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Complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium VNP20009, a strain engineered for tumor targeting. J Biotechnol 2014; 192 Pt A:177-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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52
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Chang WW, Lee CH. Salmonella as an innovative therapeutic antitumor agent. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14546-54. [PMID: 25196596 PMCID: PMC4159867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150814546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of specificity of the therapeutic agent is a primary limitation in the treatment of a tumor. The use of preferentially replicating bacteria as therapeutic agents is an innovative approach to tumor treatment. This is based on the observation that certain obligate or facultative anaerobic bacteria are capable of multiplying selectively in tumors and inhibiting their growth. Bacteria have been employed as antitumor agents that are capable of preferentially amplifying within tumors and inhibiting their growth. Moreover, bacteria-derived factors have an immune-stimulation effect. Therefore, bacteria are able to transfer therapeutic genes into the tumor cells using their infective ability. Herein, we introduce the application of bacteria for tumor therapy and focus on Salmonella, which have been widely used for tumor therapy. Salmonella have mainly been applied as gene-delivery vectors, antitumor immune activators and tumor cell death inducers. This study will not only evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Salmonella for the treatment of tumor but will also elucidate the mechanisms underlying the antitumor activities mediated by Salmonella, which involve host immune responses and cellular molecular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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53
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Rollano Peñaloza OM, Lewandowska M, Stetefeld J, Ossysek K, Madej M, Bereta J, Sobczak M, Shojaei S, Ghavami S, Łos MJ. Apoptins: selective anticancer agents. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:519-28. [PMID: 25164066 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Therapies that selectively target cancer cells for death have been the center of intense research recently. One potential therapy may involve apoptin proteins, which are able to induce apoptosis in cancer cells leaving normal cells unharmed. Apoptin was originally discovered in the Chicken anemia virus (CAV); however, human gyroviruses (HGyV) have recently been found that also harbor apoptin-like proteins. Although the cancer cell specific activity of these apoptins appears to be well conserved, the precise functions and mechanisms of action are yet to be fully elucidated. Strategies for both delivering apoptin to treat tumors and disseminating the protein inside the tumor body are now being developed, and have shown promise in preclinical animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar M Rollano Peñaloza
- Department Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medical Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Biotecnologia, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - Joerg Stetefeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Karolina Ossysek
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Madej
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Bereta
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Sobczak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marek J Łos
- Department Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medical Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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54
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Phenotypic evolution of therapeutic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium after invasion of TRAMP mouse prostate tumor. mBio 2014; 5:e01182-14. [PMID: 24987088 PMCID: PMC4161240 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01182-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella has been of interest in cancer research due to its intrinsic ability to selectively target and colonize within tumors, leading to tumor cell death. Current research indicates promising use of Salmonella in regular administrations to remove tumors in mouse models while minimizing toxic side effects. However, selection of mutants during such long-term tumor colonization is a safety concern, and understanding selection of certain phenotypes within a tumor is an important consideration in predicting the long-term success of bacterium-based cancer treatment strategies. Thus, we have made an initial examination of selected phenotypes in a therapeutic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium population developed from an archival wild-type LT2 strain and intraperitoneally injected into a 6-month-old TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate) mouse. We compared the original injected strain to isolates recovered from prostate tumors and those recovered from the spleen and liver of non-tumor-bearing TRAMP mice through phenotypic assessments of bacteriophage susceptibility, motility, growth rates, morphology, and metabolic activity. Tumor isolate traits, particularly the loss of wild-type motility and flagella, reflect the selective pressure of the tumor, while the maintenance of bacteriophage resistance indicates no active selection to remove this robust trait. We posit that the Salmonella population adopts certain strategies to minimize energy consumption and maximize survival and proliferation once within the tumor. We find these insights to be nonnegligible considerations in the development of cancer therapies involving bacteria and suggest further examinations into the evolution of therapeutic strains during passage through tumors. Salmonella is of interest in cancer research due to its intrinsic abilities to selectively target, colonize, and replicate within tumors, leading to tumor cell death. However, mutation of strains during long-term colonization within tumors is a safety concern, and understanding their evolution within a tumor is an important consideration in predicting the long-term success of bacterium-based cancer treatment strategies. Thus, we have made an initial examination of phenotypically diverse Salmonella colonies recovered from a therapeutic Salmonella strain that we developed and injected into prostate tumor-bearing mice. We compared the bacteriophage susceptibility, motility, growth rates, morphology, and metabolic activity of the original therapeutic strain to those of strains recovered from prostate tumors of tumor-bearing mice and the liver and spleen of non-tumor-bearing mice. Our results suggest that the Salmonella population adopts certain strategies to minimize energy consumption and maximize survival and proliferation once within the tumor, leading to phenotypic changes in the strain.
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Hiroshima Y, Zhao M, Maawy A, Zhang Y, Katz MHG, Fleming JB, Uehara F, Miwa S, Yano S, Momiyama M, Suetsugu A, Chishima T, Tanaka K, Bouvet M, Endo I, Hoffman RM. Efficacy of Salmonella typhimurium A1-R versus chemotherapy on a pancreatic cancer patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX). J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:1254-61. [PMID: 24435915 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R (A1-R) on pancreatic cancer patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOX). The PDOX model was originally established from a pancreatic cancer patient in SCID-NOD mice. The pancreatic cancer PDOX was subsequently transplanted by surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI) in transgenic nude red fluorescent protein (RFP) mice in order that the PDOX stably acquired red fluorescent protein (RFP)-expressing stroma for the purpose of imaging the tumor after passage to non-transgenic nude mice in order to visualize tumor growth and drug efficacy. The nude mice with human pancreatic PDOX were treated with A1-R or standard chemotherapy, including gemcitabine (GEM), which is first-line therapy for pancreatic cancer, for comparison of efficacy. A1-R treatment significantly reduced tumor weight, as well as tumor fluorescence area, compared to untreated control (P = 0.011), with comparable efficacy of GEM, CDDP, and 5-FU. Histopathological response to treatment was defined according to Evans's criteria and A1-R had increased efficacy compared to standard chemotherapy. The present report is the first to show that A1-R is effective against a very low-passage patient tumor, in this case, pancreatic cancer. The data of the present report suggest A1-1 will have clinical activity in pancreatic cancer, a highly lethal and treatment-resistant disease and may be most effectively used in combination with other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Hiroshima
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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56
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Hoffman RM, Zhao M. Methods for the development of tumor-targeting bacteria. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:741-50. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.916270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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57
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Salmonella as a biological "Trojan horse" for neoplasia: future possibilities including brain cancer. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:343-5. [PMID: 24986645 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript considers available evidence that a specific Salmonella strain could be used as an effective orally-administered option for cancer therapy involving the brain. It has been established that Salmonella preferentially colonizes neoplastic tissue and thrives as a facultative anaerobe in the intra-tumor environment. Although Salmonella accumulates in tumors by passive processes, it is still possible for lipopolysaccharide to cause sepsis and endotoxic shock during the migration of bacteria to the tumor site. An LPS-free version of a recently identified Salmonella isolate may have the capability to circumvent the blood brain barrier and provide a safer method of reaching brain tumors. This isolate merits further research as a "Trojan horse" for future oral biotherapy of brain cancer.
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58
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Cheng X, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Zhang C, Hua ZC. A Salmonella Typhimurium mutant strain capable of RNAi delivery: higher tumor-targeting and lower toxicity. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:1068-76. [PMID: 24842165 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are highly versatile and useful tools that could deliver short interfering RNA. In this study, a phoP/phoQ double-deleted Salmonella Typhimurium named VNP(PhoP/Q(-)) based on the genetic background of VNP20009. The biological safety and function of VNP(PhoP/Q(-)) were also analyzed. Our study revealed the following results: (1) VNP(PhoP/Q(-)) exhibited lower titers in tumor-free livers and spleens than VNP20009, (2) The survival of VNP(PhoP/Q(-)) in macrophages and 4T1 tumor cells was significantly reduced compared with that of VNP20009, (3) The tumor-targeting ability of VNP(PhoP/Q(-)) was significantly enhanced compared with that of VNP20009, and the anticancer effects of VNP(pPhoP/Q(-)) and VNP20009 on tumor-bearing mice were similar, (4) VNP(PhoP/Q(-)) could release an shRNA-expressing plasmid and express the EGFP reporter gene in tumor tissue. Therefore, VNP(PhoP/Q(-)) exhibited a better safety level in tumor-free mice and elicited an anti-tumor effect on tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, VNP(PhoP/Q(-)) could release an shRNA-expressing plasmid into the cytoplasm of host cells to silence targeted genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiawei Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Science and School of Stomatology; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing University; Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Science and School of Stomatology; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing University; Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yuqiang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Science and School of Stomatology; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing University; Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Science and School of Stomatology; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing University; Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Science and School of Stomatology; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing University; Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China; Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Jiangsu TargetPharma Laboratories Inc.; Changzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
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59
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Wood LM, Paterson Y. Attenuated Listeria monocytogenes: a powerful and versatile vector for the future of tumor immunotherapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:51. [PMID: 24860789 PMCID: PMC4026700 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a century, inactivated or attenuated bacteria have been employed in the clinic as immunotherapies to treat cancer, starting with the Coley's vaccines in the 19th century and leading to the currently approved bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine for bladder cancer. While effective, the inflammation induced by these therapies is transient and not designed to induce long-lasting tumor-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses that have proven so adept at eradicating tumors. Therefore, in order to maintain the benefits of bacteria-induced acute inflammation but gain long-lasting anti-tumor immunity, many groups have constructed recombinant bacteria expressing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) for the purpose of activating tumor-specific CTLs. One bacterium has proven particularly adept at inducing powerful anti-tumor immunity, Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Lm is a gram-positive bacterium that selectively infects antigen-presenting cells wherein it is able to efficiently deliver tumor antigens to both the MHC Class I and II antigen presentation pathways for activation of tumor-targeting CTL-mediated immunity. Lm is a versatile bacterial vector as evidenced by its ability to induce therapeutic immunity against a wide-array of TAAs and specifically infect and kill tumor cells directly. It is for these reasons, among others, that Lm-based immunotherapies have delivered impressive therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models of cancer for two decades and are now showing promise clinically. In this review, we will provide an overview of the history leading up to the development of current Lm-based immunotherapies, the advantages and mechanisms of Lm as a therapeutic vaccine vector, the preclinical experience with Lm-based immunotherapies targeting a number of malignancies, and the recent findings from clinical trials along with concluding remarks on the future of Lm-based tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M Wood
- Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Abilene, TX, USA
| | - Yvonne Paterson
- Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA ; University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing Philadelphia, PA, USA
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60
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Toussaint B, Chauchet X, Wang Y, Polack B, Le Gouëllec A. Live-attenuated bacteria as a cancer vaccine vector. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:1139-54. [PMID: 24124876 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.836914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the emerging field of active and specific cancer immunotherapy, strategies using live-attenuated bacterial vectors have matured in terms of academic and industrial development. Different bacterial species can be genetically engineered to deliver antigen to APCs with strong adjuvant effects due to their microbial origin. Proteic or DNA-encoding antigen delivery routes and natural bacterial tropisms might differ among species, permitting different applications. After many academic efforts to resolve safety and efficacy issues, some firms have recently engaged clinical trials with live Listeria or Salmonella spp. We describe here the main technological advances that allowed bacteria to become one of the most promising vectors in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Toussaint
- Laboratoire TIMC-IMAG/TheREx (UMR 5525 CNRS-UJF), UFR de médecine, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 38700 La Tronche Cedex, France
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61
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Zhang M, Swofford CA, Forbes NS. Lipid A controls the robustness of intratumoral accumulation of attenuated Salmonella in mice. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:647-57. [PMID: 24374783 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Engineered Salmonella have the potential to treat cancers that are not responsive to standard molecular therapies. This potential has not been realized because colonization in human tumors is insufficient and variable as shown in preliminary phase I trials. Recent studies have shown that Salmonella colonization is associated with an inflammatory response mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF). An injectable agent, molecular lipid A, could be used to control bacterial accumulation because it induces TNF production and is rapidly cleared. We hypothesized that concurrently administrating lipid A with attenuated Salmonella would increase intratumoral accumulation, improve the robustness of tumor-targeting and be nontoxic. To test this hypothesis, Salmonella and lipid A were injected into mice with 4T1 mammary tumors. Colonization was quantified after 48 hr using anti-Salmonella immunofluorescence. A 2 μg/mouse dose of lipid A increased the area of colonized tissue fourfold, reduced variance 50% and ensured colonization in all mice. Comparatively, Salmonella failed to colonize some control mice, similar to human trials. No toxicity was observed in any treated mice. The fraction of tumor tissue with more than 25% bacterial coverage was eight times greater for treated mice compared to controls. Lipid A treatment also reduced the maximum average distance of tissue to Salmonella colonies from 1348 to 260 μm. A mathematical model of bacterial drug production predicted that 2 μg lipid A would increase tumor cell death by 82%. These results suggest that lipid A could solve the clinical challenges of Salmonella therapy and enable safe and robust treatment of cancer with bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
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62
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Jeong JH, Kim K, Lim D, Jeong K, Hong Y, Nguyen VH, Kim TH, Ryu S, Lim JA, Kim JI, Kim GJ, Kim SC, Min JJ, Choy HE. Anti-tumoral effect of the mitochondrial target domain of Noxa delivered by an engineered Salmonella typhimurium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e80050. [PMID: 24416126 PMCID: PMC3885380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cancer therapy relies on the fact that several bacterial species are capable of targeting tumor tissue and that bacteria can be genetically engineered to selectively deliver therapeutic proteins of interest to the targeted tumors. However, the challenge of bacterial cancer therapy is the release of the therapeutic proteins from the bacteria and entry of the proteins into tumor cells. This study employed an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium to selectively deliver the mitochondrial targeting domain of Noxa (MTD) as a potential therapeutic cargo protein, and examined its anti-cancer effect. To release MTD from the bacteria, a novel bacterial lysis system of phage origin was deployed. To facilitate the entry of MTD into the tumor cells, the MTD was fused to DS4.3, a novel cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) derived from a voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv2.1). The gene encoding DS4.3-MTD and the phage lysis genes were placed under the control of PBAD, a promoter activated by L-arabinose. We demonstrated that DS4.3-MTD chimeric molecules expressed by the Salmonellae were anti-tumoral in cultured tumor cells and in mice with CT26 colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Daejin Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangjoon Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjin Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Vu H. Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-A Lim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Il Kim
- School of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Joong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sun Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JJM); (HEC)
| | - Hyon E. Choy
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JJM); (HEC)
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Abstract
Over the past three decades, a powerful array of techniques has been developed for expressing heterologous proteins and saccharides on the surface of bacteria. Surface-engineered bacteria, in turn, have proven useful in a variety of settings, including high-throughput screening, biofuel production, and vaccinology. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive review of methods for displaying polypeptides and sugars on the bacterial cell surface, and discuss the many innovative applications these methods have found to date. While already an important biotechnological tool, we believe bacterial surface display may be further improved through integration with emerging methodology in other fields, such as protein engineering and synthetic chemistry. Ultimately, we envision bacterial display becoming a multidisciplinary platform with the potential to transform basic and applied research in bacteriology, biotechnology, and biomedicine.
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64
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Pati NB, Vishwakarma V, Selvaraj SK, Dash S, Saha B, Singh N, Suar M. Salmonella Typhimurium TTSS-2 deficient mig-14 mutant shows attenuation in immunocompromised mice and offers protection against wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium infection. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:236. [PMID: 24148706 PMCID: PMC3819739 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Development of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) live attenuated vaccine carrier strain to prevent enteric infections has been a subject of intensive study. Several mutants of S. Typhimurium have been proposed as an effective live attenuated vaccine strain. Unfortunately, many such mutant strains failed to successfully complete the clinical trials as they were suboptimal in delivering effective safety and immunogenicity. However, it remained unclear, whether the existing live attenuated S. Typhimurium strains can further be attenuated with improved safety and immune efficacy or not. Results We deleted a specific non-SPI (Salmonella Pathogenicity Island) encoded virulence factor mig-14 (an antimicrobial peptide resistant protein) in ssaV deficient S. Typhimurium strain. The ssaV is an important SPI-II gene involved in Salmonella replication in macrophages and its mutant strain is considered as a potential live attenuated strain. However, fatal systemic infection was previously reported in immunocompromised mice like Nos2−/− and Il-10−/− when infected with ssaV deficient S. Typhimurium. Here we reported that attenuation of S. Typhimurium ssaV mutant in immunocompromised mice can further be improved by introducing additional deletion of gene mig-14. The ssaV, mig-14 double mutant was as efficient as ssaV mutant, with respect to host colonization and eliciting Salmonella-specific mucosal sIgA and serum IgG response in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Interestingly, this double mutant did not show any systemic infection in immunocompromised mice. Conclusions This study suggests that ssaV, mig-14 double mutant strain can be effectively used as a potential vaccine candidate even in immunocompromised mice. Such attenuated vaccine strain could possibly used for expression of heterologous antigens and thus for development of a polyvalent vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India.
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65
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Zoabi N, Golani-Armon A, Zinger A, Reshef M, Yaari Z, Vardi-Oknin D, Shatsberg Z, Shomar A, Shainsky-Roitman J, Schroeder A. The Evolution of Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery: From the EPR Effect to Nanoswimmers. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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66
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Abstract
In 1813, Vautier published his observation of tumor regression in patients who had suffered from gas gangrene. Since then, many publications have described the use of bacteria as antitumor therapy. For example, Bifidobacterium and Clostridium have been shown to selectively colonize tumors and to reduce tumor size. In addition, recent studies have focused on the use of genetic engineering to induce the expression of pro-drug converting enzymes, cytokines, specific antibodies, or suicide genes in tumor-colonizing bacteria. Moreover, some animal experiments have reported the treatment of tumors with engineered bacteria, and few side effects were observed. Therefore, based on these advances in tumor targeting therapy, bacteria may represent the next generation of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zu
- Department of Oncosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
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67
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Jiang SN, Park SH, Lee HJ, Zheng JH, Kim HS, Bom HS, Hong Y, Szardenings M, Shin MG, Kim SC, Ntziachristos V, Choy HE, Min JJ. Engineering of bacteria for the visualization of targeted delivery of a cytolytic anticancer agent. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1985-95. [PMID: 23922014 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of recent reports have demonstrated that attenuated Salmonella typhimurium are capable of targeting both primary and metastatic tumors. The use of bacteria as a vehicle for the delivery of anticancer drugs requires a mechanism that precisely regulates and visualizes gene expression to ensure the appropriate timing and location of drug production. To integrate these functions into bacteria, we used a repressor-regulated tetracycline efflux system, in which the expression of a therapeutic gene and an imaging reporter gene were controlled by divergent promoters (tetAP and tetRP) in response to extracellular tetracycline. Attenuated S. typhimurium was transformed with the expression plasmids encoding cytolysin A, a therapeutic gene, and renilla luciferase variant 8, an imaging reporter gene, and administered intravenously to tumor-bearing mice. The engineered Salmonella successfully localized to tumor tissue and gene expression was dependent on the concentration of inducer, indicating the feasibility of peripheral control of bacterial gene expression. The bioluminescence signal permitted the localization of gene expression from the bacteria. The engineered bacteria significantly suppressed both primary and metastatic tumors and prolonged survival in mice. Therefore, engineered bacteria that carry a therapeutic and an imaging reporter gene for targeted anticancer therapy can be designed as a theranostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Jiang
- 1] Laboratory of In Vivo Molecular Imaging, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Nuclear Medicine, Haikou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, China
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Lehouritis P, Springer C, Tangney M. Bacterial-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. J Control Release 2013; 170:120-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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69
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MDR-selective microbial-based therapy: a novel approach to cancer treatment. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:207-11. [PMID: 23719029 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microbial-based therapy of cancer is one of the earliest non-surgical anticancer therapies. The main limitation of such therapies is the toxicity of the therapeutic dose. This article discusses a novel approach that exploits cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) to provide a safer microbial-based therapy. As multidrug resistant cells can only contain limited amounts of a variety of susceptible drugs including certain antibiotics, we can take advantage of MDR to create a micro-environment (antibiotic free) that favors growth of intracellular bacteria within cancer cells. Thus, this approach targets cancer cells and spares normal cells (shielded by antibiotic): providing a more selective thus safer anticancer treatment. This article also explores the potentials of Chlamydia pneumoniae as an anti-cancer agent in this MDR-selective microbial-based therapy: its unique life cycle and the immune response to its infection suggest that it could be used directly, in the proposed approach, without any pre-requirements.
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70
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Berger E, Soldati R, Huebener N, Hohn O, Stermann A, Durmus T, Lobitz S, Zenclussen AC, Christiansen H, Lode HN, Fest S. Salmonella SL7207 application is the most effective DNA vaccine delivery method for successful tumor eradication in a murine model for neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett 2013; 331:167-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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71
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Abstract
Microorganisms and specifically motile bacteria have been recently added to the list of micro-actuators typically considered for the implementation of microsystems and microrobots. Such trend has been motivated by the fact these microorganisms are self-powered actuators with overall sizes at the lower end of the micrometer range and which have proven to be extremely effective in low Reynolds number hydrodynamic regime of usually less than 10(-2). Furthermore, the various sensors or taxes in bacteria influencing their movements can also be exploited to perform tasks that were previously considered only for futuristic artificial microrobots. Bacterial implementations and related issues are not only reviewed, but this paper also proposes many techniques and approaches that can be considered as building blocks for the implementations of more sophisticated microsystems and microrobots.
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72
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Cummins J, Tangney M. Bacteria and tumours: causative agents or opportunistic inhabitants? Infect Agent Cancer 2013; 8:11. [PMID: 23537317 PMCID: PMC3668256 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations between different bacteria and various tumours have been reported in patients for decades. Studies involving characterisation of bacteria within tumour tissues have traditionally been in the context of tumourigenesis as a result of bacterial presence within healthy tissues, and in general, dogma holds that such bacteria are causative agents of malignancy (directly or indirectly). While evidence suggests that this may be the case for certain tumour types and bacterial species, it is plausible that in many cases, clinical observations of bacteria within tumours arise from spontaneous infection of established tumours. Indeed, growth of bacteria specifically within tumours following deliberate systemic administration has been demonstrated for numerous bacterial species at preclinical and clinical levels. We present the available data on links between bacteria and tumours, and propose that besides the few instances in which pathogens are playing a pathogenic role in cancer, in many instances, the prevalent relationship between solid tumours and bacteria is opportunistic rather than causative, and discuss opportunities for exploiting tumour-specific bacterial growth for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Cummins
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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73
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New technologies in developing recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccine vectors. Microb Pathog 2012; 58:17-28. [PMID: 23142647 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccine (RASV) vectors producing recombinant gene-encoded protective antigens should have special traits. These features ensure that the vaccines survive stresses encountered in the gastrointestinal tract following oral vaccination to colonize lymphoid tissues without causing disease symptoms and to result in induction of long-lasting protective immune responses. We recently described ways to achieve these goals by using regulated delayed in vivo attenuation and regulated delayed in vivo antigen synthesis, enabling RASVs to efficiently colonize effector lymphoid tissues and to serve as factories to synthesize protective antigens that induce higher protective immune responses. We also developed some additional new strategies to increase vaccine safety and efficiency. Modification of lipid A can reduce the inflammatory responses without compromising the vaccine efficiency. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Salmonella-containing heterologous protective antigens can be used to increase vaccine efficiency. A dual-plasmid system, possessing Asd+ and DadB+ selection markers, each specifying a different protective antigen, can be used to develop multivalent live vaccines. These new technologies have been adopted to develop a novel, low-cost RASV synthesizing multiple protective pneumococcal protein antigens that could be safe for newborns/infants and induce protective immunity to diverse Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes after oral immunization.
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74
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Effect of body shape on the motile behavior of bacteria-powered swimming microrobots (BacteriaBots). Biomed Microdevices 2012; 14:999-1007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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75
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Tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium, a natural tool for activation of prodrug 6MePdR and their combination therapy in murine melanoma model. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:4393-401. [PMID: 22868826 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The PNP/6-methylpurine 2'-deoxyriboside (6MePdR) system is an efficient gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy system with significant antitumor activities. In this system, Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (ePNP) activates nontoxic 6MePdR into potent antitumor drug 6-methylpurine (6MeP). The Salmonella typhimurium PNP (sPNP) gene has a 96-% sequence homology in comparison with ePNP and also has the ability to convert 6MePdR to 6MeP. In this study, we used tumor-targeting S. typhimurium VNP20009 expressing endogenous PNP gene constitutively to activate 6MePdR and a combination treatment of bacteria and prodrug in B16F10 melanoma model. The conversion of 6MePdR to 6MeP by S. typhimurium was analyzed by HPLC and the enzyme activity of sPNP was confirmed by in vitro (tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay) MTT cytotoxicity assay. After systemic administration of VNP20009 to mice, the bacteria largely accumulated and specifically delivered endogenous sPNP in the tumor. In comparison with VNP20009 or 6MePdR treatment alone, combined administration of VNP20009 followed by 6MePdR treatment significantly delayed the growth of B16F10 tumor and increased the CD8(+) T-cell infiltration. In summary, our results demonstrated that the combination therapy of S. typhimurium and prodrug 6MePdR is a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
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76
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Bugaj LJ, Schaffer DV. Bringing next-generation therapeutics to the clinic through synthetic biology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:355-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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77
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Lee CH, Lin YH, Hsieh JL, Chen MC, Kuo WL. A polymer coating applied toSalmonellaprevents the binding ofSalmonella-specific antibodies. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:717-25. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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78
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Paton AW, Morona R, Paton JC. Bioengineered microbes in disease therapy. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:417-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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79
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Yun M, Pan S, Jiang SN, Nguyen VH, Park SH, Jung CH, Kim HS, Min JJ, Choy HE, Hong Y. Effect of Salmonella treatment on an implanted tumor (CT26) in a mouse model. J Microbiol 2012; 50:502-10. [PMID: 22752915 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of bacteria has contributed to recent advances in targeted cancer therapy especially for its tumor-specific accumulation and proliferation. In this study, we investigated the molecular events following bacterial therapy using an attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium defective in ppGpp synthesis (ΔppGpp), by analyzing those proteins differentially expressed in tumor tissues from treated and untreated mice. CT26 murine colon cancer cells were implanted in BALB/c mice and allowed to form tumors. The tumor-bearing mice were treated with the attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium. Tumor tissues were analyzed by 2D-PAGE. Fourteen differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. The analysis revealed that cytoskeletal components, including vimentin, drebrin-like protein, and tropomyosin-alpha 3, were decreased while serum proteins related to heme or iron metabolism, including transferrin, hemopexin, and haptoglobin were increased. Subsequent studies revealed that the decrease in cytoskeletal components occurred at the transcriptional level and that the increase in heme and iron metabolism proteins occurred in liver. Most interestingly, the same pattern of increased expression of transferrin, hemopexin, and haptoglobin was observed following radiotherapy at the dosage of 14 Gy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misun Yun
- Departments of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 501-746, Republic of Korea
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80
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Garai P, Gnanadhas DP, Chakravortty D. Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Typhi as model organisms: revealing paradigm of host-pathogen interactions. Virulence 2012; 3:377-88. [PMID: 22722237 PMCID: PMC3478240 DOI: 10.4161/viru.21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The lifestyle of intracellular pathogens has always questioned the skill of a microbiologist in the context of finding the permanent cure to the diseases caused by them. The best tool utilized by these pathogens is their ability to reside inside the host cell, which enables them to easily bypass the humoral immunity of the host, such as the complement system. They further escape from the intracellular immunity, such as lysosome and inflammasome, mostly by forming a protective vacuole-bound niche derived from the host itself. Some of the most dreadful diseases are caused by these vacuolar pathogens, for example, tuberculosis by Mycobacterium or typhoid fever by Salmonella. To deal with such successful pathogens therapeutically, the knowledge of a host-pathogen interaction system becomes primarily essential, which further depends on the use of a model system. A well characterized pathogen, namely Salmonella, suits the role of a model for this purpose, which can infect a wide array of hosts causing a variety of diseases. This review focuses on various such aspects of research on Salmonella which are useful for studying the pathogenesis of other intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Garai
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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81
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Polymer coatings for delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics. J Control Release 2012; 161:537-53. [PMID: 22366547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery remains the greatest challenge in applying nucleic acid therapeutic for a broad range of diseases. Combining stability during the delivery phase with activation and transgene expression following arrival at the target site requires sophisticated vectors that can discriminate between cell types and respond to target-associated conditions to trigger expression. Efficient intravenous delivery is the greatest single hurdle, with synthetic vectors frequently found to be unstable in the harsh conditions of the bloodstream, and viral vectors often recognized avidly by both the innate and the adaptive immune system. Both types of vectors benefit from coating with hydrophilic polymers. Self-assembling polyelectrolyte non-viral vectors can achieve both steric and lateral stabilization following surface coating, endowing them with much improved systemic circulation properties and better access to disseminated targets; similarly viral vectors can be 'stealthed' and their physical properties modulated by surface coating. Both types of vectors may also have their tropism changed following chemical linkage of novel ligands to the polymer coating. These families of vectors go some way towards realizing the goal of efficient systemic delivery of genes and should find a range of important uses in bringing this still-emerging field to fruition.
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82
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Momiyama M, Zhao M, Kimura H, Tran B, Chishima T, Bouvet M, Endo I, Hoffman RM. Inhibition and eradication of human glioma with tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium in an orthotopic nude-mouse model. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:628-32. [PMID: 22274398 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.3.19116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma tumors are the most common primary central nervous system tumors. Despite the multidisciplinary approach to treatment, prognosis remains poor. In this study, we demonstrated that the Salmonella typhimurium A1-R tumor-targeting strain can inhibit and eradicate human glioma in an orthotopic nude-mouse model. S. typhimurium A1-R was administered by injection through a craniotomy open-window or intravenously in nude mice. To establish the model, 2x10(5) U87-RFP human glioma cells were injected stereotactically into the mouse brain through the craniotomy open window. Two weeks after glioma-cell implantation, mice were treated with S. typhimurium A1-R [2x10(7) CFU/200 μl intravenous injection (i.v.) or 1x10(6) CFU/1 μl intracranial injection (i.c.)] once a week for 3 weeks. Brain tumors were observed by fluorescence imaging through the craniotomy open window over time. S. typhimurium A1-R, administered i.c., inhibited brain tumor growth 7.6-fold compared with untreated mice (p=0.009) and improved survival 73% (p=0.001). Two of ten mice appeared to have their tumors eradicated. Intravenous administration of S. typhimurium A1-R was not effective. The craniotomy open window enabled observation of tumor growth in the brain in real time in both treated and untreated mice. The results of the present study demonstrate that bacterial therapy of brain cancer is a novel, effective and safe treatment strategy in a highly treatment-resistance cancer.
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83
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Cronin M, Akin AR, Collins SA, Meganck J, Kim JB, Baban CK, Joyce SA, van Dam GM, Zhang N, van Sinderen D, O'Sullivan GC, Kasahara N, Gahan CG, Francis KP, Tangney M. High resolution in vivo bioluminescent imaging for the study of bacterial tumour targeting. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30940. [PMID: 22295120 PMCID: PMC3266281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to track microbes in real time in vivo is of enormous value for preclinical investigations in infectious disease or gene therapy research. Bacteria present an attractive class of vector for cancer therapy, possessing a natural ability to grow preferentially within tumours following systemic administration. Bioluminescent Imaging (BLI) represents a powerful tool for use with bacteria engineered to express reporter genes such as lux. BLI is traditionally used as a 2D modality resulting in images that are limited in their ability to anatomically locate cell populations. Use of 3D diffuse optical tomography can localize the signals but still need to be combined with an anatomical imaging modality like micro-Computed Tomography (μCT) for interpretation. In this study, the non-pathogenic commensal bacteria E.coli K-12 MG1655 and Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003, or Salmonella Typhimurium SL7207 each expressing the luxABCDE operon were intravenously (IV) administered to mice bearing subcutaneous (s.c) FLuc-expressing xenograft tumours. Bacterial lux signal was detected specifically in tumours of mice post IV-administration and bioluminescence correlated with the numbers of bacteria recovered from tissue. Through whole body imaging for both lux and FLuc, bacteria and tumour cells were co-localised. 3D BLI and μCT image analysis revealed a pattern of multiple clusters of bacteria within tumours. Investigation of spatial resolution of 3D optical imaging was supported by ex vivo histological analyses. In vivo imaging of orally-administered commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) was also achieved using 3D BLI. This study demonstrates for the first time the potential to simultaneously image multiple BLI reporter genes three dimensionally in vivo using approaches that provide unique information on spatial locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cronin
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Mercy University Hospital and Leslie C. Quick Jr. Laboratory, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ali R. Akin
- Caliper – a PerkinElmer Company, Alameda, California, United States of America
| | - Sara A. Collins
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Mercy University Hospital and Leslie C. Quick Jr. Laboratory, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United State of America
| | - Jeff Meganck
- Caliper – a PerkinElmer Company, Alameda, California, United States of America
| | - Jae-Beom Kim
- Caliper – a PerkinElmer Company, Alameda, California, United States of America
| | - Chwanrow K. Baban
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Mercy University Hospital and Leslie C. Quick Jr. Laboratory, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan A. Joyce
- Department of Microbiology and Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gooitzen M. van Dam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, BioOptical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ning Zhang
- Caliper – a PerkinElmer Company, Alameda, California, United States of America
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- Department of Microbiology and Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerald C. O'Sullivan
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Mercy University Hospital and Leslie C. Quick Jr. Laboratory, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Noriyuki Kasahara
- School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United State of America
| | - Cormac G. Gahan
- Department of Microbiology and Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kevin P. Francis
- Caliper – a PerkinElmer Company, Alameda, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Tangney
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Mercy University Hospital and Leslie C. Quick Jr. Laboratory, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United State of America
- * E-mail:
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84
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Employing Live Microbes for Vaccine Delivery. DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL VACCINES 2012. [PMCID: PMC7123214 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0709-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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85
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Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an invasive, facultative intracellular gastrointestinal pathogen causing human diseases such as gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. Virulence-attenuated strains of this pathogen have interesting capacities for the generation of live vaccines. Attenuated live typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella strains can be used for vaccination against Salmonella infections and to target tumor tissue. Such strains may also serve as live carriers for the development of vaccination strategies against other bacterial, viral or parasitic pathogens. Various strategies have been developed to deploy regulatory circuits and protein secretion systems for efficient expression and delivery of foreign antigens by Salmonella carrier strains. One prominent example is the use of type III secretion systems to translocate recombinant antigens into antigen presenting cells. In this review, we will describe the recent developments in strategies that utilize live attenuated Salmonella as vaccine carriers for prophylactic vaccination against infectious diseases and therapeutic vaccination against tumors. Considerations for generating safe, attenuated carrier strains, designing stable expression systems and the use of adjuvants for live carrier strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Abdel Halim Hegazy
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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86
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Linnebacher M, Maletzki C, Klier U, Klar E. Bacterial immunotherapy of gastrointestinal tumors. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2011; 397:557-68. [PMID: 22189906 PMCID: PMC3314826 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-011-0892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Cancer immunotherapy using bacteria dates back over 150 years. The deeper understanding on how the immune system interferes with the tumor microenvironment has led to the re-emergence of bacteria or their related products in immunotherapeutic concepts. In this review, we discuss recent approaches on experimental bacteriolytic therapy, emphasizing the specific interplay between bacteria, immune cells and tumor cells to break the tumor-induced tolerance. Results Experimental research during the last decades demonstrated beneficial but also adverse influence of bacteria on tumor growth. There is a strong correlation between chronic infections and tumor incidence. However, acute bacterial infections have favourable effects on tumor growth often contributing to complete remission. Tumor regression is usually attributable to both direct tumor cell killing (via apoptosis and/or necrosis, depending on the applied bacteria) and indirect immune stimulation. This includes (I) elimination of immunosuppressive immune cells (i.e. tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor, and regulatory T cells), (II) suppression of Th2-directed cytokine secretion (TGFα, IL10), (III) providing a pro-inflammatory micro-milieu (tumor infiltrating neutrophils) and (IV) supporting the influx of cytotoxic T cells into tumors. This finally forces the development of an immunological memory and may provide long-term protection against cancer. Conclusion Immunotherapy using bacteria is still a double-edged sword. Experiences from the last years have substantially contributed to when bacteria and defined components thereof might be integrated into immunotherapeutic concepts. Attempts in transferring this approach into the clinics are on their way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Linnebacher
- Department of General, Vascular, Thoracic and Transplantation Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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87
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Hoffman RM. The preclinical discovery of bacterial therapy for the treatment of metastatic cancer with unique advantages. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 7:73-83. [PMID: 22468895 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.644534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The potential of bacteria as therapeutics for cancer has a long history, dating at least as far back as the early 19(th) Century. Bacteria have a large genome that can be manipulated in order to target and eradicate tumors. Many types of bacteria have been shown to target tumors but most are obligate anaerobes whose growth is confined to the necrotic parts of tumors, thereby limiting their efficacy. Salmonella, on the other hand, are facultative aerobes that can grow aerobically or anaerobically and, therefore, grow on viable tumor tissue as well as necrotic tissue. AREAS COVERED The article focuses on the double amino-acid auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium. These auxotrophs, which have no attenuating mutations and can grow in both viable and necrotic areas of tumors but not normal tissue, have shown particular effectiveness in mouse models of metastatic cancer. The approach described here is a significant improvement over previous bacterial tumor-therapy strategies which must be combined with toxic chemotherapy in order to be effective. This review uniquely discusses the critical points to optimally engineer Salmonella typhimurium for cancer therapy. EXPERT OPINION Bacterial therapy offers significant advantages over chemical or biological drugs or oncolytic viruses. Of these types of bacterial therapy, bacteria that can grow in both viable and necrotic areas of the tumors without growing in normal tissue hold the greatest promise in the treatment of cancer. Salmonella typhimurium shows much promise for this paradigm.
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88
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Engineering bacteria toward tumor targeting for cancer treatment: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:517-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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89
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Baban CK, Cronin M, O'Hanlon D, O'Sullivan GC, Tangney M. Bacteria as vectors for gene therapy of cancer. Bioeng Bugs 2011; 1:385-94. [PMID: 21468205 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.6.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer therapy faces major challenges, particularly in terms of specificity of treatment. The ideal therapy would eradicate tumor cells selectively with minimum side effects on normal tissue. Gene or cell therapies have emerged as realistic prospects for the treatment of cancer, and involve the delivery of genetic information to a tumor to facilitate the production of therapeutic proteins. However, there is still much to be done before an efficient and safe gene medicine is achieved, primarily developing the means of targeting genes to tumors safely and efficiently. An emerging family of vectors involves bacteria of various genera. It has been shown that bacteria are naturally capable of homing to tumors when systemically administered resulting in high levels of replication locally. Furthermore, invasive species can deliver heterologous genes intra-cellularly for tumor cell expression. Here, we review the use of bacteria as vehicles for gene therapy of cancer, detailing the mechanisms of action and successes at preclinical and clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwanrow K Baban
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Mercy University Hospital and Leslie C. Quick Jr. Laboratory, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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90
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Chen G, Dai Y, Chen J, Wang X, Tang B, Zhu Y, Hua Z. Oral delivery of the Sj23LHD-GST antigen by Salmonella typhimurium type III secretion system protects against Schistosoma japonicum infection in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1313. [PMID: 21909450 PMCID: PMC3167783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis japonica is a zoonotic parasitic disease and oral vaccine delivery system would be benefit for prevention of this disease. Although attenuated salmonella has been used as an antigen expression vector for oral vaccine development, the membrane-bound vacuoles in which bacteria reside hinders the presentation of expressed heterologous antigens to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The present work used an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strain VNP20009 to secretory expression of Sj23LHDGST bivalent antigen from Schistosoma japonicum and tested the protective efficacy against S. japonicum infection in orally immunized mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Promoters (nirB or pagC) were used to express the antigen (Sj23LHDGST) and the Salmonella type III or α-hemolysin secretion system was employed to secrete it. The immunoblotting analysis and fluorescent microscopy revealed that the antigen was effectively expressed and delivered to the cytosol of macrophages in vitro. Among recombinant vaccine strains, an engineered VNP20009 which expressed the antigen by nirB promoter and secreted it through type III secretion system (nirB-sopE(1-104)-Sj23LHD-GST) efficiently protected against S. japonicum infection in a mouse model. This strain elicited a predominantly IgG(2a) antibody response and a markedly increase in the production of IL-12 and IFN-γ. The flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that this strain caused T cell activation as evidenced by significantly increased expression of CD44 and CD69. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Oral delivery of antigen by nirB-driven Salmonella typhimurium type III secretion system is a novel, safe, inexpensive, efficient and convenient approach for schistosome vaccine development.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/blood
- Antigens, Helminth/genetics
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Vaccines/adverse effects
- Bacterial Vaccines/genetics
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Feces/parasitology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Granuloma/pathology
- Granuloma/prevention & control
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Parasite Egg Count
- Salmonella typhimurium/genetics
- Schistosoma japonicum/genetics
- Schistosoma japonicum/immunology
- Schistosomiasis japonica/immunology
- Schistosomiasis japonica/pathology
- Schistosomiasis japonica/prevention & control
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Dai
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular Biology of Parasites, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular Biology of Parasites, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinchang Zhu
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular Biology of Parasites, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (ZH); (YZ)
| | - Zichun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Changzhou TargetPharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (ZH); (YZ)
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91
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Stepanova H, Volf J, Malcova M, Matiasovic J, Faldyna M, Rychlik I. Association of attenuated mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis with porcine peripheral blood leukocytes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 321:37-42. [PMID: 21569080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we were interested in the association of attenuated mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis with subpopulations of porcine white blood cells (WBC). The mutants included those with inactivated aroA, phoP, rfaL, rfaG, rfaC and fliC genes and a mutant with five major pathogenicity islands removed (ΔSPI1-5 mutant). Using flow cytometry, we did not observe any difference in the interactions of the wild-type S. Enteritidis, aroA and phoP mutants with WBC. ΔSPI1-5 and fliC mutants had a minor defect in their association with granulocytes and monocytes, but not with T- or B-lymphocytes. All three rfa mutants associated with granulocytes, monocytes and B-lymphocytes more than the wild-type S. Enteritidis did. Electron microscopy confirmed that the association correlated with the intracellular presence of S. Enteritidis and that the Salmonella-containing vacuole in the WBC infected with the rfa mutants, unlike all other strains, did not develop into a spacious phagosome. Intact lipopolysaccharide, but not the type III secretion system encoded by SPI-1, SPI-2 or the flagellar operon, is important for the initial interaction of S. Enteritidis with porcine leukocytes. This information can be used for the design of live Salmonella vaccines preferentially targeting particular cell types including cancer or tumor cells.
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92
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Hoffman RM. Tumor-seeking Salmonella amino acid auxotrophs. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:917-23. [PMID: 21498066 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A paradigm change in the treatment of cancer is urgently needed. Bacteria offer many advantages, including natural cytotoxity, motility, chemotaxis and a relative large genome to manipulate for tumor targeting. Salmonella, Clostridium, Bifodobacterium and Escherichia coli have been shown to control tumor growth and promote survival in animal models. We have developed an effective bacterial cancer therapy by engineering Salmonella typhimurium amino acid auxotrophs which grow in viable as well as necrotic areas of tumors, but not normal tissue. The S. typhimurium A1-R mutant, which is auxotrophic for leu-arg, is tumor-seeking and has antitumor efficacy against the major types of cancer. The approach described here is a significant improvement over previous bacterial tumor-therapy strategies that require combination with toxic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92111, USA.
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93
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Research Spotlight: Delivery of therapeutic RNA molecules to cancer cells by bacteria. Ther Deliv 2011; 2:441-9. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of RNA-based therapeutics, for example RNA interference (RNAi) effectors, to target cells is one of the major obstacles for the development of RNA-based therapies. Since it has been known for a long time that bacteria can mediate tumor shrinkage, it was obvious to use nonpathogenic bacteria to produce and deliver therapeutic RNA molecules into target cells to induce RNAi. During the last years, two bacteria-based concepts were developed for this strategy, transkingdom RNAi (tkRNAi) and bacteria-mediated RNAi (bmRNAi). The first concept, tkRNAi, delivers RNAi effectors into target cells by invasive bacteria, which themselves produce therapeutic shRNAs. The bmRNAi technology utilizes invasive bacteria conveying RNAi effector-encoding DNA constructs that will act as a matrix for transcription of these sequences in the target cell by the host cell’s transcription machinery.
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94
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Crull K, Bumann D, Weiss S. Influence of infection route and virulence factors on colonization of solid tumors by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 62:75-83. [PMID: 21314734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Administration of facultative anaerobic bacteria such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as anticancer treatment holds a great therapeutic potential. Here, we tested different routes of application of S. typhimurium with regard to tumor colonization and therapeutic efficacy. No differences between intravenous and intraperitoneal infection were observed, often leading to a complete tumor clearance. In contrast, after oral application, tumor colonization was inefficient and delayed. No therapeutic effect was observed under such conditions. We also showed that tumor invasion and colonization were independent of functional Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) 1 and SPI 2. Furthermore, tumor invasion and colonization did not require bacterial motility or chemotactic responsiveness. The distribution of the bacteria within the tumor was independent of such functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Crull
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany.
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95
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Lee CH, Hsieh JL, Wu CL, Hsu PY, Shiau AL. T cell augments the antitumor activity of tumor-targeting Salmonella. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:1381-8. [PMID: 21360146 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of Salmonella to tumor-bearing mice leads to preferential accumulation within tumor sites and retardation of tumor growth. However, the detailed mechanism of Salmonella-induced antitumor immune response via host T cell remains uncertain. Herein, we used wild-type, CD4(+) T-cell-deficient, and CD8(+) T-cell-deficient mice to study the role of T cell in the antitumor immune responses induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (Salmonella Choleraesuis). When systemically administered into mice bearing tumors, Salmonella Choleraesuis significantly inhibited tumor growth by 50%. In contrast, in T-cell-deficient mice, there was only 34-42% inhibition of tumor growth. We found that treatment with Salmonella Choleraesuis significantly upregulates interferon-γ in wild-type and CD8(+) T-cell-deficient mice, but not in CD4(+) T-cell-deficient mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of the tumors revealed more infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils in wild-type mice after Salmonella Choleraesuis treatment compared with those in T-cell-deficient mice. The antitumor therapeutic effect mediated by Salmonella Choleraesuis is associated with an inflammatory immune response at the tumor site and a tumor T helper 1-type immune response. In conclusion, these results suggest that tumor-targeted therapy using Salmonella Choleraesuis, which exerts tumoricidal effects and stimulates T cell activities, represents a potential strategy for the treatment of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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96
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Yoon WS, Chae YS, Hong J, Park YK. Antitumor therapeutic effects of a genetically engineered Salmonella typhimurium harboring TNF-α in mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:1807-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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97
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Liu F, Zhang L, Hoffman RM, Zhao M. Vessel destruction by tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R is enhanced by high tumor vascularity. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:4518-24. [PMID: 21135579 PMCID: PMC3048048 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.22.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory has previously developed a tumor-targeting double-auxotrophic mutant of Salmonella typhimurium termed A1-R. The present report demonstrates that S. typhimurium A1-R destroys tumor blood vessels and this is enhanced in tumors with high vascularity. Red fluorescent protein (RFP)-expressing Lewis lung cancer cells (LLC-RFP) were transplanted subcutaneously in the ear, back skin, and footpad of nestin-driven green fluorescent protein (ND-GFP) transgenic nude mice, which selectively express GFP in nascent blood vessels. Color-coded in vivo imaging demonstrated that the LLC-RFP ear tumor had the highest cell density and the footpad tumor had the least with the ear tumor having more abundant blood vessels than that on the back or footpad. The tumor-bearing mice were treated with A1-R bacteria via tail-vein injection. Tumors in the ear were the earliest responders to bacterial therapy and hemorrhaged severely the day after A1-R administration. Tumors growing in the back were the second fastest responders to bacterial treatment and appeared necrotic 3 days after A1-R administration. Tumors growing in the footpad had the least vascularity and were the last responders to A1-R. Therefore, tumor vascularity correlated positively with tumor efficacy of A1-R. The present study suggests that bacteria efficacy on tumors involved vessel destruction which depends on the extent of vascularity of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, California, USA
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98
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Enterobacterial tumor colonization in mice depends on bacterial metabolism and macrophages but is independent of chemotaxis and motility. Int J Med Microbiol 2010; 300:449-56. [PMID: 20547100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite promising results and increasing attention in bacterial cancer therapy, surprisingly little is known about initial tumor colonization and the interaction between bacteria and surrounding tumor tissue. Here, we analyzed the role of chemotaxis, motility, and metabolism both in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains upon intravenous injection into tumor-bearing mice. In contrast to previous models, we found that chemotaxis and motility do not play a significant role in tumor colonization and bacterial distribution within the tumor. Rather, the whole colonization and intratumoral migration process seems to be a passive mechanism that is influenced by the reticuloendothelial system of the host, by the tumor microenvironment and by the bacterial metabolism. These conclusions were supported by experimental data demonstrating that disruption of the basic branch of the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway and depletion of macrophages, in contrast to flagellar mutations, led to significant changes in bacterial accumulation in tumors of live mice.
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99
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Min JJ, Nguyen VH, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging of biological gene delivery vehicles for targeted cancer therapy: beyond viral vectors. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 44:15-24. [PMID: 24899933 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-009-0006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer persists as one of the most devastating diseases in the world. Problems including metastasis and tumor resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy have seriously limited the therapeutic effects of present clinical treatments. To overcome these limitations, cancer gene therapy has been developed over the last two decades for a broad spectrum of applications, from gene replacement and knockdown to vaccination, each with different requirements for gene delivery. So far, a number of genes and delivery vectors have been investigated, and significant progress has been made with several gene therapy modalities in clinical trials. Viral vectors and synthetic liposomes have emerged as the vehicles of choice for many applications. However, both have limitations and risks that restrict gene therapy applications, including the complexity of production, limited packaging capacity, and unfavorable immunological features. While continuing to improve these vectors, it is important to investigate other options, particularly nonviral biological agents such as bacteria, bacteriophages, and bacteria-like particles. Recently, many molecular imaging techniques for safe, repeated, and high-resolution in vivo imaging of gene expression have been employed to assess vector-mediated gene expression in living subjects. In this review, molecular imaging techniques for monitoring biological gene delivery vehicles are described, and the specific use of these methods at different steps is illustrated. Linking molecular imaging to gene therapy will eventually help to develop novel gene delivery vehicles for preclinical study and support the development of future human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 5 Hak1 dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Vu H Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 5 Hak1 dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology & Bioengineering, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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100
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Oelschlaeger TA. Bacteria as tumor therapeutics? Bioeng Bugs 2010; 1:146-7. [PMID: 21326940 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.2.11248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A Oelschlaeger
- Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. t.oelschlaeger@mail. uni-wuerzburg.de
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