51
|
Prenatal risk factors for depression: a critical review of the evidence and potential mechanisms. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 5:339-50. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174414000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to adverse experiences in early life increases the risk of depression during adulthood. Recent findings have highlighted that exposure of a fetus to an adverse intrauterine environment may also have implications for later offspring depression. This review considers the status of the evidence for these associations and the potential mechanisms underlying prenatal developmental risks for later depression, addressing the challenging possibility that environmental predisposition to depression may begin before birth.
Collapse
|
52
|
Chronic high-fat diet increases acute neuroendocrine stress response independently of prenatal dexamethasone treatment in male rats. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2014; 26:8-18. [PMID: 25142095 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2013.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been associated with metabolic disorders later in life such as obesity and diabetes as well as psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. Therefore, we wanted to investigate whether behavioural, metabolic or neuroendocrine abnormalities could be provoked or exacerbated by a high-fat diet (HFD) in an experimental model of IUGR. METHODS Pregnant dams were exposed to dexamethasone (DEX) in the third gestational week to induce IUGR. Late adolescent male offspring of DEX- and vehicle-treated dams were then fed a HFD or standard chow for 8 weeks and subjected to a variety of assessments. RESULTS Only diet affected the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress response, as HFD doubled the observed corticosterone levels following acute restraint. HFD and prenatal DEX exposure concomitantly exacerbated depressive-like behaviour in the forced swim test, even though no interaction was seen. Prenatal DEX treatment tended to increase the basal acoustic startle response (ASR), while an interaction between HFD and DEX was present in the ASR pre-pulse inhibition suggestive of fundamental changes in neuronal gating mechanisms. Metabolic parameters were only affected by diet, as HFD increased fasting glucose and insulin levels. CONCLUSION We conclude that chronic HFD may be more important in programming of the HPA axis stress responsiveness than an adverse foetal environment and therefore potentially implies an increased risk for developing psychiatric and metabolic disease.
Collapse
|
53
|
Gulia KK, Patel N, Radhakrishnan A, Kumar VM. Reduction in ultrasonic vocalizations in pups born to rapid eye movement sleep restricted mothers in rat model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84948. [PMID: 24454768 PMCID: PMC3890297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of rapid eye movement sleep restriction (REMSR) in rats during late pregnancy were studied on the ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) made by the pups. USVs are distress calls inaudible to human ears. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was restricted in one group of pregnant rats for 22 hours, starting from gestational day 14 to 20, using standard single platform method. The USVs of male pups were recorded after a brief isolation from their mother for two minutes on alternate post-natal days, from day one till weaning. The USVs were recorded using microphones and were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using SASPro software. Control pups produced maximum vocalization on post-natal days 9 to 11. In comparison, the pups born to REMSR mothers showed not only a reduction in vocalization but also a delay in peak call making days. The experimental group showed variations in the types and characteristics of call types, and alteration in temporal profile. The blunting of distress call making response in these pups indicates that maternal sleep plays a role in regulating the neural development involved in vocalizations and possibly in shaping the emotional behaviour in neonates. It is suggested that the reduced ultrasonic vocalizations can be utilized as a reliable early marker for affective state in rat pups. Such impaired vocalization responses could provide an important lead in understanding mother-child bonding for an optimal cognitive development during post-partum life. This is the first report showing a potential link between maternal REM sleep deprivation and the vocalization in neonates and infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamalesh K. Gulia
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Comprehensive Center for Sleep Disorders, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Niraj Patel
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Comprehensive Center for Sleep Disorders, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Arathi Radhakrishnan
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Comprehensive Center for Sleep Disorders, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Velayudhan Mohan Kumar
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Comprehensive Center for Sleep Disorders, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Chui A, Kalionis B, Abumaree M, Cocquebert M, Fournier T, Evain-Brion D, Brennecke SP, Murthi P. Downstream targets of the homeobox gene DLX3 are differentially expressed in the placentae of pregnancies affected by human idiopathic fetal growth restriction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 377:75-83. [PMID: 23831639 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human idiopathic fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with placental insufficiency. Previously, we reported that the expression of homeobox gene Distal-less 3 (DLX3) is increased in idiopathic FGR placentae and is a regulator of villous trophoblast differentiation. Here, we identify the downstream targets of DLX3 in trophoblast-derived cell lines. We modelled the high levels of DLX3 in FGR using an over-expression plasmid construct and complemented this using short-interference RNA (siRNA) for inactivation in cultured cells. Using a real-time PCR-based gene profiling, candidate target genes of DLX3 over-expression and inactivation were identified as regulators of trophoblast differentiation; GATA2 and PPARγ. The expression of GATA2 and PPARγ were further assessed in placental tissues and showed increased mRNA and protein levels in FGR-affected tissues compared with gestation-matched controls. We conclude that DLX3 orchestrates the expression of multiple regulators of trophoblast differentiation and that expression of these regulatory genes is abnormal in FGR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Chui
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Grey KR, Davis EP, Sandman CA, Glynn LM. Human milk cortisol is associated with infant temperament. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1178-85. [PMID: 23265309 PMCID: PMC4777694 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The implications of the biologically active elements in milk for the mammalian infant are largely unknown. Animal models demonstrate that transmission of glucocorticoids through milk influences behavior and modifies brain development in offspring. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between human milk cortisol levels and temperament of the breastfed infant. Fifty-two mother and infant pairs participated when the infants were three-months old. Milk cortisol levels were assessed and each mother completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ), a widely used parent-report measure of infant temperament. Analyses revealed a positive association between milk cortisol and the negative affectivity dimension of the IBQ (partial r=.37, p<.01). No correlation was found between elevated cortisol levels and the surgency/extraversion or the orienting/regulation dimensions. Further, the positive association between increased maternal milk cortisol and negative affectivity was present among girls (β=.59, p<.01), but not among boys. (Although, the sex by milk cortisol interaction term was not statistically significant, suggesting that these results require replication.) Environmental factors such as maternal demographics and negative maternal affect (depression and perceived stress) at the time of assessment did not account for the positive association. The findings support the proposal that exposure to elevated levels of cortisol in human milk influences infant temperament. The findings further suggest that mothers have the ability to shape offspring phenotype through the transmission of biologically active components in milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Grey
- Crean School of Health and Life Sciences, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, United States
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Curt A. Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Laura M. Glynn
- Crean School of Health and Life Sciences, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, United States
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
McAllister J, Collier J, Shepstone L. The impact of adolescent stuttering and other speech problems on psychological well-being in adulthood: evidence from a birth cohort study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2013; 48:458-468. [PMID: 23889841 DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental stuttering is associated with increased risk of psychological distress and mental health difficulties. Less is known about the impact of other developmental speech problems on psychological outcomes, or the impact of stuttering and speech problems once other predictors have been adjusted for. AIMS To determine the impact of parent-reported adolescent stuttering and other speech difficulties on psychological distress and associated symptoms as measured by the Rutter Malaise Inventory. METHOD & PROCEDURES A British birth cohort dataset provided information about 217 cohort members who stuttered and 301 cohort members who had other kinds of speech problem at age 16 according to parental report, and 15,694 cohort members who had experienced neither stuttering nor other speech difficulties. The main analyses concerned associations between adolescent stuttering or speech difficulty and score on the Rutter Malaise Inventory at age 42. Other factors that had previously been shown to be associated with score on the Malaise Inventory were also included in the analyses. OUTCOMES & RESULTS In the adjusted analyses that controlled for other predictors, cohort members who were reported to stutter had higher malaise scores than controls overall, indicating a higher level of psychological distress, but they were not at significantly more likely to have malaise scores in the range indicating a risk of serious mental health difficulties. Cohort members who were reported to have other speech difficulties during adolescence had malaise scores that overall did not differ significantly from those of controls in the adjusted analyses, but they were at significantly greater risk of serious mental health difficulties. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS These findings support those of other studies that indicate an association between stuttering and psychological distress. This study is the first to have shown that adolescents who experience speech difficulties other than stuttering are more likely than controls to be at risk of poorer mental health in adulthood. The results suggest a need for therapeutic provision to address psychosocial issues for both stuttering and other developmental speech disorders in adulthood, as well as further research into the consequences in adulthood of stuttering and other developmental speech disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan McAllister
- School of Allied Health Professions, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Skogen JC, Stewart R, Mykletun A, Knapstad M, Øverland S. An investigation of factors identified at birth in relation to anxiety and depression in old age: the Hordaland Health Study (HUSK). BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:136. [PMID: 23663224 PMCID: PMC3655850 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although life course influences have long been recognised in affective disorder, little is known about the influence of early life factors on late life anxiety and depression. The aim was to investigate the extent to which birth measures, maternal health and family circumstances were associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression in late life. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was constructed from a cross-sectional survey sample of community residents aged 72-74 years, 406 of whom had traceable birth records. Cases and controls for late life anxiety and depression were defined applying standard cut-offs to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. A range of measures and circumstances were extracted from birth records blind to survey data and compared in age- and gender-adjusted models. RESULTS There were no differences in any anthropometric measure in either case control comparison. Case-level anxiety and depression were both associated with significantly lower maternal age. Late-life anxiety was additionally associated with smaller maternal pelvic size and the mother's condition being rated as poor at birth/discharge. Late-life depression was associated with a lower status paternal occupation. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence for a substantial influence of early life size on late life affective disorder. However, there was some evidence in secondary analyses for an enduring influence of the family's socioeconomic environment and maternal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Christoffer Skogen
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Mental Health, Department of Public Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert Stewart
- King’s College London (Institute of Psychiatry), London, UK
| | - Arnstein Mykletun
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Mental Health, Department of Public Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marit Knapstad
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Mental Health, Department of Public Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon Øverland
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Mental Health, Department of Public Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Betts KS, Williams GM, Najman JM, Scott J, Alati R. The association between lower birth weight and comorbid generalised anxiety and major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 146:231-7. [PMID: 23040738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies testing the association between birth weight and depression or anxiety have found inconsistent results and there has been a lack of research on the possible relationship between birth weight and comorbid anxiety and depression. We tested for an association between lower birth weight and major depression, generalised anxiety and comorbid generalised anxiety and major depression. METHOD Data was taken from 2113 mothers and their offspring participating in the Mater University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) birth cohort. Generalised anxiety, major depression and comorbid generalised anxiety and major depression at 21 years were tested for associations with birth weight using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Lower birth weight was found to predict comorbid generalised anxiety and major depression, but did not predict either generalised anxiety or major depression. LIMITATIONS We were unable to specify comorbidity by the primary disorder, or by the severity or recurrence of the depression. CONCLUSION Previous associations found between birth weight and mental health may reflect a specific link between lower birth weight and comorbid generalised anxiety and major depressive disorders. As neither disorder individually was associated with lower birth weight, this may suggest that this developmental origin represents a unique risk pathway to comorbidity not shared with either discrete disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Steven Betts
- Care of Rosa Alati, School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, 4th floor, Public Health Building, Herston Rd, Herston QLD 4006, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Bandelow B, Gutermann J, Peter H, Wedekind D. Early traumatic life events, parental attitudes, family history, and birth risk factors in patients with depressive disorder and healthy controls. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2013; 17:56-63. [PMID: 23025838 DOI: 10.3109/13651501.2012.735244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Only few studies have compared the frequency of traumatic life events during childhood in inpatients with depression with a healthy control group. METHODS Consecutively admitted inpatients with depression (n = 79), most of whom belonged to the melancholic subtype (n = 73; 92.4%), and healthy controls (n = 110) were investigated using a comprehensive retrospective interview with 203 questions regarding childhood traumatic life events, parental attitudes, family history of psychiatric disorders and birth risk factors. RESULTS Depressed patients had significantly more severe traumatic events (mean score 1.33; SD 1.4) than control subjects (0.85; SD 1.2) on a 0-10 point "severe trauma scale". 70.9% (n = 56) of the depressed patients, but only 48.2% (n = 53) of the controls reported at least one severe traumatic event. When looking at single events, only few differences were found between patients and controls. Compared to controls, patients described significantly higher rates of psychiatric disorders in their families, in particular depression. Parental rearing styles were rated as more unfavorable in the patient group. In a logistic regression model, of all possible etiological factors examined, only a family history of psychiatric disorders showed a significant influence (OR = 3.6). CONCLUSIONS Melancholic depression seems to be less associated with traumatic events than other psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borwin Bandelow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Wojcik W, Lee W, Colman I, Hardy R, Hotopf M. Foetal origins of depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis of low birth weight and later depression. Psychol Med 2013; 43:1-12. [PMID: 22717127 PMCID: PMC3521225 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The foetal origins hypothesis suggests an association between low birth weight and later depression, yet evidence supporting this association has been inconsistent. METHOD We systematically reviewed evidence for an association between low birth weight and adult depression or psychological distress in the general population by meta-analysis. We searched EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO and ISI Web of Science for studies reporting observational data with low birth weight as the exposure and self- or clinician-rated depression or psychological distress measures as an outcome. Selective studies of exposures such as famine or outcomes such as severe illness only were excluded. Altogether,1454 studies were screened for relevance, 26 were included in the qualitative synthesis, 18 were included in the meta-analysis. A random effects meta-analysis method was used to obtain a pooled estimate of effect size. RESULTS The odds of depression or psychological distress was greater for those of low birth weight (<2500 g) compared to those of normal birth weight (>2500 g) or greater [odds ratio (OR) 1.15, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.00-1.32]. However, this association became non-significant after trim-and-fill correction for publication bias (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.92-1.27). Using meta-regression, no differences in effect size were observed by gender, outcome measure of depression or psychological distress, or whether the effect size was adjusted for possible confounders. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence to support a weak association between low birth weight and later depression or psychological distress, which may be due to publication bias. It remains possible that the association may vary according to severity of symptoms or other factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Wojcik
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Negrato CA, Gomes MB. Low birth weight: causes and consequences. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5:49. [PMID: 24128325 PMCID: PMC3765917 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-5-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During our phylogenetic evolution we have selected genes, the so called thrifty genes, that can help to maximize the amount of energy stored from every consumed calorie. An imbalance in the amount of stored calories can lead to many diseases. In the early 80's the distinguished English epidemiologist David Barker, formulated a hypothesis suggesting that many events that occur during the intrauterine life and early in infancy can influence the occurrence of many diseases that will develop in adulthood. This theory proposes that under-nutrition and other insult or adverse stimulus in utero and during infancy can permanently change the body's structure, physiology and metabolism. The lasting or lifelong effects of under-nutrition will depend on the period in the development at which it occurs. The clues that led Barker to his conclusions started to be discovered when he was studying the temporal trends in the incidence of ischemic heart disease in England and Wales. Examining data found in The Hertfordshire records, collected in the beginning of the last century, he found that the rates of mortality by ischemic heart disease was much higher in children born in less affluent counties and mostly in those with low birth weight. After his initial findings a myriad of diseases have been found to be linked to low birth weight and under-nutrition in utero and in the neonatal period. These diseases were then nominated adult diseases with fetal origin. Epidemiological studies that led to these findings suggest that in utero and early postnatal life have critical importance for long-term programming of health and disease, opening unique chances for primary prevention of chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Antonio Negrato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bauru’s Diabetics Association, 17012-433 Bauru São Paulo,Brazil
| | - Marilia Brito Gomes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Unit, State University Hospital of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Krug I, Taborelli E, Sallis H, Treasure J, Micali N. A systematic review of obstetric complications as risk factors for eating disorder and a meta-analysis of delivery method and prematurity. Physiol Behav 2012. [PMID: 23178235 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on obstetric factors at birth and their role as risk factors for a subsequent eating disorder (ED) and where possible to perform a meta-analysis of case-control studies of EDs and obstetric complications (OCs). METHOD Studies were ascertained by computer searches of electronic databases (Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science and CINAHL), searches of reference lists and from raw data obtained upon request from the authors. A total of 14 studies were identified for the systematic review, of which 6 were eligible for the subsequent meta-analysis. Of the selected 6 studies, 5 reported on the same OCs, namely vaginal instrumental delivery and prematurity. Accordingly, meta-analyses were run on these two variables. Both analyses were conducted on anorexia nervosa (AN) patients. RESULTS Findings from the systematic review were conflicting, with some studies reporting a significant relationship between OCs and ED diagnoses and/or ED symptomatology and others refuting it. A non-significant association of instrumental delivery [pooled odds ratio (OR) 1.06, 95%CI: 0.69, 1.65] and prematurity [pooled OR 1.17, 95%CI: 0.91, 1.52] with AN was revealed in our meta-analysis. CONCLUSION The current literature on OCs as risk factors for a later ED is contradictory. The range of different occurrences considered as OCs and methodological limitations hinder ultimate conclusions. Upcoming studies should pool datasets together to obtain sufficient power to assess OCs and EDs in combination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Krug
- Eating Disorders Unit of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Deuschle M, Schweiger U. Depression und Diabetes mellitus Typ 2. DER NERVENARZT 2012; 83:1410-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00115-012-3656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
64
|
Abstract
Environmental adversities in pre- and early postnatal life may have life-long consequences. Based upon a series of epidemiological and clinical studies and natural experiments, this review describes how the early life environment may affect psychological functions and mental disorders later in life. We focus on studies that have examined the associations of small body size at birth and prematurity as proxies of prenatal environmental adversity. We also review literature on materno-fetal malnutrition, maternal prenatal glycyrrhizin in licorice consumption and hypertension-spectrum pregnancy disorders as factors that may compromise the fetal developmental milieu and hence provide insight into some of the mechanisms that may underlie prenatal programming. While effects of programming mostly take place during the first 1000 days after conception, we finally present evidence from prospective studies suggesting that programming can occur also during later critical periods of development or 'windows of plasticity'. The studies may bear relevance for future prevention and intervention programs targeting the potentially modifiable environmental factors that will aid at promoting mental well-being and health of an individual.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Pereira TS, Silva AA, Alves MT, Simões VM, Batista RF, Rodriguez JD, Figueiredo FP, Lamy-Filho F, Barbieri MA, Bettiol H. Perinatal and early life factors associated with symptoms of depression in Brazilian children. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:605. [PMID: 22863172 PMCID: PMC3487932 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have been conducted on the association between perinatal and early life factors with childhood depression and results are conflicting. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence and perinatal and early life factors associated with symptoms of depression in children aged 7 to 11 years from two Brazilian birth cohorts. Methods The study was conducted on 1444 children whose data were collected at birth and at school age, in 1994 and 2004/2005 in Ribeirao Preto, where they were aged 10–11 years and in 1997/98 and 2005/06 in São Luís, where children were aged 7–9 years. Depressive symptoms were investigated with the Child Depression Inventory(CDI), categorized as yes (score ≥ 20) and no (score < 20). Adjusted and non-adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated by Poisson regression with robust estimation of the standard errors. Results The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 3.9% (95%CI = 2.5-5.4) in Ribeirão Preto and 13.7% (95%CI = 11.0-16.4) in São Luís. In the adjusted analysis, in Ribeirão Preto, low birth weight (PR = 3.98; 95%CI = 1.72-9.23), skilled and semi-skilled manual occupation (PR = 5.30; 95%CI = 1.14-24.76) and unskilled manual occupation and unemployment (PR = 6.65; 95%CI = 1.16-38.03) of the household head were risk factors for depressive symptoms. In São Luís, maternal schooling of 0–4 years (PR = 2.39; 95%CI = 1.31-4.34) and of 5 to 8 years (PR = 1.80; 95%CI = 1.08-3.01), and paternal age <20 years (PR = 1.92; 95%CI = 1.02-3.61), were independent risk factors for depressive symptoms. Conclusions The prevalence of depressive symptoms was much higher in the less developed city, São Luís, than in the more developed city, Ribeirão Preto, and than those reported in several international studies. Low socioeconomic level was associated with depressive symptoms in both cohorts. Low paternal age was a risk factor for depressive symptoms in the less developed city, São Luís, whereas low birth weight was a risk factor for depressive symptoms in the more developed city, Ribeirão Preto.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaís S Pereira
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Colman I, Ataullahjan A, Naicker K, Van Lieshout RJ. Birth weight, stress, and symptoms of depression in adolescence: evidence of fetal programming in a national Canadian cohort. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2012; 57:422-8. [PMID: 22762297 DOI: 10.1177/070674371205700705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate evidence of fetal programming in humans by studying whether adolescents born at high or low birth weights (LBW) are more likely to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety after experiencing stress. METHOD The sample included 3732 members of a prospective Canadian cohort study assessed for symptoms of depression and anxiety at age 12 to 15 years (2006/2007), and had birth weight and gestational age (GA) data recorded in 1994/1995. Major stressful life events and chronic stressors were also reported throughout childhood. RESULTS After adjusting for acute and chronic stress, being born small for GA (SGA) (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.08 to 2.08) or large (OR 1.31; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.72) for GA was associated with an increased risk of depression and anxiety in adolescence, compared with adolescents who were born at a weight appropriate for their GA. Most interactions between birth weight and stress were not significant; however, the relation between chronic stress and adolescent depression and anxiety was more pronounced in males who were born SGA (interaction P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The link between birth weight and depression is complex and evidence of fetal programming is inconsistent; however, people born at LBW may be at an increased risk of depression in the face of chronic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Colman
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Marsit CJ, Lambertini L, Maccani MA, Koestler DC, Houseman EA, Padbury JF, Lester BM, Chen J. Placenta-imprinted gene expression association of infant neurobehavior. J Pediatr 2012; 160:854-860.e2. [PMID: 22153677 PMCID: PMC3311768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify links between altered gene imprinting in the placenta and infant neurobehavioral profiles. STUDY DESIGN Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the expression of 22 imprinted candidate genes in a series of 106 term human primary placenta tissues. The expression pattern uncovered was associated with Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scales summary scores in the corresponding infants. Clustering of the expression data was used to define distinct classes of expression. RESULTS Significant associations were identified between classes of expression and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scales quality of movement (P = .02) and handling (P = .006) scores. Multivariate regression demonstrated an independent effect of imprinted gene expression profile on these neurobehavioral scores after controlling for confounders. CONCLUSION These results suggest that alterations in imprinted gene expression in the placenta are associated with infant neurodevelopmental outcomes, and suggest a role for the placenta and genomic imprinting in the placenta beyond intrauterine growth regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J Marsit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Marsit CJ, Maccani MA, Padbury JF, Lester BM. Placental 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase methylation is associated with newborn growth and a measure of neurobehavioral outcome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33794. [PMID: 22432047 PMCID: PMC3303854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that the intrauterine environment can impact the neurodevelopment of the fetus through alterations in the functional epigenome of the placenta. In the placenta, the HSD11B2 gene encoding the 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme, which is responsible for the inactivation of maternal cortisol, is regulated by DNA methylation, and has been shown to be susceptible to stressors from the maternal environment. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We examined the association between DNA methylation of the HSD11B2 promoter region in the placenta of 185 healthy newborn infants and infant and maternal characteristics, as well as the association between this epigenetic variability and newborn neurobehavioral outcome assessed with the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scales. Controlling for confounders, HSD11B2 methylation extent is greatest in infants with the lowest birthweights (P = 0.04), and this increasing methylation was associated with reduced scores of quality of movement (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that factors in the intrauterine environment which contribute to birth outcome may be associated with placental methylation of the HSD11B2 gene and that this epigenetic alteration is in turn associated with a prospectively predictive early neurobehavioral outcome, suggesting in some part a mechanism for the developmental origins of infant neurological health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J Marsit
- Department of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Hwang HS, Kwon YG, Kwon JY, Won Park Y, Maeng YS, Kim YH. Senescence of fetal endothelial progenitor cell in pregnancy with idiopathic fetal growth restriction. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25:1769-73. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.663826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
70
|
Westrupp EM, Northam E, Doyle LW, Callanan C, Anderson PJ. Longitudinal predictors of psychiatric disorders in very low birth weight adults. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2012; 43:113-23. [PMID: 21901543 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-011-0251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine risk and protective factors for adult psychiatric disorders in very low birth weight (VLBW, birth weight <1,501 g) survivors. 79 of 154 (51%) VLBW subjects recruited at birth were assessed in early adulthood (24-27 years). Participants were screened for a psychiatric disorder; those elevated were invited to attend a structured clinical interview to determine a clinical diagnosis. Longitudinal variables measured from birth and at ages 2, 5, 14 and 18 years were included in analyses. Perinatal, developmental and social environmental risk factors failed to predict psychiatric disorder in adulthood in this cohort of VLBW survivors. Instead, low self-esteem at age 18 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1, 1.11, p = 0.05) and the adult social environment (high rates of negative life event stress at the time of assessment: OR = 1.39, CI = 1.10, 1.76, p = 0.02), contributed significantly to adult psychiatric outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Westrupp
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Lukkari S, Hakko H, Herva A, Pouta A, Riala K, Räsänen P. Exposure to obstetric complications in relation to subsequent psychiatric disorders of adolescent inpatients: specific focus on gender differences. Psychopathology 2012; 45:317-26. [PMID: 22797654 DOI: 10.1159/000336073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to obstetric complications is known to be associated with subsequent development of psychiatric disorders. However, earlier findings are mainly based on adult populations having a long follow-up time for onset of psychiatric illness. We examined whether the association of obstetric complications with severe mental disorders is already seen in a population of underage adolescents admitted to psychiatric inpatient care. METHOD The study population was a clinical sample of adolescents (n = 508) aged 12-17 years admitted to psychiatric hospital. DSM-IV diagnoses of the psychiatric disorders of the adolescents as well as information on obstetric (i.e., pregnancy, delivery and perinatal) complications and substance use during pregnancy reported by the mothers of the adolescents were based on the semi-structured Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime. RESULTS A total of 96 (19%) adolescents had been exposed to obstetric complications. The prevalence of pregnancy, delivery or perinatal complications reported by the mothers of the offspring was 55 (57%), 57 (59%) and 13 (14%), respectively. Among adolescents with conduct disorder, exposure to delivery complications was more common among males compared to females (16 vs. 5%, p = 0.006); this was particularly true for section delivery (7 vs. 1%, p = 0.023). A trend towards a significant gender difference was also found among adolescents with anxiety disorder (21 vs. 8%, p = 0.085). CONCLUSIONS Boys seem to be more vulnerable to the exposure of delivery complications than girls. Exposure to obstetric complication may be associated with development of subsequent psychiatric disorder; particularly conduct disorder of adolescent boys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sari Lukkari
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Kurjak A, Predojevic M, Stanojevic M, Kadic AS, Miskovic B, Badreldeen A, Talic A, Zaputovic S, Honemeyer U. Intrauterine growth restriction and cerebral palsy. Acta Inform Med 2012; 18:64-82. [PMID: 25473145 PMCID: PMC4232345 DOI: 10.5455/aim.2010.18.64-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can be described as condition in which fetus fails to reach his potential growth. It is common diagnosis in obstetrics, and carries an increased risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Moreover, IUGR has lifelong implications on health, especially on neurological outcome. There is a need for additional neurological assessment during monitoring of fetal well-being, in order to better predict antenatally which fetuses are at risk for adverse neurological outcome. Studies have revealed that the behavior of the fetus reflects the maturational processes of the central nervous system (CNS). Hence, ultrasound investigation of the fetal behavior can give us insight into the integrity and functioning of the fetal CNS. Furthermore, investigations carried out using modern method, four-dimensional (4D) sonography, have produced invaluable details of fetal behavior and its development, opening the door to a better understanding of the prenatal functional development of the CNS. Based on previous observations and several years of investigation, our reaserch group has proposed a new scoring system for the assessment of fetal neurological status by 4D sonography named Kurjak antenatal neurodevelopmental test (KANET). The value of KANET in distinguishing fetal brain and neurodevelopmental alterations due to the early brain impairment in utero is yet to be assessed in large population studies. However, preliminary results are very encouraging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asim Kurjak
- Department Of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital "Sveti Duh", Medical School, University Of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia ; Feto Maternal Medicine Unit, Women'S Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maja Predojevic
- Department Of Physiology, Medical School, University Of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milan Stanojevic
- Division Of Neonatology, Department Of Obstetrics And Gynecology, Clinical Hospital "Sv. Duh", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aida Salihagic- Kadic
- Department Of Physiology, Medical School, University Of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia ; Croatian Institute For Brain Research, Medical School, University Of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Berivoj Miskovic
- Department Of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital "Sveti Duh", Medical School, University Of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ahmed Badreldeen
- Feto Maternal Medicine Unit, Women'S Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amira Talic
- University Of Medical Sciences And Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sanja Zaputovic
- Department Of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital "Sveti Duh", Medical School, University Of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Abstract
PROBLEM The intrauterine milieu, gestational length as well as size at birth have a profound impact on the individual's mental, physical health and development both in childhood as well as in adult life. METHOD OF STUDY This paper reviews the associations between preterm birth and restricted fetal growth with neuro-developmental sequelae, including increased symptoms of psychiatric disorder in childhood and early adulthood. There is also evidence that physical morbidity such as the metabolic syndrome is more common in adult life. In addition, preterm birth and restricted fetal growth have been shown to be related to respiratory disease, infectious disease, and even malignancy. Morbidity, mental and physical as well as personality/intellectual traits hugely impact on family planning and reproductive performance in adults. As restricted fetal growth may alter organ structure and functions, it is likely to also influence subsequent fertility and/or reproductive health. RESULTS Individuals with non-optimal birth characteristics appears to have a reduction in childbearing and a deviant reproduction pattern compared to controls. CONCLUSION Future studies with sophisticated models for measuring the most vulnerable period of birth for children who have a low birth weight or who are at risk for being born preterm are needed to be able to explore the underlying biological mechanisms and also to plan for prevention as well as for interventions during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunilla Sydsjö
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Westrupp EM, Northam E, Doyle LW, Callanan C, Anderson PJ. Adult psychiatric outcomes of very low birth weight survivors. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2011; 45:1069-77. [PMID: 22023237 DOI: 10.3109/00048674.2011.620561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood studies have identified relationships between low birth weight and a variety of psychological disorders. However, very few studies have prospectively followed VLBW survivors into adulthood and none have examined adult psychiatric disorders in this population. OBJECTIVE This exploratory study sought to determine the rates and nature of psychiatric disorders in very low birth weight (VLBW, birth weight < 1500 g) adults. METHOD 117 VLBW participants and 32 normal birth weight (NBW, birth weight > 2499 g) controls, born 1977-1982, were assessed in early adulthood (24-29 years). Participants were first screened for psychopathology using the Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90-R). Participants who were elevated on this measure were eligible for a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID-I/NP) to determine a formal psychiatric diagnosis. RESULTS VLBW adults were more likely than controls to be elevated on the Global Severity Index (odds ratio (OR) = 4.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96, 19.14) and the depression (OR = 5.17, 95%CI = 1.17, 23.00), paranoid ideation (OR = 4.08, 95%CI = 0.91, 18.23), hostility (relative risk (RR) = 1.34, 95%CI = 1.21, 1.49), and interpersonal sensitivity (OR = 3.80, 95%CI = 1.08, 13.32) subscales of the SCL-90-R. VLBW adults were also more likely to be diagnosed with a current mood disorder than NBW adults (RR = 1.36, 95%CI = 1.22, 1.51). CONCLUSIONS VLBW adults are at greater risk of psychopathology than NBW peers.
Collapse
|
75
|
Betts KS, Williams GM, Najman JM, Alati R. The association between birth weight and anxiety disorders in young adults. J Anxiety Disord 2011; 25:1060-7. [PMID: 21803539 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has linked birth weight to later behaviour/mental disorders, yet studies have hitherto neglected to investigate the relationship between birth weight and adult anxiety disorders. Prospectively collected data from 2210 mother/offspring pairs of the Mater University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) birth cohort was used to test for associations between birth weight z-score and four major groupings of DSM-IV anxiety disorders. Birth weight z-score was linearly and inversely associated with lifetime diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorders at 21 years, with those falling within the smallest birth weight quintile group at almost two-fold increased odds (OR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.10, 3.52) of being diagnosed with the disorder compared to those falling within the largest group. The association remained when subsequent analysis restricted the sample to those exposed to trauma. This is the first study in which birth weight has been found to be associated with post-traumatic stress disorders in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Steven Betts
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Homeobox gene Distal-Less 3 is a regulator of villous cytotrophoblast differentiation and its expression is increased in human idiopathic foetal growth restriction. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 90:273-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
77
|
Broekman BFP, Chan YH, Goh L, Fung D, Gluckman PD, Saw SM, Meaney MJ. Influence of birth weight on internalizing traits modulated by serotonergic genes. Pediatrics 2011; 128:e1250-8. [PMID: 21969281 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fetal growth predicts childhood behavioral problems associated with brain serotonergic systems. We hypothesized that allelic variations in genes involved in serotonergic function would moderate associations between birth weight (BW) and internalizing traits in childhood. METHODS The Child Behavior Checklist was administered to 545 healthy Singaporean children at 8 to 12 years. BW, corrected for gestational age, and candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TPH2, HTR2A, and SCL6A4 genes were investigated. RESULTS There was no significant main effect of BW on internalizing T scores (F = 1.08; P = .36). After multiple corrections, significant main effects on internalizing T scores were found for HTR2A rs2296972 (adjusted: F = 2.85; P = .019) and HTR2A rs6313 (adjusted: F = 5.91; P = .0002). Significant interactions were found between BW and SNPs for the TPH2 gene (rs2171363: P = .008; rs7305115: P = .007) and the HTR2A gene (rs2770304: P = .001; rs6313: P = .026) for internalizing T scores. The CC genotype of TPH2 rs2171363, GG genotype of TPH2 rs7305115, CC genotype of HTR2A rs2770304, and CC genotype of HTR2A rs6313 were associated with reduced internalizing scores for children born in the quartile above the midpoint. No significant main effects or interactions were found for SCL6A4 SNPs. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that sequence variations in genes involved in serotonergic functions modulate relationships between BW and internalizing traits and might be candidates for plasticity mechanisms that determine individual differences in responses to environmental influences over the course of development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birit F P Broekman
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origins of mental disorders arise often in childhood. Early life is a period of unique sensitivity with long lasting effects on mental health. However, the mechanisms for these effects remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This thesis describes a variety of studies using a developmental framework to promote greater understanding of the influence of nature (genotypes) and nurture (e.g., environmental risk and protective factors) on outcomes later in childhood. METHOD The aim of this thesis is to investigate gene and environmental influences on behavioural, emotional, and cognitive outcomes in different samples from the Netherlands and Singapore, most derived from the general population. We assessed early life influences from a neurobiological, social, and a psychological perspective by using a biopsychosocial framework. RESULTS Our studies support the hypothesis that all experiences during life, including early experiences in utero, will influence the expression of genes and in the end the mental health of individuals. However, genotypes influencing stress responses are found to be "plastic," which implies that they can be modulated by environmental experiences during life. In line with this, patterns of resilience are found to be context-dependent too. CONCLUSIONS The model of "epigenetic programming" suggests the predictive power of the environment in utero and early childhood on mental health later in life. This association is probably determined by a neurodevelopmental pathway with individual differences in neural and endocrine responses to stress.
Collapse
|
79
|
Dregan A, Brown J, Armstrong D. Do adult emotional and behavioural outcomes vary as a function of diverse childhood experiences of the public care system? Psychol Med 2011; 41:2213-2220. [PMID: 21375799 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal data from the 1970 British Cohort Study were used to examine the long-term adult outcomes of those who, as children, were placed in public care. METHOD Multivariate logistic estimation models were used to determine whether public care and placement patterns were associated with adult psychosocial outcomes. Seven emotional and behavioural outcomes measured at age 30 years were considered: depression, life dissatisfaction, self-efficacy, alcohol problems, smoking, drug abuse, and criminal convictions. RESULTS The analyses revealed a significant association between public care status and adult maladjustment on depression [odds ratio (OR) 1.74], life dissatisfaction (OR 1.45), low self-efficacy (OR 1.95), smoking (OR 1.70) and criminal convictions (OR 2.13). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the present study findings suggest that there are enduring influences of a childhood admission to public care on emotional and behavioural adjustment from birth to adulthood. Some of the associations with childhood public care were relatively strong, particularly with respect to depression, self-efficacy and criminal convictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Dregan
- Division of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Gale CR, Sayer AA, Cooper C, Dennison EM, Starr JM, Whalley LJ, Gallacher JE, Ben-Shlomo Y, Kuh D, Hardy R, Craig L, Deary IJ. Factors associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression in five cohorts of community-based older people: the HALCyon (Healthy Ageing across the Life Course) Programme. Psychol Med 2011; 41:2057-73. [PMID: 21349224 PMCID: PMC3349051 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms of anxiety and depression are common in older people, but the relative importance of factors operating in early and later life in influencing risk is unclear, particularly in the case of anxiety. METHOD We used data from five cohorts in the Healthy Ageing across the Life Course (HALCyon) collaborative research programme: the Aberdeen Birth Cohort 1936, the Caerphilly Prospective Study, the Hertfordshire Ageing Study, the Hertfordshire Cohort Study and the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921. We used logistic regression to examine the relationship between factors from early and later life and risk of anxiety or depression, defined as scores of 8 or more on the subscales of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and meta-analysis to obtain an overall estimate of the effect of each. RESULTS Greater neuroticism, poorer cognitive or physical function, greater disability and taking more medications were associated in cross-sectional analyses with an increased overall likelihood of anxiety or depression. Associations between lower social class, either in childhood or currently, history of heart disease, stroke or diabetes and increased risk of anxiety or depression were attenuated and no longer statistically significant after adjustment for potential confounding or mediating variables. There was no association between birth weight and anxiety or depression in later life. CONCLUSIONS Anxiety and depression in later life are both strongly linked to personality, cognitive and physical function, disability and state of health, measured concurrently. Possible mechanisms that might underlie these associations are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Gale
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Gallo EAG, Anselmi L, Dumith SC, Scazufca M, Menezes AMB, Hallal PC, Matijasevich A. Tamanho ao nascer e problemas de saúde mental aos 11 anos em uma coorte brasileira de nascimentos. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2011; 27:1622-32. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2011000800017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo foi avaliar a associação entre tamanho ao nascer e problemas de saúde mental aos 11 anos na Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1993. Foram pesados e medidos ao nascer 4.358 recém-nascidos. Avaliou-se problemas de saúde mental com o questionário de capacidades e dificuldades (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire - SDQ). A prevalência de problemas de saúde mental foi de 32% (IC95%: 31-33). Na análise ajustada, os 291 (6,7%) recém-nascidos com escorez de peso/idade e os 268 (6,2%) com índice de massa corporal (IMC)/idade < -2 DP tiveram, respectivamente, 27% (IC95%: 7-49) e 29% (IC95%: 10-51) maior risco de apresentar problemas de saúde mental aos 11 anos quando comparados com aqueles com escore normal. Os 102 (2,43%) recém-nascidos com escorez de IMC e os 279 (6,4%) com perímetro cefálico/idade > +2 DP tiveram, respectivamente, 34% (IC95%: 6-71) e 19% (IC95%: 1-40) maior risco de apresentar esses problemas se comparados com aqueles com escore normal. Os resultados sugerem que fatores ocorridos na gestação e refletidos nas medidas de tamanho ao nascer podem ocasionar problemas de saúde mental em etapas tardias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro C. Hallal
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Lewis SJ, Araya R, Leary S, Smith GD, Ness A. Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy may protect against depression 21 months after pregnancy, an effect modified by MTHFR C677T genotype. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 66:97-103. [PMID: 21772318 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES As low folate status has been implicated in depression, high folate intake, in the form of supplements, during pregnancy might offer protection against depression during pregnancy and postpartum. SUBJECTS/METHODS We examined the association between change in self-reported depressive symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) at different timepoints during and following pregnancy and self-reported folic acid supplementation during pregnancy in a prospective cohort of 6809 pregnant women. We also tested whether there was a main effect of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T genotype (which influences folate metabolism and intracellular levels of folate metabolites and homocysteine) on change in depression scores, and carried out our analysis of folic acid supplementation and depression stratifying by genotype. RESULTS We found no strong evidence that folic acid supplementation reduced the risk of depression during pregnancy and up to 8 months after pregnancy. However, we did find evidence to suggest that folic acid supplements during pregnancy protected against depression 21 months postpartum, and that this effect was more pronounced in those with the MTHFR C677T TT genotype (change in depression score from 8 months to 21 months postpartum among TT individuals was 0.66 (95% CI=0.31-1.01) among those not taking supplements, compared with -1.02 (95% CI=-2.22-0.18) among those taking supplements at 18 weeks pregnancy, P(difference)=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Low folate is unlikely to be an important risk factor for depression during pregnancy and for postpartum depression, but may be a risk factor for depression outside of pregnancy, especially among women with the MTHFR C677T TT genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Lewis
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Abstract
Although many previous studies have reported an association between preterm birth or small size at birth and later behaviour, multiple methodological limitations threaten the validity of causal inferences from reported associations. The authors have examined the association between gestational age and gestational age-specific size at birth (weight, length and head circumference) and behaviour in a large sample of children born healthy at term. The data were from the 6.5-year follow-up of 13,889 Belarusian children who participated in the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial, a cluster-randomised trial of a breast-feeding promotion intervention. Child behaviour was measured using the parent and teacher versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Differences in SDQ scores by gestational age and by birthweight, birth length and birth head circumference standardised for gestational age and sex (z-scores) were analysed after controlling for potentially confounding maternal and family factors. There was no association between gestational age and child behaviour after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Lower birthweight-for-gestational age was associated with higher scores in problem behaviours including total difficulties, conduct problems, hyperactivity, emotional symptoms and peer problems. Similar but smaller differences were observed with birth length and birth head circumference, but those differences were attenuated with adjustment for birthweight. The patterns of association were consistent in both parent and teacher assessments. Among school-age children born at term within normal range of birthweight, fetal growth, but not gestational age, was associated with behavioural problem scores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungmi Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Eric Fombonne
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University
| | - Michael S. Kramer
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University,The Research Institute of Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Silveira PP, Portella AK, da Silva Benetti C, Zugno AI, da Silva Scherer EB, Mattos CB, Wyse ATS, Lucion AB, Dalmaz C. Association Between Na+,K+-ATPase Activity and the Vulnerability/Resilience to Mood Disorders induced by Early Life Experience. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2075-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
85
|
Fetal growth, early life circumstances, and risk of suicide in late adulthood. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26:571-81. [PMID: 21681547 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies in Sweden and Scotland have found early life conditions to be associated with increased risk of attempted and completed suicide in adolescence and young adulthood. It is not known, however, whether early life conditions affect suicide risk throughout the life course, from adulthood into old age. We examined the effects of early life conditions, including markers of fetal growth, and social and economic characteristics in adulthood, on risk of suicide by violent and non-violent methods in women and men aged 31-87 years using Cox regression. 11,650 women and men born at the Uppsala University Hospital in Sweden between 1915 and 1929 were followed from 1960 until 2002 using linked records from obstetric archives, Census, population and mortality registries. During 435,039 person-years of follow-up 161 completed suicides (104 in males, 57 in females) were observed. An inverse association was found between lower birthweight-for-gestational age and risk of violent suicide in females, although the association did not reach the conventional level of statistical significance (minimally adjusted HR 2.02, 95% CI (0.88-4.63); Table 4). Being male, unmarried, and in the "other or unknown" social class category in adulthood were independently associated with increased rates of suicide. There was a weak association between higher maternal parity and suicide rates. Our findings suggest differences in effects of fetal growth patterns and perinatal circumstances on suicide risk later in life, and suggest that suicide in adults and in the elderly may be influenced by a different combination of factors than those that influence suicide in adolescence and young adulthood.
Collapse
|
86
|
The impact of perinatal and socioeconomic factors on mental health problems of children from a poor Brazilian city: a longitudinal study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2011; 46:381-91. [PMID: 20225133 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-010-0202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low birth weight and preterm birth, and social disadvantage may negatively affect mental health of children, but findings have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVES To assess the influence of perinatal and social factors on mental health problems in children aged 7-9 years. METHODS A random sample of 805 births in São Luís, Brazil was studied in 1997/1998 and again in 2005/2006. Perinatal, socioeconomic and demographic variables were assessed within 24 h after delivery. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to assess mental health problems in the children. Simple and multiple Poisson regressions were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The overall prevalence of mental health problems in the total sample was 47.7%. The prevalences of emotional and conduct problems were 58.2 and 48.8%, respectively. Only paternal age (<20 years) was associated with mental health problems as measured by the full SDQ scale (prevalence ratio PR = 1.27). Children born to single mothers (PR = 1.31) and those with birth weight from 1,500 to 2,499 g (PR = 1.18) and from 2,500 to 2,999 g (PR = 1.17) had a higher risk of emotional problems, but those from low income families had a lower risk (PR = 0.80). Children with a father of less than 20 years had a higher risk of having problems with their peers (PR = 1.75). A maternal education of 9 years or over was inversely associated with peer (PR = 0.70) and conduct problems (PR = 0.73). Girls had a lower risk of conduct (PR = 0.77) and hyperactivity problems (PR = 0.68). A maternal education of 4 years or less increased the risk of hyperactivity (PR = 1.48). CONCLUSIONS Socioeconomic and demographic conditions were better predictors of mental health problems in children than birth weight or preterm birth. However, since most effect sizes were small most mental health problems were, unexplained by the variables in the study.
Collapse
|
87
|
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have, for many years, identified preterm birth as a significant risk factor for psychiatric disorders. There has been a recent resurgence of interest in neurobehavioral outcomes after preterm birth. In this article, we review clinical cohort studies of the prevalence, etiology, and risk factors for psychiatric sequelae in ex-preterm children. Studies using diagnostic psychiatric evaluations are few in number but typically report a 3- to 4-fold increased risk for disorders in middle childhood. Our review of studies reveals a "preterm behavioral phenotype" characterized by an increased risk for symptoms and disorders associated with inattention, anxiety, and social difficulties. The most contemporary studies have also reported a markedly increased prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in preterm populations. Our examination of the correlates and comorbidities of psychiatric disorders is indicative of a different causative pathway that may be associated with altered brain development after preterm birth. Despite the low population attributable risk, the frequency of these symptoms and disorders means that psychiatric screening is likely to be beneficial in this vulnerable population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Johnson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 6TP, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Supplementation with fish oil and coconut fat prevents prenatal stress‐induced changes in early postnatal development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:521-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
89
|
Berstein LM. Interrelations between cancer of hormone-dependent tissues and other major noncommunicable diseases: The age-specific aspect. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057011020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
90
|
Borsonelo EC, Suchecki D, Galduróz JCF. Effect of fish oil and coconut fat supplementation on depressive-type behavior and corticosterone levels of prenatally stressed male rats. Brain Res 2011; 1385:144-50. [PMID: 21349251 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PNS) during critical periods of brain development has been associated with numerous behavioral and/or mood disorders in later life. These outcomes may result from changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, which, in turn, can be modulated by environmental factors, such as nutritional status. In this study, the adult male offspring of dams exposed to restraint stress during the last semester of pregnancy and fed different diets were evaluated for depressive-like behavior in the forced swimming test and for the corticosterone response to the test. Female Wistar rats were allocated to one of three groups: regular diet, diet supplemented with coconut fat or with fish oil, offered during pregnancy and lactation. When pregnancy was confirmed, they were distributed into control or stress groups. Stress consisted of restraint and bright light for 45 min, three times per day, in the last week of pregnancy. The body weight of the adult offspring submitted to PNS was lower than that of controls. In the forced swimming test, time of immobility was reduced and swimming was increased in PNS rats fed fish oil and plasma corticosterone levels immediately after the forced swimming test were lower in PNS rats fed regular diet than their control counterparts; this response was reduced in control rats whose mothers were fed fish oil and coconut fat. The present results indicate that coconut fat and fish oil influenced behavioral and hormonal responses to the forced swimming test in both control and PNS adult male rats.
Collapse
|
91
|
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risks of suicidal acts in young offspring. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26:485-92. [PMID: 21331660 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Obstetric and neonatal complications have been associated with completed and attempted suicide (suicidal acts) in young offspring. Maternal smoking is one of the most important risk factors for obstetric complications, but the association between prenatal smoking exposure and offspring risk of suicidal acts is unknown. We performed a population-based study of 1,449,333 single births born in Sweden between 1983 and 1996, derived from linked registry data. Maternal smoking and risks of suicidal acts in offspring were estimated using hazard ratios, derived from proportional-hazard models, controlling for potential confounding of parental socio-demographic factors and psychiatric care in first degree relatives. To control for unmeasured familial confounding, a matched case-control analysis of suicidal acts was performed within sibling pairs discordant for prenatal smoking exposure. In the cohort analysis, the adjusted hazard ratio for completed suicide among offspring to women smoking 1-9 cigarettes and at least 10 cigarettes per day were 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.29-2.16, and 1.54, 95% CI, 1.12-2.10. For suicidal acts, corresponding hazard ratios were 1.28, 95% CI 1.21-1.35 and 1.48, 95% CI 1.39-1.57, respectively. However, in sibling pairs discordant for suicidal acts and prenatal smoking exposure, we found no evidence that prenatal smoking exposure increased the risk of suicidal acts. We conclude that the association between prenatal smoking exposure and offspring risk of suicidal acts is probably confounded by unmeasured familial factors.
Collapse
|
92
|
Wagenaar K, van Weissenbruch MM, van Leeuwen FE, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Schats R, Huisman J. Self-reported behavioral and socioemotional functioning of 11- to 18-year-old adolescents conceived by in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:611-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
93
|
Knud Larsen J, Bendsen BB, Foldager L, Munk-Jørgensen P. Prematurity and low birth weight as risk factors for the development of affective disorder, especially depression and schizophrenia: a register study. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2010; 22:284-91. [PMID: 25385215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Larsen JK, Bendsen BB, Foldager L, Munk-Jørgensen P. Prematurity and low birth weight as risk factors for the development of affective disorder, especially depression and schizophrenia: a register study. BACKGROUND The present study examined whether low birth weight, prematurity or low birth weight adjusted for gestational age are risk factors for the subsequent development of affective disorder, especially depression. METHODS A population-based case-control design was applied to the Danish Medical Birth Register and the Danish Psychiatric Central Register to identify all individuals born between 1 January 1974 and 31 December 1990 and diagnosed prior to 29 August 2003 with affective disorder alone (ICD-10 F3; 4297 females, 1861 males), schizophrenia alone (ICD-10 F2; 1364 females, 2292 males) or both disorders (ICD-10 F3 + F2; 450 females, 405 males). The association between low birth weight and the risk of developing affective disorder and/or schizophrenia was analysed by conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Low birth weight was found to be associated with a significantly elevated risk of developing schizophrenia alone (p = 0.021) and both affective disorder and schizophrenia (p = 0.024), and a non-significantly elevated risk of developing affective disorder alone (p = 0.063). The effect remained significant in the affective disorder and schizophrenia groups (p = 0.039) when correcting for gestational age (premature birth), but was lost in the group with both disorders. Premature birth per se was found to be associated with a significantly elevated risk of developing both affective disorder and schizophrenia (p = 0.00018), an effect that remained significant after adjustment for low birth weight. CONCLUSION Prematurity and low birth weight were found to be risk factors for subsequent development of affective disorder (especially depression) and schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Knud Larsen
- 1Psychiatric Centre Gentofte, University of Copenhagen, Niels Andersensvej 65, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Birgitte B Bendsen
- 2Psychiatric Centre Frederiksberg, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Leslie Foldager
- 3Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark and Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Vasiliadis HM, Buka SL, Martin LT, Gilman SE. Fetal growth and the lifetime risk of generalized anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety 2010; 27:1066-72. [PMID: 20734359 PMCID: PMC2975897 DOI: 10.1002/da.20739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are thought to have their origins in early childhood, though they have not yet been studied as a potential outcome of impaired fetal growth, which has been implicated in the developmental etiologies of many psychopathologies. This study investigated the association between indicators of fetal growth and the development of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). METHODS Indicators of fetal growth, including birth weight (BW) and ponderal index (PI), were assessed among 682 offspring of participants in Providence, Rhode Island, site of the Collaborative Perinatal Project. Participants were interviewed as adults, and their lifetime histories of GAD were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. We used Cox regression to estimate the association between fetal growth indicators and development of GAD. RESULTS The lifetime risk of GAD differed between infants in the highest category of BW, PI, and all others. Newborns with birth weights below 3.5 kg (hazard ratio, HR: 2.38; CI=1.25, 4.55), in the lowest four BW Z-score quintiles (HR=2.49; CI=1.14, 5.45) or a PI in the lowest four quintiles (HR=2.33; CI=1.04, 5.00) had higher lifetime risks of GAD. CONCLUSION In contrast to earlier studies on psychiatric outcomes in relation to fetal growth, there was no linear relationship between birth weight and GAD. Although these results generally support the hypothesis that a healthy nutritional fetal uptake, as indicated by BW and PI, is associated with better lifetime mental health, further work is needed to characterize the nature of the association between fetal growth and subsequent psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen L. Buka
- Department of Community Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA, Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public of Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Stephen E. Gilman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public of Health, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public of Health, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Colman I, Ataullahjan A. Life course perspectives on the epidemiology of depression. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2010; 55:622-32. [PMID: 20964941 DOI: 10.1177/070674371005501002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Life course epidemiology seeks to understand how determinants of health and disease interact across the span of a human life, and has made significant contributions to understanding etiological mechanisms in many chronic diseases, including schizophrenia. The life course approach is ideal for understanding depression: causation in depression appears to be multifactorial, including interactions between genes and stressful events, or between early life trauma and later stress in life; timing of onset and remission of depression varies widely, indicating differing trajectories of symptoms over long periods of time, with possible differing causes and differing outcomes; and early life events and development appear to be important risk factors for depression, including exposure to acute and chronic stress in the first years of life. To better understand etiology and outcome of depression, future research must move beyond basic epidemiologic techniques that link specific exposures to specific outcomes and embrace life course principles and methods. Time-sensitive modelling techniques that are able to incorporate multiple interacting factors across long periods of time, such as structural equation models, will be critical in understanding the complexity of causal and influencing factors from early development to the end stages of life. Using these models to identify key pathways that influence trajectories of depression across the life course will help guide prevention and intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Colman
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
| | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Gudmundsson P, Andersson S, Gustafson D, Waern M, Ostling S, Hällström T, Palsson S, Skoog I, Hulthen L. Depression in Swedish women: relationship to factors at birth. Eur J Epidemiol 2010; 26:55-60. [PMID: 20857177 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-010-9508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common and serious disorder that may have developmental origins. Birth-related factors have been related to childhood and adult occurrence of somatic as well as psychiatric disorders, but studies on the relationship between birth-related factors and depression are few and show mixed results. In addition, varying methods have been used to assess depression. Standardized clinical criteria to diagnose depression, combined with birth data collected from midwife records have not been used in most studies. Participants in the Prospective Population Study of Women in Sweden (803 women), born 1914, 1918, 1922 and 1930, provide information on birth factors and depression. Women participated from 1968 at mid-life ages of 38-60 years, to 2000, when they were age 78-92 years. Original birth records containing birth weight, length, head circumference, and gestational time, as well as social factors were obtained. Lifetime depression was diagnosed via multiple information sources. Symptoms were assessed using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale and diagnoses were based on DSM-III-R criteria. Over their lifetime, 44.6% of women in this sample experienced depression. Birth weights ≤ 3500 g [odds ratio (OR), age-adjusted = 1.72; 95% CI 1.29-2.28, P < 0.001] and shorter gestational time (OR, age-adjusted = 1.13; 95% CI 1.04-1.24, P = 0.005) were independently associated with a higher odds of lifetime depression in a logistic regression model adjusted for age. Lower than median birth weights and shorter gestational time were related to lifetime depression in women. Both neurodevelopmental and environmental contributions to lifetime depression may be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Gudmundsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section for Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Kajantie E, Räikkönen K. Early life predictors of the physiological stress response later in life. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 35:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
98
|
Nasreen HE, Kabir ZN, Forsell Y, Edhborg M. Low birth weight in offspring of women with depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy: results from a population based study in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:515. [PMID: 20796269 PMCID: PMC2939645 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a high prevalence of antepartum depression and low birth weight (LBW) in Bangladesh. In high- and low-income countries, prior evidence linking maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms with infant LBW is conflicting. There is no research on the association between maternal mental disorders and LBW in Bangladesh. This study aims to investigate the independent effect of maternal antepartum depressive and anxiety symptoms on infant LBW among women in a rural district of Bangladesh. Methods A population-based sample of 720 pregnant women from two rural subdistricts was assessed for symptoms of antepartum depression, using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), and antepartum anxiety, using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and followed for 6-8 months postpartum. Infant birth weight of 583 (81%) singleton live babies born at term (≥37 weeks of pregnancy) was measured within 48 hours of delivery. Baseline data provided socioeconomic, anthropometric, reproductive, obstetric, and social support information. Trained female interviewers carried out structured interviews. Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and independent-sample t tests were done as descriptive statistics, and a multiple logistic regression model was used to identify predictors of LBW. Results After adjusting for potential confounders, depressive (OR = 2.24; 95% CI 1.37-3.68) and anxiety (OR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.30-3.25) symptoms were significantly associated with LBW (≤2.5 kg). Poverty, maternal malnutrition, and support during pregnancy were also associated with LBW. Conclusions This study provides evidence that maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy predict the LBW of newborns and replicates results found in other South Asian countries. Policies aimed at the detection and effective management of depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy may reduce the burden on mothers and also act as an important measure in the prevention of LBW among offspring in Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hashima E Nasreen
- Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh. Hashima-E-
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Rice F, Thapar A. Estimating the relative contributions of maternal genetic, paternal genetic and intrauterine factors to offspring birth weight and head circumference. Early Hum Dev 2010; 86:425-32. [PMID: 20646882 PMCID: PMC2954294 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors and the prenatal environment contribute to birth weight. However, very few types of study design can disentangle their relative contribution. AIMS To examine maternal genetic and intrauterine contributions to offspring birth weight and head circumference. To compare the contribution of maternal and paternal genetic effects. STUDY DESIGN Mothers and fathers were either genetically related or unrelated to their offspring who had been conceived by in vitro fertilization. SUBJECTS 423 singleton full term offspring, of whom 262 were conceived via homologous IVF (both parents related), 66 via sperm donation (mother only related) and 95 via egg donation (father only related). MEASURES Maternal weight at antenatal booking, current weight and maternal height. Paternal current weight and height were all predictors. Infant birth weight and head circumference were outcomes. RESULTS Genetic relatedness was the main contributing factor between measures of parental weight and offspring birth weight as correlations were only significant when the parent was related to the child. However, there was a contribution of the intrauterine environment to the association between maternal height and both infant birth weight and infant head circumference as these were significant even when mothers were unrelated to their child. CONCLUSIONS Both maternal and paternal genes made contributions to infant birth weight. Maternal height appeared to index a contribution of the intrauterine environment to infant growth and gestational age. Results suggested a possible biological interaction between the intrauterine environment and maternal inherited characteristics which suppresses the influence of paternal genes.
Collapse
|
100
|
Galler JR, Bryce CP, Waber D, Hock R, Exner N, Eaglesfield D, Fitzmaurice G, Harrison R. Early childhood malnutrition predicts depressive symptoms at ages 11-17. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010; 51:789-98. [PMID: 20331492 PMCID: PMC2906663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Barbadian youth with histories of infantile malnutrition and in a healthy comparison group and the extent to which the effect of malnutrition was mediated/moderated by maternal depression. METHODS Depressive symptoms were assessed using a 20-item scale administered to youths (11-17 years of age) who had experienced an episode of protein-energy malnutrition (marasmus or kwashiorkor) during the first year of life and in a comparison group of healthy youths without a history of malnutrition. Their mothers completed the same questionnaire on the same test on three occasions when their children were 5-17 years of age at 2-5-year intervals. RESULTS The prevalence of depressive symptoms was elevated among previously malnourished youth relative to healthy comparison children (p < .001). When youth depression scores were subjected to a longitudinal multiple regression analysis, adjusting for the effect of maternal depressive symptoms, significant effects due to the history of early childhood malnutrition remained and were not discernibly attenuated from an unadjusted analysis. We also found significant independent effects of maternal depressive symptoms on youth depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Early childhood malnutrition contributed independently to depressive symptoms in youths who experienced a significant episode of malnutrition in the first year of life. This relationship was not mediated or moderated by the effects of maternal depression. Whether the later vulnerability to depression is a direct effect of the episode of malnutrition and related conditions early in life or whether it is mediated by the more proximal neurobehavioral effects of the malnutrition remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JR Galler
- Judge Baker Children’s Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - CP Bryce
- Barbados Nutrition Study, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - D Waber
- Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - R Hock
- Judge Baker Children’s Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - N Exner
- Judge Baker Children’s Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - D Eaglesfield
- Judge Baker Children’s Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - G Fitzmaurice
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA and McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | | |
Collapse
|