51
|
Vitamin D3 constrains estrogen's effects and influences mammary epithelial organization in 3D cultures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7423. [PMID: 31092845 PMCID: PMC6520380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D3 (vitD3) and its active metabolite, calcitriol (1,25-(OH)2D3), affect multiple tissue types by interacting with the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Although vitD3 deficiency has been correlated with increased incidence of breast cancer and less favorable outcomes, randomized clinical trials have yet to provide conclusive evidence on the efficacy of vitD3 in preventing or treating breast cancer. Additionally, experimental studies are needed to assess the biological plausibility of these outcomes. The mammary gland of VDR KO mice shows a florid phenotype revealing alterations of developmental processes that are largely regulated by mammotropic hormones. However, most research conducted on vitD3's effects used 2D cell cultures and supra-physiological doses of vitD3, conditions that spare the microenvironment in which morphogenesis takes place. We investigated the role of vitD3 in mammary epithelial morphogenesis using two 3D culture models. VitD3 interfered with estrogen's actions on T47D human breast cancer cells in 3D differently at different doses, and recapitulated what is observed in vivo. Also, vitD3 can act autonomously and affected the organization of estrogen-insensitive MCF10A cells in 3D collagen matrix by influencing collagen fiber organization. Thus, vitD3 modulates mammary tissue organization independent of its effects on cell proliferation.
Collapse
|
52
|
Hacker BC, Gomez JD, Batista CAS, Rafat M. Growth and Characterization of Irradiated Organoids from Mammary Glands. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31107464 DOI: 10.3791/59293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids derived from the digested tissue are multicellular three-dimensional (3D) constructs that better recapitulate in vivo conditions than cell monolayers. Although they cannot completely model in vivo complexity, they retain some functionality of the original organ. In cancer models, organoids are commonly used to study tumor cell invasion. This protocol aims to develop and characterize organoids from the normal and irradiated mouse mammary gland tissue to evaluate the radiation response in normal tissues. These organoids can be applied to future in vitro cancer studies to evaluate tumor cell interactions with irradiated organoids. Mammary glands were resected, irradiated to 20 Gy and digested in a collagenase VIII solution. Epithelial organoids were separated via centrifugal differentiation, and 3D organoids were developed in 96-well low-adhesion microplates. Organoids expressed the characteristic epithelial marker cytokeratin 14. Macrophage interaction with the organoids was observed in co-culture experiments. This model may be useful for studying tumor-stromal interactions, infiltration of immune cells, and macrophage polarization within an irradiated microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Hacker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University
| | - Javier D Gomez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University
| | | | - Marjan Rafat
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University; Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center;
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Meng P, Vaapil M, Tagmount A, Loguinov A, Vulpe C, Yaswen P. Propagation of functional estrogen receptor positive normal human breast cells in 3D cultures. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 176:131-140. [PMID: 30993572 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding how differentiation, microenvironment, and hormonal milieu influence human breast cell susceptibility to malignant transformation will require the use of physiologically relevant in vitro systems. We sought to develop a 3D culture model that enables the propagation of normal estrogen receptor alpha (ER) + cells. METHODS We tested soluble factors and protocols for the ability to maintain progenitor and ER + cells in cultures established from primary cells. Optimized conditions were then used to profile estrogen-induced gene expression changes in cultures from three pathology-free individuals. RESULTS Long-term representation of ER + cells was optimal in medium that included three different TGFβ/activin receptor-like kinase inhibitors. We found that omitting the BMP signaling antagonist, Noggin, enhanced the responsiveness of the PGR gene to estradiol exposure without altering the proportions of ER + cells in the cultures. Profiling of estradiol-exposed cultures showed that while all the cultures showed immediate and robust induction of PGR, LRP2, and IGFB4, other responses varied qualitatively and quantitatively across specimens. CONCLUSIONS We successfully identified conditions for the maintenance and propagation of functional ER + cells from normal human breast tissues. We propose that these 3D cultures will overcome limitations of conventional 2D cultures of partially or fully transformed cell lines by sustaining normal endocrine function and growth regulation of the cell populations that comprise intact breasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Meng
- Environmental Genomics & Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marica Vaapil
- Environmental Genomics & Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Alex Loguinov
- Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Chris Vulpe
- Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Paul Yaswen
- Environmental Genomics & Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Ranamukhaarachchi SK, Modi RN, Han A, Velez DO, Kumar A, Engler AJ, Fraley SI. Macromolecular crowding tunes 3D collagen architecture and cell morphogenesis. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:618-633. [PMID: 30515503 PMCID: PMC6375559 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01188e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Collagen I is the primary extracellular matrix component of most solid tumors and influences metastatic progression. Collagen matrix engineering techniques are useful for understanding how this complex biomaterial regulates cancer cell behavior and for improving in vitro cancer models. Here, we establish an approach to tune collagen fibril architecture using PEG as an inert molecular crowding agent during gelation and cell embedding. We find that crowding produces matrices with tighter fibril networks that are less susceptible to proteinase mediated degradation, but does not significantly alter matrix stiffness. The resulting matrices have the effect of preventing cell spreading, confining cells, and reducing cell contractility. Matrix degradability and fibril length are identified as strong predictors of cell confinement. Further, the degree of confinement predicts whether breast cancer cells will ultimately undergo individual or collective behaviors. Highly confined breast cancer cells undergo morphogenesis to form either invasive networks reminiscent of aggressive tumors or gland and lobule structures reminiscent of normal breast epithelia. This morphological transition is accompanied by expression of cell-cell adhesion genes, including PECAM1 and ICAM1. Our study suggests that cell confinement, mediated by matrix architecture, is a design feature that tunes the transcriptional and morphogenic state of breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Ranamukhaarachchi
- Bioengineering, University of California San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Swaminathan S, Hamid Q, Sun W, Clyne AM. Bioprinting of 3D breast epithelial spheroids for human cancer models. Biofabrication 2019; 11:025003. [PMID: 30616234 PMCID: PMC7731635 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aafc49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
3D human cancer models provide a better platform for drug efficacy studies than conventional 2D culture, since they recapitulate important aspects of the in vivo microenvironment. While biofabrication has advanced model creation, bioprinting generally involves extruding individual cells in a bioink and then waiting for these cells to self-assemble into a hierarchical 3D tissue. This self-assembly is time consuming and requires complex cellular interactions with other cell types, extracellular matrix components, and growth factors. We therefore investigated if we could directly bioprint pre-formed 3D spheroids in alginate-based bioinks to create a model tissue that could be used almost immediately. Human breast epithelial cell lines were bioprinted as individual cells or as pre-formed spheroids, either in monoculture or co-culture with vascular endothelial cells. While individual breast cells only spontaneously formed spheroids in Matrigel-based bioink, pre-formed breast spheroids maintained their viability, architecture, and function after bioprinting. Bioprinted breast spheroids were more resistant to paclitaxel than individually printed breast cells; however, this effect was abrogated by endothelial cell co-culture. This study shows that 3D cellular structure bioprinting has potential to create tissue models that quickly replicate the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Swaminathan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
French R, Tornillo G. Heterogeneity of Mammary Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1169:119-140. [PMID: 31487022 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-24108-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult female mammals are endowed with the unique ability to produce milk for nourishing their newborn offspring. Milk is secreted on demand by the mammary gland, an organ which develops during puberty, further matures during pregnancy and lactation, but reverts to a resting state after weaning. The glandular tissue (re)generated through this series of structural and functional changes is finely sourced by resident stem cells under the control of systemic hormones and local stimuli.Over the past decades a plethora of studies have been carried out in order to identify and characterize mammary stem cells, primarily in mice and humans. Intriguingly, it is now emerging that multiple mammary stem cell pools (co)exist and are characterized by distinctive molecular markers and context-dependent functions.This chapter reviews the heterogeneity of the mammary stem cell compartment with emphasis on the key properties and molecular regulators of distinct stem cell populations in both the mouse and human glands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon French
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Giusy Tornillo
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Roberts S, Peyman S, Speirs V. Current and Emerging 3D Models to Study Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1152:413-427. [PMID: 31456197 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For decades 2D culture has been used to study breast cancer. In recent years, however, the importance of 3D culture to recapitulate the complexity of human disease has received attention. A breakthrough for 3D culture came as a result of a Nature editorial 'Goodbye Flat Biology' (Anonymous, Nature 424:861-861, 2003). Since then scientists have developed and implemented a range of different and more clinically relevant models, which are used to study breast cancer. In this chapter multiple different 3D models will be discussed including spheroids, microfluidic and bio-printed models and in silico models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Roberts
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sally Peyman
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Gupta PB, Pastushenko I, Skibinski A, Blanpain C, Kuperwasser C. Phenotypic Plasticity: Driver of Cancer Initiation, Progression, and Therapy Resistance. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 24:65-78. [PMID: 30554963 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Our traditional understanding of phenotypic plasticity in adult somatic cells comprises dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation in the context of tissue regeneration or wound healing. Although dedifferentiation is central to tissue repair and stemness, this process inherently carries the risk of cancer initiation. Consequently, recent research suggests phenotypic plasticity as a new paradigm for understanding cancer initiation, progression, and resistance to therapy. Here, we discuss how cells acquire plasticity and the role of plasticity in initiating cancer, cancer progression, and metastasis and in developing therapy resistance. We also highlight the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and known molecular mechanisms underlying plasticity and we consider potential therapeutic avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyush B Gupta
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Ievgenia Pastushenko
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Adam Skibinski
- Department of Developmental, Chemical and Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Convergence Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA; Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St., Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Cedric Blanpain
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Brussels 1070, Belgium; WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Brussels 1070, Belgium; Department of Developmental, Chemical and Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Convergence Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Broadberry E, McConnell J, Williams J, Yang N, Zindy E, Leek A, Waddington R, Joseph L, Howe M, Meng QJ, Streuli CH. Disrupted circadian clocks and altered tissue mechanics in primary human breast tumours. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:125. [PMID: 30348208 PMCID: PMC6198506 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian rhythms maintain tissue homeostasis during the 24-h day-night cycle. Cell-autonomous circadian clocks play fundamental roles in cell division, DNA damage responses and metabolism. Circadian disruptions have been proposed as a contributing factor for cancer initiation and progression, although definitive evidence for altered molecular circadian clocks in cancer is still lacking. In this study, we looked at circadian clocks in breast cancer. METHODS We isolated primary tumours and normal tissues from the same individuals who had developed breast cancer with no metastases. We assessed circadian clocks within primary cells of the patients by lentiviral expression of circadian reporters, and the levels of clock genes in tissues by qPCR. We histologically examined collagen organisation within the normal and tumour tissue areas, and probed the stiffness of the stroma adjacent to normal and tumour epithelium using atomic force microscopy. RESULTS Epithelial ducts were disorganised within the tumour areas. Circadian clocks were altered in cultured tumour cells. Tumour regions were surrounded by stroma with an altered collagen organisation and increased stiffness. Levels of Bmal1 messenger RNA (mRNA) were significantly altered in the tumours in comparison to normal epithelia. CONCLUSION Circadian rhythms are suppressed in breast tumour epithelia in comparison to the normal epithelia in paired patient samples. This correlates with increased tissue stiffness around the tumour region. We suggest possible involvement of altered circadian clocks in the development and progression of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Broadberry
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - James McConnell
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Jack Williams
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Nan Yang
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Egor Zindy
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Angela Leek
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Rachel Waddington
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Leena Joseph
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Miles Howe
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Qing-Jun Meng
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Charles H Streuli
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Reid JA, Mollica PA, Bruno RD, Sachs PC. Consistent and reproducible cultures of large-scale 3D mammary epithelial structures using an accessible bioprinting platform. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:122. [PMID: 30305139 PMCID: PMC6180647 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard three-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture techniques, such as those used for mammary epithelial cells, rely on random distribution of cells within hydrogels. Although these systems offer advantages over traditional 2D models, limitations persist owing to the lack of control over cellular placement within the hydrogel. This results in experimental inconsistencies and random organoid morphology. Robust, high-throughput experimentation requires greater standardization of 3D epithelial culture techniques. METHODS Here, we detail the use of a 3D bioprinting platform as an investigative tool to control the 3D formation of organoids through the "self-assembly" of human mammary epithelial cells. Experimental bioprinting procedures were optimized to enable the formation of controlled arrays of individual mammary organoids. We define the distance and cell number parameters necessary to print individual organoids that do not interact between print locations as well as those required to generate large contiguous organoids connected through multiple print locations. RESULTS We demonstrate that as few as 10 cells can be used to form 3D mammary structures in a single print and that prints up to 500 μm apart can fuse to form single large structures. Using these fusion parameters, we demonstrate that both linear and non-linear (contiguous circles) can be generated with sizes of 3 mm in length/diameter. We confirm that cells from individual prints interact to form structures with a contiguous lumen. Finally, we demonstrate that organoids can be printed into human collagen hydrogels, allowing for all-human 3D culture systems. CONCLUSIONS Our platform is adaptable to different culturing protocols and is superior to traditional random 3D culture techniques in efficiency, reproducibility, and scalability. Importantly, owing to the low-cost accessibility and computer numerical control-driven platform of our 3D bioprinter, we have the ability to disseminate our experiments with absolute precision to interested laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Reid
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, College of Engineering, Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Peter A Mollica
- School of Medical Diagnostic & Translational Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Robert D Bruno
- School of Medical Diagnostic & Translational Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA.
| | - Patrick C Sachs
- School of Medical Diagnostic & Translational Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Rijal G, Li W. Native-mimicking in vitro microenvironment: an elusive and seductive future for tumor modeling and tissue engineering. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:20. [PMID: 30220913 PMCID: PMC6136168 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human connective tissues are complex physiological microenvironments favorable for optimal survival, function, growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and death of tissue cells. Mimicking native tissue microenvironment using various three-dimensional (3D) tissue culture systems in vitro has been explored for decades, with great advances being achieved recently at material, design and application levels. These achievements are based on improved understandings about the functionalities of various tissue cells, the biocompatibility and biodegradability of scaffolding materials, the biologically functional factors within native tissues, and the pathophysiological conditions of native tissue microenvironments. Here we discuss these continuously evolving physical aspects of tissue microenvironment important for human disease modeling, with a focus on tumors, as well as for tissue repair and regeneration. The combined information about human tissue spaces reflects the necessities of considerations when configuring spatial microenvironments in vitro with native fidelity to culture cells and regenerate tissues that are beyond the formats of 2D and 3D cultures. It is important to associate tissue-specific cells with specific tissues and microenvironments therein for a better understanding of human biology and disease conditions and for the development of novel approaches to treat human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Girdhari Rijal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210 USA
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210 USA
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Kaushik G, Ponnusamy MP, Batra SK. Concise Review: Current Status of Three-Dimensional Organoids as Preclinical Models. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1329-1340. [PMID: 29770526 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cultures use the property of some cells to self-organize in matrices and generate structures that can be programmed to represent an organ or a pathology. Organoid cultures are the 3D cultivation of source tissue (ranging from cells to tissue fragments) in a support matrix and specialized media that nearly resembles the physiological environment. Depending on the source tissue, growth factors, and inhibitors provided, organoids can be programmed to recapitulate the biology of a system and progression of pathology. Organoids are genetically stable, and genetically amenable, making them very suitable tools to study tissue homeostasis and cancer. In this Review, we focus on providing recent technical advances from published literature to efficiently use organoids as a tool for disease modeling and therapeutics. Also, we discuss stem cell biology principles used to generate multiple organoids and their characteristics, with a brief description of methodology. A major theme of this review is to expand organoid applications to the study disease progression and drug response in different cancers. We also discuss shortcomings, limitations, and advantages of developed 3D cultures, with the rationale behind the methodology. Stem Cells 2018;36:1329-1340.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Kaushik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Suresh PK. Breast Cancer Heterogeneity: A focus on Epigenetics and In Vitro 3D Model Systems. CELL JOURNAL 2018; 20:302-311. [PMID: 29845782 PMCID: PMC6004987 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2018.5442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a widely prevalent form of neoplasia in women with fairly alarming mortality statistics. This aspect may
be attributed, in part, to the current spatial and temporal heterogeneity-based limitations in therapies with possible recurrence
of this tumour at primary and/or secondary sites. Such an extensive phenotypic heterogeneity in breast cancer is unlikely to be
adequately or completely comprehended by an immuno-histopathology-based classification alone. This finding has warranted
research and development in the area of microarray-based methods (i.e. transcriptomic and proteomic chips) for an improved
molecular classification of this complex and heterogeneous tumour. Further, since epigenetics can also be an important
determinant in terms of diagnosis, prognosis and therapy, this review provides an insight into the molecular portrait of BC in
genetic and epigenetic terms. Specifically, the roles of characteristic DNA and histone-based modifications as well as mi-RNA-
based alterations have been discussed with specific examples. Also, their involvement in epithelial mesenchymal transition
(EMT) processes in cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been outlined. Last but not least, the salient aspects and the advantages
of ex vivo/in vitro 3D model systems in recapitulating several aspects of BC tumour (particularly the architecture as well as
the apico-basal polarity) are mentioned. This review hopes to provide not only an improved and updated understanding of
the epigenetics of breast cancer, but to also elaborate on tumour model development/refinement, biomarker evaluation, drug
resistance and test of individual drugs or drug combinations and drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palamadai Krishnan Suresh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu.Electronic Address:
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Foyt DA, Norman MDA, Yu TTL, Gentleman E. Exploiting Advanced Hydrogel Technologies to Address Key Challenges in Regenerative Medicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1700939. [PMID: 29316363 PMCID: PMC5922416 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine aims to tackle a panoply of challenges from repairing focal damage to articular cartilage to preventing pathological tissue remodeling after myocardial infarction. Hydrogels are water-swollen networks formed from synthetic or naturally derived polymers and are emerging as important tools to address these challenges. Recent advances in hydrogel chemistries are enabling researchers to create hydrogels that can act as 3D ex vivo tissue models, allowing them to explore fundamental questions in cell biology by replicating tissues' dynamic and nonlinear physical properties. Enabled by cutting edge techniques such as 3D bioprinting, cell-laden hydrogels are also being developed with highly controlled tissue-specific architectures, vasculature, and biological functions that together can direct tissue repair. Moreover, advanced in situ forming and acellular hydrogels are increasingly finding use as delivery vehicles for bioactive compounds and in mediating host cell response. Here, advances in the design and fabrication of hydrogels for regenerative medicine are reviewed. It is also addressed how controlled chemistries are allowing for precise engineering of spatial and time-dependent properties in hydrogels with a look to how these materials will eventually translate to clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Foyt
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Michael D. A. Norman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Tracy T. L. Yu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Carranza-Rosales P, Guzmán-Delgado NE, Carranza-Torres IE, Viveros-Valdez E, Morán-Martínez J. Breast Organotypic Cancer Models. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018:199-223. [PMID: 29556825 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer type diagnosed in women, it represents a critical public health problem worldwide, with 1,671,149 estimated new cases and nearly 571,000 related deaths. Research on breast cancer has mainly been conducted using two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and animal models. The usefulness of these models is reflected in the vast knowledge accumulated over the past decades. However, considering that animal models are three-dimensional (3D) in nature, the validity of the studies using 2D cell cultures has recently been questioned. Although animal models are important in cancer research, ethical questions arise about their use and usefulness as there is no clear predictivity of human disease outcome and they are very expensive and take too much time to obtain results. The poor performance or failure of most cancer drugs suggests that preclinical research on cancer has been based on an over-dependence on inadequate animal models. For these reasons, in the last few years development of alternative models has been prioritized to study human breast cancer behavior, while maintaining a 3D microenvironment, and to reduce the number of experiments conducted in animals. One way to achieve this is using organotypic cultures, which are being more frequently explored in cancer research because they mimic tissue architecture in vivo. These characteristics make organotypic cultures a valuable tool in cancer research as an alternative to replace animal models and for predicting risk assessment in humans. This chapter describes the cultures of multicellular spheroids, organoids, 3D bioreactors, and tumor slices, which are the most widely used organotypic models in breast cancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Carranza-Rosales
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Nancy Elena Guzmán-Delgado
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad # 34, División de Investigación, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Irma Edith Carranza-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ezequiel Viveros-Valdez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Javier Morán-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ultraestructura, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Tsai HF, Trubelja A, Shen AQ, Bao G. Tumour-on-a-chip: microfluidic models of tumour morphology, growth and microenvironment. J R Soc Interface 2018. [PMID: 28637915 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death, albeit enormous efforts to cure the disease. To overcome the major challenges in cancer therapy, we need to have a better understanding of the tumour microenvironment (TME), as well as a more effective means to screen anti-cancer drug leads; both can be achieved using advanced technologies, including the emerging tumour-on-a-chip technology. Here, we review the recent development of the tumour-on-a-chip technology, which integrates microfluidics, microfabrication, tissue engineering and biomaterials research, and offers new opportunities for building and applying functional three-dimensional in vitro human tumour models for oncology research, immunotherapy studies and drug screening. In particular, tumour-on-a-chip microdevices allow well-controlled microscopic studies of the interaction among tumour cells, immune cells and cells in the TME, of which simple tissue cultures and animal models are not amenable to do. The challenges in developing the next-generation tumour-on-a-chip technology are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsieh-Fu Tsai
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Alen Trubelja
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Gang Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Miller DH, Jin DX, Sokol ES, Cabrera JR, Superville DA, Gorelov RA, Kuperwasser C, Gupta PB. BCL11B Drives Human Mammary Stem Cell Self-Renewal In Vitro by Inhibiting Basal Differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:1131-1145. [PMID: 29503088 PMCID: PMC5918530 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial compartment of the mammary gland contains basal and luminal cell lineages, as well as stem and progenitor cells that reside upstream in the differentiation hierarchy. Stem and progenitor cell differentiation is regulated to maintain adult tissue and mediate expansion during pregnancy and lactation. The genetic factors that regulate the transition of cells between differentiation states remain incompletely understood. Here, we present a genome-scale method to discover genes driving cell-state specification. Applying this method, we identify a transcription factor, BCL11B, which drives stem cell self-renewal in vitro, by inhibiting differentiation into the basal lineage. To validate BCL11B's functional role, we use two-dimensional colony-forming and three-dimensional tissue differentiation assays to assess the lineage differentiation potential and functional abilities of primary human mammary cells. These findings show that BCL11B regulates mammary cell differentiation and demonstrate the utility of our proposed genome-scale strategy for identifying lineage regulators in mammalian tissues. Novel strategy to identify lineage-specifying genes BCL11B drives primary human mammary stem cell self-renewal in vitro BCL11B inhibits basal differentiation of mammary stem cells in vitro
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Miller
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dexter X Jin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ethan S Sokol
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Janel R Cabrera
- Department of Developmental, Chemical, and Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Raymond & Beverly Sackler Convergence Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Daphne A Superville
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gorelov
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Department of Developmental, Chemical, and Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Raymond & Beverly Sackler Convergence Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Piyush B Gupta
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Characterization of primary human mammary epithelial cells isolated and propagated by conditional reprogrammed cell culture. Oncotarget 2017; 9:11503-11514. [PMID: 29545915 PMCID: PMC5837767 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Conditional reprogramming methods allow for the inexhaustible in vitro proliferation of primary epithelial cells from human tissue specimens. This methodology has the potential to enhance the utility of primary cell culture as a model for mammary gland research. However, few studies have systematically characterized this method in generating in vitro normal human mammary epithelial cell models. Results We show that cells derived from fresh normal breast tissues can be propagated and exhibit heterogeneous morphologic features. The cultures are composed of CK18, desmoglein 3, and CK19-positive luminal cells and vimentin, p63, and CK14-positive myoepithelial cells, suggesting the maintenance of in vivo heterogeneity. In addition, the cultures contain subpopulations with different CD49f and EpCAM expression profiles. When grown in 3D conditions, cells self-organize into distinct structures that express either luminal or basal cell markers. Among these structures, CK8-positive cells enclosing a lumen are capable of differentiation into milk-producing cells in the presence of lactogenic stimulus. Furthermore, our short-term cultures retain the expression of ERα, as well as its ability to respond to estrogen stimulation. Materials and Methods We have investigated conditionally reprogrammed normal epithelial cells in terms of cell type heterogeneity, cellular marker expression, and structural arrangement in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) systems. Conclusions The conditional reprogramming methodology allows generation of a heterogeneous culture from normal human mammary tissue in vitro. We believe that this cell culture model will provide a valuable tool to study mammary cell function and malignant transformation.
Collapse
|
69
|
Swaminathan S, Ngo O, Basehore S, Clyne AM. Vascular Endothelial-Breast Epithelial Cell Coculture Model Created from 3D Cell Structures. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2999-3006. [PMID: 33418720 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell interactions with normal and cancerous breast epithelial cells have been widely studied in tissue growth and development, as well as in angiogenesis and metastasis. Despite the understanding that 3D multicellular architecture is critical to the cell phenotype, 3D vascular structures have not yet been cocultured with 3D breast spheroids in vitro. The objective of this study was therefore to create a hierarchical, multiscale model of vascular endothelial-breast epithelial cell interactions in which both cell types were assembled into their 3D architectures. The model was successfully fabricated by adding preformed breast spheroids onto preformed endothelial tube-like networks. Through this model, we observed that breast spheroids maintain vascular tube-like networks. Over time, breast epithelial cells migrate out of the spheroid structure along the endothelial networks. This research shows that 3D cell structures serve as an important building block for creating multicellular coculture models to study physiologically relevant cell-cell interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Swaminathan
- Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Olivia Ngo
- Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sarah Basehore
- Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alisa Morss Clyne
- Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Picollet-D'hahan N, Dolega ME, Freida D, Martin DK, Gidrol X. Deciphering Cell Intrinsic Properties: A Key Issue for Robust Organoid Production. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 35:1035-1048. [PMID: 28927991 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We highlight the disposition of various cell types to self-organize into complex organ-like structures without necessarily the support of any stromal cells, provided they are placed into permissive 3D culture conditions. The goal of generating organoids reproducibly and efficiently has been hampered by poor understanding of the exact nature of the intrinsic cell properties at the origin of organoid generation, and of the signaling pathways governing their differentiation. Using microtechnologies like microfluidics to engineer organoids would create opportunities for single-cell genomics and high-throughput functional genomics to exhaustively characterize cell intrinsic properties. A more complete understanding of the development of organoids would enhance their relevance as models to study organ morphology, function, and disease and would open new avenues in drug development and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika E Dolega
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, BIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Delphine Freida
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, BIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Donald K Martin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; TIMC-IMAG/CNRS UMR 5525, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Xavier Gidrol
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, BIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Streuli CH. Integrins as architects of cell behavior. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 27:2885-8. [PMID: 27687254 PMCID: PMC5042575 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are cell surface receptors that bind cells to their physical external environment, linking the extracellular matrix to cell function. They are essential in the biology of all animals. In the late 1980s, we discovered that integrins are required for the ability of breast epithelia to do what they are programmed to do, which is to differentiate and make milk. Since then, integrins have been shown to control most other aspects of phenotype: to stay alive, to divide, and to move about. Integrins also provide part of the mechanism that allows cells to form tissues. Here I discuss how we discovered that integrins control mammary gland differentiation and explore the role of integrins as central architects of other aspects of cell behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Streuli
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Kwakwa KA, Vanderburgh JP, Guelcher SA, Sterling JA. Engineering 3D Models of Tumors and Bone to Understand Tumor-Induced Bone Disease and Improve Treatments. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2017; 15:247-254. [PMID: 28646444 PMCID: PMC5960271 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-017-0385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone is a structurally unique microenvironment that presents many challenges for the development of 3D models for studying bone physiology and diseases, including cancer. As researchers continue to investigate the interactions within the bone microenvironment, the development of 3D models of bone has become critical. RECENT FINDINGS 3D models have been developed that replicate some properties of bone, but have not fully reproduced the complex structural and cellular composition of the bone microenvironment. This review will discuss 3D models including polyurethane, silk, and collagen scaffolds that have been developed to study tumor-induced bone disease. In addition, we discuss 3D printing techniques used to better replicate the structure of bone. 3D models that better replicate the bone microenvironment will help researchers better understand the dynamic interactions between tumors and the bone microenvironment, ultimately leading to better models for testing therapeutics and predicting patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Kwakwa
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave, 1235 MRBIV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Joseph P Vanderburgh
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave, 1235 MRBIV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Scott A Guelcher
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave, 1235 MRBIV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Julie A Sterling
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave, 1235 MRBIV, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Sepantafar M, Maheronnaghsh R, Mohammadi H, Radmanesh F, Hasani-Sadrabadi MM, Ebrahimi M, Baharvand H. Engineered Hydrogels in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 35:1074-1087. [PMID: 28734545 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, numerous investigations have attempted to clarify the intricacies of tumor development to propose effective approaches for cancer treatment. Thanks to the unique properties of hydrogels, researchers have made significant progress in tumor model reconstruction, tumor diagnosis, and associated therapies. Notably, hydrogel-based systems can be adjusted to respond to cancer-specific hallmarks and/or external stimuli. These well-known drug reservoirs can be used as smart carriers for multiple cargos, including both naked and nanoparticle-encapsulated chemotherapeutics, genes, and radioisotopes. Recent works have attempted to specialize hydrogels for cancer research; we comprehensively review this topic for the first time, synthesizing past results and defining paths for future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadmajid Sepantafar
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reihan Maheronnaghsh
- Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mohammadi
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Fatemeh Radmanesh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Hasani-Sadrabadi
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Advanced biomaterials and microengineering technologies to recapitulate the stepwise process of cancer metastasis. Biomaterials 2017; 133:176-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
75
|
Diekjürgen D, Grainger DW. Polysaccharide matrices used in 3D in vitro cell culture systems. Biomaterials 2017; 141:96-115. [PMID: 28672214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides comprise a diverse class of polymeric materials with a history of proven biocompatibility and continual use as biomaterials. Recent focus on new matrices appropriate for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture offers new opportunities to apply polysaccharides as extracellular matrix mimics. However, chemical and structural bases for specific cell-polysaccharide interactions essential for their utility as 3-D cell matrices are not well defined. This review describes how these naturally sourced biomaterials satisfy several key properties for current 3D cell culture needs and can also be synthetically modified or blended with additional components to tailor their cell engagement properties. Beyond their benign interactions with many cell types in cultures, their economical and high quality sourcing, optical clarity for ex situ analytical interrogation and in situ gelation represent important properties of these polymers for 3D cell culture applications. Continued diversification of their versatile glycan chemistry, new bio-synthetic sourcing strategies and elucidation of new cell-specific properties are attractive to expand the polysaccharide polymer utility for cell culture needs. Many 3D cell culture priorities are addressed with the portfolio of polysaccharide materials available and under development. This review provides a critical analysis of their properties, capabilities and challenges in 3D cell culture applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Diekjürgen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5820, USA
| | - David W Grainger
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5820, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5820, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Lee JY, Chaudhuri O. Regulation of Breast Cancer Progression by Extracellular Matrix Mechanics: Insights from 3D Culture Models. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:302-313. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Y. Lee
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Stanford University, 452 Escondido Mall, Building 520,
Room 226, Stanford, California 94305-4038, United States
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Stanford University, 452 Escondido Mall, Building 520,
Room 226, Stanford, California 94305-4038, United States
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Carter EP, Gopsill JA, Gomm JJ, Jones JL, Grose RP. A 3D in vitro model of the human breast duct: a method to unravel myoepithelial-luminal interactions in the progression of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:50. [PMID: 28427436 PMCID: PMC5399380 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 3D modelling fulfils a critical role in research, allowing for complex cell behaviour and interactions to be studied in physiomimetic conditions. With tissue banks becoming established for a number of cancers, researchers now have access to primary patient cells, providing the perfect building blocks to recreate and interrogate intricate cellular systems in the laboratory. The ducts of the human breast are composed of an inner layer of luminal cells supported by an outer layer of myoepithelial cells. In early-stage ductal carcinoma in situ, cancerous luminal cells are confined to the ductal space by an intact myoepithelial layer. Understanding the relationship between myoepithelial and luminal cells in the development of cancer is critical for the development of new therapies and prognostic markers. This requires the generation of new models that allows for the manipulation of these two cell types in a physiological setting. Methods Using access to the Breast Cancer Now Tissue Bank, we isolated pure populations of myoepithelial and luminal cells from human reduction mammoplasty specimens and placed them into 2D culture. These cells were infected with lentiviral particles encoding either fluorescent proteins, to facilitate cell tracking, or an inducible human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression construct. Myoepithelial and luminal cells were then recombined in collagen gels, and the resulting cellular structures were analysed by confocal microscopy. Results Myoepithelial and luminal cells isolated from reduction mammoplasty specimens can be grown separately in 2D culture and retain their differentiated state. When recombined in collagen gels, these cells reform into physiologically reflective bilayer structures. Inducible expression of HER2 in the luminal compartment, once the bilayer has formed, leads to robust luminal filling, recapitulating ductal carcinoma in situ, and can be blocked with anti-HER2 therapies. Conclusions This model allows for the interaction between myoepithelial and luminal cells to be investigated in an in-vitro environment and paves the way to study early events in breast cancer development with the potential to act as a powerful drug discovery platform. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-017-0843-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Carter
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - James A Gopsill
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Jennifer J Gomm
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - J Louise Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Shah SB, Singh A. Cellular self-assembly and biomaterials-based organoid models of development and diseases. Acta Biomater 2017; 53:29-45. [PMID: 28159716 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organogenesis and morphogenesis have informed our understanding of physiology, pathophysiology, and avenues to create new curative and regenerative therapies. Thus far, this understanding has been hindered by the lack of a physiologically relevant yet accessible model that affords biological control. Recently, three-dimensional ex vivo cellular cultures created through cellular self-assembly under natural extracellular matrix cues or through biomaterial-based directed assembly have been shown to physically resemble and recapture some functionality of target organs. These "organoids" have garnered momentum for their applications in modeling human development and disease, drug screening, and future therapy design or even organ replacement. This review first discusses the self-organizing organoids as materials with emergent properties and their advantages and limitations. We subsequently describe biomaterials-based strategies used to afford more control of the organoid's microenvironment and ensuing cellular composition and organization. In this review, we also offer our perspective on how multifunctional biomaterials with precise spatial and temporal control could ultimately bridge the gap between in vitro organoid platforms and their in vivo counterparts. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Several notable reviews have highlighted PSC-derived organoids and 3D aggregates, including embryoid bodies, from a development and cellular assembly perspective. The focus of this review is to highlight the materials-based approaches that cells, including PSCs and others, adopt for self-assembly and the controlled development of complex tissues, such as that of the brain, gut, and immune system.
Collapse
|
79
|
Abstract
Advances in mammography have sparked an exponential increase in the detection of early-stage breast lesions, most commonly ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). More than 50% of DCIS lesions are benign and will remain indolent, never progressing to invasive cancers. However, the factors that promote DCIS invasion remain poorly understood. Here, we show that SMARCE1 is required for the invasive progression of DCIS and other early-stage tumors. We show that SMARCE1 drives invasion by regulating the expression of secreted proteases that degrade basement membrane, an ECM barrier surrounding all epithelial tissues. In functional studies, SMARCE1 promotes invasion of in situ cancers growing within primary human mammary tissues and is also required for metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, SMARCE1 drives invasion by forming a SWI/SNF-independent complex with the transcription factor ILF3. In patients diagnosed with early-stage cancers, SMARCE1 expression is a strong predictor of eventual relapse and metastasis. Collectively, these findings establish SMARCE1 as a key driver of invasive progression in early-stage tumors.
Collapse
|
80
|
Clark AM, Wheeler SE, Young CL, Stockdale L, Shepard Neiman J, Zhao W, Stolz DB, Venkataramanan R, Lauffenburger D, Griffith L, Wells A. A liver microphysiological system of tumor cell dormancy and inflammatory responsiveness is affected by scaffold properties. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 17:156-168. [PMID: 27910972 PMCID: PMC5242229 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01171c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Distant metastasis is the major cause of breast cancer-related mortality, commonly emerging clinically after 5 or more years of seeming 'cure' of the primary tumor, indicating a quiescent dormancy. The lack of relevant accessible model systems for metastasis that recreate this latent stage has hindered our understanding of the molecular basis and the development of therapies against these lethal outgrowths. We previously reported on the development of an all-human 3D ex vivo hepatic microphysiological system that reproduces several features of liver physiology and enables spontaneous dormancy in a subpopulation of breast cancer cells. However, we observed that the dormant cells were localized primarily within the 3D tissue, while the proliferative cells were in contact with the polystyrene scaffold. As matrix stiffness is known to drive inflammatory and malignant behaviors, we explored the occurrence of spontaneous tumor dormancy and inflammatory phenotype. The microphysiological system was retrofitted with PEGDa-SynKRGD hydrogel scaffolding, which is softer and differs in the interface with the tissue. The microphysiological system incorporated donor-matched primary human hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Hepatic tissue in hydrogel scaffolds secreted lower levels of pro-inflammatory analytes, and was more responsive to inflammatory stimuli. The proportion of tumor cells entering dormancy was markedly increased in the hydrogel-supported tissue compared to polystyrene. Interestingly, an unexpected differential response of dormant cells to varying chemotherapeutic doses was identified, which if reflective of patient pathophysiology, has important implications for patient dosing regimens. These findings highlight the metastatic microphysiological system fitted with hydrogel scaffolds as a critical tool in the assessment and development of therapeutic strategies to target dormant metastatic breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - S E Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - C L Young
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Stockdale
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Shepard Neiman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D B Stolz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. and Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R Venkataramanan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Colacino JA. 3D human tissue culture: modeling environmental effects on the stem cell epigenome. Epigenomics 2016; 8:1453-1457. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Jamieson PR, Dekkers JF, Rios AC, Fu NY, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. Derivation of a robust mouse mammary organoid system for studying tissue dynamics. Development 2016; 144:1065-1071. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.145045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in stem cell research have enabled the generation of mini-organs or organoids that recapitulate phenotypic traits of the original biological specimen. Although organoids have been demonstrated for multiple organ systems, there are more limited options for studying mouse mammary gland formation in vitro. Here we have built upon previously described culture assays to define culture conditions that enable the efficient generation of clonal organoid structures from single-sorted basal mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Analysis of Confetti-reporter mice revealed the formation of uni-coloured structures and thus the clonal nature of these organoids. High resolution 3D imaging demonstrated that basal cell-derived, complex organoids comprised an inner compartment of polarized luminal cells with milk-producing capacity and an outer network of elongated myoepithelial cells. Conversely, structures generated from luminal MECs rarely contained basal/myoepithelial cells. Moreover, flow cytometry and 3D microscopy of organoids generated from lineage-specific reporter mice established the bipotent capacity of basal cells and the restricted potential of luminal cells. In summary, we describe optimized in vitro conditions for the efficient generation of mouse mammary organoids that recapitulate features of mammary tissue architecture and function, and can be applied to understand tissue dynamics and cell-fate decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Jamieson
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Johanna F. Dekkers
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Anne C. Rios
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nai Yang Fu
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J. Lindeman
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Familial Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jane E. Visvader
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|