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Bhise V, Dhib-Jalbut S. Further understanding of the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: impact on future treatments. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:1069-89. [PMID: 27191526 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1191351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The understanding of the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) has expanded with more research into T-cell subtypes, cytokine contributors, B-cell participation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and more. Treatment options have rapidly expanded with three relatively recent oral therapy alternatives entering the arena. AREAS COVERED In the following review, we discuss current mechanisms of immune dysregulation in MS, how they relate to current treatments, and the impact these findings will have on the future of therapy. Expert commentary: The efficacy of these medications and understanding their mechanisms of actions validates the immunopathogenic mechanisms thought to underlie MS. Further research has exposed new targets, while new promising therapies have shed light on new aspects into the pathophysiology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Bhise
- a Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences - Departments of Pediatrics , Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | - Suhayl Dhib-Jalbut
- b Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences - Departments of Neurology , Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
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Ryba-Stanisławowska M, Werner P, Brandt A, Myśliwiec M, Myśliwska J. Th9 and Th22 immune response in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Immunol Res 2016; 64:730-5. [PMID: 26659093 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Th17, Th22 and Th9 are recently discovered effector populations that may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The presented study aimed to investigate the link between Th22 and Th9 subsets in type 1 diabetes, as this disease involves different subsets of CD4+ T lymphocytes. The study groups consisted of 23 patients with type 1 diabetes and 11 healthy individuals. All subjects had CD4+IL-22 Th22 and CD4+IL-9 Th9 lymphocytes investigated by flow cytometry. In addition, the plasma concentrations of IL-22 as well as IL-9 were analyzed. Our study demonstrated that Th9 and Th22 cell counts as well as their plasma cytokines were upregulated in patients with type 1 and correlated with HbA1c and CRP values. Taking these all into account, one can conclude that Th22 and Th9 lymphocyte activities may contribute to chronic, low-level inflammation that is considered an integral part of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulina Werner
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Brandt
- Clinic of Pediatrics, Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Myśliwiec
- Clinic of Pediatrics, Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Myśliwska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
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Alvarenga-Filho H, Sacramento PM, Ferreira TB, Hygino J, Abreu JEC, Carvalho SR, Wing AC, Alvarenga RMP, Bento CA. Combined exercise training reduces fatigue and modulates the cytokine profile of T-cells from multiple sclerosis patients in response to neuromediators. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 293:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Niccolai E, Taddei A, Ricci F, Rolla S, D'Elios MM, Benagiano M, Bechi P, Bencini L, Ringressi MN, Pini A, Castiglione F, Giordano D, Satolli MA, Coratti A, Cianchi F, Bani D, Prisco D, Novelli F, Amedei A. Intra-tumoral IFN-γ-producing Th22 cells correlate with TNM staging and the worst outcomes in pancreatic cancer. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:247-58. [PMID: 26590104 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PDAC (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death. The causes of this cancer remain unknown, but increasing evidence indicates a key role of the host immune response and cytokines in human carcinogenesis. Intra-tumoral IL (interleukin)-22 levels have been shown to be elevated in PDAC patients. However, little is known regarding the expression and clinical relevance of Th22 cells in human PDAC and, furthermore, which TILs (tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes) are the main producers of IL-22 is unknown. In the present study, we characterized the functional proprieties of the different subsets of IL-22-producing TILs and analysed their relationship with the TNM staging system and patient survival. We have demonstrated for the first time that, in PDAC patients, the T-cells co-producing IFN-γ (interferon γ) and exerting perforin-mediated cytotoxicity are the major intra-tumoral source of IL-22. In addition, isolated Th22 cells were able to induce apoptosis, which was antagonized by IL-22. Finally, we observed that the IL-22-producing T-cells were significantly increased in tumour tissue and that this increase was positively correlated with TNM staging of PDAC and poorer patient survival. These novel findings support the dual role of the anti-tumour immune system and that IL-22-producing cells may participate in PDAC pathogenesis. Therefore monitoring Th22 levels could be a good diagnostic parameter, and blocking IL-22 signalling may represent a viable method for anti-PDAC therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/immunology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/mortality
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Granzymes/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/mortality
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Paracrine Communication
- Perforin/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Taddei
- Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology Service, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Santena 19, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Ricci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Rolla
- Centre for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy Molecular Biology Center and Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Milco D'Elios
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy Department of Neuro-Skeletal Muscle and Sensory Organs, Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Marisa Benagiano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Bechi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Michelangiolo 41, 50125 Florence, Italy Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Lapo Bencini
- Department of Oncology, Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Novella Ringressi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Michelangiolo 41, 50125 Florence, Italy Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Castiglione
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Giordano
- Centre for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy Molecular Biology Center and Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Satolli
- Centro Oncologico Ematologico Subalpino (COES), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Coratti
- Department of Oncology, Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Cianchi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Michelangiolo 41, 50125 Florence, Italy Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Bani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Domenico Prisco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy Department of Neuro-Skeletal Muscle and Sensory Organs, Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Novelli
- Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology Service, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Santena 19, 10126 Turin, Italy Centre for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy Molecular Biology Center and Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy Department of Neuro-Skeletal Muscle and Sensory Organs, Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
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55
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Rolla S, Alchera E, Imarisio C, Bardina V, Valente G, Cappello P, Mombello C, Follenzi A, Novelli F, Carini R. The balance between IL-17 and IL-22 produced by liver-infiltrating T-helper cells critically controls NASH development in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:193-203. [PMID: 26558403 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the evolution of steatosis towards NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) and fibrosis are not completely defined. In the present study we evaluated the role of CD4(+) T-helper (Th) cells in this process. We analysed the infiltration of different subsets of CD4(+) Th cells in C57BL/6 mice fed on a MCD (methionine choline-deficient) diet, which is a model reproducing all phases of human NASH progression. There was an increase in Th17 cells at the beginning of NASH development and at the NASH-fibrosis transition, whereas levels of Th22 cells peaked between the first and the second expansion of Th17 cells. An increase in the production of IL (interleukin)-6, TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α), TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) and CCL20 (CC chemokine ligand 20) accompanied the changes in Th17/Th22 cells. Livers of IL-17(-/-) mice were protected from NASH development and characterized by an extensive infiltration of Th22 cells. In vitro, IL-17 exacerbated the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase)-dependent mouse hepatocyte lipotoxicity induced by palmitate. IL-22 prevented lipotoxicity through PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)-mediated inhibition of JNK, but did not play a protective role in the presence of IL-17, which up-regulated the PI3K/Akt inhibitor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10). Consistently, livers of IL-17(-/-) mice fed on the MCD diet displayed decreased activation of JNK, reduced expression of PTEN and increased phosphorylation of Akt compared with livers of wild-type mice. Hepatic infiltration of Th17 cells is critical for NASH initiation and development of fibrosis in mice, and reflects an infiltration of Th22 cells. Th22 cells are protective in NASH, but only in the absence of IL-17. These data strongly support the potentiality of clinical applications of IL-17 inhibitors that can prevent NASH by both abolishing the lipotoxic action of IL-17 and allowing IL-22-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Rolla
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, via Nizza 56, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Alchera
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Imarisio
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Bardina
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, via Nizza 56, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Guido Valente
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Paola Cappello
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, via Nizza 56, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy Molecular Biology Center, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Mombello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Antonia Follenzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Francesco Novelli
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, via Nizza 56, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy Immunogenetics and Transplantation Biology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy Molecular Biology Center, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Rita Carini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
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56
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Wing AC, Hygino J, Ferreira TB, Kasahara TM, Barros PO, Sacramento PM, Andrade RM, Camargo S, Rueda F, Alves‐Leon SV, Vasconcelos CC, Alvarenga R, Bento CAM. Interleukin-17- and interleukin-22-secreting myelin-specific CD4(+) T cells resistant to corticoids are related with active brain lesions in multiple sclerosis patients. Immunology 2016; 147:212-20. [PMID: 26781085 PMCID: PMC4717237 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be an autoimmune disorder. It is believed that immunological events in the early stages have great impact on the disease course. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the cytokine profile of myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells from MS patients in the early phase of the disease and correlate it to clinical parameters, as well as to the effect of in vitro corticoid treatment. Peripheral T cells from MS patients were stimulated with MBP with our without hydrocortisone for 5 days. The cytokines level were determined by ELISA. The number of active brain lesions was determined by MRI scans, and the neurological disabilities were assessed by Expanded Disability Status Scale scores. Our results demonstrated that MS-derived T cells responded to MBP by producing high levels of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cytokines. Although the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-17 and IL-22 was less sensitive to hydrocortisone inhibition, only IL-17 and IL-22 levels correlated with active brain lesions. The ability of hydrocortisone to inhibit IL-17 and IL-22 production by MBP-specific CD4(+) T cells was inversely related to the number of active brain lesions. Finally, the production of both cytokines was significantly higher in cell cultures from Afrodescendant patients and it was less sensitive to hydrocortisone inhibition. In summary, our data suggest that IL-17- and IL-22-secreting CD4(+) T cells resistant to corticoids are associated with radiological activity of the MS in early stages of the disease, mainly among Afrodescendant patients who, normally, have worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Wing
- Post‐graduate Programme in NeurologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Joana Hygino
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Thais B. Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Taissa M. Kasahara
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Priscila O. Barros
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Priscila M. Sacramento
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Regis M. Andrade
- Department of General MedicineFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | | | - Fernanda Rueda
- Clinical Diagnosis by Image/Barra da Tijuca UnityRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Soniza V. Alves‐Leon
- Post‐graduate Programme in NeurologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | | | - Regina Alvarenga
- Post‐graduate Programme in NeurologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Cleonice A. M. Bento
- Post‐graduate Programme in NeurologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
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57
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De Mercanti S, Rolla S, Cucci A, Bardina V, Cocco E, Vladic A, Soldo-Butkovic S, Habek M, Adamec I, Horakova D, Annovazzi P, Novelli F, Durelli L, Clerico M. Alemtuzumab long-term immunologic effect: Treg suppressor function increases up to 24 months. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2016; 3:e194. [PMID: 26819963 PMCID: PMC4723135 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze changes in T-helper (Th) subsets, T-regulatory (Treg) cell percentages and function, and mRNA levels of immunologically relevant molecules during a 24-month follow-up after alemtuzumab treatment in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). METHODS Multicenter follow-up of 29 alemtuzumab-treated patients with RRMS in the Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis (CARE-MS) I and CARE-MS II trials. Peripheral blood (PB) samples were obtained at months 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24. We evaluated (1) mRNA levels of 26 immunologic molecules (cytokines, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and transcriptional factors); (2) Th1, Th17, and Treg cell percentages; and (3) myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific Treg suppressor activity. RESULTS We observed 12 relapses in 9 patients. mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, IL-27, and transforming growth factor-β persistently increased whereas those of proinflammatory molecules related to the Th1 or Th17 subsets persistently decreased after alemtuzumab administration throughout the follow-up period. PB CD4+ cell percentage remained significantly lower than baseline while that of Th1 and Th17 cells did not significantly change. A significant increase in Treg cell percentage was observed at month 24 and was accompanied by an increase in Treg cell suppressive activity against MBP-specific Th1 and Th17 cells. CONCLUSIONS The long-lasting therapeutic benefit of alemtuzumab in RRMS may involve a shift in the cytokine balance towards inhibition of inflammation associated with a reconstitution of the PB CD4+ T-cell subsets that includes expansion of Treg cells with increased suppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania De Mercanti
- Division of Neurology (S.D.M., S.R., A.C., L.D., M.C.) and the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (S.D.M., A.C., L.D., M.C.), University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS) (S.R., V.B., F.N.), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences (V.B., F.N.), Università degli Studi di Torino; Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.C.), Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.V., S.S.-B.), Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Zagreb; Medical Faculty University (A.V., S.S.-B.), J.J. Strossmayer Osijek; Department of Neurology (M.H., I.A.), Referral Center for Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H.), Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Czech Republic; and Multiple Sclerosis Study Center (P.A.), AO S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate (VA), Italy
| | - Simona Rolla
- Division of Neurology (S.D.M., S.R., A.C., L.D., M.C.) and the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (S.D.M., A.C., L.D., M.C.), University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS) (S.R., V.B., F.N.), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences (V.B., F.N.), Università degli Studi di Torino; Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.C.), Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.V., S.S.-B.), Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Zagreb; Medical Faculty University (A.V., S.S.-B.), J.J. Strossmayer Osijek; Department of Neurology (M.H., I.A.), Referral Center for Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H.), Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Czech Republic; and Multiple Sclerosis Study Center (P.A.), AO S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate (VA), Italy
| | - Angele Cucci
- Division of Neurology (S.D.M., S.R., A.C., L.D., M.C.) and the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (S.D.M., A.C., L.D., M.C.), University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS) (S.R., V.B., F.N.), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences (V.B., F.N.), Università degli Studi di Torino; Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.C.), Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.V., S.S.-B.), Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Zagreb; Medical Faculty University (A.V., S.S.-B.), J.J. Strossmayer Osijek; Department of Neurology (M.H., I.A.), Referral Center for Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H.), Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Czech Republic; and Multiple Sclerosis Study Center (P.A.), AO S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate (VA), Italy
| | - Valentina Bardina
- Division of Neurology (S.D.M., S.R., A.C., L.D., M.C.) and the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (S.D.M., A.C., L.D., M.C.), University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS) (S.R., V.B., F.N.), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences (V.B., F.N.), Università degli Studi di Torino; Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.C.), Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.V., S.S.-B.), Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Zagreb; Medical Faculty University (A.V., S.S.-B.), J.J. Strossmayer Osijek; Department of Neurology (M.H., I.A.), Referral Center for Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H.), Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Czech Republic; and Multiple Sclerosis Study Center (P.A.), AO S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate (VA), Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Division of Neurology (S.D.M., S.R., A.C., L.D., M.C.) and the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (S.D.M., A.C., L.D., M.C.), University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS) (S.R., V.B., F.N.), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences (V.B., F.N.), Università degli Studi di Torino; Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.C.), Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.V., S.S.-B.), Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Zagreb; Medical Faculty University (A.V., S.S.-B.), J.J. Strossmayer Osijek; Department of Neurology (M.H., I.A.), Referral Center for Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H.), Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Czech Republic; and Multiple Sclerosis Study Center (P.A.), AO S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate (VA), Italy
| | - Anton Vladic
- Division of Neurology (S.D.M., S.R., A.C., L.D., M.C.) and the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (S.D.M., A.C., L.D., M.C.), University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS) (S.R., V.B., F.N.), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences (V.B., F.N.), Università degli Studi di Torino; Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.C.), Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.V., S.S.-B.), Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Zagreb; Medical Faculty University (A.V., S.S.-B.), J.J. Strossmayer Osijek; Department of Neurology (M.H., I.A.), Referral Center for Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H.), Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Czech Republic; and Multiple Sclerosis Study Center (P.A.), AO S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate (VA), Italy
| | - Silva Soldo-Butkovic
- Division of Neurology (S.D.M., S.R., A.C., L.D., M.C.) and the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (S.D.M., A.C., L.D., M.C.), University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS) (S.R., V.B., F.N.), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences (V.B., F.N.), Università degli Studi di Torino; Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.C.), Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.V., S.S.-B.), Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Zagreb; Medical Faculty University (A.V., S.S.-B.), J.J. Strossmayer Osijek; Department of Neurology (M.H., I.A.), Referral Center for Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H.), Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Czech Republic; and Multiple Sclerosis Study Center (P.A.), AO S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate (VA), Italy
| | - Mario Habek
- Division of Neurology (S.D.M., S.R., A.C., L.D., M.C.) and the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (S.D.M., A.C., L.D., M.C.), University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS) (S.R., V.B., F.N.), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences (V.B., F.N.), Università degli Studi di Torino; Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.C.), Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.V., S.S.-B.), Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Zagreb; Medical Faculty University (A.V., S.S.-B.), J.J. Strossmayer Osijek; Department of Neurology (M.H., I.A.), Referral Center for Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H.), Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Czech Republic; and Multiple Sclerosis Study Center (P.A.), AO S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate (VA), Italy
| | - Ivan Adamec
- Division of Neurology (S.D.M., S.R., A.C., L.D., M.C.) and the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (S.D.M., A.C., L.D., M.C.), University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS) (S.R., V.B., F.N.), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences (V.B., F.N.), Università degli Studi di Torino; Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.C.), Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.V., S.S.-B.), Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Zagreb; Medical Faculty University (A.V., S.S.-B.), J.J. Strossmayer Osijek; Department of Neurology (M.H., I.A.), Referral Center for Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H.), Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Czech Republic; and Multiple Sclerosis Study Center (P.A.), AO S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate (VA), Italy
| | - Dana Horakova
- Division of Neurology (S.D.M., S.R., A.C., L.D., M.C.) and the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (S.D.M., A.C., L.D., M.C.), University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS) (S.R., V.B., F.N.), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences (V.B., F.N.), Università degli Studi di Torino; Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.C.), Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.V., S.S.-B.), Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Zagreb; Medical Faculty University (A.V., S.S.-B.), J.J. Strossmayer Osijek; Department of Neurology (M.H., I.A.), Referral Center for Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H.), Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Czech Republic; and Multiple Sclerosis Study Center (P.A.), AO S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate (VA), Italy
| | - Pietro Annovazzi
- Division of Neurology (S.D.M., S.R., A.C., L.D., M.C.) and the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (S.D.M., A.C., L.D., M.C.), University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS) (S.R., V.B., F.N.), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences (V.B., F.N.), Università degli Studi di Torino; Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.C.), Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.V., S.S.-B.), Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Zagreb; Medical Faculty University (A.V., S.S.-B.), J.J. Strossmayer Osijek; Department of Neurology (M.H., I.A.), Referral Center for Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H.), Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Czech Republic; and Multiple Sclerosis Study Center (P.A.), AO S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate (VA), Italy
| | - Francesco Novelli
- Division of Neurology (S.D.M., S.R., A.C., L.D., M.C.) and the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (S.D.M., A.C., L.D., M.C.), University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS) (S.R., V.B., F.N.), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences (V.B., F.N.), Università degli Studi di Torino; Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.C.), Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.V., S.S.-B.), Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Zagreb; Medical Faculty University (A.V., S.S.-B.), J.J. Strossmayer Osijek; Department of Neurology (M.H., I.A.), Referral Center for Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H.), Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Czech Republic; and Multiple Sclerosis Study Center (P.A.), AO S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate (VA), Italy
| | - Luca Durelli
- Division of Neurology (S.D.M., S.R., A.C., L.D., M.C.) and the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (S.D.M., A.C., L.D., M.C.), University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS) (S.R., V.B., F.N.), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences (V.B., F.N.), Università degli Studi di Torino; Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.C.), Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.V., S.S.-B.), Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Zagreb; Medical Faculty University (A.V., S.S.-B.), J.J. Strossmayer Osijek; Department of Neurology (M.H., I.A.), Referral Center for Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H.), Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Czech Republic; and Multiple Sclerosis Study Center (P.A.), AO S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate (VA), Italy
| | - Marinella Clerico
- Division of Neurology (S.D.M., S.R., A.C., L.D., M.C.) and the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (S.D.M., A.C., L.D., M.C.), University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano; Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS) (S.R., V.B., F.N.), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences (V.B., F.N.), Università degli Studi di Torino; Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.C.), Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.V., S.S.-B.), Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Zagreb; Medical Faculty University (A.V., S.S.-B.), J.J. Strossmayer Osijek; Department of Neurology (M.H., I.A.), Referral Center for Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H.), Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Czech Republic; and Multiple Sclerosis Study Center (P.A.), AO S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate (VA), Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies indicate a role for immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory demyelinating and degenerative disease of the central nervous system. This review addresses the current mechanisms of immune dysregulation in the development of multiple sclerosis, including the impact of environmental risk factors on immunity in both multiple sclerosis and its animal models. RECENT FINDINGS CD4 T-helper (Th) cells have long been implicated as the main drivers of pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. However, current studies indicate that multiple sclerosis is largely a heterogeneous disease process, which involves both innate and adaptive immune-mediated inflammatory mechanisms that ultimately contribute to demyelination and neurodegeneration. Therefore, B cells, CD8 T cells, and microglia/macrophages can also play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis apart from proinflammatory CD4 Th1/Th17 cell subsets. Furthermore, increasing evidence indicates that environmental risk factors, such as Vitamin D deficiency, Epstein-Barr virus, smoking, Western diet, and the commensal microbiota, influence the development of multiple sclerosis through interactions with genetic variants of multiple sclerosis, thus leading to the dysregulation of immune responses. SUMMARY A better understanding of immune-mediated mechanisms in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and the contribution of environmental risk factors toward the development of multiple sclerosis will help further improve therapeutic approaches to prevent disease progression.
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Volpe E, Battistini L, Borsellino G. Advances in T Helper 17 Cell Biology: Pathogenic Role and Potential Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:475158. [PMID: 26770017 PMCID: PMC4685148 DOI: 10.1155/2015/475158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the T helper (Th) 17 lineage, involved in the protection against fungal and extracellular bacterial infections, has profoundly revolutionized our current understanding of T cell-mediated responses in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, recent data demonstrate the pathogenic role of Th17 cells in autoimmune disorders. In particular, studies in MS and in its animal model (EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis) have revealed a crucial role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelinating diseases in both mice and humans. Over the past years, several important aspects concerning Th17 cells have been elucidated, such as the factors which promote or inhibit their differentiation and the effector cytokines which mediate their responses. The identification of the features endowing Th17 cells with high pathogenicity in MS is of particular interest, and discoveries in Th17 cell biology and function could lead to the design of new strategies aimed at modulating the immune response in MS. Here, we will discuss recent advances in this field, with particular focus on the mechanisms conferring pathogenicity in MS and their potential modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Volpe
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Battistini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Borsellino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
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60
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Tao Y, Zhang X, Zivadinov R, Dwyer MG, Kennedy C, Bergsland N, Ramasamy D, Durfee J, Hojnacki D, Hayward B, Dangond F, Weinstock-Guttman B, Markovic-Plese S. Immunologic and MRI markers of the therapeutic effect of IFN-β-1a in relapsing-remitting MS. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2015; 2:e176. [PMID: 26601116 PMCID: PMC4645170 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess potential roles of effector cells and immunologic markers in demyelinating CNS lesion formation, and their modulation by interferon β-1a (IFN-β-1a). METHODS Twenty-three patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) received IFN-β-1a for 6 months. Immunologic marker results were correlated with brain MRI lesion volumes, and volumes of normal-appearing brain tissue (NABT) with decreasing or increasing voxel-wise magnetization transfer ratio (VW-MTR), suggestive of demyelination and remyelination, respectively. RESULTS Baseline expression of Th22 cell transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and interleukin (IL)-17F, and percentages of IL-22-expressing CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells, were significantly higher in patients vs 15 healthy controls; IL-4 in CD4(+) cells was lower. Baseline percentage of IL-22-producing CD8(+) cells positively correlated with T2 lesion volumes, while percentage of IL-17A-producing CD8(+) cells positively correlated with T2 and T1 lesion volumes. IFN-β-1a induced reductions in transcription factor AHR, T-bet, and retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear hormone receptor C (RORc) gene expression, while it increased GATA3's expression in CD4(+) cells. Percentages of IL-22-, IL-17A-, and IL-17F-expressing T cells significantly decreased following treatment. Increased percentages of IL-10-expressing CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells correlated with greater NABT volume with increasing VW-MTR, while decreased percentage of IL-17F-expressing CD4(+) cells positively correlated with decreased NABT volume with decreasing VW-MTR. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that IFN-β-1a suppresses Th22 and Th17 cell responses, which were associated with decreased MRI-detectable demyelination. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This pilot study provides Class III evidence that reduced Th22 and Th17 responses are associated with decreased demyelination following IFN-β-1a treatment in patients with RRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhong Tao
- Departments of Neurology (Y.T., X.Z., S.M.-P.) and Microbiology and Immunology (S.M.-P.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., J.D.), Department of Neurology (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., D.H., J.D., B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and EMD Serono, Inc. (B.H., F.D.), Rockland, MA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Neurology (Y.T., X.Z., S.M.-P.) and Microbiology and Immunology (S.M.-P.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., J.D.), Department of Neurology (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., D.H., J.D., B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and EMD Serono, Inc. (B.H., F.D.), Rockland, MA
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Departments of Neurology (Y.T., X.Z., S.M.-P.) and Microbiology and Immunology (S.M.-P.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., J.D.), Department of Neurology (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., D.H., J.D., B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and EMD Serono, Inc. (B.H., F.D.), Rockland, MA
| | - Michael G Dwyer
- Departments of Neurology (Y.T., X.Z., S.M.-P.) and Microbiology and Immunology (S.M.-P.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., J.D.), Department of Neurology (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., D.H., J.D., B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and EMD Serono, Inc. (B.H., F.D.), Rockland, MA
| | - Cheryl Kennedy
- Departments of Neurology (Y.T., X.Z., S.M.-P.) and Microbiology and Immunology (S.M.-P.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., J.D.), Department of Neurology (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., D.H., J.D., B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and EMD Serono, Inc. (B.H., F.D.), Rockland, MA
| | - Niels Bergsland
- Departments of Neurology (Y.T., X.Z., S.M.-P.) and Microbiology and Immunology (S.M.-P.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., J.D.), Department of Neurology (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., D.H., J.D., B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and EMD Serono, Inc. (B.H., F.D.), Rockland, MA
| | - Deepa Ramasamy
- Departments of Neurology (Y.T., X.Z., S.M.-P.) and Microbiology and Immunology (S.M.-P.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., J.D.), Department of Neurology (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., D.H., J.D., B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and EMD Serono, Inc. (B.H., F.D.), Rockland, MA
| | - Jacqueline Durfee
- Departments of Neurology (Y.T., X.Z., S.M.-P.) and Microbiology and Immunology (S.M.-P.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., J.D.), Department of Neurology (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., D.H., J.D., B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and EMD Serono, Inc. (B.H., F.D.), Rockland, MA
| | - David Hojnacki
- Departments of Neurology (Y.T., X.Z., S.M.-P.) and Microbiology and Immunology (S.M.-P.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., J.D.), Department of Neurology (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., D.H., J.D., B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and EMD Serono, Inc. (B.H., F.D.), Rockland, MA
| | - Brooke Hayward
- Departments of Neurology (Y.T., X.Z., S.M.-P.) and Microbiology and Immunology (S.M.-P.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., J.D.), Department of Neurology (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., D.H., J.D., B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and EMD Serono, Inc. (B.H., F.D.), Rockland, MA
| | - Fernando Dangond
- Departments of Neurology (Y.T., X.Z., S.M.-P.) and Microbiology and Immunology (S.M.-P.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., J.D.), Department of Neurology (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., D.H., J.D., B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and EMD Serono, Inc. (B.H., F.D.), Rockland, MA
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Departments of Neurology (Y.T., X.Z., S.M.-P.) and Microbiology and Immunology (S.M.-P.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., J.D.), Department of Neurology (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., D.H., J.D., B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and EMD Serono, Inc. (B.H., F.D.), Rockland, MA
| | - Silva Markovic-Plese
- Departments of Neurology (Y.T., X.Z., S.M.-P.) and Microbiology and Immunology (S.M.-P.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., J.D.), Department of Neurology (R.Z., M.G.D., C.K., N.B., D.R., D.H., J.D., B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and EMD Serono, Inc. (B.H., F.D.), Rockland, MA
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Xin N, Namaka MP, Dou C, Zhang Y. Exploring the role of interleukin-22 in neurological and autoimmune disorders. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:1076-83. [PMID: 26311525 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a member of the IL-10 cytokine family that has recently gained attention in regard to its recognized pathogenic role in neurological and autoimmune disorders. The pathological involvement of IL-22 has been linked to Th17 cells that are involved in its production. Its biological activity results from its ability to bind to a heterodimeric receptor consisting of IL-22 receptor 1 (IL-22R1) and IL-10R2. Emerging evidence has identified IL-22 involvement in neurological diseases and autoimmune disorders such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), encephalitis, inflammatory myopathies, myasthenia gravis (MG), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome (SS), psoriasis and Crohn's disease (CD). However, the biological activity of IL-22 is variable resulting in protective or pathogenic effects in different disease states. As such, the development of therapeutic targeting strategies to modify the biological activity of IL-22 is being explored as a promising interventional approach to treat neurological and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215021, China
| | - Michael Peter Namaka
- College of Pharmacy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Changxin Dou
- Department of Neurology, Shouguang People's Hospital, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Riedhammer C, Weissert R. Antigen Presentation, Autoantigens, and Immune Regulation in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2015; 6:322. [PMID: 26136751 PMCID: PMC4470263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation is in the center of the immune system, both in host defense against pathogens, but also when the system is unbalanced and autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) develop. It is not just by chance that a major histocompatibility complex gene is the major genetic susceptibility locus in MS; a feature that MS shares with other autoimmune diseases. The exact etiology of the disease, however, has not been fully understood yet. T cells are regarded as the major players in the disease, but most probably a complex interplay of altered central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms, T-cell and B-cell functions, characteristics of putative autoantigens, and a possible interference of environmental factors like microorganisms are at work. In this review, new data on all these different aspects of antigen presentation and their role in MS will be discussed, probable autoantigens will be summarized, and comparisons to other autoimmune diseases will be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Riedhammer
- Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Robert Weissert
- Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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Perriard G, Mathias A, Enz L, Canales M, Schluep M, Gentner M, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Du Pasquier RA. Interleukin-22 is increased in multiple sclerosis patients and targets astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:119. [PMID: 26077779 PMCID: PMC4480507 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidences link T helper 17 (Th17) cells with multiple sclerosis (MS). In this context, interleukin-22 (IL-22), a Th17-linked cytokine, has been implicated in blood brain barrier breakdown and lymphocyte infiltration. Furthermore, polymorphism between MS patients and controls has been recently described in the gene coding for IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP). Here, we aimed to better characterize IL-22 in the context of MS. METHODS IL-22 and IL-22BP expressions were assessed by ELISA and qPCR in the following compartments of MS patients and control subjects: (1) the serum, (2) the cerebrospinal fluid, and (3) immune cells of peripheral blood. Identification of the IL-22 receptor subunit, IL-22R1, was performed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence in human brain tissues and human primary astrocytes. The role of IL-22 on human primary astrocytes was evaluated using 7-AAD and annexin V, markers of cell viability and apoptosis, respectively. RESULTS In a cohort of 141 MS patients and healthy control (HC) subjects, we found that serum levels of IL-22 were significantly higher in relapsing MS patients than in HC but also remitting and progressive MS patients. Monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells contained an enhanced expression of mRNA coding for IL-22BP as compared to HC. Using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we found that IL-22 and its receptor were detected on astrocytes of brain tissues from both control subjects and MS patients, although in the latter, the expression was higher around blood vessels and in MS plaques. Cytometry-based functional assays revealed that addition of IL-22 improved the survival of human primary astrocytes. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor α-treated astrocytes had a better long-term survival capacity upon IL-22 co-treatment. This protective effect of IL-22 seemed to be conferred, at least partially, by a decreased apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS We show that (1) there is a dysregulation in the expression of IL-22 and its antagonist, IL-22BP, in MS patients, (2) IL-22 targets specifically astrocytes in the human brain, and (3) this cytokine confers an increased survival of the latter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Perriard
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Center of Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, CHUV, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Mathias
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Center of Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, CHUV, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Enz
- Neurobiology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Canales
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Center of Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, CHUV, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Schluep
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV BH-10/131, 46, rue du Bugnon, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Gentner
- Neurobiology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Schaeren-Wiemers
- Neurobiology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renaud A Du Pasquier
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Center of Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, CHUV, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV BH-10/131, 46, rue du Bugnon, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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64
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T helper 9 cells induced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells regulate interleukin-17 in multiple sclerosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:291-303. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20140608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have established a novel role in multiple sclerosis for a molecule, called IL-9, produced by immune cells. IL-9 reduces inflammation, and its expression in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients inversely correlates with the severity of multiple sclerosis.
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65
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Nyirenda MH, Morandi E, Vinkemeier U, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Drinkwater S, Mee M, King L, Podda G, Zhang GX, Ghaemmaghami A, Constantinescu CS, Bar-Or A, Gran B. TLR2 Stimulation Regulates the Balance between Regulatory T Cell and Th17 Function: A Novel Mechanism of Reduced Regulatory T Cell Function in Multiple Sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5761-74. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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66
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Nicol B, Salou M, Laplaud DA, Wekerle H. The autoimmune concept of multiple sclerosis. Presse Med 2015; 44:e103-12. [PMID: 25813101 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). With growing evidence for environmental and genetic factors, MS is now accepted as an autoimmune disease. This complex disease seems to implicate various cell types in both innate and adaptive compartments. Here, we discuss recent advances in the immunological field of MS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Nicol
- CHU de Nantes, service de neurologie, Inserm CR1064, 44093 Nantes cedex, France
| | - Marion Salou
- CHU de Nantes, service de neurologie, Inserm CR1064, 44093 Nantes cedex, France
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- CHU de Nantes, service de neurologie, Inserm CR1064, 44093 Nantes cedex, France.
| | - Hartmut Wekerle
- Max Planck institute of neurobiology, department of neuroimmunology, Planegg-Martinsried, 31, 81377 Munich, Germany
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