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Hackett CH, Greve L, Novakofski KD, Fortier LA. Comparison of gene-specific DNA methylation patterns in equine induced pluripotent stem cell lines with cells derived from equine adult and fetal tissues. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1803-11. [PMID: 21988203 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular pluripotency is associated with expression of the homeobox transcription factor genes NANOG, SOX2, and POU5F1 (OCT3/4 protein). Some reports suggest that mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) may express increased quantities of these genes, creating the possibility that MPCs are more "pluripotent" than other adult cell types. The objective of this study was to determine whether equine bone marrow-derived MPCs had gene expression or DNA methylation patterns that differed from either early fetal-derived or terminally differentiated adult cells. Specifically, this study compared DNA methylation of the NANOG and SOX2 promoter regions and concurrent gene expression of NANOG, SOX2, and POU5F1 in equine induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, fetal fibroblasts, fetal brain cells, adult chondrocytes, and MPCs. Results indicate that NANOG and POU5F1 were not detectable in appreciable quantities in tissues other than the equine iPS cell lines. Equine iPS cells expressed large quantities of all three genes examined. Significantly increased quantities of SOX2 were noted in iPS cells and both fetal-derived cell types compared with adult cells. MPCs and adult chondrocytes expressed equivalent, low quantities of SOX2. Further, NANOG and SOX2 expression inversely correlated with the DNA methylation pattern in the promoter region, such that as gene expression increased, DNA methylation decreased. The equine iPS cell lines examined demonstrated DNA methylation and gene expression patterns that were consistent with pluripotency features described in other species. Results do not support previous reports that NANOG, SOX2, and POU5F1 are poised for increased activity in MPCs compared with other adult cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Hackett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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52
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Vandeputte C, Thomas D, Dresselaers T, Crabbe A, Verfaillie C, Baekelandt V, Van Laere K, Himmelreich U. Characterization of the inflammatory response in a photothrombotic stroke model by MRI: implications for stem cell transplantation. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 13:663-71. [PMID: 20700767 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the specificity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast in a photothrombotic (PT) stroke model with and without engraftment of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeled stem cells. PROCEDURES We monitored animals with PT stroke versus animals with PT stroke and stem cell engraftment by T(2)/T(2)*w MRI 4-8 h and 2, 4, 6/7 and 14 days after PT induction. Results were correlated with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS T(2)*w MRI images showed hypointense contrast due to the accumulation of inflammatory cells and corresponding iron accumulation and glial scar formation in the border zone of the lesion, similar as what was observed for SPIO-labeled cells. Histological analysis was thus indispensable to distinguish between labeled transplanted cells and immune cells. CONCLUSION These results raise caution regarding the non-invasive monitoring of SPIO-labeled transplanted stem cells by MRI in models that result in a strong inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Vandeputte
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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53
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Violini S, Gorni C, Pisani LF, Ramelli P, Caniatti M, Mariani P. Isolation and differentiation potential of an equine amnion-derived stromal cell line. Cytotechnology 2011; 64:1-7. [PMID: 21994048 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells represent an important tool in veterinary therapeutic field such as tissue engineering. In the present study, equine amnion-derived mesenchymal stromal cells were investigated for applications in veterinary science as an alternative source to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and adipose stem cells. Amnion stromal cells isolation and characterization protocol is described; the in vitro cell growth rate was calculated by measuring viable cell number over 20 days. The expression of stem cell markers such as Oct-4, Nanog, Sox-2 and CD105 was assessed by retrotranscription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and differentiation into adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes precursors was analyzed by cytochemical staining. This study showed that amnion stromal cells expressing stem cell markers can differentiate into mesoderm lineage and may be an alternative source to mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue and bone marrow for the use in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Violini
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, CERSA, Via Einstein, Loc. Cascina Codazza, 26900, Lodi, Italy
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Roobrouck VD, Vanuytsel K, Verfaillie CM. Concise review: culture mediated changes in fate and/or potency of stem cells. Stem Cells 2011; 29:583-9. [PMID: 21305670 DOI: 10.1002/stem.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although Gurdon demonstrated already in 1958 that the nucleus of intestinal epithelial cells could be reprogrammed to give rise to adult frogs, the field of cellular reprogramming has only recently come of age with the description by Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2006, which defined transcription factors can reprogram fibroblasts to an embryonic stem cell-like fate. With the mounting interest in the use of human pluripotent stem cells and culture-expanded somatic stem/progenitor cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, increasing attention has been given to the effect of changes in the in vitro microenvironment on the fate of stem cells. These studies have demonstrated that changes in culture conditions may change the potency of pluripotent stem cells or reprogram adult stem/progenitor cells to endow them with a broader differentiation potential. The mechanisms underlying these fate and potency changes by ex vivo culture should be further investigated and considered when designing clinical therapies with stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie D Roobrouck
- Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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55
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Roobrouck VD, Clavel C, Jacobs SA, Ulloa-Montoya F, Crippa S, Sohni A, Roberts SJ, Luyten FP, Van Gool SW, Sampaolesi M, Delforge M, Luttun A, Verfaillie CM. Differentiation potential of human postnatal mesenchymal stem cells, mesoangioblasts, and multipotent adult progenitor cells reflected in their transcriptome and partially influenced by the culture conditions. Stem Cells 2011; 29:871-82. [PMID: 21433224 DOI: 10.1002/stem.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several adherent postnatal stem cells have been described with different phenotypic and functional properties. As many of these cells are being considered for clinical therapies, it is of great importance that the identity and potency of these products is validated. We compared the phenotype and functional characteristics of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), human mesoangioblasts (hMab), and human multipotent adult progenitor cells (hMAPCs) using uniform standardized methods. Human MAPCs could be expanded significantly longer in culture. Differences in cell surface marker expression were found among the three cell populations with CD140b being a distinctive marker among the three cell types. Differentiation capacity towards adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and smooth muscle cells in vitro, using established protocols, was similar among the three cell types. However, only hMab differentiated to skeletal myocytes, while only hMAPCs differentiated to endothelium in vitro and in vivo. A comparative transcriptome analysis confirmed that the three cell populations are distinct and revealed gene signatures that correlated with their specific functional properties. Furthermore, we assessed whether the phenotypic, functional, and transcriptome features were mediated by the culture conditions. Human MSCs and hMab cultured under MAPC conditions became capable of generating endothelial-like cells, whereas hMab lost some of their ability to generate myotubes. By contrast, hMAPCs cultured under MSC conditions lost their endothelial differentiation capacity, whereas this was retained when cultured under Mab conditions, however, myogenic capacity was not gained under Mab conditions. These studies demonstrate that hMSCs, hMab, and hMAPCs have different properties that are partially mediated by the culture conditions.
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56
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Eggenhofer E, Renner P, Soeder Y, Popp FC, Hoogduijn MJ, Geissler EK, Schlitt HJ, Dahlke MH. Features of synergism between mesenchymal stem cells and immunosuppressive drugs in a murine heart transplantation model. Transpl Immunol 2011; 25:141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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57
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Barbet R, Peiffer I, Hatzfeld A, Charbord P, Hatzfeld JA. Comparison of Gene Expression in Human Embryonic Stem Cells, hESC-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:368192. [PMID: 21941565 PMCID: PMC3166576 DOI: 10.4061/2011/368192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a strategy to identify developmental/differentiation and
plasma membrane marker genes of the most primitive human Mesenchymal
Stem Cells (hMSCs). Using sensitive and quantitative TaqMan Low
Density Arrays (TLDA) methodology, we compared the expression of 381
genes in human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs), hESC-derived MSCs
(hES-MSCs), and hMSCs. Analysis of differentiation genes indicated
that hES-MSCs express the sarcomeric muscle lineage in addition to the
classical mesenchymal lineages, suggesting they are more primitive
than hMSCs. Transcript analysis of membrane antigens suggests that IL1R1low, BMPR1Blow, FLT4low, LRRC32low, and CD34 may be good candidates for the detection and
isolation of the most primitive hMSCs. The expression in hMSCs of
cytokine genes, such as IL6, IL8, or FLT3LG, without expression of the
corresponding receptor, suggests a role for these cytokines in the
paracrine control of stem cell niches. Our database may be shared with
other laboratories in order to explore the considerable clinical
potential of hES-MSCs, which appear to represent an intermediate
developmental stage between hESCs and hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Barbet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, 7, Rue Guy Moquet, 94800 Villejuif, France
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58
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Subramanian K, Owens DJ, O'Brien TD, Verfaillie CM, Hu WS. Enhanced differentiation of adult bone marrow-derived stem cells to liver lineage in aggregate culture. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2331-41. [PMID: 21548835 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte-like cells derived from stem cells hold great potential for clinical and pharmaceutical applications, including high-throughput drug toxicity screening. We report a three-dimensional aggregate culture system for the directed differentiation of adult rat bone marrow-derived stem cells, rat multipotent adult progenitor cells, to hepatocyte-like cells. Compared to adherent monolayer cultures, differentiation in the aggregate culture system resulted in significantly higher expression level of liver-specific transcripts, including an increased albumin mRNA level, and higher levels of albumin and urea secretion. This coincides with the presence of significantly more cells that express intracellular albumin at levels found in primary hepatocytes. The differentiated cell aggregates exhibited cytochrome P450-mediated ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylation and pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylation activity. Consistent with these increased mature functions, cells within the aggregates were shown to have many ultrastructural features of mature hepatocytes by transmission electron microscopy. With the scalability of the aggregate culture system and the enhanced differentiation capability, this system may facilitate translation of generating hepatocytes from stem cells to technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Subramanian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0132, USA
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59
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Luyckx A, De Somer L, Jacobs S, Rutgeerts O, Lenaerts C, Roobrouck VD, Verfaillie CM, Waer M, Van Gool SW, Billiau AD. Oct4-negative multipotent adult progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells as regulators of T-cell alloreactivity in mice. Immunol Lett 2011; 137:78-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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60
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Katsara O, Mahaira LG, Iliopoulou EG, Moustaki A, Antsaklis A, Loutradis D, Stefanidis K, Baxevanis CN, Papamichail M, Perez SA. Effects of donor age, gender, and in vitro cellular aging on the phenotypic, functional, and molecular characteristics of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1549-61. [PMID: 21204633 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a very important adult stem cell population with a multitude of potential applications in regenerative medicine. The thorough characterization of the bone marrow MSC (BM-MSC) population derived from the BALB/c species was essential, considering the significance of the murine model amongst animal models. In the present study, we examined the effect of gender, age, and in vitro culture on the basic properties (proliferation, differentiation, and immunosuppressive potential) of BM-MSCs. We found a decline in the progenitor frequencies from the BM of adult mice, lower MSC frequencies in all female donors, and an increase in the BM-MSC proliferation rate upon in vitro propagation. We also examined BM-MSCs for the expression of the 3 major embryonic stem cell transcription factors, Oct3/4, Sox-2, and Nanog, as well as 2 mRNA binding proteins, coding region determinant binding protein/insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 1 (Crd-bp/Imp1) and Deleted in azoospermia-like (Dazl), which are expressed in primitive stem cells, umbilical cord blood-hematopoietic stem cells and amniotic fluid stem cells, respectively. Further, it has been reported that these 2 genes are critical for embryonic development. In this study, therefore, we report, for the first time, the expression of Crd-bp/Imp1 and Dazl in BM-MSCs. Dazl, Oct3/4, and Sox2 were detected in relatively low levels in contrast to Crd-bp/Imp1, its major target c-Myc, as well as Nanog, which were expressed redundantly, irrespective of sex, donor age, or in vitro passaging. These findings could further support the extrinsic theory of aging of the MSC population and the potential implication of embryonic genes in adult stem cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Katsara
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
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61
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Neff AW, King MW, Mescher AL. Dedifferentiation and the role of sall4 in reprogramming and patterning during amphibian limb regeneration. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:979-89. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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62
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Hendrickx B, Vranckx JJ, Luttun A. Cell-Based Vascularization Strategies for Skin Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:13-24. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Hendrickx
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plastic Surgery and Tissue Engineering Research, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, KUL–University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan J. Vranckx
- Laboratory of Plastic Surgery and Tissue Engineering Research, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, KUL–University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aernout Luttun
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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63
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Lu T, Pelacho B, Hao H, Luo M, Zhu J, Verfaillie CM, Tian J, Liu Z. Cardiomyocyte differentiation of rat bone marrow multipotent progenitor cells is associated with downregulation of Oct-4 expression. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 16:3111-7. [PMID: 20486789 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was to determine if bone marrow multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) underwent cardiac specification and Oct-4 expression during their cardiomyocyte differentiation in vitro. MAPCs were isolated from rat bone marrow, treated with 5-azacytidine (5-aza, 1μM) for 24h, and cultured in a serum-free medium for cardiac differentiation for up to 35 days. The cells started to express early cardiac-specific genes Nkx2.5 and GATA-4 with a significant increase in their mRNA level within 24h after 5-aza treatment. Western blotting analysis and immunofluorescence staining revealed that the cardiac-specific proteins connexin-43 and troponin I were expressed in the cells 7 days after 5-aza treatment. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that over 37% of the cells were positive for troponin I by 35 days of differentiation, although the cells did not display spontaneous contraction. On the other hand, the undifferentiated MAPCs expressed a significant level of the stem-cell-specific marker Oct-4 that was dramatically decreased in the cells shortly after the initiation of cardiomyocyte differentiation as evaluated using real-time (RT)-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometry. These data indicated that MAPCs were able to effectively differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells after 5-aza induction in association with downregulation of Oct-4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiewei Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, PR China
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64
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Changes in the expression pattern of mesenchymal and pluripotent markers in human adipose-derived stem cells. Cell Biol Int 2011; 34:979-84. [PMID: 20446919 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent marker genes encode transcription factors that suppress differentiation and allow stem cells to continue proliferation while remaining poised to develop into cells from multiple lineages. Mesenchymal marker proteins are widely used to identify and characterize multipotent stem cells that are capable of differentiation into cells of the mesenchymal lineage. We examine here the expression pattern of mesenchymal and pluripotent markers in ADSCs (human adipose-derived stem cells) during culture. Flow cytometry indicates that a large fraction of ADSCs were positive for multiple mesenchymal markers, such as CD29, CD44 and CD90. The expression levels of these markers increase and become more uniform in cells that are cultured for long periods. Alternatively, mRNAs for several pluripotent genes, such as Nanog, Oct-4 and Rex-1, are detected only in cells from early passages. In addition, ADSCs cultured over long periods express several cardiac genes in response to serum deprivation and treatment with phorbol ester. Thus, these data demonstrate that ADSCs expanded in culture over multiple passages consistently express mesenchymal markers with the ability to differentiate towards the cardiac lineage.
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65
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Lu T, Parthasarathy S, Hao H, Luo M, Ahmed S, Zhu J, Luo S, Kuppusamy P, Sen CK, Verfaillie CM, Tian J, Liu Z. Reactive oxygen species mediate oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced inhibition of oct-4 expression and endothelial differentiation of bone marrow stem cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1845-56. [PMID: 20836655 PMCID: PMC2971633 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was to test the hypothesis that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) modified the behavior of bone marrow stem cells, including proliferation, Oct-4 expression, and their endothelial differentiation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in vitro. Rat bone marrow multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) were treated with ox-LDL with or without the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Ox-LDL generated a significant amount of ROS in the culture system as measured with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and substantially inhibited the proliferation, Oct-4 expression, and endothelial differentiation of MAPCs. ROS production from ox-LDL in the culture system was completely prevented by NAC (1 mM). NAC treatment completely restored endothelial differentiation potential of MAPCs that was diminished by low-dose ox-LDL. NAC also significantly, but not completely, reversed the inhibitory effect of ox-LDL on proliferation and Oct-4 expression in MAPCs. NAC treatment only slightly restored Akt phosphorylation impaired by ox-LDL in the cells. ROS formation was important in the action of ox-LDL on MAPCs, including Oct-4 expression, proliferation, and endothelial differentiation. However, other mechanism(s) like Akt signaling and apoptosis might also play a critical role in mediating the effect of ox-LDL on these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiewei Lu
- The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
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66
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Russell JL, Goetsch SC, Gaiano NR, Hill JA, Olson EN, Schneider JW. A dynamic notch injury response activates epicardium and contributes to fibrosis repair. Circ Res 2010; 108:51-9. [PMID: 21106942 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.233262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Transgenic Notch reporter mice express enhanced green fluorescent protein in cells with C-promoter binding factor-1 response element transcriptional activity (CBF1-RE(x)₄-EGFP), providing a unique and powerful tool for identifying and isolating "Notch-activated" progenitors. OBJECTIVE We asked whether, as in other tissues of this mouse, EGFP localized and functionally tagged adult cardiac tissue progenitors, and, if so, whether this cell-based signal could serve as a quantitative and qualitative biosensor of the injury repair response of the heart. METHODS AND RESULTS In addition to scattered endothelial and interstitial cells, Notch-activated (EGFP(+)) cells unexpectedly richly populated the adult epicardium. We used fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate EGFP(+) cells and excluded hematopoietic (CD45(+)) and endothelial (CD31(+)) subsets. We analyzed EGFP(+)/CD45⁻/CD31⁻ cells, a small (<2%) but distinct subpopulation, by gene expression profiling and functional analyses. We called this mixed cell pool, which had dual multipotent stromal cell and epicardial lineage signatures, Notch-activated epicardial-derived cells (NECs). Myocardial infarction and thoracic aortic banding amplified the NEC pool, increasing fibroblast differentiation. Validating the functional vitality of clonal NEC lines, serum growth factors triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the immobilized Notch ligand Delta-like 1-activated downstream target genes. Moreover, cardiomyocyte coculture and engraftment in NOD-SCID (nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency) mouse myocardium increased cardiac gene expression in NECs. CONCLUSIONS A dynamic Notch injury response activates adult epicardium, producing a multipotent cell population that contributes to fibrosis repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Russell
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390-8573, USA
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67
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Vicente López MA, Vázquez García MN, Entrena A, Olmedillas Lopez S, García-Arranz M, García-Olmo D, Zapata A. Low doses of bone morphogenetic protein 4 increase the survival of human adipose-derived stem cells maintaining their stemness and multipotency. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:1011-9. [PMID: 20846028 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as important tools for cell therapy; therefore, identification of factors capable of governing their ex vivo expansion become essential. In this study we demonstrate that human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) express all components of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/BMP receptor signaling pathway and respond to BMP4 inducing upregulated expression of its specific target genes Id1-Id4. Moreover, ASCs grown in a medium reduced in serum produce endogenous BMP4 that could affect autocrinely ASC growth. On the contrary, dorsomorphin, an inhibitor of BMP signaling pathway, decreases cell numbers yielded from ASC cultures in correlation with increased apoptosis and decreased cycling cells. Therefore, BMP4 emerges as a possible factor for ex vivo expanding human ASCs. Our results demonstrate that, as other morphogens, BMP4 effects on human MSCs are dose dependent. High doses significantly increased apoptosis and drastically reduced cell proliferation, whereas low doses of BMP4 (0.01-0.1 ng/mL) significantly increase culture cell content, reduce the number of apoptotic cells, and increase that of cycling cells. Further, treatment of human ASCs with low doses of BMP4 does not modify expression of Nanog and Oct4, two transcription factors involved in self-renewal and pluripotency of stem cells or avoid their osteogenic or osteoblastic differentiation capacities when cultured in adequate inducing media, as shown by the induction of specific gene expression (CEBP, PPARγ, and RUNX2). Our results therefore support BMP4 as a promising factor for expanding human adipose tissue-derived MSCs maintaining their properties of stemness and multipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Vicente López
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
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68
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Subramanian K, Park Y, Verfaillie C, Hu W. Scalable expansion of multipotent adult progenitor cells as three-dimensional cell aggregates. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 108:364-75. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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69
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Nistala H, Lee-Arteaga S, Smaldone S, Siciliano G, Carta L, Ono RN, Sengle G, Arteaga-Solis E, Levasseur R, Ducy P, Sakai LY, Karsenty G, Ramirez F. Fibrillin-1 and -2 differentially modulate endogenous TGF-β and BMP bioavailability during bone formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 190:1107-21. [PMID: 20855508 PMCID: PMC3101602 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201003089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular microfibrils composed of fibrillin-1 and -2 regulate bone formation through modulation of TGF-β and BMP signaling. Extracellular regulation of signaling by transforming growth factor (TGF)–β family members is emerging as a key aspect of organ formation and tissue remodeling. In this study, we demonstrate that fibrillin-1 and -2, the structural components of extracellular microfibrils, differentially regulate TGF-β and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) bioavailability in bone. Fibrillin-2–null (Fbn2−/−) mice display a low bone mass phenotype that is associated with reduced bone formation in vivo and impaired osteoblast maturation in vitro. This Fbn2−/− phenotype is accounted for by improper activation of latent TGF-β that selectively blunts expression of osterix, the transcriptional regulator of osteoblast maturation, and collagen I, the structural template for bone mineralization. Cultured osteoblasts from Fbn1−/− mice exhibit improper latent TGF-β activation as well, but mature faster because of increased availability of otherwise matrix-bound BMPs. Additional in vitro evidence excludes a direct role of microfibrils in supporting mineral deposition. Together, these findings identify the extracellular microfibrils as critical regulators of bone formation through the modulation of endogenous TGF-β and BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikiran Nistala
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Mareddy S, Dhaliwal N, Crawford R, Xiao Y. Stem cell-related gene expression in clonal populations of mesenchymal stromal cells from bone marrow. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:749-58. [PMID: 19772457 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decline in the frequency of potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been implicated in ageing and degenerative diseases. Increasing the circulating stem cell population can lead to renewed recruitment of these potent cells at sites of damage. Therefore, identifying the ideal cells for ex vivo expansion will form a major pursuit of clinical applications. This study is a follow-up of previous work that demonstrated the occurrence of fast-growing multipotential cells from the bone marrow samples. To investigate the molecular processes involved in the existence of such varying populations, gene expression studies were performed between fast- and slow-growing clonal populations to identify potential genetic markers associated with stemness using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction comprising a series of 84 genes related to stem cell pathways. A group of 10 genes were commonly overrepresented in the fast-growing stem cell clones. These included genes that encode proteins involved in the maintenance of embryonic and neural stem cell renewal (sex-determining region Y-box 2, notch homolog 1, and delta-like 3), proteins associated with chondrogenesis (aggrecan and collagen 2 A1), growth factors (bone morphogenetic protein 2 and insulin-like growth factor 1), an endodermal organogenesis protein (forkhead box a2), and proteins associated with cell-fate specification (fibroblast growth factor 2 and cell division cycle 2). Expression of diverse differentiation genes in MSC clones suggests that these commonly expressed genes may confer the maintenance of multipotentiality and self-renewal of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Mareddy
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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71
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Roelandt P, Pauwelyn KA, Sancho-Bru P, Subramanian K, Bose B, Ordovas L, Vanuytsel K, Geraerts M, Firpo M, De Vos R, Fevery J, Nevens F, Hu WS, Verfaillie CM. Human embryonic and rat adult stem cells with primitive endoderm-like phenotype can be fated to definitive endoderm, and finally hepatocyte-like cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12101. [PMID: 20711405 PMCID: PMC2920330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived hepatocytes may be an alternative cell source to treat liver diseases or to be used for pharmacological purposes. We developed a protocol that mimics mammalian liver development, to differentiate cells with pluripotent characteristics to hepatocyte-like cells. The protocol supports the stepwise differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (ESC) to cells with characteristics of primitive streak (PS)/mesendoderm (ME)/definitive endoderm (DE), hepatoblasts, and finally cells with phenotypic and functional characteristics of hepatocytes. Remarkably, the same protocol can also differentiate rat multipotent adult progenitor cells (rMAPCs) to hepatocyte-like cells, even though rMAPC are isolated clonally from cultured rat bone marrow (BM) and have characteristics of primitive endoderm cells. A fraction of rMAPCs can be fated to cells expressing genes consistent with a PS/ME/DE phenotype, preceding the acquisition of phenotypic and functional characteristics of hepatocytes. Although the hepatocyte-like progeny derived from both cell types is mixed, between 10-20% of cells are developmentally consistent with late fetal hepatocytes that have attained synthetic, storage and detoxifying functions near those of adult hepatocytes. This differentiation protocol will be useful for generating hepatocyte-like cells from rodent and human stem cells, and to gain insight into the early stages of liver development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Roelandt
- Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
- Hepatology Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Ann Pauwelyn
- Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
- Hepatology Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kartik Subramanian
- Stem Cell Institute Minnesota, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bipasha Bose
- Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Ordovas
- Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Vanuytsel
- Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Geraerts
- Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
| | - Meri Firpo
- Stem Cell Institute Minnesota, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rita De Vos
- Pathology Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Fevery
- Hepatology Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Stem Cell Institute Minnesota, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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Dimomeletis I, Deindl E, Zaruba M, Groebner M, Zahler S, Laslo SM, David R, Kostin S, Deutsch MA, Assmann G, Mueller-Hoecker J, Feuring-Buske M, Franz WM. Assessment of human MAPCs for stem cell transplantation and cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction in SCID mice. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:1105-14. [PMID: 20621157 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical studies suggest that transplantation of total bone marrow (BM) after myocardial infarction (MI) is feasible and potentially effective. However, focusing on a defined BM-derived stem cell type may enable a more specific and optimized treatment. Multilineage differentiation potential makes BM-derived multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) a promising stem cell pool for regenerative purposes. We analyzed the cardioregenerative potential of human MAPCs in a murine model of myocardial infarction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human MAPCs were selected by negative depletion of CD45(+)/glycophorin(+) BM cells and plated on fibronectin-coated dishes. In vitro, stem cells were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In vivo, we transplanted human MAPCs (5 × 10(5)) by intramyocardial injection after MI in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) beige mice. Six and 30 days after the surgical procedure, pressure-volume relationships were investigated in vivo. Heart tissues were analyzed immunohistochemically. RESULTS Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction experiments on early human MAPC passages evidenced an expression of Oct-4, a stem cell marker indicating pluripotency. In later passages, cardiac markers (Nkx2.5, GATA4, MLC-2v, MLC-2a, ANP, cTnT, cTnI,) and smooth muscle cell markers (SMA, SM22α) were expressed. Transplantation of human MAPCs into the ischemic border zone after MI resulted in an improved cardiac function at day 6 (ejection fraction, 26% vs 20%) and day 30 (ejection fraction, 30% vs 23%). Confirmation of human MAPC marker vimentin in immunohistochemistry demonstrated that human MAPC integrated in the peri-infarct region. The proliferation marker Ki67 was absent in immunohistochemistry and teratoma formation was not found, indicating no tumorous potential of transplanted human MAPCs in the tumor-sensitive SCID model. CONCLUSIONS Transplantation of human MAPCs after MI ameliorates myocardial function, which may be explained by trophic effects of human MAPCs. Lack of evidence of tumorous potential in the tumor-sensitive SCID model indicates that human MAPCs may deliver an effective and safe stem cell pool for potential treatment of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Dimomeletis
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Roelandt P, Sancho-Bru P, Pauwelyn K, Verfaillie C. Differentiation of rat multipotent adult progenitor cells to functional hepatocyte-like cells by mimicking embryonic liver development. Nat Protoc 2010; 5:1324-36. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2010.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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74
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Nistala H, Lee-Arteaga S, Siciliano G, Smaldone S, Ramirez F. Extracellular regulation of transforming growth factor β and bone morphogenetic protein signaling in bone. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1192:253-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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75
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Chiriac A, Nelson TJ, Faustino RS, Behfar A, Terzic A. Cardiogenic induction of pluripotent stem cells streamlined through a conserved SDF-1/VEGF/BMP2 integrated network. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9943. [PMID: 20376342 PMCID: PMC2848581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pluripotent stem cells produce tissue-specific lineages through programmed acquisition of sequential gene expression patterns that function as a blueprint for organ formation. As embryonic stem cells respond concomitantly to diverse signaling pathways during differentiation, extraction of a pro-cardiogenic network would offer a roadmap to streamline cardiac progenitor output. Methods and Results To resolve gene ontology priorities within precursor transcriptomes, cardiogenic subpopulations were here generated according to either growth factor guidance or stage-specific biomarker sorting. Innate expression profiles were independently delineated through unbiased systems biology mapping, and cross-referenced to filter transcriptional noise unmasking a conserved progenitor motif (55 up- and 233 down-regulated genes). The streamlined pool of 288 genes organized into a core biological network that prioritized the “Cardiovascular Development” function. Recursive in silico deconvolution of the cardiogenic neighborhood and associated canonical signaling pathways identified a combination of integrated axes, CXCR4/SDF-1, Flk-1/VEGF and BMP2r/BMP2, predicted to synchronize cardiac specification. In vitro targeting of the resolved triad in embryoid bodies accelerated expression of Nkx2.5, Mef2C and cardiac-MHC, enhanced beating activity, and augmented cardiogenic yield. Conclusions Transcriptome-wide dissection of a conserved progenitor profile thus revealed functional highways that coordinate cardiogenic maturation from a pluripotent ground state. Validating the bioinformatics algorithm established a strategy to rationally modulate cell fate, and optimize stem cell-derived cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Chiriac
- Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Nelson
- Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Randolph S. Faustino
- Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Atta Behfar
- Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andre Terzic
- Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Crabbe A, Vandeputte C, Dresselaers T, Sacido AA, Verdugo JMG, Eyckmans J, Luyten FP, Van Laere K, Verfaillie CM, Himmelreich U. Effects of MRI contrast agents on the stem cell phenotype. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:919-36. [PMID: 20350351 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x494623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultimate therapy for ischemic stroke is restoration of blood supply in the ischemic region and regeneration of lost neural cells. This might be achieved by transplanting cells that differentiate into vascular or neuronal cell types, or secrete trophic factors that enhance self-renewal, recruitment, long-term survival, and functional integration of endogenous stem/progenitor cells. Experimental stroke models have been developed to determine potential beneficial effect of stem/progenitor cell-based therapies. To follow the fate of grafted cells in vivo, a number of noninvasive imaging approaches have been developed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a high-resolution, clinically relevant method allowing in vivo monitoring of cells labeled with contrast agents. In this study, labeling efficiency of three different stem cell populations [mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC), rat multipotent adult progenitor cells (rMAPC), and mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSC)] with three different (ultra)small superparamagnetic iron oxide [(U)SPIO] particles (Resovist, Endorem, Sinerem) was compared. Labeling efficiency with Resovist and Endorem differed significantly between the different stem cells. Labeling with (U)SPIOs in the range that allows detection of cells by in vivo MRI did not affect differentiation of stem cells when labeled with concentrations of particles needed for MRI-based visualization. Finally, we demonstrated that labeled rMAPC could be detected in vivo and that labeling did not interfere with their migration. We conclude that successful use of (U)SPIOs for MRI-based visualization will require assessment of the optimal (U)SPIO for each individual (stem) cell population to ensure the most sensitive detection without associated toxicity.
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Girdlestone J, Limbani VA, Cutler AJ, Navarrete CV. Efficient expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells from umbilical cord under low serum conditions. Cytotherapy 2010; 11:738-48. [PMID: 19878060 DOI: 10.3109/14653240903079401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are of clinical interest for their potential use in regenerative medicine and immunotherapy. Originally derived from bone marrow (BM), MSC have now been isolated from most tissues, including umbilical cord (UC) and UC blood (UCB). If MSC from UC are biologically equivalent to those from BM, they would be attractive as a readily available and non-invasive source for cellular therapies. METHODS Sections of UC were separated into vascular and Wharton's jelly (WJ) fractions, which were then digested individually to release MSC that were isolated by plastic adherence in a 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) medium, or a low serum medium designed for multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC). The resulting perivascular (PV) and WJ MSC lines were assayed for expression of characteristic markers and differentiation and immunosuppressive properties. RESULTS MSC lines were readily derived from most UC tested. Cells grown in MAPC medium (MM) tended to be smaller and more elongated and expressed more nestin, but did not differ substantially in their growth rate, expression of other markers and differentiation capacity. All UC lines tested were adipogenic but poorly osteogenic, and were equivalent in their ability to suppress T-cell proliferation induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), activation beads and allostimulation. CONCLUSIONS UC is a convenient, efficient source of MSC that can be expanded under low serum conditions for application on future studies of tissue regeneration and immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Girdlestone
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Research Group, Colindale Centre, London, UK.
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78
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Luyckx A, De Somer L, Rutgeerts O, Waer M, Verfaillie CM, Van Gool S, Billiau AD. Mouse MAPC-mediated immunomodulation: Cell-line dependent variation. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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79
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Isolation procedure and characterization of multipotent adult progenitor cells from rat bone marrow. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 636:55-78. [PMID: 20336516 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-691-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) are adult stem cells derived from the bone marrow of mouse and rat and were described for the first time in 2002 (Jiang et al., Nature 418:41-49, 2002), and subsequently (Breyer et al., Exp Hematol 34:1596-1601, 2006; Jiang et al., Exp Hematol 30:896-904, 2002; Ulloa-Montoya et al., Genome Biol 8:R163, 2007). The capacity of rodent MAPC to differentiate at the single-cell level into some of the cell types of endoderm, mesoderm, and neuroectoderm germ layer lineages makes them promising candidates for the study of developmental processes. MAPC are isolated using adherent cell cultures and are selected based on morphology after a period of about 8-18 weeks. Here, we describe a step-by-step reproducible method to isolate rat MAPC from fetal and adult bone marrow. We elaborate on several aspects of the isolation protocol including, cell density and medium components, and methods for selecting and obtaining potential MAPC clones and their characterization.
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80
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Mahapatra S, Firpo MT, Bacanamwo M. Inhibition of DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases induces bone marrow-derived multipotent adult progenitor cells to differentiate into endothelial cells. Ethn Dis 2010; 20:S1-60-4. [PMID: 20521387 PMCID: PMC5702555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endothelial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Bone marrow-derived multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC) have the potential to differentiate, at the single cell level, toward the three embryonic germ layers and may be the progenitors of the other tissue-specific stem cells. However, molecular mechanisms of endothelial differentiation from MAPC have not been defined. The importance of epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation in gene regulatory networks during embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation has been documented. We postulated that endothelial cell (EC) differentiation from MAPC could be enhanced by inhibiting DNA methylation and histone deacetylation, reversing the repression of genes that specify EC fate. METHODS MAPCs were derived from rat bone marrow and differentiated into EC by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment in the presence or absence of the specific DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (aza-dC) and the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA). Expression of the endothelial marker genes was assessed by real time quantitative PCR and angiogenic potential of the differentiated EC was assessed by analysis of vascular network formation on fibronectin. RESULTS Both aza-dC and TSA induced at least a three-fold increase in the expression of the EC marker genes VE-cadherin, vWF, and Flk1. This increase was also observed in the presence of the EC differentiation inducer VEGF, suggesting that factors other than VEGF mediate the response to the epigenetic agents. Both DNMT and HDAC inhibition stimulated vascular network formation. CONCLUSION Epigenetic therapy holds a potential in inducing self-repair, vascular tissue regeneration, controlling angiogenesis and endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Mahapatra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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81
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Galderisi U, Helmbold H, Squillaro T, Alessio N, Komm N, Khadang B, Cipollaro M, Bohn W, Giordano A. In vitro senescence of rat mesenchymal stem cells is accompanied by downregulation of stemness-related and DNA damage repair genes. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:1033-42. [PMID: 19099372 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are of particular interest because they are being tested using cell and gene therapies for a number of human diseases. MSCs represent a rare population in tissues. Therefore, it is essential to grow MSCs in vitro before putting them into therapeutic use. This is compromised by senescence, limiting the proliferative capacity of MSCs. We analyzed the in vitro senescence of rat MSCs, because this animal is a widespread model for preclinical cell therapy studies. After initial expansion, MSCs showed an increased growth doubling time, lost telomerase activity, and expressed senescence-associated beta-galactosidase. Senescence was accompanied by downregulation of several genes involved in stem cell self-renewal. Of interest, several genes involved in DNA repair also showed a significant downregulation. Entry into senescence occurred with characteristic changes in Retinoblastoma (RB) expression patterns. Rb1 and p107 genes expression decreased during in vitro cultivation. In contrast, pRb2/p130 became the prominent RB protein. This suggests that RB2/P130 could be a marker of senescence or that it even plays a role in triggering the process in MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Galderisi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Excellence Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, Naples 80138, Italy.
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82
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Aranda P, Agirre X, Ballestar E, Andreu EJ, Román-Gómez J, Prieto I, Martín-Subero JI, Cigudosa JC, Siebert R, Esteller M, Prosper F. Epigenetic signatures associated with different levels of differentiation potential in human stem cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7809. [PMID: 19915669 PMCID: PMC2771914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The therapeutic use of multipotent stem cells depends on their differentiation potential, which has been shown to be variable for different populations. These differences are likely to be the result of key changes in their epigenetic profiles. Methodology/Principal Findings to address this issue, we have investigated the levels of epigenetic regulation in well characterized populations of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESC) and multipotent adult stem cells (ASC) at the trancriptome, methylome, histone modification and microRNA levels. Differences in gene expression profiles allowed classification of stem cells into three separate populations including ESC, multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). The analysis of the PcG repressive marks, histone modifications and gene promoter methylation of differentiation and pluripotency genes demonstrated that stem cell populations with a wider differentiation potential (ESC and MAPC) showed stronger representation of epigenetic repressive marks in differentiation genes and that this epigenetic signature was progressively lost with restriction of stem cell potential. Our analysis of microRNA established specific microRNA signatures suggesting specific microRNAs involved in regulation of pluripotent and differentiation genes. Conclusions/Significance Our study leads us to propose a model where the level of epigenetic regulation, as a combination of DNA methylation and histone modification marks, at differentiation genes defines degrees of differentiation potential from progenitor and multipotent stem cells to pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Aranda
- Hematology Department and Area of Cell Therapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Xabier Agirre
- Hematology Department and Area of Cell Therapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esteban Ballestar
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), The Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL-ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique J. Andreu
- Hematology Department and Area of Cell Therapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Inés Prieto
- Hematology Department and Area of Cell Therapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Martín-Subero
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel/Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Juan Cruz Cigudosa
- Molecular Cytogenetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel/Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), The Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL-ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Hematology Department and Area of Cell Therapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Schäfer R, Dominici M, Müller I, Horwitz E, Asahara T, Bulte JWM, Bieback K, Le Blanc K, Bühring HJ, Capogrossi MC, Dazzi F, Gorodetsky R, Henschler R, Handgretinger R, Kajstura J, Kluger PJ, Lange C, Luettichau IV, Mertsching H, Schrezenmeier H, Sievert KD, Strunk D, Verfaillie C, Northoff H. Basic research and clinical applications of non-hematopoietic stem cells, 4-5 April 2008, Tubingen, Germany. Cytotherapy 2009; 11:245-55. [PMID: 19152153 DOI: 10.1080/14653240802582117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
From 4 to 5 April 2008, international experts met for the second time in Tubingen, Germany, to present and discuss the latest proceedings in research on non-hematopoietic stem cells (NHSC). This report presents issues of basic research including characterization, isolation, good manufacturing practice (GMP)-like production and imaging as well as clinical applications focusing on the regenerative and immunomodulatory capacities of NHSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schäfer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tubingen, Germany.
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Solmesky LJ, Abekasis M, Bulvik S, Weil M. Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Is Involved in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Survival in Serum-Free Medium. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:1283-92. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo J. Solmesky
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Abekasis
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomo Bulvik
- Hematology Department, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
| | - Miguel Weil
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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85
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Han J, Okada H, Takai H, Nakayama Y, Maeda T, Ogata Y. Collection and culture of alveolar bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from older individuals. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:1198-204. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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86
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Kidder BL, Palmer S, Knott JG. SWI/SNF-Brg1 regulates self-renewal and occupies core pluripotency-related genes in embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2009; 27:317-28. [PMID: 19056910 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The SWI/SNF-Brg1 chromatin remodeling protein plays critical roles in cell-cycle control and differentiation through regulation of gene expression. Loss of Brg1 in mice results in early embryonic lethality, and recent studies have implicated a role for Brg1 in somatic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. However, little is known about Brg1 function in preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem (ES) cells. Here we report that Brg1 is required for ES cell self-renewal and pluripotency. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Brg1 in blastocysts caused aberrant expression of Oct4 and Nanog. In ES cells, knockdown of Brg1 resulted in phenotypic changes indicative of differentiation, downregulation of self-renewal and pluripotency genes (e.g., Oct4, Sox2, Sall4, Rest), and upregulation of differentiation genes. Using genome-wide promoter analysis (chromatin immunoprecipitation) we found that Brg1 occupied the promoters of key pluripotency-related genes, including Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Sall4, Rest, and Polycomb group (PcG) proteins. Moreover, Brg1 co-occupied a subset of Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and PcG protein target genes. These results demonstrate an important role for Brg1 in regulating self-renewal and pluripotency in ES cells.
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87
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Kutlu B, Kayali AG, Jung S, Parnaud G, Baxter D, Glusman G, Goodman N, Behie LA, Hayek A, Hood L. Meta-analysis of gene expression in human pancreatic islets after in vitro expansion. Physiol Genomics 2009; 39:72-81. [PMID: 19622797 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00063.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet transplantation as a potential cure for type 1 diabetes (T1D) cannot be scaled up due to a scarcity of human pancreas donors. In vitro expansion of beta-cells from mature human pancreatic islets provides an alternative source of insulin-producing cells. The exact nature of the expanded cells produced by diverse expansion protocols and their potential for differentiation into functional beta-cells remain elusive. We performed a large-scale meta-analysis of gene expression in human pancreatic islet cells, which were processed using three different previously described protocols for expansion and for which redifferentiation was attempted. All three expansion protocols induced dramatic changes in the expression profiles of pancreatic islets; many of these changes are shared among the three protocols. Attempts at redifferentiation of expanded cells induce a limited number of gene expression changes. Nevertheless, these fail to restore a pancreatic islet-like gene expression pattern. Comparison with a collection of public microarray datasets confirmed that expanded cells are highly comparable to mesenchymal stem cells. Genes induced in expanded cells are also enriched for targets of transcription factors important for pluripotency induction. The present data increase our understanding of the active pathways in expanded and redifferentiated islets. Knowledge of the mesenchymal stem cell potential may help development of drug therapeutics to restore beta-cell mass in T1D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kutlu
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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88
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Kastrinaki MC, Andreakou I, Charbord P, Papadaki HA. Isolation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells using different membrane markers: comparison of colony/cloning efficiency, differentiation potential, and molecular profile. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2009; 14:333-9. [PMID: 18800875 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent an interesting field of research for their in vitro properties and the in vivo therapeutic applications. In the present study, we compared the clonogenic and differentiation capacity of MSCs present in three BM-derived populations-namely, the CD105(+)/CD45(-) cells, the glycophorin A (GlycoA)(-)/CD45(-) cells, and the BM mononuclear cells (BMMCs)-by growing/expanding clones from single colony-forming unit fibroblasts (CFU-F). We also quantified the Oct-4 and Nanog mRNA in the CD105(+)/CD45(-) and GlycoA(-)/CD45(-) cells to define the fraction containing more immature MSCs. We found that basic-fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) favors the long-term survival and growth of the more immature MSCs but has no significant effect on MSC clonogenic potential. CFU-F number and clone recovery were higher in CD105(+)/CD45(-) compared to GlycoA(-)/CD45(-) (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0364, respectively) cells or BMMCs (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0007, respectively). The relative mRNA expression of Oct-4 and Nanog was significantly increased in CD105(+)/CD45(-) compared to GlycoA(-)/CD45(-) cells (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). No significant difference was found in the immunophenotypic characteristics and differentiation potential of clones derived from all three cellular sources. These data suggest that the CD105(+)/CD45(-) BM cell fraction is enriched in immature MSCs and, accordingly, represents an appropriate source for MSC culture initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Christina Kastrinaki
- Department of Haematology of the University of Crete School of Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
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89
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Ren J, Jin P, Wang E, Marincola FM, Stroncek DF. MicroRNA and gene expression patterns in the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. J Transl Med 2009; 7:20. [PMID: 19309508 PMCID: PMC2669448 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The unique features of human embryonic stem (hES) cells make them the best candidate resource for both cell replacement therapy and development research. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the simultaneous maintenance of their self-renewal properties and undifferentiated state remain unclear. Non-coding microRNAs (miRNA) which regulate mRNA cleavage and inhibit encoded protein translation exhibit temporal or tissue-specific expression patterns and they play an important role in development timing. Results In this study, we analyzed miRNA and gene expression profiles among samples from 3 hES cell lines (H9, I6 and BG01v), differentiated embryoid bodies (EB) derived from H9 cells at different time points, and 5 adult cell types including Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HMVEC), Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC), Umbilical Artery Smooth Muscle Cells (UASMC), Normal Human Astrocytes (NHA), and Lung Fibroblasts (LFB). This analysis rendered 104 miRNAs and 776 genes differentially expressed among the three cell types. Selected differentially expressed miRNAs and genes were further validated and confirmed by quantitative real-time-PCR (qRT-PCR). Especially, members of the miR-302 cluster on chromosome 4 and miR-520 cluster on chromosome 19 were highly expressed in undifferentiated hES cells. MiRNAs in these two clusters displayed similar expression levels. The members of these two clusters share a consensus 7-mer seed sequence and their targeted genes had overlapping functions. Among the targeted genes, genes with chromatin structure modification function are enriched suggesting a role in the maintenance of chromatin structure. We also found that the expression level of members of the two clusters, miR-520b and miR-302c, were negatively correlated with their targeted genes based on gene expression analysis Conclusion We identified the expression patterns of miRNAs and gene transcripts in the undifferentiation of human embryonic stem cells; among the miRNAs that are highly expressed in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells, the miR-520 cluster may be closely involved in hES cell function and its relevance to chromatin structure warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Ren
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institute of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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90
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Garcia-Lavandeira M, Quereda V, Flores I, Saez C, Diaz-Rodriguez E, Japon MA, Ryan AK, Blasco MA, Dieguez C, Malumbres M, Alvarez CV. A GRFa2/Prop1/stem (GPS) cell niche in the pituitary. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4815. [PMID: 19283075 PMCID: PMC2654029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adult endocrine pituitary is known to host several hormone-producing cells regulating major physiological processes during life. Some candidates to progenitor/stem cells have been proposed. However, not much is known about pituitary cell renewal throughout life and its homeostatic regulation during specific physiological changes, such as puberty or pregnancy, or in pathological conditions such as tumor development. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have identified in rodents and humans a niche of non-endocrine cells characterized by the expression of GFRa2, a Ret co-receptor for Neurturin. These cells also express b-Catenin and E-cadherin in an oriented manner suggesting a planar polarity organization for the niche. In addition, cells in the niche uniquely express the pituitary-specific transcription factor Prop1, as well as known progenitor/stem markers such as Sox2, Sox9 and Oct4. Half of these GPS (GFRa2/Prop1/Stem) cells express S-100 whereas surrounding elongated cells in contact with GPS cells express Vimentin. GFRa2+-cells form non-endocrine spheroids in culture. These spheroids can be differentiated to hormone-producing cells or neurons outlining the neuroectoderm potential of these progenitors. In vivo, GPSs cells display slow proliferation after birth, retain BrdU label and show long telomeres in its nuclei, indicating progenitor/stem cell properties in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest the presence in the adult pituitary of a specific niche of cells characterized by the expression of GFRa2, the pituitary-specific protein Prop1 and stem cell markers. These GPS cells are able to produce different hormone-producing and neuron-like cells and they may therefore contribute to postnatal pituitary homeostasis. Indeed, the relative abundance of GPS numbers is altered in Cdk4-deficient mice, a model of hypopituitarism induced by the lack of this cyclin-dependent kinase. Thus, GPS cells may display functional relevance in the physiological expansion of the pituitary gland throughout life as well as protection from pituitary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Garcia-Lavandeira
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Víctor Quereda
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Flores
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Saez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain
| | - Esther Diaz-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Japon
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain
| | - Aymee K. Ryan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University (MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria A. Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Obesity & Nutrition (ISCIII), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MM); (CVA)
| | - Clara V. Alvarez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- * E-mail: (MM); (CVA)
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91
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Geraerts M, Verfaillie CM. Adult stem and progenitor cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 114:1-21. [PMID: 19373451 DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of adult stem cells in most adult tissues is the basis of a number of clinical studies that are carried out, with therapeutic use of hematopoietic stem cells as a prime example. Intense scientific debate is still ongoing as to whether adult stem cells may have a greater plasticity than previously thought. Although cells with some features of embryonic stem cells that, among others, express Oct4, Nanog and SSEA1 are isolated from fresh tissue, it is not clear if the greater differentiation potential is acquired during cell culture. Moreover, adult more pluripotent cells do not have all pluripotent characteristics typical for embryonic stem cells. Recently, some elegant studies were published in which adult cells could be completely reprogrammed to embryonic stem cell-like cells by overexpression of some key transcription factors for pluripotency (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc). It will be interesting for the future to investigate the exact mechanisms underlying this reprogramming and whether similar transcription factor pathways are present and/or can be activated in adult more pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Geraerts
- Interdepartementaal Stamcelinstituut Leuven (SCIL), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 804, 3000, Leuven, Belgium,
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92
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Stat3 and c-Myc genome-wide promoter occupancy in embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3932. [PMID: 19079543 PMCID: PMC2592696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cell pluripotency is regulated in part by transcription factor (TF) pathways that maintain self-renewal and inhibit differentiation. Stat3 and c-Myc TFs are essential for maintaining mouse ES cell self-renewal. c-Myc, together with Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4, is a reprogramming factor. While previous studies have investigated core transcriptional circuitry in ES cells, other TF pathways that promote ES cell pluripotency have yet to be investigated. Therefore, to further understand ES cell transcriptional networks, we used genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation and microarray analysis (ChIP-chip) to map Stat3 and c-Myc binding targets in ES cells. Our results show that Stat3 and c-Myc occupy a significant number of genes whose expression is highly enriched in ES cells. By comparing Stat3 and c-Myc target genes with gene expression data from undifferentiated ES cells and embryoid bodies (EBs), we found that Stat3 binds active and inactive genes in ES cells, while c-Myc binds predominantly active genes. Moreover, the transcriptional states of Stat3 and c-Myc targets are correlated with co-occupancy of pluripotency-related TFs, polycomb group proteins, and active and repressive histone modifications. We also provide evidence that Stat3 targets are differentially expressed in ES cells following removal of LIF, where culture of ES cells in the absence of LIF resulted in downregulation of Stat3 target genes enriched in ES cells, and upregulation of lineage specific Stat3 target genes. Altogether, we reveal transcriptional targets of two key pluripotency-related genes in ES cells – Stat3 and c-Myc, thus providing further insight into the ES cell transcriptional network.
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93
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Can mesenchymal stem cells induce tolerance to cotransplanted human embryonic stem cells? Mol Ther 2008; 17:176-82. [PMID: 18841094 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are reported to be immune privileged. We assessed whether their transplantation (Tx) could create a suppressive microenvironment mitigating rejection of coinjected human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Three weeks after ligation-induced myocardial infarction, 40 immunocompetent rats received 150 microl of cardiac-specified hESCs (5 x 10(6)), MSCs (5 x 10(6)), hESC + MSC (5 x 10(6) for each), or control medium. Two months after Tx, left ventricle (LV) function was assessed by echocardiography, and hearts were processed for the detection of human cells by immunostaining and quantitative RT-PCR, patterns of rejection, fibrosis, and angiogenesis. Two months after Tx, LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly higher in the ESC and ESC + MSC groups compared with controls. There were few engrafted cells, which expressed markers of endothelial, smooth muscle, and ventricular cardiac cells, particularly in the MSC group. Hearts of all groups demonstrated a similar infiltration by CD4(+) and CD3(+) cells but MSC-Tx resulted in a greater infiltration of FoxP3 compared with the control and ESC-alone groups. No teratoma was observed. Thus, cotransplantation of ESCs and MSCs provided better functional preservation compared with single-cell treatment alone. However, there was only modest evidence for an immunosuppressive effect of coinjected MSCs and their beneficial effects seemed rather mediated by trophic effects on the host tissue.
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94
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Chu L, Jiang Y, Hao H, Xia Y, Xu J, Liu Z, Verfaillie CM, Zweier JL, Liu Z. Nitric oxide enhances Oct-4 expression in bone marrow stem cells and promotes endothelial differentiation. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 591:59-65. [PMID: 18616941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in bone marrow stem cells and their differentiation into endothelial cells in vitro. Adult mouse bone marrow multipotent progenitor cells (MAPCs) were used as the source of stem cells. Oct-4 expression (both mRNA and protein) was significantly increased by up to 68.0% in MAPCs when incubated with NO donors DETA-NONOate or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in a concentration-dependant manner (n=3, P<0.05). However, the cell proliferation was dramatically decreased by over 3-folds when treated with DETA-NONOate or SNP for 48 h (n=3, P<0.05). When MAPCs were exposed to DETA-NONOate (100 microM) for the first 48 h during differentiation, the expression (both mRNA and protein) of vWF was significantly increased at day 14 in the differentiating cells. The effects of DETA-NONOate or SNP on cell proliferation, Oct-4 expression and endothelial differentiation of MAPCs were not affected by the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one or cGMP analog 8-Br-cGMP. These data indicate that NO may regulate both the pluripotency and differentiation of MAPCs via a cGMP-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chu
- The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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95
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Sharov AA, Masui S, Sharova LV, Piao Y, Aiba K, Matoba R, Xin L, Niwa H, Ko MSH. Identification of Pou5f1, Sox2, and Nanog downstream target genes with statistical confidence by applying a novel algorithm to time course microarray and genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation data. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:269. [PMID: 18522731 PMCID: PMC2424064 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Target genes of a transcription factor (TF) Pou5f1 (Oct3/4 or Oct4), which is essential for pluripotency maintenance and self-renewal of embryonic stem (ES) cells, have previously been identified based on their response to Pou5f1 manipulation and occurrence of Chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-binding sites in promoters. However, many responding genes with binding sites may not be direct targets because response may be mediated by other genes and ChIP-binding site may not be functional in terms of transcription regulation. Results To reduce the number of false positives, we propose to separate responding genes into groups according to direction, magnitude, and time of response, and to apply the false discovery rate (FDR) criterion to each group individually. Using this novel algorithm with stringent statistical criteria (FDR < 0.2) to a compendium of published and new microarray data (3, 6, 12, and 24 hr after Pou5f1 suppression) and published ChIP data, we identified 420 tentative target genes (TTGs) for Pou5f1. The majority of TTGs (372) were down-regulated after Pou5f1 suppression, indicating that the Pou5f1 functions as an activator of gene expression when it binds to promoters. Interestingly, many activated genes are potent suppressors of transcription, which include polycomb genes, zinc finger TFs, chromatin remodeling factors, and suppressors of signaling. Similar analysis showed that Sox2 and Nanog also function mostly as transcription activators in cooperation with Pou5f1. Conclusion We have identified the most reliable sets of direct target genes for key pluripotency genes – Pou5f1, Sox2, and Nanog, and found that they predominantly function as activators of downstream gene expression. Thus, most genes related to cell differentiation are suppressed indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei A Sharov
- Developmental Genomics and Aging Section, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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96
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Aranguren XL, McCue JD, Hendrickx B, Zhu XH, Du F, Chen E, Pelacho B, Peñuelas I, Abizanda G, Uriz M, Frommer SA, Ross JJ, Schroeder BA, Seaborn MS, Adney JR, Hagenbrock J, Harris NH, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Nelson-Holte MH, Jiang Y, Billiau AD, Chen W, Prósper F, Verfaillie CM, Luttun A. Multipotent adult progenitor cells sustain function of ischemic limbs in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:505-14. [PMID: 18172550 DOI: 10.1172/jci31153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in cardiovascular research, a cure for peripheral vascular disease has not been found. We compared the vascularization and tissue regeneration potential of murine and human undifferentiated multipotent adult progenitor cells (mMAPC-U and hMAPC-U), murine MAPC-derived vascular progenitors (mMAPC-VP), and unselected murine BM cells (mBMCs) in mice with moderate limb ischemia, reminiscent of intermittent claudication in human patients. mMAPC-U durably restored blood flow and muscle function and stimulated muscle regeneration, by direct and trophic contribution to vascular and skeletal muscle growth. This was in contrast to mBMCs and mMAPC-VP, which did not affect muscle regeneration and provided only limited and transient improvement. Moreover, mBMCs participated in a sustained inflammatory response in the lower limb, associated with progressive deterioration in muscle function. Importantly, mMAPC-U and hMAPC-U also remedied vascular and muscular deficiency in severe limb ischemia, representative of critical limb ischemia in humans. Thus, unlike BMCs or vascular-committed progenitors, undifferentiated multipotent adult progenitor cells offer the potential to durably repair ischemic damage in peripheral vascular disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier L Aranguren
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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97
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Xu J, Liu X, Jiang Y, Chu L, Hao H, Liua Z, Verfaillie C, Zweier J, Gupta K, Liu Z. MAPK/ERK signalling mediates VEGF-induced bone marrow stem cell differentiation into endothelial cell. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:2395-406. [PMID: 18266967 PMCID: PMC4514117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-potent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) differentiate into endothelial cells (ECs) in the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The mechanism(s) of VEGF-induced differentiation of MAPCs to ECs are not yet known. We, therefore, examined the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p42/44-MAPK/ERK1/2) signalling in endothelial differentiation from bone marrow stem cells. We observed that VEGF stimulation of MAPCs for 14 days results in a significant expression of endothelial-specific gene and/or proteins including von Willebrand factor (vWF), vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin), VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2), and CD31. Up-regulation of EC-specific markers was accompanied by a cobblestone morphology, expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and Dil-Ac-LDL uptake, typical for EC morphology and function. VEGF induced a sustained activation of p42 MAPK/ERK, but not that of p44 MAPK/ERK during the course of MAPCs differentiation in a time-dependent manner up to 14 days. VEGF-induced activation of p42 MAPK/ERK also led to the nuclear translocation of MAPK/ERK1/2. Incubation of MAPCs with MAPK/ERK1/2 phosphorylation inhibitor PD98059 blocked the sustained VEGF-induced MAPK/ERK1/2 phosphorylation as well as its nuclear translocation in the differentiating MAPCs. Inhibition of MAPK/ERK1/2 phosphorylation by PD98059 also blocked the expression of EC-specific genes in these cells and their differentiation to ECs. These data suggest that VEGF induces MAPC differentiation into EC via a. MAPK/ERK1/2 signalling pathway-mediated mechanism in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, China
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99
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Hajdu M, Luttun A, Pelacho B, Burns TC, Chase L, Gutiérrez-Pérez M, Jiang Y, Lenvik T, Vas V, Uher F, Sebestyén A, Verfaillie C. Transcriptional characterization of the notch signaling pathway in rodent multipotent adult progenitor cells. Pathol Oncol Res 2007; 13:302-10. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02940309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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