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Effect of increasing dietary calcium through supplements and dairy food on body weight and body composition: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1013-25. [PMID: 26234296 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials assessed the effect of Ca on body weight and body composition through supplementation or increasing dairy food intake. Forty-one studies met the inclusion criteria (including fifty-one trial arms; thirty-one with dairy foods (n 2091), twenty with Ca supplements (n 2711). Ca intake was approximately 900 mg/d higher in the supplement groups compared with control. In the dairy group, Ca intake was approximately 1300 mg/d. Ca supplementation did not significantly affect body weight (mean change ( - 0·17, 95% CI - 0·70, 0·37) kg) or body fat (mean change ( - 0·19, 95% CI - 0·51, 0·13) kg) compared to control. Similarly, increased dairy food intake did not affect body weight ( - 0·06, 95% CI - 0·54, 0·43) kg or body fat change ( - 0·36, 95% CI - 0·80, 0·09) kg compared to control. Sub-analyses revealed that dairy supplementation resulted in no change in body weight (nineteen studies, n 1010) ( - 0·32, 95% CI - 0·93, 0·30 kg, P= 0·31), but a greater reduction in body fat (thirteen studies, n 564) ( - 0·96, 95% CI - 1·46, - 0·46 kg, P < 0·001) in the presence of energy restriction over a mean of 4 months compared to control. Increasing dietary Ca intake by 900 mg/d as supplements or increasing dairy intake to approximately 3 servings daily (approximately 1300 mg of Ca/d) is not an effective weight reduction strategy in adults. There is, however, an indication that approximately 3 servings of dairy may facilitate fat loss on weight reduction diets in the short term.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diets that induce negative energy balance continue to be the cornerstone of obesity management. However, long-term volitional reduction in energy intake is challenging. Functional foods that enhance satiety may have an important practical application in increasing compliance to weight loss diets and thereby promoting sustained weight loss. Here, we present recent advances in identifying common foods that increase satiety. RECENT FINDINGS Protein induces satiety in the short term. There is no clear evidence to indicate superiority of a specific protein source over the other. Low-fat dairy products, eggs, and legumes enhance satiety. Although energy dense, nuts have some satiety-inducing effect, when included in the diet by isocaloric replacement of usual foods. Satiety induced by dietary fiber sources, such as oats and rye, are well documented, but these sensations do not always translate into reductions in energy intake or body weight. SUMMARY Several foods and food groups show promising potential in inducing satiety. However, it is important to recognize that the short-term effect of a food may not always translate into greater weight loss in the long term. Long-term clinical studies are needed to demonstrate the utility of a food in promoting weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Rebello
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Abstract
In recent years, new functional roles of vitamin D beyond its traditional role in calcium homoeostasis and bone metabolism have emerged linking the fat-soluble vitamin to various non-communicable diseases. Vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) < 25-30 nmol/l) and sub-optimal status (25(OH)D < 50-100 nmol/l) are increasingly associated with unfavourable metabolic phenotypes, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and CVD; conditions also commonly linked with overweight and obesity. Early studies reported poor vitamin D status in the morbidly obese. More recently, it has been observed that a graded relationship between vitamin D status and BMI, or specifically adiposity, exists in the general population. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain the potential mechanisms whereby alterations in the vitamin D endocrine system occur in the obese state. Plausible explanations include sequestration in adipose tissue, volumetric dilution or negative feedback mechanisms from increased circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Others hypothesise that heavier individuals may partake in less outdoor activity, may also cover-up and wear more clothing than leaner individuals, thus decreasing sun exposure and limiting endogenous production of cholecalciferol in the skin. Moreover, in some but not all studies, BMI and adiposity have been negatively associated with the change in vitamin D status following vitamin D supplementation. It therefore remains unclear if body size and/or adiposity should be taken into account when determining the dietary requirements for vitamin D. This review will evaluate the current evidence linking vitamin D status and supplementation to overweight and obesity, and discuss the implications for setting dietary requirements.
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Asemi Z, Foroozanfard F, Hashemi T, Bahmani F, Jamilian M, Esmaillzadeh A. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation affects glucose metabolism and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese vitamin D deficient women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Nutr 2014; 34:586-92. [PMID: 25300649 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Few studies have examined the effects of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese vitamin D deficient women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study was conducted to determine the effects of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipid concentrations among overweight and obese vitamin D deficient women with PCOS. METHODS This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted among 104 overweight and obese vitamin D deficient women diagnosed with PCOS. Participants were randomly assigned into four groups to receive: 1) 1000 mg/d calcium + vitamin D placebo (n = 26); 2) 50,000 IU/wk vitamin D + calcium placebo (n = 26); 3) 1000 mg calcium/d + 50,000 IU/wk vitamin D (n = 26) and 4) calcium placebo + vitamin D placebo (n = 26) for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after 8 weeks' intervention to measure glucose metabolism and lipid concentrations. RESULTS Calcium-vitamin D co-supplementation resulted in higher levels of serum calcium (P = 0.002) and vitamin D (P < 0.001) compared with other groups. Co-supplementation, compared with other groups, led to decreased serum insulin levels (P = 0.03), homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) score (P = 0.04) and a significant rise in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (P = 0.001). Furthermore, a significant decrease in serum triglycerides (P = 0.02) and VLDL-cholesterol levels (P = 0.02) was seen following the administration of calcium plus vitamin D supplements compared with the other groups. Co-supplementation with calcium and vitamin D had no significant effects on FPG, total-, LDL-, HDL-, and non-HDL-cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, calcium plus vitamin D supplementation for eight weeks among vitamin D deficient women with PCOS had beneficial effects on serum insulin levels, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, serum triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol levels, but it did not affect FPG and other lipid profiles. Clinical registration numberwww.irct.ir: IRCT201309275623N10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Foroozanfard
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Teibeh Hashemi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Bahmani
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mehri Jamilian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Seida JC, Mitri J, Colmers IN, Majumdar SR, Davidson MB, Edwards AL, Hanley DA, Pittas AG, Tjosvold L, Johnson JA. Clinical review: Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on improving glucose homeostasis and preventing diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:3551-60. [PMID: 25062463 PMCID: PMC4483466 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Observational studies report consistent associations between low vitamin D concentration and increased glycemia and risk of type 2 diabetes, but results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are mixed. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to systematically review RCTs that report on the effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose homeostasis or diabetes prevention. DATA SOURCES Sources of data for the study were MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Health Technology Assessment, and Science Citation Index from inception to June 2013. STUDY SELECTION Study selection was trials that compared vitamin D3 supplementation with placebo or a non-vitamin D supplement in adults with normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two reviewers collected data and assessed trial quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Random-effects models were used to estimate mean differences (MDs) and odds ratios. The main outcomes of interest were homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function, hemoglobin A1c levels, fasting blood glucose, incident diabetes, and adverse events. DATA SYNTHESIS Thirty-five trials (43 407 patients) with variable risk of bias were included. Vitamin D had no significant effects on insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance: MD -0.04; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.30 to 0.22, I-squared statistic (I(2)) = 45%], insulin secretion (homeostasis model of β-cell function: MD 1.64; 95% CI -25.94 to 29.22, I(2) = 40%), or hemoglobin A1c (MD -0.05%; 95% CI -0.12 to 0.03, I(2) = 55%) compared with controls. Four RCTs reported on the progression to new diabetes and found no effect of vitamin D (odds ratio 1.02; 95% CI 0.94 to 1.10, I(2) = 0%). Adverse events were rare, and there was no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from available trials shows no effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on glucose homeostasis or diabetes prevention. Definitive conclusions may be limited in the context of the moderate degree of heterogeneity, variable risk of bias, and short-term follow-up duration of the available evidence to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Seida
- Alliance for Canadian Health Outcomes Research in Diabetes (J.C.S., I.N.C., S.R.M., L.T., J.A.J.) and Division of General Internal Medicine (S.R.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center (J.M., A.G.P.), Boston, Massachusetts 02111; Department of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University (M.B.D.), Los Angeles, California 90059; and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Calgary (A.L.E., D.A.H.), Calgary, Canada T2N 1N4
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Asemi Z, Karamali M, Esmaillzadeh A. Effects of calcium-vitamin D co-supplementation on glycaemic control, inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1798-806. [PMID: 24962666 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS This study was designed to assess the effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on the metabolic status of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS This randomised placebo-controlled trial was performed at maternity clinics affiliated to Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Participants were 56 women with GDM at 24-28 weeks' gestation (18 to 40 years of age). Subjects were randomly assigned to receive calcium plus vitamin D supplements or placebo. All study participants were blinded to group assignment. Individuals in the calcium-vitamin D group (n = 28) received 1,000 mg calcium per day and a 50,000 U vitamin D3 pearl twice during the study (at study baseline and on day 21 of the intervention), and those in the placebo group (n = 28) received two placebos at the mentioned times. Fasting blood samples were taken at study baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention. RESULTS The study was completed by 51 participants (calcium-vitamin D n = 25, placebo n = 26). However, as the analysis was based on an intention-to-treat approach, all 56 women with GDM (28 in each group) were included in the final analysis. After the administration of calcium plus vitamin D supplements, we observed a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose (-0.89 ± 0.69 vs +0.26 ± 0.92 mmol/l, p < 0.001), serum insulin levels (-13.55 ± 35.25 vs +9.17 ± 38.50 pmol/l, p = 0.02) and HOMA-IR (-0.91 ± 1.18 vs +0.63 ± 2.01, p = 0.001) and a significant increase in QUICKI (+0.02 ± 0.03 vs -0.002 ± 0.02, p = 0.003) compared with placebo. In addition, a significant reduction in serum LDL-cholesterol (-0.23 ± 0.79 vs +0.26 ± 0.74 mmol/l, p = 0.02) and total cholesterol: HDL-cholesterol ratio (-0.49 ± 1.09 vs +0.18 ± 0.37, p = 0.003) and a significant elevation in HDL-cholesterol levels (+0.15 ± 0.25 vs -0.02 ± 0.24 mmol/l, p = 0.01) was seen after intervention in the calcium-vitamin D group compared with placebo. In addition, calcium plus vitamin D supplementation resulted in a significant increase in GSH (+51.14 ± 131.64 vs -47.27 ± 203.63 μmol/l, p = 0.03) and prevented a rise in MDA levels (+0.06 ± 0.66 vs +0.93 ± 2.00 μmol/l, p = 0.03) compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation in women with GDM had beneficial effects on their metabolic profile. TRIAL REGISTRATION www.irct.ir IRCT201311205623N11. FUNDING The study was supported by a grant (no. 92110) from Kashan University of Medical Sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I. R., Iran
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Kim JK, Song YR, Kwon YJ, Kim HJ, Kim SG, Ju YS. Increased body fat rather than body weight has harmful effects on 4-year changes of renal function in the general elderly population with a normal or mildly impaired renal function. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9:1277-86. [PMID: 25120357 PMCID: PMC4128790 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s66714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With increasing age, body fat increases and muscle mass reduces. Even people with a normal weight may have a higher percentage of body fat. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between increased body fat and renal function decline (RFD) in the general elderly population with normal or mildly impaired renal function. Method We conducted a prospective study of 615 healthy individuals in the general Korean population aged ≥60 years who participated in two health screening check-ups separated by a 4-year period. Obesity was defined as the highest sex-specific tertiles of the percentage body fat (PBF). The main outcome was changes of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) during the 4 years. Significant RFD was defined as a decrease of eGFR over the upper quartile (≤−2.1% per year). Results The mean age was 67.2±6.6 years. The median value of the absolute decline in the eGFR and the percent change was −3.0 mL/minute/1.73 m2 and −0.87%/year in men and −3.1 mL/minute/1.73 m2 and −0.89%/year in women, respectively. When stratified by sex-specific PBF tertiles, pronounced differences were observed in both sexes; those at the highest tertile of PBF showed the greatest decline in eGFR. Even after adjustments for traditional risk factors of RFD, PBF was independently associated with eGFR changes (β=−0.181; P<0.001). In addition, the harmful effect of a high PBF was consistently found in subjects with a normal weight, too (β=−0.141; P=0.006). Cases of significant RFD occurred in 181 participants (29.4%), and the risk was higher in obese participants as compared with the nonobese participants. The odd ratios (95% confidence interval) for significant RFD were 2.76 (1.28–7.74) in men and 2.02 (1.06–4.43) in women in a whole population and 3.15 (1.03–18.52) in men and 1.44 (1.01–3.28) in women with a normal weight, respectively. Conclusion Among the elderly population without comorbidities, increased body fat has a harmful effect on RFD, irrespective of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwa-Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kidney Research Institute, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si, South Korea
| | - Young Rim Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kidney Research Institute, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si, South Korea
| | - Young-Jun Kwon
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si, South Korea
| | - Hyung Jik Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kidney Research Institute, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si, South Korea
| | - Sung Gyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kidney Research Institute, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si, South Korea
| | - Young-Su Ju
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si, South Korea
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Carbone F, Mach F, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F. Potential pathophysiological role for the vitamin D deficiency in essential hypertension. World J Cardiol 2014; 6:260-276. [PMID: 24944756 PMCID: PMC4062123 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i5.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been indicated as a pandemic emerging public health problem. In addition to the well-known role on calcium-phosphorus homeostasis in the bone, vitamin D-mediated processes have been recently investigated on other diseases, such as infections, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, both the discovery of paracrine actions of vitamin D (recognized as “local vitamin D system”) and the link of vitamin D with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the fibroblast growth factor 23/klotho pathways highlighted its active cardiovascular activity. Focusing on hypertension, this review summarizes the more recent experimental evidence involving the vitamin D system and deficiency in the cardiovascular pathophysiology. In particular, we updated the vascular synthesis/catabolism of vitamin D and its complex interactions between the various endocrine networks involved in the regulation of blood pressure in humans. On the other hand, the conflicting results emerged from the comparison between observational and interventional studies emphasize the fragmentary nature of our knowledge in the field of vitamin D and hypertension, strongly suggesting the need of further researches in this field.
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Calcium and vitamin D in the regulation of energy balance: where do we stand? Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4938-45. [PMID: 24658438 PMCID: PMC3975432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a pandemic of obesity and associated chronic diseases. Dietary calcium and vitamin D have many extra-skeletal roles in human health. In this review we have summarized the current understanding of their influence on human energy balance by examining the epidemiological, clinical, animal, cellular and molecular evidence. We opine that while calcium and vitamin D are functional nutrients in the battle against obesity, there is a need for prospective human trials to tilt the balance of evidence in favour of these nutrients.
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60
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Ju SY, Jeong HS, Kim DH. Blood vitamin D status and metabolic syndrome in the general adult population: a dose-response meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1053-63. [PMID: 24423309 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Increasing evidence has suggested an association between blood vitamin D levels and metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the relationship between blood vitamin D status and metabolic syndrome in the general adult population, using a dose-response meta-analysis. DATA SOURCE We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases through July 2013 to identify relevant studies. STUDY SELECTION Observational studies, reporting risk ratios with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for metabolic syndrome in ≥3 categories of blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, were selected. DATA EXTRACTION Data extraction was performed independently by 2 authors, and the quality of the studies was evaluated using the risk of bias assessment tool for nonrandomized studies. DATA SYNTHESIS The pooled odds ratio of metabolic syndrome per 25 nmol/L increment in the serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration was 0.87 (95% CI = 0.83-0.92, I(2) = 85%), based on 16 "cross-sectional studies" and 1.00 (95% CI = 0.98-1.02, I(2) = 0%) for 2 "cohort and nested case-control studies." The dose-response meta-analysis showed a generally linear, inverse relationship between 25(OH)D levels and metabolic syndrome in the cross-sectional studies (P for linear trend < .001). CONCLUSIONS Blood vitamin D levels were associated with a risk of metabolic syndrome in cross-sectional studies but not in longitudinal studies. Randomized, clinical trials will be necessary to address the issue of causality and to determine whether vitamin D supplementation is effective for the prevention of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yhun Ju
- Department of Family Medicine (S.Y.J.), Yeouido St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 150-713, Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine (H.S.J.), Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea; and Department of Family Medicine (D.H.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
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Zhu W, Cai D, Wang Y, Lin N, Hu Q, Qi Y, Ma S, Amarasekara S. Erratum to: Calcium plus vitamin D3 supplementation facilitated Fat loss in overweight and obese college students with very-low calcium consumption: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J 2013. [PMCID: PMC3626633 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Gonzalez JT, Rumbold PL, Stevenson EJ. Appetite sensations and substrate metabolism at rest, during exercise, and recovery: impact of a high-calcium meal. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:1260-7. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the calcium content of a high-carbohydrate, pre-exercise meal on substrate metabolism and appetite sensations before, during, and after exercise. Nine active males participated in 2 trials in a double-blind, randomised, crossover design. After consuming a high carbohydrate (1.5 g·kg−1 of body mass) breakfast with a calcium content of either 3 (control trial) or 9 mg·kg−1 of body mass (high milk-calcium (CAL)), participants ran at 60% peak oxygen uptake for 60 min. Following exercise, a recovery drink was consumed and responses were investigated for a further 90 min. Blood and expired gas were sampled throughout to determine circulating substrate and hormone concentrations and rates of substrate oxidation. Visual analogue scales were also administered to determine subjective appetite sensations. Neither whole-body lipid oxidation nor non-esterified fatty acid availability differed between trials. The area under the curve for the first hour following breakfast consumption was 16% (95% confidence interval: 0%–35%) greater for fullness and 10% (95% confidence interval: 2%–19%) greater for insulin in the CAL trial but these differences were transient and not apparent later in the trial. This study demonstrates that increasing the calcium content of a high carbohydrate meal transiently increases insulinemia and fullness but substrate metabolism is unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier T. Gonzalez
- Brain, Performance, and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Penny L.S. Rumbold
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Emma J. Stevenson
- Brain, Performance, and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
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Li S, Na L, Li Y, Gong L, Yuan F, Niu Y, Zhao Y, Sun C. Long-term calcium supplementation may have adverse effects on serum cholesterol and carotid intima-media thickness in postmenopausal women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1353-9. [PMID: 24047919 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.062844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have focused on the effects of calcium intake on serum lipid concentrations in postmenopausal women. However, many premenopausal women are taking calcium supplements in China. To our knowledge, no studies have assessed whether the effects of calcium supplementation on blood lipids are similar between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. OBJECTIVE We assessed the effects of calcium supplementation on blood lipid concentrations in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with dyslipidemia. DESIGN A total of 190 premenopausal women (30-40 y old) and 182 postmenopausal women (50-60 y old) with dyslipidemia were given 800 mg Ca/d or a placebo for 2 y in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Blood pressure, fasting glucose and serum lipid concentrations, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), dietary nutrient intakes, and physical activity levels were determined at baseline and after 2 y. RESULTS There was a significant interaction between calcium supplementation and menopausal status on serum cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.001) and CIMT (P = 0.017). Serum cholesterol concentrations and CIMT were significantly increased in postmenopausal women (P < 0.01) after 2 y. Serum triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations were not affected after 2 y. CONCLUSIONS Calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women with dyslipidemia increases serum total cholesterol concentrations and CIMT. In postmenopausal women with dyslipidemia, calcium supplements should be prescribed with caution. This trial was registered at http://www.chictr.org/cn/ as ChiCTR-TRC-12002806.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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de Azevedo FR, Caramelli B. Hypovitaminosis D and Obesity - Coincidence or Consequence? EUROPEAN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2013; 9:128-131. [PMID: 29922368 PMCID: PMC6003590 DOI: 10.17925/ee.2013.09.02.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has attracted much scientific interest in recent years, mostly due to its newly described roles in metabolism regulation and cell proliferation. Along with hypovitaminosis D, the incidence of obesity has risen and has become a public health concern. The association between these two conditions is not merely coincidence and is being deeply investigated regarding its prevalence, mechanism, and even a possible causal relation. The data are still inconclusive but there is important evidence indicating that vitamin D is involved with fat accumulation, the responsible mechanism however still the principal question. The three main hypotheses are: adipose tissue sequestration, genetic modulation, such as polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), or an organism evolutionary adaptation to cold weather. In conclusion, more evidence is needed to determine what the correct direction of this connection is and the possible therapeutic strategies of vitamin D replenishment and obesity control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Caramelli
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gonzalez JT, Stevenson EJ. Calcium co-ingestion augments postprandial glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide1–42, glucagon-like peptide-1 and insulin concentrations in humans. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:375-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Cheng KH, Huang SP, Huang CN, Lee YC, Chu CS, Chang CF, Lai WT, Liu CC. The impact of estradiol and 1,25(OH)2D3 on metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Taiwanese males. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60295. [PMID: 23555948 PMCID: PMC3610656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to adipocytokines, estradiol (E2) and vitamin D have been reported to affect insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis and body weight. However, studies about the impact of E2 and vitamin D on metabolic syndrome (MetS) are still limited. The aim of this study is to clarify the roles of circulating E2 and vitamin D on the risk of MetS in middle-aged Taiwanese males. A total of 655 male volunteers, including 243 subjects with MetS (mean age: 56.7±5.8 years) and 412 normal controls (mean age: 55.1±3.6 years), were evaluated. Subjects with MetS had significantly lower circulating E2, 1,25(OH)2D3, and adiponectin, and higher leptin than those without MetS (P<0.001 for all comparisons). E2 and 1,25(OH)2D3 were significantly associated with 4 individual components of MetS; more than adiponectin and leptin that were only associated with 3 individual components. In multivariate regression analysis, E2 (beta = −0.216, P<0.001) and 1,25(OH)2D3 (beta = 0.067, P = 0.045) were still significant predictors of MetS independent of adiponectin and leptin. Further large studies are needed to confirm our preliminary results and elucidate the possible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hung Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Pin Huang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nung Huang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chin Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Fen Chang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ter Lai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (WTL); (CCL)
| | - Chia-Chu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Pingtung Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Pingtung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (WTL); (CCL)
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Abstract
Obesity is a significant health problem world-wide, particularly in developed nations. Vitamin D deficiency is pandemic, and has been implicated in a wide variety of disease states. This paper seeks to examine the consistently reported relationship between obesity and low vitamin D concentrations, with reference to the possible underlying mechanisms. The possibility that vitamin D may assist in preventing or treating obesity is also examined, and recommendations for future research are made. There is a clear need for adequately-powered, prospective interventions which include baseline measurement of 25D concentrations and involve adequate doses of supplemental vitamin D. Until such studies have been reported, the role of vitamin D supplementation in obesity prevention remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vanlint
- Discipline of General Practice, School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA 5005, Australia.
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