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Qiu J, Shu C, Li X, Zhang WC. PAQR3 depletion accelerates diabetic wound healing by promoting angiogenesis through inhibiting STUB1-mediated PPARγ degradation. J Transl Med 2022; 102:1121-1131. [PMID: 36775352 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of diabetic wounds is closely associated with the dysregulation of macrophage polarization. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential effects of PAQR3 (progestin and adipoQ receptor 3) silencing in accelerating diabetic wound healing. We showed that PAQR3 silencing promoted skin wound healing and angiogenesis in diabetic mice, which was accompanied by enhanced M2 macrophage polarization and elevated expression of PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ). PAQR3 silencing also promoted M2 polarization and increased PPARγ protein level in PMA-treated THP-1 cells. Moreover, knockdown of PAQR3 in macrophages enhanced the migration of HaCaT cells and tube formation of HUVECs. The ubiquitination of PPARγ protein in macrophages was repressed by PAQR3 silencing. STUB1 (STIP1 homology and U-box-containing protein 1) binds with the PPARγ protein to mediate PPARγ ubiquitination and degradation in macrophages, which was impaired by PAQR3 silencing. The PPARγ inhibitor, GW9662, or STUB1 overexpression abrogated the enhanced M2 macrophage polarization induced by PAQR3 silencing. Therefore, these findings demonstrates that PAQR3 silencing accelerates diabetic wound healing by promoting M2 macrophage polarization and angiogenesis, which is mediated by the inhibition of STUB1-mediated PPARγ protein ubiquitination and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Chang Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
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Redox-Regulation in Cancer Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102413. [PMID: 36289675 PMCID: PMC9598867 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small subset of slowly dividing cells with tumor-initiating ability. They can self-renew and differentiate into all the distinct cell populations within a tumor. CSCs are naturally resistant to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. CSCs, thus, can repopulate a tumor after therapy and are responsible for recurrence of disease. Stemness manifests itself through, among other things, the expression of stem cell markers, the ability to induce sphere formation and tumor growth in vivo, and resistance to chemotherapeutics and irradiation. Stemness is maintained by keeping levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) low, which is achieved by enhanced activity of antioxidant pathways. Here, cellular sources of ROS, antioxidant pathways employed by CSCs, and underlying mechanisms to overcome resistance are discussed.
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Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecule-3 Suppresses the Malignant Biological Behavior of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Regulating Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9418332. [PMID: 36158873 PMCID: PMC9507709 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9418332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3) is a water-soluble complex which has the ability to release carbon monoxide (CO). The study is aimed at investigating the epidemiological characters and effects of CORM-3 on tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) cells and the mechanisms involved. Firstly, CAL27 and SCC4 were treated with CORM-3 or iCORM-3. The proliferation, migration, and invasion of cells were separately evaluated by CCK-8, scratch assay, and transwell assay. We found that the optimal concentration of CORM-3 on the proliferation of CAL27 and SCC4 cells was 400 μM, and CORM-3 was significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TSCC cells. Meanwhile, CORM-3 increased the protein expression of HO-1 detected by western blot. Short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) were constructed to manipulate the expression of HO-1 in CAL27 and SCC4 cells. Then, rescue assays were conducted to explore the reversion effect of shHO-1 on the CORM-3 function. Mechanistically, CORM-3 decreased the protein of Keap1 expression as well as increased Nrf2 expression. Upregulation of E-cadherin was observed, as well as the downregulation of N-cadherin expression significantly. The antitumor effect of CORM-3 was used to xenograft tumor in nude mice for further investigation in vivo, and the result showed that CORM-3 significantly suppressed tumor growth in xenograft nude mice. These data suggest that CORM-3 acts as a tumor suppressor by regulating the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in TSCC, which provides a potential chemotherapeutic strategy for TSCC.
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The Roles of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Prostate Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:8580043. [PMID: 36117852 PMCID: PMC9473905 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8580043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The morbidity of prostate cancer (PCa) is rising year by year, and it has become the primary cause of tumor-related mortality in males. It is widely accepted that macrophages account for 50% of the tumor mass in solid tumors and have emerged as a crucial participator in multiple stages of PCa, with the huge potential for further treatment. Oftentimes, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) behave like M2-like phenotypes that modulate malignant hallmarks of tumor lesions, ranging from tumorigenesis to metastasis. Several clinical studies indicated that mean TAM density was higher in human PCa cores versus benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and increased biopsy TAM density potentially predicts worse clinicopathological characteristics as well. Therefore, TAM represents a promising target for therapeutic intervention either alone or in combination with other strategies to halt the “vicious cycle,” thus improving oncological outcomes. Herein, we mainly focus on the fundamental aspects of TAMs in prostate adenocarcinoma, while reviewing the mechanisms responsible for macrophage recruitment and polarization, which has clinical translational implications for the exploitation of potentially effective therapies against TAMs.
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Morris G, Gevezova M, Sarafian V, Maes M. Redox regulation of the immune response. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1079-1101. [PMID: 36056148 PMCID: PMC9508259 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe immune-inflammatory response is associated with increased nitro-oxidative stress. The aim of this mechanistic review is to examine: (a) the role of redox-sensitive transcription factors and enzymes, ROS/RNS production, and the activity of cellular antioxidants in the activation and performance of macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells; (b) the involvement of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), and oxidized phospholipids in regulating the immune response; and (c) the detrimental effects of hypernitrosylation and chronic nitro-oxidative stress on the immune response. The redox changes during immune-inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the actions of nuclear factor-κB, HIF1α, the mechanistic target of rapamycin, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinases, 5' AMP-activated protein kinase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. The performance and survival of individual immune cells is under redox control and depends on intracellular and extracellular levels of ROS/RNS. They are heavily influenced by cellular antioxidants including the glutathione and thioredoxin systems, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and the HDL/ApoA1/PON1 complex. Chronic nitro-oxidative stress and hypernitrosylation inhibit the activity of those antioxidant systems, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, mitochondrial functions, and the metabolism of immune cells. In conclusion, redox-associated mechanisms modulate metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, macrophage and T helper cell polarization, phagocytosis, production of pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokines, immune training and tolerance, chemotaxis, pathogen sensing, antiviral and antibacterial effects, Toll-like receptor activity, and endotoxin tolerance.
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56
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Mukherjee A, Ha P, Wai KC, Naara S. The Role of ECM Remodeling, EMT, and Adhesion Molecules in Cancerous Neural Invasion: Changing Perspectives. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200039. [PMID: 35798312 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) refers to the cancerous invasion of nerves. It provides an alternative route for metastatic invasion and can exist independently in the absence of lymphatic or vascular invasion. It is a prominent characteristic of specific aggressive malignancies where it correlates with poor prognosis. The clinical significance of PNI is widely recognized despite a lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis. The interaction between the nerve and the cancer cells is the most pivotal PNI step which is mediated by the activation or inhibition of multiple signaling pathways that include chemokines, interleukins, nerve growth factors, and matrix metalloproteinases, to name a few. The nerve-cancer cell interaction brings about specific changes in the perineural niche, which not only affects the regular nerve functions, but also enhances the migratory, invasive, and adherent properties of the tumor cells. This review aims to elucidate the vital role of adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix, and epithelial-mesenchymal proteins that promote PNI, which may serve as therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mukherjee
- Department of Genetics and Developmental BiologyRappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3525422, Israel
| | - Patrick Ha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Katherine C Wai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Shorook Naara
- Department of Genetics and Developmental BiologyRappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3525422, Israel.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Schaue D, Micewicz ED, Ratikan JA, Iwamoto KS, Vlashi E, McDonald JT, McBride WH. NRF2 Mediates Cellular Resistance to Transformation, Radiation, and Inflammation in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1649. [PMID: 36139722 PMCID: PMC9495793 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is recognized as a master transcription factor that regulates expression of numerous detoxifying and antioxidant cytoprotective genes. In fact, models of NRF2 deficiency indicate roles not only in redox regulation, but also in metabolism, inflammatory/autoimmune disease, cancer, and radioresistancy. Since ionizing radiation (IR) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), it is not surprising it activates NRF2 pathways. However, unexpectedly, activation is often delayed for many days after the initial ROS burst. Here, we demonstrate that, as assayed by γ-H2AX staining, rapid DNA double strand break (DSB) formation by IR in primary mouse Nrf2-/- MEFs was not affected by loss of NRF2, and neither was DSB repair to any great extent. In spite of this, basal and IR-induced transformation was greatly enhanced, suggesting that NRF2 protects against late IR-induced genomic instability, at least in murine MEFs. Another possible IR- and NRF2-related event that could be altered is inflammation and NRF2 deficiency increased IR-induced NF-κB pro-inflammatory responses mostly late after exposure. The proclivity of NRF2 to restrain inflammation is also reflected in the reprogramming of tumor antigen-specific lymphocyte responses in mice where Nrf2 k.o. switches Th2 responses to Th1 polarity. Delayed NRF2 responses to IR may be critical for the immune transition from prooxidant inflammation to antioxidant healing as well as in driving cellular radioresistance and survival. Targeting NRF2 to reprogram immunity could be of considerable therapeutic benefit in radiation and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - Ewa D. Micewicz
- Biotts S.A., Ul. Wrocławska 44C, 55-040 Bielany Wrocławskie, Poland
| | - Josephine A. Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - Keisuke S. Iwamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - Erina Vlashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - J. Tyson McDonald
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
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58
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Downregulation of IL-8 and IL-10 by the Activation of Ca2+-Activated K+ Channel KCa3.1 in THP-1-Derived M2 Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158603. [PMID: 35955737 PMCID: PMC9368915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
THP-1-differentiated macrophages are useful for investigating the physiological significance of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In the tumor microenvironment (TME), TAMs with the M2-like phenotype play a critical role in promoting cancer progression and metastasis by inhibiting the immune surveillance system. We examined the involvement of Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 in TAMs in expressing pro-tumorigenic cytokines and angiogenic growth factors. In THP-1-derived M2 macrophages, the expression levels of IL-8 and IL-10 were significantly decreased by treatment with the selective KCa3.1 activator, SKA-121, without changes in those of VEGF and TGF-β1. Furthermore, under in vitro experimental conditions that mimic extracellular K+ levels in the TME, IL-8 and IL-10 levels were both significantly elevated, and these increases were reversed by combined treatment with SKA-121. Among several signaling pathways potentially involved in the transcriptional regulation of IL-8 and IL-10, respective treatments with ERK and JNK inhibitors significantly repressed their transcriptions, and treatment with SKA-121 significantly reduced the phosphorylated ERK, JNK, c-Jun, and CREB levels. These results strongly suggest that the KCa3.1 activator may suppress IL-10-induced tumor immune surveillance escape and IL-8-induced tumorigenicity and metastasis by inhibiting their production from TAMs through ERK-CREB and JNK-c-Jun cascades.
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59
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V Ganesh G, Ganesan K, Xu B, Ramkumar KM. Nrf2 driven macrophage responses in diverse pathophysiological contexts: Disparate pieces from a shared molecular puzzle. Biofactors 2022; 48:795-812. [PMID: 35618963 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The wide anatomical distribution of macrophages and their vast array of functions match various polarization states and their involvement in homeostasis and disease. The confluence of different cellular signaling networks, including direct involvement in inflammation, at the doorstep of the transcription factor Nuclear Factor- erythroid (NF-E2) p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation raises the importance of deciphering the molecular circuitry at the background of multiple-discrete and antagonistic yet flexible and contextual pathways. While we primarily focus on wound healing and repair mechanisms that are affected in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), we strive to explore the striking similarities and differences in molecular events including inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis during tissue injury and wound persistence that accumulates pro-inflammatory senescent macrophages, as a means to identify possible targets or cellular mediators to lessen DFU disease burden. In addition, the role of iron in the modulation of Nrf2 response in macrophages is crucial and reviewed here. Targeted approaches, unlike conventional treatments, in DFU management will require the review and re-assessment of mediators with relevance to other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham V Ganesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumar Ganesan
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Programme, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Kunka Mohanram Ramkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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60
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Guo FF, Meng FG, Zhang XN, Zeng T. Spermidine inhibits LPS-induced pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages by acting on Nrf2 signaling but not autophagy. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Kwiatkowska I, Hermanowicz JM, Iwinska Z, Kowalczuk K, Iwanowska J, Pawlak D. Zebrafish—An Optimal Model in Experimental Oncology. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134223. [PMID: 35807468 PMCID: PMC9268704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A thorough understanding of cancer pathogenesis is a necessary step in the development of more effective and safer therapy. However, due to the complexity of the process and intricate interactions, studying tumor development is an extremely difficult and challenging task. In bringing this issue closer, different scientific models with various advancement levels are helpful. Cell cultures is a system that is too simple and does not allow for multidirectional research. On the other hand, rodent models, although commonly used, are burdened with several limitations. For this reason, new model organisms that will allow for the studying of carcinogenesis stages and factors reliably involved in them are urgently sought after. Danio rerio, an inconspicuous fish endowed with unique features, is gaining in importance in the world of scientific research. Including it in oncological research brings solutions to many challenges afflicting modern medicine. This article aims to illustrate the usefulness of Danio rerio as a model organism which turns out to be a powerful and unique tool for studying the stages of carcinogenesis and solving the hitherto incomprehensible processes that lead to the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Kwiatkowska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (Z.I.); (J.I.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +48-8574-856-01
| | - Justyna Magdalena Hermanowicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (Z.I.); (J.I.); (D.P.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Zaneta Iwinska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (Z.I.); (J.I.); (D.P.)
| | - Krystyna Kowalczuk
- Department of Integrated Medical Care, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M Skłodowskiej-Curie 7A, 15-096 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Iwanowska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (Z.I.); (J.I.); (D.P.)
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (Z.I.); (J.I.); (D.P.)
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Zhang YY, Yao YD, Chen F, Guo X, Kang JL, Huang YF, He F, Dong Y, Xie Y, Wu P, Zhou H. (9S,13R)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid attenuates inflammation by inhibiting mPGES-1 and modulating macrophage polarization via NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106310. [PMID: 35714824 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) relieve inflammation by suppressing prostaglandin E2/cyclooxygenase 2 (PGE2/COX-2) with cardiovascular and gastrointestinal bleeding risk. Theoretically, suppressing PGE2 through inhibiting the terminal synthase microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) instead of upstream COX-2 is ideal for inflammation. Here, (9S,13R)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (AA-24) extracted from Artemisia anomala was first screened as an anti-inflammatory candidate and decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), mPGES-1, and PGE2 without affecting COX-1/2, thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2). Besides, AA-24 suppressed the differentiation of M0 macrophages to M1 phenotype but enhanced it to M2 phenotype, blocked the activation of NF-κB pathway, and increased the activation of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Moreover, AA-24 selectively inhibited mPGES-1 and reduced inflamed paw edema in carrageenan-induced mice. In conclusion, AA-24 attenuates inflammation by inhibiting mPGES-1 and modulating macrophage polarization via the NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways and could be a promising candidate for developing anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yu Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Yun-Da Yao
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Fang Chen
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Xin Guo
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Jun-Li Kang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Yu-Feng Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Fan He
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Yan Dong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Ying Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China.
| | - Peng Wu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
| | - Hua Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China.
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63
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Wang WM, Shen H, Liu ZN, Chen YY, Hou LJ, Ding Y. Interaction between tumor microenvironment, autophagy, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tumor progression. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 32:100592. [PMID: 35728404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is the ecosystem surrounding a tumor to influence tumor cells' growth, metastasis and immunological battlefield, in which the tumor systems fight against the body system. TME has been considered as the essential link between the tumorigenesis and development of neoplasm. Both nutrients intake and tumor progression to malignancy require the participation of components in TME. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key step in the metastasis of tumor cells. Cells that lost polarity and acquired migration ability are prone to metastasize. Autophagy is an important self-protective mechanism in tumor cells and a necessity for the tumor cells to respond to harmful stress. Protective autophagy benefits tumor cells while abnormal autophagy leads to cell injury or death. EMT and autophagy are directly regulated by TME. To date, there are numerous studies on TME, autophagy and EMT separately, but few on their complex interrelationships. This review aims to comprehensively analyze the existing mechanisms and convincing evidence so far to seek novel therapeutic strategies and research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Hua Shen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Zi-Ning Liu
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Li-Jun Hou
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
| | - Yi Ding
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
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Li M, He L, Zhu J, Zhang P, Liang S. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages for cancer treatment. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:85. [PMID: 35672862 PMCID: PMC9172100 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundant, nearly accounting for 30–50% of stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. TAMs exhibit an immunosuppressive M2-like phenotype in advanced cancer, which plays a crucial role in tumor growth, invasion and migration, angiogenesis and immunosuppression. Consequently, the TAM-targeting therapies are particularly of significance in anti-cancer strategies. The application of TAMs as anti-cancer targets is expected to break through traditional tumor-associated therapies and achieves favorable clinical effect. However, the heterogeneity of TAMs makes the strategy of targeting TAMs variable and uncertain. Discovering the subset specificity of TAMs might be a future option for targeting TAMs therapy. Herein, the review focuses on highlighting the different modalities to modulate TAM’s functions, including promoting the phagocytosis of TAMs, TAMs depletion, blocking TAMs recruitment, TAMs reprogramming and suppressing immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We also discuss about several ways to improve the efficacy of TAM-targeting therapy from the perspective of combination therapy and specificity of TAMs subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Linye He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China.,Department of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shufang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundant, nearly accounting for 30-50% of stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. TAMs exhibit an immunosuppressive M2-like phenotype in advanced cancer, which plays a crucial role in tumor growth, invasion and migration, angiogenesis and immunosuppression. Consequently, the TAM-targeting therapies are particularly of significance in anti-cancer strategies. The application of TAMs as anti-cancer targets is expected to break through traditional tumor-associated therapies and achieves favorable clinical effect. However, the heterogeneity of TAMs makes the strategy of targeting TAMs variable and uncertain. Discovering the subset specificity of TAMs might be a future option for targeting TAMs therapy. Herein, the review focuses on highlighting the different modalities to modulate TAM's functions, including promoting the phagocytosis of TAMs, TAMs depletion, blocking TAMs recruitment, TAMs reprogramming and suppressing immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We also discuss about several ways to improve the efficacy of TAM-targeting therapy from the perspective of combination therapy and specificity of TAMs subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Linye He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China
- Department of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shufang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, 3rd Section of People's South Road, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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Pal AK, Sharma P, Zia A, Siwan D, Nandave D, Nandave M, Gautam RK. Metabolomics and EMT Markers of Breast Cancer: A Crosstalk and Future Perspective. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022; 29:200-222. [PMID: 35736645 PMCID: PMC9230911 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo transient EMT and MET phenomena or vice versa, along with the parallel interplay of various markers, often correlated as the determining factor in decoding metabolic profiling of breast cancers. Moreover, various cancer signaling pathways and metabolic changes occurring in breast cancer cells modulate the expression of such markers to varying extents. The existing research completed so far considers the expression of such markers as determinants regulating the invasiveness and survival of breast cancer cells. Therefore, this manuscript is crosstalk among the expression levels of such markers and their correlation in regulating the aggressiveness and invasiveness of breast cancer. We also attempted to cover the possible EMT-based metabolic targets to retard migration and invasion of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Pal
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India; (A.K.P.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Prateek Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India; (A.K.P.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Alishan Zia
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India; (A.K.P.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Deepali Siwan
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India; (A.K.P.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Dipali Nandave
- Department of Dravyaguna, Karmavir V. T. Randhir Ayurved College, Boradi 425428, India;
| | - Mukesh Nandave
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India; (A.K.P.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.N.); (R.K.G.)
| | - Rupesh K. Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology, MM School of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Ambala 134007, India
- Correspondence: (M.N.); (R.K.G.)
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Sfogliarini C, Pepe G, Dolce A, Della Torre S, Cesta MC, Allegretti M, Locati M, Vegeto E. Tamoxifen Twists Again: On and Off-Targets in Macrophages and Infections. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879020. [PMID: 35431927 PMCID: PMC9006819 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond the wide use of tamoxifen in breast cancer chemotherapy due to its estrogen receptor antagonist activity, this drug is being assayed in repurposing strategies against a number of microbial infections. We conducted a literature search on the evidence related with tamoxifen activity in macrophages, since these immune cells participate as a first line-defense against pathogen invasion. Consistent data indicate the existence of estrogen receptor-independent targets of tamoxifen in macrophages that include lipid mediators and signaling pathways, such as NRF2 and caspase-1, which allow these cells to undergo phenotypic adaptation and potentiate the inflammatory response, without the induction of cell death. Thus, these lines of evidence suggest that the widespread antimicrobial activity of this drug can be ascribed, at least in part, to the potentiation of the host innate immunity. This widens our understanding of the pharmacological activity of tamoxifen with relevant therapeutic implications for infections and other clinical indications that may benefit from the immunomodulatory effects of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sfogliarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pepe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Dolce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Della Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Massimo Locati
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Vegeto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Gall Trošelj K, Tomljanović M, Jaganjac M, Matijević Glavan T, Čipak Gašparović A, Milković L, Borović Šunjić S, Buttari B, Profumo E, Saha S, Saso L, Žarković N. Oxidative Stress and Cancer Heterogeneity Orchestrate NRF2 Roles Relevant for Therapy Response. Molecules 2022; 27:1468. [PMID: 35268568 PMCID: PMC8912061 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and its end-products, such as 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), initiate activation of the Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2)/Kelch Like ECH Associated Protein 1 (KEAP1) signaling pathway that plays a crucial role in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis. However, an involvement of 4-HNE and NRF2 in processes associated with the initiation of cancer, its progression, and response to therapy includes numerous, highly complex events. They occur through interactions between cancer and stromal cells. These events are dependent on many cell-type specific features. They start with the extent of NRF2 binding to its cytoplasmic repressor, KEAP1, and extend to the permissiveness of chromatin for transcription of Antioxidant Response Element (ARE)-containing genes that are NRF2 targets. This review will explore epigenetic molecular mechanisms of NRF2 transcription through the specific molecular anatomy of its promoter. It will explain the role of NRF2 in cancer stem cells, with respect to cancer therapy resistance. Additionally, it also discusses NRF2 involvement at the cross-roads of communication between tumor associated inflammatory and stromal cells, which is also an important factor involved in the response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koraljka Gall Trošelj
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marko Tomljanović
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Morana Jaganjac
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress (LabOS), Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.J.); (A.Č.G.); (L.M.); (S.B.Š.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Tanja Matijević Glavan
- Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ana Čipak Gašparović
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress (LabOS), Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.J.); (A.Č.G.); (L.M.); (S.B.Š.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Lidija Milković
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress (LabOS), Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.J.); (A.Č.G.); (L.M.); (S.B.Š.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Suzana Borović Šunjić
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress (LabOS), Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.J.); (A.Č.G.); (L.M.); (S.B.Š.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Brigitta Buttari
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (E.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Elisabetta Profumo
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (E.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Sarmistha Saha
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (E.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Neven Žarković
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress (LabOS), Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.J.); (A.Č.G.); (L.M.); (S.B.Š.); (N.Ž.)
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Guan D, Zhou W, Wei H, Wang T, Zheng K, Yang C, Feng R, Xu R, Fu Y, Li C, Li Y, Li C. Ferritinophagy-Mediated Ferroptosis and Activation of Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway Were Conducive to EMT Inhibition of Gastric Cancer Cells in Action of 2,2'-Di-pyridineketone Hydrazone Dithiocarbamate Butyric Acid Ester. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3920664. [PMID: 35237380 PMCID: PMC8885181 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3920664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In metastasis of cancer cells, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is prerequired. Ferroptosis is an iron-mediated cellular death process, but whether it involves EMT regulation remains elusive. In addition, how stress responders (Nrf2) respond to the redox alteration and cross-talking between them needs to be determined. Our data revealed that DpdtbA (2,2'-di-pyridineketone hydrazone dithiocarbamate butyric acid ester) resisted TGF-β1-induced EMT in gastric cancer lines (SGC-7901 and MGC-823) through ferritinophagy-mediated ROS production. Furthermore, the depletion of Gpx4 and xCT as well as enhanced lipid peroxidation indicated that DpdtbA acted as Erastin did in ferroptosis induction, which thus provided chance to explore the causal relationship between ferroptosis and EMT. Our data illustrated that ferritinophagy-mediated ferroptosis promoted the EMT inhibition. In addition, activated Nrf2 involved the regulation on both ferroptosis and EMT in response to the alteration in the cellular redox environment. In brief, ferritinophagy-mediated ferroptosis and activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway were conducive to the EMT inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- College of Basic Medical Science, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- College of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China 453003
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Basic Medical Science, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Huiping Wei
- College of Basic Medical Science, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Experimental Teaching Center of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Kangwei Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chunjie Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Experimental Teaching Center of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Ruifang Xu
- Experimental Teaching Center of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yun Fu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China 453003
| | - Cuiping Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China 453003
| | - Yongli Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Changzheng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- College of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China 453003
- Experimental Teaching Center of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Okikawa S, Morine Y, Saito Y, Yamada S, Tokuda K, Teraoku H, Miyazaki K, Yamashita S, Ikemoto T, Imura S, Shimada M. Inhibition of the VEGF signaling pathway attenuates tumor‑associated macrophage activity in liver cancer. Oncol Rep 2022; 47:71. [PMID: 35169858 PMCID: PMC8867251 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophage (TAMs) are paramount for tumor progression and immune tolerance in the tumor microenvironment of various types of cancer, including liver cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibition on TAM polarization and function during their interactions with macrophages and liver cancer cells. TAMs were induced by culturing M0 macrophages with cancer cell-conditioned medium. TAMs cultured with cancer cell-conditioned medium and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor were defined as modified TAMs, and the expression levels of TAM-associated markers and VEGF receptor 2 were evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The effects of TAMs and modified TAMs on cancer cell proliferation and migration were investigated using conditioned medium. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) mRNA expression in modified TAMs and cancer cells cultured in modified TAM-conditioned medium (TAM-CM) for 48 h was examined using RT-qPCR. In order to investigate signaling pathways in macrophages, western blot analysis was performed. CD163 and CD206 and M2 macrophage marker expression was upregulated in TAMs and modified TAMs. Modified TAM-CM exhibited a decreased ability to promote cancer cell proliferation and migration in comparison with the use of TAM-CM. The VEGF concentration was significantly higher in the TAMs than in M0 macrophages; however, the modified TAMs displayed a significantly lower VEGF secretion than TAMs. PD-L1 expression was decreased in modified TAMs as compared with TAMs. Western blot analysis revealed that the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was significantly suppressed in the modified TAMs compared with TAMs. It was observed that TAMs cultured in a VEGF-depleted environment displayed lower secretion levels of cytokines involved in tumor progression and a decreased immune tolerance-inducing ability. On the whole, the results of the present study suggested that VEGF inhibition in TAMs may be a potential therapeutic target for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Okikawa
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Yu Saito
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tokuda
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoku
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Katsuki Miyazaki
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Shoko Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Satoru Imura
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
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Nishizawa H, Yamanaka M, Igarashi K. Ferroptosis: regulation by competition between NRF2 and BACH1 and propagation of the death signal. FEBS J 2022; 290:1688-1704. [PMID: 35107212 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is triggered by a chain of intracellular labile iron-dependent peroxidation of cell membrane phospholipids. Ferroptosis is important not only as a cause of ischaemic and neurodegenerative diseases but also as a mechanism of cancer suppression, and a better understanding of its regulatory mechanism is required. It has become clear that ferroptosis is finely controlled by two oxidative stress-responsive transcription factors, NRF2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) and BACH1 (BTB and CNC homology 1). NRF2 and BACH1 inhibit and promote ferroptosis, respectively, by activating or suppressing the expression of genes in the major regulatory pathways of ferroptosis: intracellular labile iron metabolism, the GSH (glutathione) -GPX4 (glutathione peroxidase 4) pathway and the FSP1 (ferroptosis suppressor protein 1)-CoQ (coenzyme Q) pathway. In addition to this, NRF2 and BACH1 control ferroptosis through the regulation of lipid metabolism and cell differentiation. This multifaceted regulation of ferroptosis by NRF2 and BACH1 is considered to have been acquired during the evolution of multicellular organisms, allowing the utilization of ferroptosis for maintaining homeostasis, including cancer suppression. In terms of cell-cell interaction, it has been revealed that ferroptosis has the property of propagating to surrounding cells along with lipid peroxidation. The regulation of ferroptosis by NRF2 and BACH1 and the propagation phenomenon could be used to realize anticancer cell therapy in the future. In this review, these points will be summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironari Nishizawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mie Yamanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Zhou Q, Liang J, Yang T, Liu J, Li B, Li Y, Fan Z, Wang W, Chen W, Yuan S, Xu M, Xu Q, Luan Z, Xia Z, Zhou P, Huang Y, Chen L. Carfilzomib modulates tumor microenvironment to potentiate immune checkpoint therapy for cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14502. [PMID: 34898004 PMCID: PMC8749493 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Impressive clinical benefit is seen in clinic with PD-1 inhibitors on portion of cancer patients. Yet, there remains an urgent need to develop effective synergizers to expand their clinical application. Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM), a type of M2-polarized macrophage, eliminates or suppresses T-cell-mediated anti-tumor responses. Transforming TAMs into M1 macrophages is an attractive strategy of anti-tumor therapy. Here, we conducted a high-throughput screening and found that Carfilzomib potently drove M2 macrophages to express M1 cytokines, phagocytose tumor cells, and present antigens to T cells. Mechanistically, Carfilzomib elicited unfolded protein response (UPR), activated IRE1α to recruit TRAF2, and activated NF-κB to transcribe genes encoding M1 markers in M2 macrophages. In vivo, Carfilzomib effectively rewired tumor microenvironment through reprogramming TAMs into M1-like macrophages and shrank autochthonous lung cancers in transgenic mouse model. More importantly, Carfilzomib synergized with PD-1 antibody to almost completely regress autochthonous lung cancers. Given the safety profiles of Carfilzomib in clinic, our work suggested a potentially immediate application of combinational treatment with Carfilzomib and PD-1 inhibitors for patients with solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular BiologyInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinxia Liang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular BiologyInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular BiologyInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular BiologyInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular BiologyInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic DiseasesGuangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineCollege of Chinese Medicine ResearchGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yingchang Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular BiologyInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhenzhen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular BiologyInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Weida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular BiologyInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated HospitalJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Sujing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated HospitalJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qigui Xu
- Translational medicine laboratoryPeople’s Hospital of Yangjiang CityGuangdongChina
| | - Zhidong Luan
- Translational medicine laboratoryPeople’s Hospital of Yangjiang CityGuangdongChina
| | - Zhongjun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Penghui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Yadong Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated HospitalJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Okano H, Takashima K, Takahashi Y, Ojiro R, Tang Q, Ozawa S, Ogawa B, Koyanagi M, Maronpot RR, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Ameliorating effect of continuous alpha-glycosyl isoquercitrin treatment starting from late gestation in a rat autism model induced by postnatal injection of lipopolysaccharides. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109767. [PMID: 34863679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of neuroinflammation and brain oxidative stress induced by neonatal treatment with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-like behaviors and disruptive hippocampal neurogenesis in rats by exploring the chemopreventive effects of alpha-glycosyl isoquercitrin (AGIQ) as an antioxidant. AGIQ was dietary administered to dams at 0.25% or 0.5% (w/w) from gestational day 18 until postnatal day (PND) 21 on weaning and then to pups until the adult stage on PND 77. The pups were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (1 mg/kg body weight) on PND 3. At PND 6, LPS alone increased Iba1+ and CD68+ cell numbers without changing the CD163+ cell number and strongly upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression (Il1a, Il1b, Il6, Nfkb1, and Tnf) in the hippocampus, and increased brain malondialdehyde levels. At PND 10, pups decreased ultrasonic vocalization (USV), suggesting the induction of pro-inflammatory responses and oxidative stress to trigger communicative deficits. By contrast, LPS alone upregulated Nfe2l2 expression at PND 6, increased Iba1+, CD68+, and CD163+ cell numbers, and upregulated Tgfb1 at PND 21, suggesting anti-inflammatory responses until the weaning period. However, LPS alone disrupted hippocampal neurogenesis at weaning and suppressed social interaction parameters and rate of freezing time at fear acquisition and extinction during the adolescent stage. On PND 77, neuroinflammatory responses had mostly disappeared; however, disruptive neurogenesis and fear memory deficits were sustained. AGIQ ameliorated most changes on acute pro-inflammatory responses and oxidative stress at PND 6, and the effects on USVs at PND 10 and neurogenesis and behavioral parameters throughout the adult stage. These results suggested that neonatal LPS treatment induced acute but transient neuroinflammation, triggering the progressive disruption of hippocampal neurogenesis leading to abnormal behaviors in later life. AGIQ treatment was effective for ameliorating LPS-induced progressive changes by critically suppressing initial pro-inflammatory responses and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Okano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Kazumi Takashima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Takahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Ryota Ojiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Qian Tang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Ozawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Bunichiro Ogawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Mihoko Koyanagi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-8588, Japan.
| | - Robert R Maronpot
- Maronpot Consulting, LLC, 1612 Medfield Road, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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74
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Ahmed O, Xu M, Zhou F, Wein AN, Upadhya GA, Ye L, Wong BW, Lin Y, O'Farrelly C, Chapman WC. NRF2 assessment in discarded liver allografts: A role in allograft function and salvage. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:58-70. [PMID: 34379880 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant defence mechanisms, such as the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related-factor-2 (NRF2) axis, are integral to oxidative stress responses and ischemic injury. Hepatic antioxidant capacity is contingent on parenchymal quality, and there is a need to develop new insights into key molecular mechanisms in marginal liver allografts that might provide therapeutic targets. This study examines the clinical relevance of NRF2 in donor livers and its response to normothermic machine perfusion (NMP). Discarded donor livers (n = 40) were stratified into a high NRF2 and low NRF2 group by quantifying NRF2 expression. High NRF2 livers had significantly lower transaminase levels, hepatic vascular inflammation and peri-portal CD3+ T cell infiltration. Human liver allografts (n = 8) were then exposed to 6-h of NMP and high NRF2 livers had significantly reduced liver enzyme alterations and improved lactate clearance. To investigate these findings further, we used a rat fatty-liver model, treating livers with an NRF2 agonist during NMP. Treated livers had increased NRF2 expression and reduced transaminase derangements following NMP compared to vehicle control. These results support the association of elevated NRF2 expression with improved liver function. Targeting this axis could have a rationale in future studies and NRF2 agonists may represent a supplemental treatment strategy for rescuing marginal donor livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Fangyu Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander N Wein
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gundumi A Upadhya
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brian W Wong
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yiing Lin
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - William C Chapman
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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75
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Role of Nrf2 in Pancreatic Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010098. [PMID: 35052602 PMCID: PMC8773052 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic tumors are a serious health problem with a 7% mortality rate worldwide. Inflammatory processes and oxidative stress play important roles in the development of pancreatic diseases/cancer. To maintain homeostasis, a balance between free radicals and the antioxidant system is essential. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2/NFE2L2 (Nrf2) and its negative regulator Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 (Keap1) provide substantial protection against damage induced by oxidative stress, and a growing body of evidence points to the canonical and noncanonical Nrf2 signaling pathway as a pharmacological target in the treatment of pancreatic diseases. In this review, we present updated evidence on the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway and its importance in pancreatic cancer. Our review covers potential modulators of canonical and noncanonical pathway modulation mechanisms that may have a positive effect on the therapeutic response. Finally, we describe some interesting recent discoveries of novel treatments related to the antioxidant system for pancreatic cancer, including natural or synthetic compounds with therapeutic properties.
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76
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Kang IS, Kim RI, Kim C. Carbon Monoxide Regulates Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization toward the M2 Phenotype through Upregulation of Heme Oxygenase 1. Cells 2021; 10:3444. [PMID: 34943953 PMCID: PMC8700076 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is generated by heme oxygenase (HO), and HO-1 is highly induced in monocytes and macrophages upon stimulation. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages, including pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) cells, in response to environmental signals. The present study investigated whether CO modulates macrophage differentiation and polarization, by applying the CO-releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3). Results showed that murine bone marrow cells are differentiated into macrophages by CORM-3 in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor. CORM-3 increases expressions of macrophage markers, including F4/80 and CD11b, and alters the cell morphology into elongated spindle-shaped cells, which is a typical morphology of M2 cells. CORM-3 upregulates the expressions of genes and molecules involved in M2 polarization and M2 phenotype markers, such as STAT6, PPARγ, Ym1, Fizz1, arginase-1, and IL-10. However, exposure to CORM-3 inhibits the iNOS expression, suggesting that CO enhances macrophage differentiation and polarization toward M2. Increased HO-1 expression is observed in differentiated macrophages, and CORM-3 further increases this expression. Hemin, an HO-1 inducer, results in increased macrophage differentiation, whereas the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX inhibits differentiation. In addition, CORM-3 increases the proportion of macrophages in peritoneal exudate cells and enhances the expression of HO-1 and arginase-1 but inhibits iNOS. Taken together, these results suggest that the abundantly produced CO in activated macrophages enhances proliferation, differentiation, and polarization toward M2. It will probably help clear apoptotic cells, resolve inflammation, and promote wound healing and tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Soon Kang
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (I.-S.K.); (R.-I.K.)
| | - Rang-Ie Kim
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (I.-S.K.); (R.-I.K.)
| | - Chaekyun Kim
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (I.-S.K.); (R.-I.K.)
- BK21 Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Convergent Research Center for Metabolism and Immunoregulation, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
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77
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Guan Y, Wang J, Wu X, Song L, Wang Y, Gong M, Li B. Quercetin reverses chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression-like behavior in vivo by involving nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2. Brain Res 2021; 1772:147661. [PMID: 34529966 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonoid compound rich in many natural plants with a wide range of pharmacological effects and nutritional value. Although previous studies have initially shown the antidepressant effect of quercetin in some models. However, the exact mechanism of the antidepressant effect of quercetin on the depression model induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) is still unclear or has not been clearly elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the antidepressant effect of quercetin in vivo on a CUMS-induced depression model that is closest to human depression, and to explore its mechanism of action around nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) related signaling pathways, for the first time. Our results demonstrated that CUMS for 21 consecutive days caused significant decreases in the sucrose preference, and the horizontal score and vertical score in the open field test of mice respectively by 22.6%, 34.4%, and 66.6% (all P < 0.01), and a significant increase in the immobility time during the forced swimming test by 110.5% (P < 0.01), but fortunately, after chronic oral administration of high dose quercetin at 40 mg/kg, the abnormalities of the above indicators were significantly reversed by 26.2%, 40.1%, 152.7%, 43.5% (all P < 0.01). Further western blot analysis showed that CUMS caused the phosphorylation or expression levels of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) proteins in the hippocampus of mice to significantly down-regulate by 60.0%, 72.1%, 90.0% and 50.1% (all P < 0.01), while after chronic oral administration of high dose quercetin at 40 mg/kg, the abnormalities of these proteins were significantly up-regulated by 85.8%, 182.0%, 325.1% and 60.3% (all P < 0.01). In addition, CUMS also caused significant reduction in the levels of antioxidants including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-s transferase (GST) in the mice hippocampus by 51.3%, 40.3% (both P < 0.01), while after chronic oral administration of high dose quercetin at 40 mg/kg, the abnormalities of the above indicators were significantly reversed by 69.2% and 49.5% (both P < 0.01), as well as significant elevation in the levels of lipid peroxide malondialdehyde (MDA), inflammation medium nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by 156.4%, 255.4% and 72.7% (all P < 0.01), while after chronic oral administration of high dose quercetin at 40 mg/kg, the abnormalities of the above indicators were significantly reversed by 45.9%, 26.8% and 55.2% (all P < 0.01). The medium dose of quercetin (20 mg/kg) only reversed some of the above indicators, while the low dose of quercetin (10 mg/kg) had no reversal effect on the above indicators. Collectively, the present study confirmed for the first time that quercetin weakened CUMS-induced depression in vivo, and its mechanism was at least partially attributable to the upregulation of hippocampal Nrf2 and the inhibition of iNOS, thereby correcting the central inflammatory response, and the imbalance between oxidation and antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechen Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Junming Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lingling Song
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Mingzhu Gong
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Bingyin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Alterations of non-coding RNA expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in colorectal cancer tissue: Possible crosstalk with macrophage polarization. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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79
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Takasu C, Yamashita S, Morine Y, Yoshikawa K, Tokunaga T, Nishi M, Kashihara H, Yoshimoto T, Shimada M. The role of the immunoescape in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259940. [PMID: 34797860 PMCID: PMC8604373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) indicate the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC), but are less useful for monitoring the efficacy of therapy of CRC liver metastasis (CRLM). This study investigated the effects of immune molecules on the prognosis of CRLM. We enrolled 71 patients with CRLM who underwent curative resection for CRC. We used immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of PD-1, PD-L1, indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and CD163 (a marker of tumor-associated macrophages [TAMs]) in metastatic tumors. The immune molecules PD-1, PD-L1, IDO, and TAMs were expressed in 32.3%, 47.8%, 45.0%, and 47.9% of metastatic CRC samples, respectively. The 5-year overall survival rates associated with immune molecule-positive groups were significantly better than in the negative groups (PD-1: 87.7% vs 53.2%, p = 0.023; PD-L1: 82.4% vs 42.3%, p = 0.007; IDO: 80.7% vs 43.5%, p = 0.007; TAMs: 82.6% vs 48.0%, p = 0.005). Multivariate analysis revealed PD-1 expression (p = 0.032, hazard ratio: 0.19), IDO expression (p = 0.049, hazard ratio: 0.37), and tumor differentiation (p<0.001, hazard ratio: 0.02) as independent prognostic indicators. PD-1 and TAMs in metastases were associated with less aggressive features such as smaller tumors. Furthermore, TAMs positively and significantly correlated with PD-1 expression (p = 0.011), PD-L1 expression (p = 0.024), and tended to correlate with IDO expression (p = 0.078). PD-1, PD-L1, IDO, and TAMs in CRLM were associated with less aggressive features and better prognosis of patients with CRC, indicating adaptive antitumor immunity vs immune tolerance. These molecules may therefore serve as prognostic markers for CRLM.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- B7-H1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms
- Colorectal Neoplasms/complications
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Diagnostic Tests, Routine
- Female
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Japan
- Liver/cytology
- Liver Neoplasms
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Metastasis/immunology
- Neoplasm Metastasis/physiopathology
- Prognosis
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Rectal Neoplasms
- Transcriptome/genetics
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/immunology
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shoko Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kozo Yoshikawa
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takuya Tokunaga
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nishi
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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80
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Anthrahydroquinone-2-6-disulfonate is a novel, powerful antidote for paraquat poisoning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20159. [PMID: 34635711 PMCID: PMC8505516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a widely used fast-acting pyridine herbicide. Accidental ingestion or self-administration via various routes can cause severe organ damage. Currently, no effective antidote is available commercially, and the mortality rate of poisoned patients is exceptionally high. Here, the efficacy of anthrahydroquinone-2-6-disulfonate (AH2QDS) was observed in treating PQ poisoning by constructing in vivo and ex vivo models. We then explored the detoxification mechanism of AH2QDS. We demonstrated that, in a rat model, the PQ concentration in the PQ + AH2QDS group significantly decreased compared to the PQ only group. Additionally, AH2QDS protected the mitochondria of rats and A549 cells and decreased oxidative stress damage, thus improving animal survival and cell viability. Finally, the differentially expressed genes were analysed in the PQ + AH2QDS group and the PQ group by NextGen sequencing, and we verified that Nrf2's expression in the PQ + AH2QDS group was significantly higher than that in the PQ group. Our work identified that AH2QDS can detoxify PQ by reducing PQ uptake and protecting mitochondria while enhancing the body's antioxidant activity.
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81
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Mu G, Zhu Y, Dong Z, Shi L, Deng Y, Li H. Calmodulin 2 Facilitates Angiogenesis and Metastasis of Gastric Cancer via STAT3/HIF-1A/VEGF-A Mediated Macrophage Polarization. Front Oncol 2021; 11:727306. [PMID: 34604066 PMCID: PMC8479158 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.727306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are indispensable to mediating the connections between cells in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we intended to research the function and mechanism of Calmodulin2 (CALM2) in gastric cancer (GC)-TAM microenvironment. Materials and methods CALM2 expression in GC tissues and GC cells was determined through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlation between CALM2 level and the survival rate of GC patients was assessed. The CALM2 overexpression or knockdown model was constructed to evaluate its role in GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. THP1 cells or HUVECs were co-cultured with the conditioned medium of GC cells. Tubule formation experiment was done to examine the angiogenesis of endothelial cells. The proliferation, migration, and polarization of THP1 cells were measured. A xenograft model was set up in BALB/c male nude mice to study CALM2x’s effects on tumor growth and lung metastasis in vivo. Western Blot (WB) checked the profile of JAK2/STAT3/HIF-1/VEGFA in GC tissues and cells. Results In GC tissues and cell lines, CALM2 expression was elevated and positively relevant to the poor prognosis of GC patients. In in-vitro experiments, CALM2 overexpression or knockdown could facilitate or curb the proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of HUVECs and M2 polarization of THP1 cells. In in-vivo experiments, CALM2 boosted tumor growth and lung metastasis. Mechanically, CALM2 could arouse the JAK2/STAT3/HIF-1/VEGFA signaling. It was also discovered that JAK2 and HIF-1A inhibition could attenuate the promoting effects of CALM2 on GC, HUVECs cells, and macrophages. Conclusion CALM2 modulates the JAK2/STAT3/HIF-1/VEGFA axis and bolsters macrophage polarization, thus facilitating GC metastasis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Mu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yijie Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zehua Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lang Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunchao Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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82
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Guo ZS, Qu Z. PDLIM2: Signaling pathways and functions in cancer suppression and host immunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188630. [PMID: 34571051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PDZ and LIM domains-containing proteins play pivotal functions in cell cytoskeleton organization, cell polarization and differentiation. As a key member of the family, PDLIM2 regulates stability and activity of transcription factors such as NF-κB, STATs and β-catenin, and thus exert it functions in inflammation, immunity, and cancer. PDLIM2 functions as a tumor suppressor in multiple tissues and it is often genetically mutated or epigenetically silenced in human cancers derived from lung, breast, ovarian and other histologies. However, in certain types of cancers, PDLIM2 may promote cancer cell proliferation and metastases. Therefore, PDLIM2 is added to a long list of genes that can function as tumor suppressor or oncogenic protein. During tumorigenesis induced by oncogenic viruses, PDLIM2 is a key target. Through promotion of NF-κB/RelA and STAT3 degradation, PDLIM2 enhances expression of proteins involved in antigen presentation and promotes T-cell activation while repressing multidrug resistance genes, thereby rendering mutated cells susceptible to immune surveillance and cytotoxicity mediated by immune cells and chemotherapeutic drugs. Intriguingly, PDLIM2 in alveolar macrophages (AMs) plays key roles in monitoring lung tumorigenesis, as its selective genetic deletion leads to constitutive activation of STAT3, driving monocyte differentiation to AMs with pro-tumorigenic polarization and activation. PDLIM2 has also been explored as a therapeutic target for cancer therapy. At the end of this review, we provide perspectives on this important molecule and discuss the future directions of both basic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Sheng Guo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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83
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Interplay of Immunometabolism and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189878. [PMID: 34576042 PMCID: PMC8466075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells are the key hallmarks of tumor metastasis. Since the relationship between the two has been well studied, researchers have gained increasing interest in the interplay of cancer cell EMT and immune metabolic changes. Whether the mutual influences between them could provide novel explanations for immune surveillance during metastasis is worth understanding. Here, we review the role of immunometabolism in the regulatory loop between tumor-infiltrating immune cells and EMT. We also discuss the challenges and perspectives of targeting immunometabolism in cancer treatment.
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84
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Gao L, Morine Y, Yamada S, Saito Y, Ikemoto T, Tokuda K, Takasu C, Miyazaki K, Shimada M. Nrf2 signaling promotes cancer stemness, migration, and expression of ABC transporter genes in sorafenib-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256755. [PMID: 34473785 PMCID: PMC8412368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim As a multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor, sorafenib is widely used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but patients frequently face resistance problems. Because the mechanism controlling sorafenib-resistance is not well understood, this study focused on the connection between tumor characteristics and the Nrf2 signaling pathway in a sorafenib-resistant HCC cell line. Methods A sorafenib-resistant HCC cell line (Huh7) was developed by increasing the dose of sorafenib in the culture medium until the target concentration was reached. Cell morphology, migration/invasion rates, and expression of stemness-related and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes were compared between sorafenib-resistant Huh7 cells and parental Huh7 cells. Next, a small interfering RNA was used to knock down Nrf2 expression in sorafenib-resistant Huh7 cells, after which cell viability, stemness, migration, and ABC transporter gene expression were examined again. Results Proliferation, migration, and invasion rates of sorafenib-resistant Huh7 cells were significantly increased relative to the parental cells with or without sorafenib added to the medium. The expression levels of stemness markers and ABC transporter genes were up-regulated in sorafenib-resistant cells. After Nrf2 was knocked down in sorafenib-resistant cells, cell migration and invasion rates were reduced, and expression levels of stemness markers and ABC transporter genes were reduced. Conclusion Nrf2 signaling promotes cancer stemness, migration, and expression of ABC transporter genes in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Gao
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shinichiro Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yu Saito
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tokuda
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Katsuki Miyazaki
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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85
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Zhang D, Hou Z, Aldrich KE, Lockwood L, Odom AL, Liby KT. A Novel Nrf2 Pathway Inhibitor Sensitizes Keap1-Mutant Lung Cancer Cells to Chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1692-1701. [PMID: 34158350 PMCID: PMC9936621 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-Keap1-ARE pathway, a master regulator of oxidative stress, has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy. Mutations in NFE2L2, KEAP1, and related genes have been found in many human cancers, especially lung cancer. These mutations lead to constitutive activation of the Nrf2 pathway, which promotes proliferation of cancer cells and their resistance to chemotherapies. Small molecules that inhibit the Nrf2 pathway are needed to arrest tumor growth and overcome chemoresistance in Nrf2-addicted cancers. Here, we identified a novel small molecule, MSU38225, which can suppress Nrf2 pathway activity. MSU38225 downregulates Nrf2 transcriptional activity and decreases the expression of Nrf2 downstream targets, including NQO1, GCLC, GCLM, AKR1C2, and UGT1A6. MSU38225 strikingly decreases the protein level of Nrf2, which can be blocked by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Ubiquitination of Nrf2 is enhanced following treatment with MSU38225. By inhibiting production of antioxidants, MSU38225 increases the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when cells are stimulated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP). MSU38225 also inhibits the growth of human lung cancer cells in both two-dimensional cell culture and soft agar. Cancer cells addicted to Nrf2 are more susceptible to MSU38225 for suppression of cell proliferation. MSU38225 also sensitizes human lung cancer cells to chemotherapies both in vitro and in vivo Our results suggest that MSU38225 is a novel Nrf2 pathway inhibitor that could potentially serve as an adjuvant therapy to enhance the response to chemotherapies in patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Zhilin Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Kelly E. Aldrich
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Lizbeth Lockwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Aaron L. Odom
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Karen T. Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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86
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Manoharan I, Prasad PD, Thangaraju M, Manicassamy S. Lactate-Dependent Regulation of Immune Responses by Dendritic Cells and Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:691134. [PMID: 34394085 PMCID: PMC8358770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.691134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, lactate has been considered an innocuous bystander metabolite of cellular metabolism. However, emerging studies show that lactate acts as a complex immunomodulatory molecule that controls innate and adaptive immune cells’ effector functions. Thus, recent advances point to lactate as an essential and novel signaling molecule that shapes innate and adaptive immune responses in the intestine and systemic sites. Here, we review these recent advances in the context of the pleiotropic effects of lactate in regulating diverse functions of immune cells in the tissue microenvironment and under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indumathi Manoharan
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Puttur D Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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87
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Zhou HC, Xin-Yan Yan, Yu WW, Liang XQ, Du XY, Liu ZC, Long JP, Zhao GH, Liu HB. Lactic acid in macrophage polarization: The significant role in inflammation and cancer. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:4-18. [PMID: 34304685 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1955876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metabolite lactic acid has always been regarded as a metabolic by-product rather than a bioactive molecule. Recently, this view has changed since it was discovered that lactic acid can be used as a signal molecule and has novel signal transduction functions both intracellular and extracellular, which can regulate key functions in the immune system. In recent years, more and more evidence has shown that lactic acid is closely related to the metabolism and polarization of macrophages. During inflammation, lactic acid is a regulator of macrophage metabolism, and it can prevent excessive inflammatory responses; In malignant tumors, lactic acid produced by tumor tissues promotes the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages, which in turn promotes tumor progression. In this review, we examined the relationship between lactic acid and macrophage metabolism. We further discussed how lactic acid plays a role in maintaining the homeostasis of macrophages, as well as the biology of macrophage polarization and the M1/M2 imbalance in human diseases. Potential methods to target lactic acid in the treatment of inflammation and cancer will also be discussed so as to provide new strategies for the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Cun Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Gene Drugs of Gansu Province, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, P.R. China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R.China
| | - Xin-Yan Yan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Wen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Gene Drugs of Gansu Province, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, P.R. China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R.China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Gene Drugs of Gansu Province, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, P.R. China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R.China
| | - Xiao-Yan Du
- Department of Breast Surgery, Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Gene Drugs of Gansu Province, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, P.R. China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R.China
| | - Jian-Ping Long
- Department of Breast Surgery, Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Gene Drugs of Gansu Province, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, P.R. China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R.China
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88
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Cui Z, Feng R, Liu Z, Gong Y, Zhang Y. Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor (Nf)-kb Ligand Promotes T Helper 17 Cell Differentiation through Fas. Immunol Invest 2021; 51:1385-1397. [PMID: 34238108 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.1948050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells play important role in the defense against pathogens and autoimmune diseases. Many cytokines can induce Th17 cell differentiation. However, the mechanism of Th17 cell differentiation is not well clarified. RankL, a member of the TNF superfamily, binds with Rank and then participates in the proliferation and differentiation of many kinds of cells. Recent studies showed that RankL-Rank signaling is closely related to Th17 differentiation and function. The detail of the Rank-RankL pathway in Th17 cell differentiation is still unclear. To illustrate the role of Rank-RankL in Th17 differentiation, naive CD4 + T cells were differentiated into Th17 cells with or without RankL stimulation. During Th17 differentiation, the expression of Rank obviously increased. The RankL stimulation significantly increased Th17 cell differentiation indicated by increased IL-17-positive cell number, highly expressed IL-17 and IL-22 and elevated IL-17 secretion. These effects were canceled by Rank-Fc addition. In further study, RankL treatment during Th17 differentiation up-regulated Fas expression. Fas knockdown inhibited the Th17 differentiation promoted by RankL. In this study, it was confirmed that Rank-RankL signaling could promote Th17 cell differentiation through Fas induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zirong Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yehong Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Xincheng Hospital of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
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89
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Chen S, Morine Y, Tokuda K, Yamada S, Saito Y, Nishi M, Ikemoto T, Shimada M. Cancer‑associated fibroblast‑induced M2‑polarized macrophages promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression via the plasminogen activator inhibitor‑1 pathway. Int J Oncol 2021; 59:59. [PMID: 34195849 PMCID: PMC8253588 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the tumor stroma is an important strategy in cancer treatment. Cancer‑associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor‑associated macrophages (TAMs) are two main components in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which can promote tumor progression. Plasminogen activator inhibitor‑1 (PAI‑1) upregulation in HCC is predictive of unfavorable tumor behavior and prognosis. However, the crosstalk between cancer cells, TAMs and CAFs, and the functions of PAI‑1 in HCC remain to be fully investigated. In the present study, macrophage polarization and key paracrine factors were assessed during their interactions with CAFs and cancer cells. Cell proliferation, wound healing and Transwell and Matrigel assays were used to investigate the malignant behavior of HCC cells in vitro. It was found that cancer cells and CAFs induced the M2 polarization of TAMs by upregulating the mRNA expression levels of CD163 and CD206, and downregulating IL‑6 mRNA expression and secretion in the macrophages. Both TAMs derived from cancer cells and CAFs promoted HCC cell proliferation and invasion. Furthermore, PAI‑1 expression was upregulated in TAMs after being stimulated with CAF‑conditioned medium and promoted the malignant behavior of the HCC cells by mediating epithelial‑mesenchymal transition. CAFs were the main producer of C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) in the TME and CXCL12 contributed to the induction of PAI‑1 secretion in TAMs. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that CAFs promoted the M2 polarization of macrophages and induced PAI‑1 secretion via CXCL12. Furthermore, it was found that PAI‑1 produced by the TAMs enhanced the malignant behavior of the HCC cells. Therefore, these factors may be targets for inhibiting the crosstalk between tumor cells, CAFs and TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhai Chen
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tokuda
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamada
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Yu Saito
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nishi
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
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90
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Antioral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Effects of Carvacrol via Inhibiting Inflammation, Proliferation, and Migration Related to Nrf2/Keap1 Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6616547. [PMID: 34212035 PMCID: PMC8211494 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6616547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of Carvacrol on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and dissect underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods Keap1/Nrf2, NALP3, Vimentin, and E-cadherin expression was detected in OSCC and normal oral mucosa (NOM) tissues using immunofluorescence or western blot. When treated with Carvacrol or tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) that activates Nrf2, the expression of Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1, epithelial-mesenchymal transition- (EMT-) related proteins, and NALP3 was examined in OSCC cells. Nrf2 was silenced by treatment with sh-Nrf2 or ML385. After silencing Nrf2 or Carvacrol treatment, cell proliferation and migration were assessed by clone formation and scratch and transwell tests in OSCC cells. Moreover, the expression of Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1, EMT-related proteins, and NALP3 was detected. Results Keap1/Nrf2, NALP3, Vimentin, and E-cadherin proteins were all significantly upregulated in OSCC than NOM tissues. Carvacrol significantly suppressed Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 activation. Carvacrol or silencing Nrf2 markedly inhibited the expression of Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1, EMT-related proteins, and NALP3 inflammasome in OSCC cells. Furthermore, clone formation and migration capacities were suppressed following treatment with Carvacrol or Nrf2 depletion. The opposite results were found when there is overexpression of Nrf2. However, Carvacrol distinctly improved the cancer-promoting effect induced by Nrf2 overexpression. Conclusion Our findings suggested that Carvacrol ameliorated inflammation, proliferation, and migration for OSCC, which was related to inhibition of the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway.
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91
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Wu R, Zuo W, Xu X, Bi L, Zhang C, Chen H, Liu H. MCU That Is Transcriptionally Regulated by Nrf2 Augments Malignant Biological Behaviors in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6650791. [PMID: 34189138 PMCID: PMC8195654 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6650791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the role and molecular mechanism of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) in the malignant biological behaviors of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells through clinical and cellular experiments. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR techniques were used to observe the expression of MCU, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1), and MICU2 in OSCC and normal tissues. After treatment with si-MCU, spermine, and/or sh-Nrf2, malignant biological behaviors of OSCC cells including proliferation, migration, and apoptosis were detected by clone formation, migration, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assays. Furthermore, MCU, MICU1, MICU2, Nrf2, and other proteins related to malignant biological behaviors were examined using western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence assays. RESULTS MCU, Nrf2, and MICU1 were strongly expressed in OSCC as compared to normal tissues, while MICU2 was relatively weakly expressed in OSCC tissues. Knockdown of MCU distinctly weakened proliferation and migration and lowered MMP level in CAL 27 cells. Conversely, its activation reinforced migrated capacity and increased MMP level in CAL 27 cells, which was reversed after cotransfection with sh-Nrf2. After treatment with si-MCU or spermine, Nrf2 expression was not affected in CAL 27 cells. However, MCU expression was distinctly suppressed in CAL 27 cells transfected with sh-Nrf2. Furthermore, knockdown of Nrf2 significantly reversed the increase in expression of MICU1 and MICU2 induced by MCU activation in CAL 27 cells. CONCLUSION MCU, as a novel oncogene of OSCC, augments malignant biological behaviors of OSCC cells, which could be transcriptionally regulated by Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wu
- Department of Stomatology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, 063000 Hebei, China
| | - Weiwen Zuo
- Department of Stomatology, Tangshan Vocational and Technical College, Tangshan, 063000 Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoliang Xu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Hospital of Tangshan, Tangshan, 063000 Hebei, China
| | - Lei Bi
- Department of Stomatology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, 063000 Hebei, China
| | - Chunguang Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, 063000 Hebei, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Stomatology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, 063000 Hebei, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Stomatology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, 063000 Hebei, China
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Feng R, Cui Z, Liu Z, Zhang Y. Upregulated microRNA-132 in T helper 17 cells activates hepatic stellate cells to promote hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration in vitro. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13007. [PMID: 33264420 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs play an important role in the modulation of the immune system. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are involved in the modulation of the tumour microenvironment. However, the function of miRNA in Th17 cells in the tumour microenvironment is unclear. In this study, we analysed miR-132 expression in Th17 cells and assessed the function of miR-132 on Th17 cell differentiation. In addition, the effect of miR-132 on Th17 cells in the tumour microenvironment, especially hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), was confirmed. CD4+ IL-17 ∓ cells were isolated from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumour tissues. The expression of miR-132 was higher in CD4+ IL-17 + cells than in CD4+ IL-17- cells. Human primary CD4+ T cells were used for Th17 cell differentiation. Compared with primary CD4+ T cells, Th17 cells expressed high levels of miR-132. During Th17 cell differentiation, a miR-132 mimic and inhibition were applied. After treatment with the miR-132 mimic, the differentiation of Th17 cells accelerated, showing a a higher percentage of Th17 cells and the expression and secretion of IL-17 and IL-22. Smad nuclear interacting protein 1 (SNIP1), as one of the targets of miR-132, decreased during Th17 cell differentiation-related Th17 differentiation and IL-17 expression. The conditioned medium of miR-132-overexpressing Th17 cells could increase the activation of the HSCs, which strongly promoted HCC cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In summary, miR-132 positively regulates Th17 cell differentiation and improves the function of Th17 on HSCs for their tumour-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Zilin Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Zirong Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300192, China
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How Macrophages Become Transcriptionally Dysregulated: A Hidden Impact of Antitumor Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052662. [PMID: 33800829 PMCID: PMC7961970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the essential components of the tumor microenvironment. TAMs originate from blood monocytes and undergo pro- or anti-inflammatory polarization during their life span within the tumor. The balance between macrophage functional populations and the efficacy of their antitumor activities rely on the transcription factors such as STAT1, NF-κB, IRF, and others. These molecular tools are of primary importance, as they contribute to the tumor adaptations and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy and can become important biomarkers for theranostics. Herein, we describe the major transcriptional mechanisms specific for TAM, as well as how radio- and chemotherapy can impact gene transcription and functionality of macrophages, and what are the consequences of the TAM-tumor cooperation.
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Zhao YZ, Huang ZW, Zhai YY, Shi Y, Du CC, Zhai J, Xu HL, Xiao J, Kou L, Yao Q. Polylysine-bilirubin conjugates maintain functional islets and promote M2 macrophage polarization. Acta Biomater 2021; 122:172-185. [PMID: 33387663 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage polarization is one of the main factors contributing to the proinflammatory milieu of transplanted islets. It causes significant islet loss. Bilirubin exhibits protective effects during the islet transplantation process, but the mode of delivering drugs along with the islet graft has not yet been developed. In addition, it remains unclear whether bilirubin or its derivatives can modulate macrophage polarization during islet transplantation. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an ε-polylysine-bilirubin conjugate (PLL-BR) to encapsulate the islets for protection and to explore its macrophage modulation activities. In in vitro studies, the PLL-BR was shown to tightly adhere to the islet surface. It also exhibited enhanced cytoprotective effects against oxidative and inflammatory conditions by promoting M2-type macrophage polarization. In in vivo studies, the PLL-BR-protected islets successfully prolonged the euglycemia period in diabetic mice and accelerated the blood glucose clearance rate by maintaining the insulin secretion function. Compared to the untreated islets, the PLL-BR-encapsulated islets induced anti-inflammatory responses that were characterized by elevated levels of M2 macrophage markers and local vascularization. In conclusion, PLL-BR can be used as a tool for reprograming macrophage polarization while providing a more efficient immune protection for transplanted islets. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Macrophage polarization is one main factor that caused significant loss of transplanted islets. Bilirubin possesses protective effects toward pancreatic islet, but how to deliver the drug along with the islet graft has not yet been harnessed. More importantly, whether bilirubin or its derivatives could modulate macrophage polarization during the host rejections has also not been answered. In this study, we developed an ε-polylysine-bilirubin conjugate (PLL-BR) to encapsulate the islets and explore its role in macrophage modulation activities. PLL-BR could attach to the surface of islets and exerted high oxidation resistance and anti-inflammatory effect. For the first time, we demonstrate that bilirubin and its derivatives effectively promoted the M2-type macrophage polarization, and optimize the immune microenvironment for islets survival and function.
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95
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Tokuda K, Morine Y, Miyazaki K, Yamada S, Saito Y, Nishi M, Tokunaga T, Ikemoto T, Imura S, Shimada M. The interaction between cancer associated fibroblasts and tumor associated macrophages via the osteopontin pathway in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2021; 12:333-343. [PMID: 33659044 PMCID: PMC7899554 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-tumor associated macrophage (TAM)-cancer associated fibroblast (CAF) interactions are an important factor in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were cultured with cancer cell-conditioned medium (Ca.-CM), TAM-CM and CAF-CM, and the expression of CAF markers were evaluated by RT-PCR. Whether HSCs cultured with Ca.-CM, TAM-CM and CAF-CM contributed to the enhanced malignancy of cancer cells was examined using proliferation, invasion and migration assays. Furthermore, the differences between these three types of CM were evaluated using cytokine arrays. RESULTS HSCs cultured with Ca.-CM, TAM-CM and CAF-CM showed significantly increased mRNA expression of αSMA, FAP and IL-6. All HSCs cultured with each CM exhibited significantly increased proliferation, invasion and migration of cancer cells. The osteopontin concentration was significantly higher in HSCs cultured with TAM-CM than the other CAF-CMs. Osteopontin inhibition significantly reduced osteopontin secretion from HSCs cultured with TAM-CM and suppressed the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells enhanced by HSCs cultured with TAM-CM. CONCLUSIONS We observed enhanced osteopontin secretion from TAMs, and this increased osteopontin further promoted osteopontin secretion from HSCs cultured with TAM-CM, leading to increased malignancy. For the first time, we demonstrated the importance of cancer-TAM-CAF interactions via osteopontin in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Tokuda
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Katsuki Miyazaki
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yu Saito
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nishi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takuya Tokunaga
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Satoru Imura
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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96
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Chen H, Sun Y, Yang Z, Yin S, Li Y, Tang M, Zhu J, Zhang F. Metabolic heterogeneity and immunocompetence of infiltrating immune cells in the breast cancer microenvironment (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 45:846-856. [PMID: 33650671 PMCID: PMC7859921 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women and is characterized by active immunogenicity. Immune cell infiltration plays an important role in the development of breast cancer. The degree of infiltration influences both the response to and effect of treatment. However, immune infiltration is a complex process. Differences in oxygen partial pressure, blood perfusion and nutrients in the tumor microenvironment (TME) suggest that infiltrating immune cells in different sites experience different microenvironments with corresponding changes in the metabolic mode, that is, immune cell metabolism is heterogenous in the TME. Furthermore, the present review found that lipid metabolism can support the immunosuppressive microenvironment in breast cancer based on a review of published literature. Research in this field is still ongoing; however, it is vital to understand the metabolic patterns and effects of different microenvironments for antitumor therapy. Therefore, this review discusses the metabolic responses of various immune cells to different microenvironments in breast cancer and provides potentially meaningful insights for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdan Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Yizeng Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Supeng Yin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Mi Tang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Junping Zhu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
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97
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Yang S, Liu Q, Liao Q. Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Origin, Polarization, Function, and Reprogramming. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:607209. [PMID: 33505964 PMCID: PMC7829544 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.607209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy. PDAC is only cured by surgical resection in its early stage, but there remains a relatively high possibility of recurrence. The development of PDAC is closely associated with the tumor microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the most abundant immune cell populations in the pancreatic tumor stroma. TAMs are inclined to M2 deviation in the tumor microenvironment, which promotes and supports tumor behaviors, including tumorigenesis, immune escape, metastasis, and chemotherapeutic resistance. Herein, we comprehensively reviewed the latest researches on the origin, polarization, functions, and reprogramming of TAMs in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaofei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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98
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Jiang Y, Han Q, Zhao H, Zhang J. Promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation by hepatocellular carcinoma-educated macrophages through Wnt2b/β-catenin/c-Myc signaling and reprogramming glycolysis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:13. [PMID: 33407720 PMCID: PMC7788901 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumour microenvironment (TME) can promote the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Some tumours can be suppressed by targeting Wnt2b in tumour cells. However, the role of Wnt2b in HCC is still unknown. In particular, the role of Wnt2b-mediated signal activation in macrophage polarization in the HCC microenvironment, and the regulatory effect between Wnt and glycolysis in TAMs has not been described. Methods The expression of Wnt2b in TAMs was detected by qPCR and immunofluorescence. Wnt2b/β-catenin interference in HCC-TAMs was performed by lentivirus carrying targeted shRNA or TLR9 agonist. Markers related to macrophage polarization and the changes of key glycolytic enzymes expression were detected by flow cytometry and qPCR. ECAR was analysed by Seahorse analyser. MTT assay, wound healing assay, western blotting were used to evaluate the promoting effect of different HCC-TAMs on the proliferation, migration and EMT of HCC in vitro. Tumour cells and different HCC-TAMs were injected via subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice to assess the effects of CpG ODN, Wnt2b, or β-catenin on HCC-TAMs in tumour growth in vivo. Results Polarization-promoting factors derived from HCC cells upregulated the expression of Wnt2b in macrophages, which promoted the polarization of TAMs to M2-like macrophages by activating Wnt2b/β-catenin/c-Myc signalling. Furthermore, this process was associated with the activation of glycolysis in HCC-TAMs. These HCC-TAMs could promote the development of EMT, proliferation, and migration of HCC. In addition to silencing Wnt2b or β-catenin expression, TLR9 agonist CpG ODN downregulated the level of glycolysis and inhibited the M2 polarization of HCC-TAMs, reversing the tumour-promoting effects of TAMs in vitro and vivo. Conclusions As a potential target for HCC therapy, Wnt2b may play an important regulatory role for the functions of TAMs in the TME. Moreover, the TLR9 agonist CpG ODN might act as a Wnt2b signal inhibitor and can potentially be employed for HCC therapy by disturbing Wnt2b/β-catenin/c-Myc and inhibiting glycolysis in HCC-TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiuju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huajun Zhao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China.
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99
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Wada Y, Tokuda K, Morine Y, Okikawa S, Yamashita S, Ikemoto T, Imura S, Saito Y, Yamada S, Shimada M. The inhibitory effect of TU-100 on hepatic stellate cell activation in the tumor microenvironment. Oncotarget 2020; 11:4593-4604. [PMID: 33346211 PMCID: PMC7733620 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tumor microenvironment is involved in acquiring tumor malignancies of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM). We have reported that TU-100 (Daikenchuto) suppresses hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation in obstructive jaundice. In this study, we report new findings as the direct and indirect inhibitory effects of TU-100 on cancer cell growth through the suppression of HSC activation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The HSCs (LX2) were cultured in colon cancer cells (HCT116 and HT29)-conditioned medium (CM) with or without TU-100 treatment (90, 270, 900 μg/ml). Activated HSCs (aHSCs) were detected by α-SMA and IL-6 mRNA expressions and cytokine arrays of HSC's culture supernatants. Cancer cell growth was analyzed for proliferation and migration ability, compared with TU-100 treatment. To investigate the direct anti-tumor effect of TU-100, cancer cells were cultured in the presence of aHSC-CM and TU-100 (90, 270, 900) or aHSC-CM alone, and assessed autophagosomes, conversion to LC3-II protein, and Beclin-1 mRNA expression. RESULTS Colon cancer-CM significantly increased α-SMA and IL-6 mRNA expressions of aHSC. α-SMA and IL-6 mRNA expressions of aHSC, and IL-6 secretions from aHSCs were significantly decreased with TU-100 (270, 900) treatment, compared to colon cancer-CM alone. Compared with normal culture medium, aHSC-CM led to a significantly increased cell number and modified HSC-CM (TU-100; 270, 900) significantly suppressed cancer cell growth and migration. TU-100 (900) treatment induced autophagy and significantly promoted the autophagic cell death. CONCLUSIONS TU-100 inhibited colon cancer cell malignant potential by both suppressing HSC activation and inducing directly autophagy of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Wada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kazunori Tokuda
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shohei Okikawa
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shoko Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Satoru Imura
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yu Saito
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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100
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Clerici S, Boletta A. Role of the KEAP1-NRF2 Axis in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3458. [PMID: 33233657 PMCID: PMC7699726 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NRF2 is a transcription factor that coordinates the antioxidant response in many different tissues, ensuring cytoprotection from endogenous and exogenous stress stimuli. In the kidney, its function is essential in appropriate cellular response to oxidative stress, however its aberrant activation supports progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapies in renal cell carcinoma, similarly to what happens in other nonrenal cancers. While at the moment direct inhibitors of NRF2 are not available, understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate its hyperactivation in specific tumor types is crucial as it may open new therapeutic perspectives. Here, we focus our attention on renal cell carcinoma, describing how NRF2 hyperactivation can contribute to tumor progression and chemoresistance. Furthermore, we highlight the mechanism whereby the many pathways that are generally altered in these tumors converge to dysregulation of the KEAP1-NRF2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Boletta
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Molecular Basis of Cystic Kidney Diseases, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, 20132 Milan, Italy;
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