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Abstract
Filamentous fungi produce a great variety of enzymes, and research on their biotechnological potential has recently intensified. The objective of this work was to identify, at the species level, using DNA barcoding, 46 fungal isolates obtained from maize grains with rot symptoms. We also analyzed the production of extracellular amylases, cellulases, proteases and lipases of 33 of those fungal isolates. The enzymatic activities were evaluated by the formation of a clear halo or a white precipitate around the colonies in defined substrate media. The found fungi belong to the genera Talaromyces, Stenocarpella, Penicillium, Phlebiopsis, Cladosporium, Hyphopichia, Epicoccum, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Irpex, Fusarium, Microdochium, Mucor and Sarocladium. In the genus Fusarium, the species Fusarium verticillioides was predominant and this genus presented the highest diversity, followed by the genera Aspergillus. The best genera for lipase production were Cladosporium and Penicillium; while Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Penicillium were best for cellulase activity; Hyphopichia, Aspergillus and Irpex for amylase activity; and Cladosporium and Sarocladium for proteases activity. In conclusion, a collection of fungi from maize seeds presenting rotten symptoms were obtained, among which exist important producers of hydrolases.
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Szewczyk R, Soboń A, Słaba M, Długoński J. Mechanism study of alachlor biodegradation by Paecilomyces marquandii with proteomic and metabolomic methods. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 291:52-64. [PMID: 25765177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alachlor is an herbicide that is widely used worldwide to protect plant crops against broadleaf weeds and annual grasses. However, due to its endocrine-disrupting activity, its application had been banned in the European Union. As described in our earlier work, Paecilomyces marquandii is a microscopic fungus capable of alachlor removal by N-acetyl oxidation. Our current work uses proteomics and metabolomics to gain a better understanding of alachlor biodegradation by the microscopic fungus P. marquandii. The data revealed that the addition of alachlor reduced the culture growth and glucose consumption rates. Moreover, the rates of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acids (TCA) cycle increased during the initial stage of growth, and there was a shift toward the formation of supplementary materials (UDP-glucose/galactose) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers (ascorbate). Proteomic analysis revealed that the presence of xenobiotics resulted in a strong upregulation of enzymes related to energy, sugar metabolism and ROS production. However, the unique overexpression of cyanide hydratase in alachlor-containing cultures may implicate this enzyme as the key protein involved in the alachlor biodegradation pathway. The characterization of P. marquandii-mediated alachlor removal in terms of cell structure and function provides a deeper insight into the strategies of microorganisms toward xenobiotic biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Szewczyk
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź Poland
| | - Adrian Soboń
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź Poland
| | - Mirosława Słaba
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź Poland
| | - Jerzy Długoński
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź Poland.
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Petráčková D, Halada P, Bezoušková S, Křesinová Z, Svobodová K. A two-dimensional protein map of Pleurotus ostreatus microsomes-proteome dynamics. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 61:63-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Manavalan T, Manavalan A, Thangavelu KP, Heese K. Characterization of a novel endoglucanase from Ganoderma lucidum. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:761-71. [PMID: 25895101 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the production and characterization of endoglucanase from Ganoderma lucidum using different lignocellulose biomasses. We purified a novel carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrolyzing endoglucanase from the white-rot fungus G. lucidum when the medium was supplemented with 1% (w/v) wheat bran. Endoglucanase was purified 12.5-fold via ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex G-100, and Q-Sepharose column chromatography with a final yield of 15%. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the endoglucanase had a molecular mass of 64.0 kDa. The optimal activity of purified endoglucanase was at pH 5.0 and 35 °C, though it was stable between pH 4.0-7.0 and temperatures of 30-60 °C. The purified enzyme was specific to CMC as a suitable substrate. The metal ions Hg(2+), Fe(2+), and Cr(2+) inhibited enzyme activity, while Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Mn(2+) enhanced enzyme activity. The endoglucanase showed high activity and stability in the presence of different surfactants and non-polar hydrophobic organic solvents. This endoglucanase is tolerant to high temperature, metal ions, surfactants, and solvents, suggesting that it is appropriate for use in biomass conversion for biofuel production under harsh environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilvendan Manavalan
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arulmani Manavalan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Institute of Advanced Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Schilling JS, Kaffenberger JT, Liew FJ, Song Z. Signature wood modifications reveal decomposer community history. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120679. [PMID: 25811364 PMCID: PMC4374725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlating plant litter decay rates with initial tissue traits (e.g. C, N contents) is common practice, but in woody litter, predictive relationships are often weak. Variability in predicting wood decomposition is partially due to territorial competition among fungal decomposers that, in turn, have a range of nutritional strategies (rot types) and consequences on residues. Given this biotic influence, researchers are increasingly using culture-independent tools in an attempt to link variability more directly to decomposer groups. Our goal was to complement these tools by using certain wood modifications as 'signatures' that provide more functional information about decomposer dominance than density loss. Specifically, we used dilute alkali solubility (DAS; higher for brown rot) and lignin:density loss (L:D; higher for white rot) to infer rot type (binary) and fungal nutritional mode (gradient), respectively. We first determined strength of pattern among 29 fungi of known rot type by correlating DAS and L:D with mass loss in birch and pine. Having shown robust relationships for both techniques above a density loss threshold, we then demonstrated and resolved two issues relevant to species consortia and field trials, 1) spatial patchiness creating gravimetric bias (density bias), and 2) brown rot imprints prior or subsequent to white rot replacement (legacy effects). Finally, we field-tested our methods in a New Zealand Pinus radiata plantation in a paired-plot comparison. Overall, results validate these low-cost techniques that measure the collective histories of decomposer dominance in wood. The L:D measure also showed clear potential in classifying 'rot type' along a spectrum rather than as a traditional binary type (brown versus white rot), as it places the nutritional strategies of wood-degrading fungi on a scale (L:D=0-5, in this case). These information-rich measures of consequence can provide insight into their biological causes, strengthening the links between traits, structure, and function during wood decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Schilling
- Department of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Justin T. Kaffenberger
- Department of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Feng Jin Liew
- Department of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zewei Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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Bianco L, Perrotta G. Methodologies and perspectives of proteomics applied to filamentous fungi: from sample preparation to secretome analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5803-29. [PMID: 25775160 PMCID: PMC4394507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi possess the extraordinary ability to digest complex biomasses and mineralize numerous xenobiotics, as consequence of their aptitude to sensing the environment and regulating their intra and extra cellular proteins, producing drastic changes in proteome and secretome composition. Recent advancement in proteomic technologies offers an exciting opportunity to reveal the fluctuations of fungal proteins and enzymes, responsible for their metabolic adaptation to a large variety of environmental conditions. Here, an overview of the most commonly used proteomic strategies will be provided; this paper will range from sample preparation to gel-free and gel-based proteomics, discussing pros and cons of each mentioned state-of-the-art technique. The main focus will be kept on filamentous fungi. Due to the biotechnological relevance of lignocellulose degrading fungi, special attention will be finally given to their extracellular proteome, or secretome. Secreted proteins and enzymes will be discussed in relation to their involvement in bio-based processes, such as biomass deconstruction and mycoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bianco
- UTTRI-GENER Genetics and Genomics for Energy and Environment Laboratory-ENEA TRISAIA Research Center, 75025 Rotondella (Matera), Italy.
| | - Gaetano Perrotta
- UTTRI-GENER Genetics and Genomics for Energy and Environment Laboratory-ENEA TRISAIA Research Center, 75025 Rotondella (Matera), Italy.
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Linde D, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Fernández-Fueyo E, Guallar V, Hammel KE, Pogni R, Martínez AT. Basidiomycete DyPs: Genomic diversity, structural-functional aspects, reaction mechanism and environmental significance. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 574:66-74. [PMID: 25637654 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The first enzyme with dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) activity was described in 1999 from an arthroconidial culture of the fungus Bjerkandera adusta. However, the first DyP sequence had been deposited three years before, as a peroxidase gene from a culture of an unidentified fungus of the family Polyporaceae (probably Irpex lacteus). Since the first description, fewer than ten basidiomycete DyPs have been purified and characterized, but a large number of sequences are available from genomes. DyPs share a general fold and heme location with chlorite dismutases and other DyP-type related proteins (such as Escherichia coli EfeB), forming the CDE superfamily. Taking into account the lack of an evolutionary relationship with the catalase-peroxidase superfamily, the observed heme pocket similarities must be considered as a convergent type of evolution to provide similar reactivity to the enzyme cofactor. Studies on the Auricularia auricula-judae DyP showed that high-turnover oxidation of anthraquinone type and other DyP substrates occurs via long-range electron transfer from an exposed tryptophan (Trp377, conserved in most basidiomycete DyPs), whose catalytic radical was identified in the H2O2-activated enzyme. The existence of accessory oxidation sites in DyP is suggested by the residual activity observed after site-directed mutagenesis of the above tryptophan. DyP degradation of substituted anthraquinone dyes (such as Reactive Blue 5) most probably proceeds via typical one-electron peroxidase oxidations and product breakdown without a DyP-catalyzed hydrolase reaction. Although various DyPs are able to break down phenolic lignin model dimers, and basidiomycete DyPs also present marginal activity on nonphenolic dimers, a significant contribution to lignin degradation is unlikely because of the low activity on high redox-potential substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Linde
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kenneth E Hammel
- US Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Dept. Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Couturier M, Navarro D, Chevret D, Henrissat B, Piumi F, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Martinez AT, Grigoriev IV, Riley R, Lipzen A, Berrin JG, Master ER, Rosso MN. Enhanced degradation of softwood versus hardwood by the white-rot fungus Pycnoporus coccineus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:216. [PMID: 26692083 PMCID: PMC4683735 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White-rot basidiomycete fungi are potent degraders of plant biomass, with the ability to mineralize all lignocellulose components. Recent comparative genomics studies showed that these fungi use a wide diversity of enzymes for wood degradation. Deeper functional analyses are however necessary to understand the enzymatic mechanisms leading to lignocellulose breakdown. The Polyporale fungus Pycnoporus coccineus BRFM310 grows well on both coniferous and deciduous wood. In the present study, we analyzed the early response of the fungus to softwood (pine) and hardwood (aspen) feedstocks and tested the effect of the secreted enzymes on lignocellulose deconstruction. RESULTS Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed that P. coccineus grown separately on pine and aspen displayed similar sets of transcripts and enzymes implicated in lignin and polysaccharide degradation. In particular, the expression of lignin-targeting oxidoreductases, such as manganese peroxidases, increased upon cultivation on both woods. The sets of enzymes secreted during growth on both pine and aspen were more efficient in saccharide release from pine than from aspen, and characterization of the residual solids revealed polysaccharide conversion on both pine and aspen fiber surfaces. CONCLUSION The combined analysis of soluble sugars and solid residues showed the suitability of P. coccineus secreted enzymes for softwood degradation. Analyses of solubilized products and residual surface chemistries of enzyme-treated wood samples pointed to differences in fiber penetration by different P. coccineus secretomes. Accordingly, beyond the variety of CAZymes identified in P. coccineus genome, transcriptome and secretome, we discuss several parameters such as the abundance of manganese peroxidases and the potential role of cytochrome P450s and pectin degradation on the efficacy of fungi for softwood conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Couturier
- />Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- />INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- />Polytech’Marseille, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- />Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - David Navarro
- />Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- />INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- />Polytech’Marseille, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Chevret
- />INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Plateforme d’Analyse Protéomique de Paris Sud-Ouest, 78352 Jouy-En-Josas, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- />Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France
- />Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- />INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - François Piumi
- />Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- />INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- />Polytech’Marseille, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- />US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Walnut Creek, CA USA
| | - Robert Riley
- />US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Walnut Creek, CA USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- />US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Walnut Creek, CA USA
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- />Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- />INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- />Polytech’Marseille, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Emma R. Master
- />Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Marie-Noëlle Rosso
- />Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- />INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
- />Polytech’Marseille, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
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Characterization of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes from White-Rot Fungi. Curr Microbiol 2014; 70:485-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Induction, purification and characterization of a novel manganese peroxidase from Irpex lacteus CD2 and its application in the decolorization of different types of dye. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113282. [PMID: 25412169 PMCID: PMC4239052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese peroxidase (MnP) is the one of the important ligninolytic enzymes produced by lignin-degrading fungi which has the great application value in the field of environmental biotechnology. Searching for new MnP with stronger tolerance to metal ions and organic solvents is important for the maximization of potential of MnP in the biodegradation of recalcitrant xenobiotics. In this study, it was found that oxalic acid, veratryl alcohol and 2,6-Dimehoxyphenol could stimulate the synthesis of MnP in the white-rot fungus Irpex lacteus CD2. A novel manganese peroxidase named as CD2-MnP was purified and characterized from this fungus. CD2-MnP had a strong capability for tolerating different metal ions such as Ca2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Mg2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ as well as organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, DMSO, ethylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, butanediol and glycerin. The different types of dyes including the azo dye (Remazol Brilliant Violet 5R, Direct Red 5B), anthraquinone dye (Remazol Brilliant Blue R), indigo dye (Indigo Carmine) and triphenylmethane dye (Methyl Green) as well as simulated textile wastewater could be efficiently decolorized by CD2-MnP. CD2-MnP also had a strong ability of decolorizing different dyes with the coexistence of metal ions and organic solvents. In summary, CD2-MnP from Irpex lacteus CD2 could effectively degrade a broad range of synthetic dyes and exhibit a great potential for environmental biotechnology.
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Reina R, Kellner H, Jehmlich N, Ullrich R, García-Romera I, Aranda E, Liers C. Differences in the secretion pattern of oxidoreductases from Bjerkandera adusta induced by a phenolic olive mill extract. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 72:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Bamboo: a new source of carbohydrate for biorefinery. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:645-54. [PMID: 25037399 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo is perennial woody grass, which distributed widely in the world and belonged to the Gramineae family and Bambuseae subfamily. It may be consider as a candidate lignocellulosic substrate for bio-ethanol production for its environmental benefits and higher annual biomass yield. The conversion of bamboo into bio-ethanol, bio-methane, natural food, flavonoids, and functional xylo-oligosaccharides production were reviewed in this paper. Future prospects for research include pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation will also be performed to improve the whole process of ethanol production more economical. And revealing the molecular regulation mechanism of the fast growth of bamboo will provide chance for improving bamboo or other energy plants biomass yield through genetic engineering.
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Ji L, Yang J, Fan H, Yang Y, Li B, Yu X, Zhu N, Yuan H. Synergy of crude enzyme cocktail from cold-adapted Cladosporium cladosporioides Ch2-2 with commercial xylanase achieving high sugars yield at low cost. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:130. [PMID: 25254072 PMCID: PMC4172917 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-014-0130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficiency and cost of current lignocellulosic enzymes still limit the large-scale production of cellulosic ethanol in industry. Residual lignin after pretreatment severely depresses the activity of polysaccharide hydrolases and the h ydrolysis of holocellulose. If we include in hydrolase mixture construction the ligninase involved in lignin degradation, which mainly includes laccase, manganese peroxidases (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP), it is feasible that this could greatly improve the fermentable sugars yield. RESULTS The psychrophilic lignocellulosic enzymes system of Cladosporium cladosporioides Ch2-2 including ligninase and polysaccharide hydrolases was suitable for selective delignification and efficient saccharification of biomass with wide thermal adaptability. The purified laccase was optimally active at 15°C and pH 3.5, exhibiting high thermostability over a broad range of temperatures (between 4 and 40°C). In addition, manganese-independent peroxidase (MIP), a special type of ligninase with the capacity to oxidize dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in the absence of H2O2 and Mn(2+), was optimally active at 20°C and pH 2.5, exhibiting high thermostability over a broad range of temperatures (4 and 28°C), while depressed completely by Fe(2+) and essentially unaffected by EDTA. Synergy between Ch2-2 crude enzymes and commercial xylanase obviously enhanced biomass hydrolysis, which could take the place of expensive commercial cellulase mixture. The maximum value of synergistic degree reached 4.7 at 28°C, resulting in 10.1 mg/mL reducing sugars. CONCLUSIONS The psychrophilic enzymes system of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 with a different synergistic mechanism has huge potential for the enhancement of biomass hydrolysis at mesophilic and low temperatures. The application scope of the lignocellulosic enzyme cocktail could be greatly enlarged by optimizing the operation conditions specific to the characteristics of ligninase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jinshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Baozhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xuejian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hongli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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