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Ilieva M, Nielsen J, Korshunova I, Gotfryd K, Bock E, Pankratova S, Michel TM. Artemin and an Artemin-Derived Peptide, Artefin, Induce Neuronal Survival, and Differentiation Through Ret and NCAM. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:47. [PMID: 30853893 PMCID: PMC6396024 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemin (ARTN) is a neurotrophic factor from the GDNF family ligands (GFLs) that is involved in development of the nervous system and neuronal differentiation and survival. ARTN signals through a complex receptor system consisting of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored co-receptor GFL receptor α, GFRα3. We found that ARTN binds directly to neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and that ARTN-induced neuritogenesis requires NCAM expression and activation of NCAM-associated signaling partners, thus corroborating that NCAM is an alternative receptor for ARTN. We designed a small peptide, artefin, that could interact with GFRα3 and demonstrated that this peptide agonist induces RET phosphorylation and mimics the biological functions of ARTN – neuroprotection and neurite outgrowth. Moreover, artefin mimicked the binding of ARTN to NCAM and required NCAM expression and activation for its neurite elongation effect, thereby suggesting that artefin represents a binding site for NCAM within ARTN. We showed that biological effects of ARTN and artefin can be inhibited by abrogation of both NCAM and RET, suggesting a more complex signaling mechanism that previously thought. As NCAM plays a significant role in neurodevelopment, regeneration, and synaptic plasticity we suggest that ARTN and its mimetics are promising candidates for treatment of neurological disorders and warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirolyuba Ilieva
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Janne Nielsen
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Irina Korshunova
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamil Gotfryd
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Bock
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tanja Maria Michel
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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52
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Richter-Levin G, Stork O, Schmidt MV. Animal models of PTSD: a challenge to be met. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1135-1156. [PMID: 30816289 PMCID: PMC6756084 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen increased interest in psychopathologies related to trauma exposure. Specifically, there has been a growing awareness to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in part due to terrorism, climate change-associated natural disasters, the global refugee crisis, and increased violence in overpopulated urban areas. However, notwithstanding the increased awareness to the disorder, the increasing number of patients, and the devastating impact on the lives of patients and their families, the efficacy of available treatments remains limited and highly unsatisfactory. A major scientific effort is therefore devoted to unravel the neural mechanisms underlying PTSD with the aim of paving the way to developing novel or improved treatment approaches and drugs to treat PTSD. One of the major scientific tools used to gain insight into understanding physiological and neuronal mechanisms underlying diseases and for treatment development is the use of animal models of human diseases. While much progress has been made using these models in understanding mechanisms of conditioned fear and fear memory, the gained knowledge has not yet led to better treatment options for PTSD patients. This poor translational outcome has already led some scientists and pharmaceutical companies, who do not in general hold opinions against animal models, to propose that those models should be abandoned. Here, we critically examine aspects of animal models of PTSD that may have contributed to the relative lack of translatability, including the focus on the exposure to trauma, overlooking individual and sex differences, and the contribution of risk factors. Based on findings from recent years, we propose research-based modifications that we believe are required in order to overcome some of the shortcomings of previous practice. These modifications include the usage of animal models of PTSD which incorporate risk factors and of the behavioral profiling analysis of individuals in a sample. These modifications are aimed to address factors such as individual predisposition and resilience, thus taking into consideration the fact that only a fraction of individuals exposed to trauma develop PTSD. We suggest that with an appropriate shift of practice, animal models are not only a valuable tool to enhance our understanding of fear and memory processes, but could serve as effective platforms for understanding PTSD, for PTSD drug development and drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Richter-Levin
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. .,The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. .,Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Oliver Stork
- 0000 0001 1018 4307grid.5807.aDepartment of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany ,grid.452320.2Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mathias V. Schmidt
- 0000 0000 9497 5095grid.419548.5Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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53
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Wang Y, Jia A, Ma W. Dexmedetomidine attenuates the toxicity of β‑amyloid on neurons and astrocytes by increasing BDNF production under the regulation of HDAC2 and HDAC5. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:533-540. [PMID: 30483749 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxicity of β-Amyloid (Aβ) is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) has been revealed to have multiple neuroprotective actions as a clinical anesthetic agent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protection of Dex against Aβ in neurons and astrocytes, and the possible protective mechanisms. Primary neurons and astrocytes were isolated respectively from the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of neonatal Sprague Dawley rats. The neurons and astrocytes were incubated with Aβ in the presence or absence of Dex, which was followed by evaluation of the cell viability and apoptosis. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and ELISA assays were performed to assess the levels of specific genes or proteins. The results revealed that Aβ decreased the viabilities of neurons and astrocytes in a dose‑dependent manner, and elevated the rate of apoptosis. However, Dex attenuated the detrimental effects of Aβ. Aβ caused deacetylation of histone H3 by promoting the accumulation of histone deacetylase (HDAC)‑2 and HDAC5 in the cell nucleus, resulting in the reduced production of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, Dex reversed the Aβ‑induced deacetylation of histone H3 and thus, increased BDNF production. Using a HDAC inhibitor or recombinant BDNF protein also protected the neurons and astrocytes against Aβ cytotoxicity. These results suggested that the protective effect of Dex against Aβ is particularly relevant to BDNF. Thus, the present study provides a foundation for the further study of Dex protection against Aβ in animal models and pre‑clinical researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Aijun Jia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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54
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Alpár A, Zahola P, Hanics J, Hevesi Z, Korchynska S, Benevento M, Pifl C, Zachar G, Perugini J, Severi I, Leitgeb P, Bakker J, Miklosi AG, Tretiakov E, Keimpema E, Arque G, Tasan RO, Sperk G, Malenczyk K, Máté Z, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Lubec G, Palkovits M, Giordano A, Hökfelt TG, Romanov RA, Horvath TL, Harkany T. Hypothalamic CNTF volume transmission shapes cortical noradrenergic excitability upon acute stress. EMBO J 2018; 37:e100087. [PMID: 30209240 PMCID: PMC6213283 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced cortical alertness is maintained by a heightened excitability of noradrenergic neurons innervating, notably, the prefrontal cortex. However, neither the signaling axis linking hypothalamic activation to delayed and lasting noradrenergic excitability nor the molecular cascade gating noradrenaline synthesis is defined. Here, we show that hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone-releasing neurons innervate ependymal cells of the 3rd ventricle to induce ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) release for transport through the brain's aqueductal system. CNTF binding to its cognate receptors on norepinephrinergic neurons in the locus coeruleus then initiates sequential phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and tyrosine hydroxylase with the Ca2+-sensor secretagogin ensuring activity dependence in both rodent and human brains. Both CNTF and secretagogin ablation occlude stress-induced cortical norepinephrine synthesis, ensuing neuronal excitation and behavioral stereotypes. Cumulatively, we identify a multimodal pathway that is rate-limited by CNTF volume transmission and poised to directly convert hypothalamic activation into long-lasting cortical excitability following acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alán Alpár
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Zahola
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Hanics
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Hevesi
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Solomiia Korchynska
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Benevento
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Pifl
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gergely Zachar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Patrick Leitgeb
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanne Bakker
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andras G Miklosi
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gloria Arque
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ramon O Tasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther Sperk
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Malenczyk
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zoltán Máté
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gert Lubec
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Human Brain Tissue Bank and Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tomas Gm Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A Romanov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Departments of Comparative Medicine and Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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55
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Determination of the Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Methyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate (MDHB) in Mice Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 44:237-249. [PMID: 30225640 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (MDHB) has the potential to prevent neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The present work aims to reveal the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution characteristics of MDHB. METHODS The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of MDHB were analyzed using LC-MS/MS after a single intragastric administration (50 to 450 mg/kg) in mice, and samples were collected from five animals at specific time points. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic parameters of MDHB following intragastric administrations were: the time to peak concentration (Tmax) ranged from 0.033 to 0.07 h, the peak concentration (Cmax) ranged from 12,379.158 to 109798.712 μg/l, the elimination half-life (t1/2z) ranged from 0.153 to 1.291 h, the area under the curve (AUC0-∞) ranged from 640.654 to 20,241.081 μg/l × h, the mean residence time (MRT0-∞) ranged from 0.071 to 0.206 h, the apparent volume of distribution (Vz/F) ranged from 17.538 to 45.244 l/kg, and the systemic clearance (Clz/F) ranged from 22.541 to 80.807 l/h/kg. The oral bioavailability of MDHB was 23%. The maximum MDHB content was detected in the stomach, and the minimum content was observed in the testes; the peak content in the brain was 15,666.93 ng/g. CONCLUSIONS The pharmacokinetic characteristics of MDHB include fast absorption, high systemic clearance, a short half-life and an oral bioavailability of 23%. Additionally, MDHB permeates the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and is rapidly distributed to all organs. The identification of the pharmacokinetics of MDHB following its oral administration will contribute to further preclinical and clinical studies of its effects.
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Božok V, Yu LY, Palgi J, Arumäe U. Antioxidative CXXC Peptide Motif From Mesencephalic Astrocyte-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Antagonizes Programmed Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:106. [PMID: 30234112 PMCID: PMC6132022 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a potent survival-promoting protein with neurorestorative effect for neurodegenerative diseases. Its mechanism of action, albeit poorly known, depends strongly on the CXXC motif (CKGC). Here we studied the survival-promoting properties of the CKGC tetrapeptide from MANF. In the Jurkat T lymphocytic cell line, CKGC potently inhibits death receptor Fas-induced apoptosis and mildly counteracts mitochondrial apoptosis and necroptosis. The peptide with serines instead of cysteines (SKGS) has no survival-promoting activity. The cytoprotective efficiency of the peptide against Fas-induced apoptosis is significantly improved by reduction of its cysteines by dithiotreitol, suggesting that it protects the cells via cysteine thiol groups, partially as an antioxidant. CKGC neutralizes the reactive oxygen species, maintains the mitochondrial membrane potential and prevents activation of the effector caspases in the Jurkat cells with activated Fas. The peptide does not require intracellular administration, as it is endocytosed and resides mainly in the Golgi. Finally, the peptide also potently promotes survival of cultured primary dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Božok
- Division of Gene Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Li-Ying Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaan Palgi
- Division of Gene Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Urmas Arumäe
- Division of Gene Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Prykhodko O, Sandberg J, Burleigh S, Björck I, Nilsson A, Fåk Hållenius F. Impact of Rye Kernel-Based Evening Meal on Microbiota Composition of Young Healthy Lean Volunteers With an Emphasis on Their Hormonal and Appetite Regulations, and Blood Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. Front Nutr 2018; 5:45. [PMID: 29896479 PMCID: PMC5986961 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rye kernel bread (RKB) evening meals improve glucose tolerance, enhance appetite regulation and increase satiety in healthy volunteers. These beneficial effects on metabolic responses have been shown to be associated with increased gut fermentation. The present study aimed to elucidate if RKB evening meals may cause rapid alterations in microbiota composition that might be linked to metabolic-, immune-, and appetite- parameters. Gut-brain axis interaction was also studied by relating microbiota composition to amount of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in blood plasma. Nineteen healthy volunteers, ten women and nine men aged 22–29 years, BMI < 25 (NCT02093481) participated in the study performed in a crossover design. Each person was assigned to either white wheat bread (WWB) or RKB intake as a single evening meal or three consecutive evenings. Stool and blood samples as well as subjective appetite ratings were obtained the subsequent morning after each test occasion, resulting in four independent collections per participant (n = 76). DNA was extracted from the fecal samples and V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes was sequenced using next generation sequencing technology. Higher abundance of Prevotella and Faecalibacterium with simultaneous reduction of Bacteroides spp. were observed after RKB meals compared to WWB. The associations between metabolic test variables and microbiota composition showed a positive correlation between Bacteroides and adiponectin levels, whereas only Prevotella genus was found to have positive association with plasma levels of BDNF. These novel findings in gut-brain interactions might be of importance, since decreased levels of BDNF, that plays an essential role in brain function, contribute to the pathogenesis of several major neurodisorders, including Alzheimer's. Thus, daily consumption of Faecalibacterium- and/or Prevotella-favoring meals should be investigated further for their potential to prevent neurodegenerative processes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Prykhodko
- Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonna Sandberg
- Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephen Burleigh
- Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Inger Björck
- Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne Nilsson
- Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida Fåk Hållenius
- Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Du Y, Zhao Y, Li C, Zheng Q, Tian J, Li Z, Huang TY, Zhang W, Xu H. Inhibition of PKCδ reduces amyloid-β levels and reverses Alzheimer disease phenotypes. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1665-1677. [PMID: 29739836 PMCID: PMC5987914 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
β-amyloid protein (Aβ) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Aβ is generated from sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and the γ-secretase complex. Although activation of some protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms such as PKCα and ε has been shown to regulate nonamyloidogenic pathways and Aβ degradation, it is unclear whether other PKC isoforms are involved in APP processing/AD pathogenesis. In this study, we report that increased PKCδ levels correlate with BACE1 expression in the AD brain. PKCδ knockdown reduces BACE1 expression, BACE1-mediated APP processing, and Aβ production. Conversely, overexpression of PKCδ increases BACE1 expression and Aβ generation. Importantly, inhibition of PKCδ by rottlerin markedly reduces BACE1 expression, Aβ levels, and neuritic plaque formation and rescues cognitive deficits in an APP Swedish mutations K594N/M595L/presenilin-1 with an exon 9 deletion-transgenic AD mouse model. Our study indicates that PKCδ plays an important role in aggravating AD pathogenesis, and PKCδ may be a potential target in AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Du
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Qiuyang Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing Tian
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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59
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Cespón J, Miniussi C, Pellicciari MC. Interventional programmes to improve cognition during healthy and pathological ageing: Cortical modulations and evidence for brain plasticity. Ageing Res Rev 2018. [PMID: 29522820 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that healthy elderly individuals and patients with Alzheimer's disease retain an important potential for neuroplasticity. This review summarizes studies investigating the modulation of neural activity and structural brain integrity in response to interventions involving cognitive training, physical exercise and non-invasive brain stimulation in healthy elderly and cognitively impaired subjects (including patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease). Moreover, given the clinical relevance of neuroplasticity, we discuss how evidence for neuroplasticity can be inferred from the functional and structural brain changes observed after implementing these interventions. We emphasize that multimodal programmes, which combine several types of interventions, improve cognitive function to a greater extent than programmes that use a single interventional approach. We suggest specific methods for weighting the relative importance of cognitive training, physical exercise and non-invasive brain stimulation according to the functional and structural state of the brain of the targeted subject to maximize the cognitive improvements induced by multimodal programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Cespón
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Spain.
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy
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The Mechanisms of Bushen-Yizhi Formula as a Therapeutic Agent against Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3104. [PMID: 29449587 PMCID: PMC5814461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21468-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bushen-Yizhi prescription (BSYZ) has been an effective traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription in treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD) for hundreds of years. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet. In this work, a systems pharmacology approach was developed to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms of BSYZ in treating AD. First, we obtained 329 candidate compounds of BSYZ by in silico ADME/T filter analysis and 138 AD-related targets were predicted by our in-house WEGA algorithm via mapping predicted targets into AD-related proteins. In addition, we elucidated the mechanisms of BSYZ action on AD through multiple network analysis, including compound-target network analysis and target-function network analysis. Furthermore, several modules regulated by BSYZ were incorporated into AD-related pathways to uncover the therapeutic mechanisms of this prescription in AD treatment. Finally, further verification experiments also demonstrated the therapeutic effects of BSYZ on cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice, which was possibly via regulating amyloid-β metabolism and suppressing neuronal apoptosis. In conclusion, we provide an integrative systems pharmacology approach to illustrate the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of BSYZ formula action on AD.
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61
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Drug Targets in Neurotrophin Signaling in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6939-6955. [PMID: 29372544 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that play an important role in the regulation of the growth, survival, and differentiation of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. Neurotrophins were earlier characterized by their role in early development, growth, maintenance, and the plasticity of the nervous system during development, but recent findings also indicate their complex role during normal physiology in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Therefore, it is important to recognize a deficiency in the expression of neurotrophins, a major factor driving the debilitating features of several neurologic and psychiatric diseases/disorders. On the other hand, overexpression of neurotrophins is well known to play a critical role in pathogenesis of chronic pain and afferent sensitization, underlying conditions such as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)/disorders and osteoarthritis. The existence of a redundant receptor system of high-and low-affinity receptors accounts for the diverse, often antagonistic, effects of neurotrophins in neurons and non-neuronal tissues in a spatial and temporal manner. In addition, studies looking at bladder dysfunction because of conditions such as spinal cord injury and diabetes mellitus have found alterations in the levels of these neurotrophins in the bladder, as well as in sensory afferent neurons, which further opens a new avenue for therapeutic targets. In this review, we will discuss the characteristics and roles of key neurotrophins and their involvement in the central and periphery nervous system in both normal and diseased conditions.
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Peptide Derivatives of Erythropoietin in the Treatment of Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. THERAPEUTIC PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES 2018; 112:309-357. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Das B, Yan R. Role of BACE1 in Alzheimer's synaptic function. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:23. [PMID: 28855981 PMCID: PMC5575945 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-dependent disease of dementia, and there is currently no cure available. This hallmark pathologies of AD are the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Although the exact etiology of AD remains a mystery, studies over the past 30 have shown that abnormal generation or accumulation of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) is likely to be a predominant early event in AD pathological development. Aβ is generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP) via proteolytic cleavage by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). Chemical inhibition of BACE1 has been shown to reduce Aβ in animal studies and in human trials. While BACE1 inhibitors are currently being tested in clinical trials to treat AD patients, it is highly important to understand whether BACE1 inhibition will significantly impact cognitive functions in AD patients. This review summarizes the recent studies on BACE1 synaptic functions. This knowledge will help to guide the proper use of BACE1 inhibitors in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brati Das
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC30, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC30, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
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64
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Neuroregeneration versus neurodegeneration: toward a paradigm shift in Alzheimer's disease drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease represents an enormous global burden in terms of human suffering and economic cost. To tackle the current lack of effective drugs and the continuous clinical trial failures might require a shift from the prevailing paradigm targeting pathogenesis to the one targeting neural stem cells (NSCs) regeneration. In this context, small molecules have come to the forefront for their potential to manipulate NSCs, provide therapeutic tools and unveil NSCs biology. Classically, these molecules have been generated either by target-based or phenotypic approaches. To circumvent specific liabilities, nanomedicines emerge as a feasible alternative. However, this review is not intended to be comprehensive. Its purpose is to focus on recent examples that could accelerate development of neuroregenerative drugs against Alzheimer's disease.
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Fang H, Liu C, Yang M, Li H, Zhang F, Zhang W, Zhang J. Neurotrophic factor and Trk signaling mechanisms underlying the promotion of motor recovery after acute spinal cord injury in rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:652-656. [PMID: 28672981 PMCID: PMC5488512 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factor (NF) and Trk signaling mechanisms underlying the promotion of motor recovery following acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats were investigated. Thirty-six adult Sprague-Dawley rats of both genders were randomly divided into three groups: Sham-operated, model, and NF/Trk. Each group consisted of 12 rats, with four subgroups in each group: 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. Sham-operated rats received a laminectomy without SCI, while in model group rats, SCI was induced using an improved version of the Allen's method. After analepsia, sham-operated and model group rats were given normal saline via gavage, while the NF/Trk group received NFs and Trk. Lower limb function was measured using the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scale 1, 3, 5 and 7 days before and after surgery. Results were analyzed statistically. Six rats from each group were randomly selected for sacrifice at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after the operation. Morphological changes in motor neurons in the anterior gray column were observed by hematoxylin and eosin, and Nissl staining. Brain-derived expression of NF (BNDF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) was detected by immunofluorescence, and the number of positive cells was counted. Expression of Trk B and Trk protein C receptor was measured by western blotting. In the NF/Trk group, the expression of NF/Trk pathway components remarkably increased. In addition, the morphology of motor neurons in the anterior gray column was improved. Expression of BNDF and NT-3 was significantly increased in motor neurons of the anterior gray column in NF/Trk rats compared with those of sham-operated and model rats (P<0.05). NFs promote motor recovery following acute SCI in rats and may have valuable clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Miao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Huafeng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Fangxiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Weijing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
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Kohn-Polster C, Bhatnagar D, Woloszyn DJ, Richtmyer M, Starke A, Springwald AH, Franz S, Schulz-Siegmund M, Kaplan HM, Kohn J, Hacker MC. Dual-Component Gelatinous Peptide/Reactive Oligomer Formulations as Conduit Material and Luminal Filler for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1104. [PMID: 28531139 PMCID: PMC5455012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toward the next generation of nerve guidance conduits (NGCs), novel biomaterials and functionalization concepts are required to address clinical demands in peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR). As a biological polymer with bioactive motifs, gelatinous peptides are promising building blocks. In combination with an anhydride-containing oligomer, a dual-component hydrogel system (cGEL) was established. First, hollow cGEL tubes were fabricated by a continuous dosing and templating process. Conduits were characterized concerning their mechanical strength, in vitro and in vivo degradation and biocompatibility. Second, cGEL was reformulated as injectable shear thinning filler for established NGCs, here tyrosine-derived polycarbonate-based braided conduits. Thereby, the formulation contained the small molecule LM11A-31. The biofunctionalized cGEL filler was assessed regarding building block integration, mechanical properties, in vitro cytotoxicity, and growth permissive effects on human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. A positive in vitro evaluation motivated further application of the filler material in a sciatic nerve defect. Compared to the empty conduit and pristine cGEL, the functionalization performed superior, though the autologous nerve graft remains the gold standard. In conclusion, LM11A-31 functionalized cGEL filler with extracellular matrix (ECM)-like characteristics and specific biochemical cues holds great potential to support PNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kohn-Polster
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, 04317 Leipzig, Germany.
- Collaborative Research Center (SFB-TR67), Matrixengineering Leipzig and Dresden, Germany.
| | - Divya Bhatnagar
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8066, USA.
| | - Derek J Woloszyn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8066, USA.
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Matthew Richtmyer
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8066, USA.
| | - Annett Starke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, 04317 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alexandra H Springwald
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, 04317 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sandra Franz
- Collaborative Research Center (SFB-TR67), Matrixengineering Leipzig and Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology of Medical Faculty of Leipzig University, 04317 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Michaela Schulz-Siegmund
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, 04317 Leipzig, Germany.
- Collaborative Research Center (SFB-TR67), Matrixengineering Leipzig and Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hilton M Kaplan
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8066, USA.
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8066, USA.
| | - Michael C Hacker
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, 04317 Leipzig, Germany.
- Collaborative Research Center (SFB-TR67), Matrixengineering Leipzig and Dresden, Germany.
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Kazim SF, Blanchard J, Bianchi R, Iqbal K. Early neurotrophic pharmacotherapy rescues developmental delay and Alzheimer's-like memory deficits in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45561. [PMID: 28368015 PMCID: PMC5377379 DOI: 10.1038/srep45561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy 21, is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability and is associated with a greatly increased risk of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The Ts65Dn mouse model of DS exhibits several key features of the disease including developmental delay and AD-like cognitive impairment. Accumulating evidence suggests that impairments in early brain development caused by trisomy 21 contribute significantly to memory deficits in adult life in DS. Prenatal genetic testing to diagnose DS in utero, provides the novel opportunity to initiate early pharmacological treatment to target this critical period of brain development. Here, we report that prenatal to early postnatal treatment with a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) small-molecule peptide mimetic, Peptide 021 (P021), rescued developmental delay in pups and AD-like hippocampus-dependent memory impairments in adult life in Ts65Dn mice. Furthermore, this treatment prevented pre-synaptic protein deficit, decreased glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3β) activity, and increased levels of synaptic plasticity markers including brain derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) and phosphorylated CREB, both in young (3-week-old) and adult (~ 7-month-old) Ts65Dn mice. These findings provide novel evidence that providing neurotrophic support during early brain development can prevent developmental delay and AD-like memory impairments in a DS mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Faraz Kazim
- Department of Neurochemistry, and SUNY Downstate/NYSIBR Center for Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Institute for Basic Research (NYSIBR), Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.,The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.,Graduate Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Julie Blanchard
- Department of Neurochemistry, and SUNY Downstate/NYSIBR Center for Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Institute for Basic Research (NYSIBR), Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Riccardo Bianchi
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, and SUNY Downstate/NYSIBR Center for Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Institute for Basic Research (NYSIBR), Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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Isaev NK, Stelmashook EV, Genrikhs EE. Role of Nerve Growth Factor in Plasticity of Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:291-300. [PMID: 28320270 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal plastic rearrangements during the development and functioning of neurons are largely regulated by trophic factors, including nerve growth factor (NGF). NGF is also involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In the brain, NGF is produced in structures innervated by basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and retrogradely transported along the axons to the bodies of cholinergic neurons. NGF is essential for normal development and functioning of the basal forebrain; it affects formation of the dendritic tree and modulates the activities of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in basal forebrain neurons. The trophic effect of NGF is mediated through its interactions with TrkA and p75 receptors. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that brain levels of NGF are altered in various pathologies. However, the therapeutic use of NGF is limited by its poor ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, adverse side effects that are due to the pleiotropic action of this factor, and the possibility of immune response to NGF. For this reason, the development of gene therapy methods for treating NGF deficit-associated pathologies is of particular interest. Another approach is creation of low molecular weight NGF mimetics that would interact with the corresponding receptors and display high biological activity but be free of the unfavorable effects of NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Isaev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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