilm development. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18110-23. [PMID: 24009022 PMCID: PMC3794772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wounds are often superinfected during the healing process and this leads to prolonged convalescence and discomfort. Usage of suitable wound dressings is very important for an appropriate wound care leading to a correct healing. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the influence of a nano-coated wound dressing (WD) on Candida albicans colonization rate and biofilm formation. The modified WD was achieved by submerging the dressing pieces into a nanofluid composed of functionalized magnetite nanoparticles and Satureja hortensis (SO) essential oil (EO). Chemical composition of the EO was established by GC-MS. The fabricated nanostructure was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The analysis of the colonized surfaces using (Scanning Electron Microscopy) SEM revealed that C. albicans adherence and subsequent biofilm development are strongly inhibited on the surface of wound dressing fibers coated with the obtained nanofluid, comparing with regular uncoated materials. The results were also confirmed by the assay of the viable fungal cells embedded in the biofilm. Our data demonstrate that the obtained phytonanocoating improve the resistance of wound dressing surface to C. albicans colonization, which is often an etiological cause of local infections, impairing the appropriate wound healing.
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Chow BDW, Linden JR, Bliss JM. Candida parapsilosis and the neonate: epidemiology, virulence and host defense in a unique patient setting. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 10:935-46. [PMID: 23030332 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is a common problem in premature infants that leads to high morbidity and mortality. Although Candida albicans has historically been the most prominent species involved in these infections and has therefore been the subject of the most study, Candida parapsilosis is increasing in frequency, and neonates are disproportionately affected. This article reviews unique aspects of the epidemiology of this organism as well as strategies for prophylaxis against invasive candidiasis in general. Additionally, important differences between C. parapsilosis and C. albicans are coming to light related to virulence determinants and interactions with components of host immunity. These developments are reviewed while highlighting the significant gaps in our understanding that remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D W Chow
- Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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73
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Afzal A, Oriqat G, Akram Khan M, Jose J, Afzal M. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Terpenoids fromCurcumaand Related Species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/22311866.2013.782757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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74
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Savoia D. Plant-derived antimicrobial compounds: alternatives to antibiotics. Future Microbiol 2013; 7:979-90. [PMID: 22913356 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of drug-resistant pathogens has drawn the attention of the pharmaceutical and scientific communities towards studies on the potential antimicrobial activity of plant-derived substances, an untapped source of antimicrobial chemotypes, which are used in traditional medicine in different countries. The aim of this review is to provide recent insights regarding the possibilities of the most important natural antimicrobial compounds derived from plant sources containing a wide variety of secondary metabolites, which are useful as alternative strategies to control infectious diseases. This review will focus on natural plant products as a useful source of antimicrobial molecules, active in particular, on bacteria and fungi. When considering that many of these compounds, which have been used for centuries, are a source of new drugs and that there are ever-increasing technical breakthroughs, it can be envisaged that in the next years some different molecules discovered by ingenious screening programs and obtained from different plant oils and extracts will become useful therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianella Savoia
- Department of Clinical & Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
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Raut JS, Shinde RB, Chauhan NM, Karuppayil SM. Terpenoids of plant origin inhibit morphogenesis, adhesion, and biofilm formation by Candida albicans. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:87-96. [PMID: 23216018 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.749398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-related infections caused by Candida albicans and associated drug resistant micro-organisms are serious problems for immunocompromised populations. Molecules which can prevent or remove biofilms are needed. Twenty-eight terpenoids of plant origin were analysed for their activity against growth, virulence attributes, and biofilms of C. albicans. Eighteen molecules exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations of <2 mg ml(-1) for planktonic growth. Selected molecules inhibited yeast to hyphal dimorphism at low concentrations (0.031-0.5 mg ml(-1)), while adhesion to a solid surface was prevented at 0.5-2 mg ml(-1). Treatment with 14 terpenoids resulted in significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of biofilm formation, and of these, linalool, nerol, isopulegol, menthol, carvone, α-thujone, and farnesol exhibited biofilm-specific activity. Eight terpenoids were identified as inhibitors of mature biofilms. This study demonstrated the antibiofilm potential of terpenoids, which need to be further explored as therapeutic strategy against biofilm associated infections of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant S Raut
- DST-FIST & UGC-SAP School of Life Sciences, SRTM University, Nanded, 431 606, MS, India
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Kamatou GP, Vermaak I, Viljoen AM. Eugenol--from the remote Maluku Islands to the international market place: a review of a remarkable and versatile molecule. Molecules 2012; 17:6953-81. [PMID: 22728369 PMCID: PMC6268661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17066953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eugenol is a major volatile constituent of clove essential oil obtained through hydrodistillation of mainly Eugenia caryophyllata (=Syzygium aromaticum) buds and leaves. It is a remarkably versatile molecule incorporated as a functional ingredient in numerous products and has found application in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, fragrance, flavour, cosmetic and various other industries. Its vast range of pharmacological activities has been well-researched and includes antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-oxidant and anticancer activities, amongst others. In addition, it is widely used in agricultural applications to protect foods from micro-organisms during storage, which might have an effect on human health, and as a pesticide and fumigant. As a functional ingredient, it is included in many dental preparations and it has also been shown to enhance skin permeation of various drugs. Eugenol is considered safe as a food additive but due to the wide range of different applications, extensive use and availability of clove oil, it is pertinent to discuss the general toxicity with special reference to contact dermatitis. This review summarises the pharmacological, agricultural and other applications of eugenol with specific emphasis on mechanism of action as well as toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alvaro M. Viljoen
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +27-12-382-6360; Fax: +27-12-382-6243
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