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Silcox MT, Benham AE, Bloch JI. Endocasts of Microsyops (Microsyopidae, Primates) and the evolution of the brain in primitive primates. J Hum Evol 2010; 58:505-21. [PMID: 20444495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe a virtual endocast produced from ultra high resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) data for the microsyopid, Microsyops annectens (middle Eocene, Wyoming). It is the most complete and least distorted endocast known for a plesiadapiform primate and because of the relatively basal position of Microsyopidae, has particular importance to reconstructing primitive characteristics for Primates. Cranial capacity is estimated at 5.9 cm(3), yielding encephalization quotients (EQ) of 0.26-0.39 (Jerison's equation) and 0.32-0.52 (Eisenberg's equation), depending on the body mass estimate. Even the lowest EQ estimate for M. annectens is higher than that for Plesiadapis cookei, while the range of estimates overlaps with that of Ignacius graybullianus and with the lower end of the range of estimates for fossil euprimates. As in other plesiadapiforms, the olfactory bulbs of M. annectens are large. The cerebrum does not extend onto the cerebellum or form a ventrally protruding temporal lobe with a clear temporal pole, suggesting less development of the visual sense and a greater emphasis on olfaction than in euprimates. Contrasts between the virtual endocast of M. annectens, and both a natural endocast of the same species and a partial endocast from the earlier-occurring Microsyops sp., cf. Microsyops elegans, suggest that the coverage of the caudal colliculi by the cerebrum evolved within the Microsyops lineage. This implies that microsyopids expanded their cerebra and perhaps evolved an improved visual sense independent of euprimates. With a growing body of data on the morphology of the brain in primitive primates, it is becoming clear that many of the characteristics of the brain common to euprimates evolved after the divergence of stem primates from other euarchontans and likely in parallel in different lineages. These new data suggest a different model for the ancestors of euprimates than has been assumed based on the anatomy of the brain in visually specialized diurnal tree shrews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Silcox
- Department of Anthropology, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada.
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New postcrania of Deccanolestes from the Late Cretaceous of India and their bearing on the evolutionary and biogeographic history of euarchontan mammals. Naturwissenschaften 2010; 97:365-77. [PMID: 20130827 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-010-0648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Extant species of the supraordinal mammal clade Euarchonta belong to the orders Primates, Scandentia, or Dermoptera. The fossil record of euarchontans suggests that they underwent their initial radiation during the Paleocene (65-55 million years ago) in North America, Eurasia, and Africa. The time and place of origin is poorly resolved due to lack of definitive fossils of euarchontan stem taxa. We describe a fragmentary humerus and two fragmentary ulnae from the latest Cretaceous of India that bear significantly on this issue. The fossils are tentatively referred to Deccanolestes cf. hislopi due to their small size and the fact that Deccanolestes is the only eutherian dental taxon to have been recovered from the same locality. The new fossils are used to evaluate the existing behavioral hypothesis that Deccanolestes was arboreal, and the competing phylogenetic hypotheses that Deccanolestes is a stem eutherian versus a stem euarchontan. The humerus resembles those of euarchontans in possessing a laterally keeled ulnar trochlea, a distinct zona conoidea, and a spherical capitulum. These features also suggest an arboreal lifestyle. The ulnar morphology is consistent with that of the humerus in reflecting an arboreal/scansorial animal. Detailed quantitative comparisons indicate that, despite morphological correlates to euarchontan-like arboreality, the humerus of Deccanolestes is morphologically intermediate between those of Cretaceous "condylarthran" mammals and definitive Cenozoic euarchontans. Additionally, humeri attributed to adapisoriculids are morphologically intermediate between those of Deccanolestes and definitive euarchontans. If adapisoriculids are euarchontans, as recently proposed, our results suggest that Deccanolestes is more basal. The tentative identification of Deccanolestes as a basal stem euarchontan suggests that (1) Placentalia began to diversify and Euarchonta originated before the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary and (2) the Indian subcontinent, Eurasia, and Africa are more likely places of origin for Euarchonta than is North America.
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Virtual endocast of Ignacius graybullianus (Paromomyidae, Primates) and brain evolution in early primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:10987-92. [PMID: 19549862 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812140106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extant primates are distinctive among mammals in having relatively large brains. As stem primates, Paleogene plesiadapiforms provide direct information relevant to the earliest stages in the evolution of this characteristic. Here we describe a virtual endocast reconstructed from ultra high resolution X-ray computed tomography data for the paromomyid plesiadapiform Ignacius graybullianus (USNM 421608) from the early Eocene of Wyoming. This represents the most complete endocast known for a stem primate, allowing for an unprecedented study of both size and fine details of anatomy. Relative to fossil and extant euprimates, I. graybullianus had large olfactory lobes, but less caudal development of the cerebrum and a poorly demarcated temporal lobe, suggesting more emphasis on olfaction and a less well developed visual system. Although its brain was small compared to those of extant primates, the encephalization quotient of I. graybullianus is higher than that calculated for Paleocene Plesiadapis cookei and overlaps the lower portion of the range documented for fossil euprimates. Comparison to the basal gliroid Rhombomylus suggests that early primates exhibited some expansion of the cerebrum compared to their ancestors. The relatively small brain size of I. graybullianus, an arboreal frugivore, implies that neither arboreality nor frugivory was primarily responsible for the expanded brains of modern primates. However, the contrasts in features related to the visual system between I. graybullianus and fossil and extant euprimates suggest that improvements to these portions of the brain contributed to increases in brain size within Euprimates.
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Munne PM, Tummers M, Järvinen E, Thesleff I, Jernvall J. Tinkering with the inductive mesenchyme: Sostdc1 uncovers the role of dental mesenchyme in limiting tooth induction. Development 2009; 136:393-402. [PMID: 19141669 DOI: 10.1242/dev.025064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Like epithelial organs in general, tooth development involves inductive crosstalk between the epithelium and the mesenchyme. Classically, the inductive potential for tooth formation is considered to reside in the mesenchyme during the visible morphogenesis of teeth, and dental mesenchyme can induce tooth formation even when combined with non-dental epithelium. Here, we have investigated induction of mouse incisors using Sostdc1 (ectodin), a putative antagonist of BMP signaling in the mesenchymal induction of teeth. Deletion of Sostdc1 leads to the full development of single extra incisors adjacent to the main incisors. We show that initially, Sostdc1 expression is limited to the mesenchyme, suggesting that dental mesenchyme may limit supernumerary tooth induction. We test this in wild-type incisors by minimizing the amount of mesenchymal tissue surrounding the incisor tooth germs prior to culture in vitro. The cultured teeth phenocopy the extra incisors phenotype of the Sostdc1-deficient mice. Furthermore, we show that minimizing the amount of dental mesenchyme in cultured Sostdc1-deficient incisors causes the formation of additional de novo incisors that resemble the successional incisor development that results from activated Wnt signaling. Finally, Noggin and Dkk1 prevent individually the formation of extra incisors, and we therefore suggest that inhibition of both BMP and Wnt signaling contributes to the inhibitory role of the dental mesenchyme. Considering the role of mesenchyme in tooth induction and the design of tissue engineering protocols, our work may have uncovered how delicate control of tissue quantities alone influences the outcome between induction and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina M Munne
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, PO Box 56, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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56
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BECK ROBINMD. Was the Oligo-Miocene Australian metatherian Yalkaparidon a ‘mammalian woodpecker’? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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57
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Rose KD, DeLeon VB, Missiaen P, Rana RS, Sahni A, Singh L, Smith T. Early Eocene lagomorph (Mammalia) from Western India and the early diversification of Lagomorpha. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:1203-8. [PMID: 18285282 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the oldest known record of Lagomorpha, based on distinctive, small ankle bones (calcaneus and talus) from Early Eocene deposits (Middle Ypresian equivalent, ca 53 Myr ago) of Gujarat, west-central India. The fossils predate the oldest previously known crown lagomorphs by several million years and extend the record of lagomorphs on the Indian subcontinent by 35 Myr. The bones show a mosaic of derived cursorial adaptations found in gracile Leporidae (rabbits and hares) and primitive traits characteristic of extant Ochotonidae (pikas) and more robust leporids. Together with gracile and robust calcanei from the Middle Eocene of Shanghuang, China, also reported here, the Indian fossils suggest that diversification within crown Lagomorpha and possibly divergence of the family Leporidae were already underway in the Early Eocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Rose
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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58
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Springer MS, Burk-Herrick A, Meredith R, Eizirik E, Teeling E, O'Brien SJ, Murphy WJ. The adequacy of morphology for reconstructing the early history of placental mammals. Syst Biol 2007; 56:673-84. [PMID: 17661234 DOI: 10.1080/10635150701491149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Springer
- Department of Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Rose KD, Von Koenigswald W. The Marmot-Sized Paramyid Rodent Notoparamys costilloi from the Early Eocene of Wyoming, with Comments on Dental Variation and Occlusion in Paramyids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2992/0145-9058(2007)39[111:tmprnc]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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61
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Shape and size variations in the cranium of elephant-shrews: a morphometric contribution to a phylogenetic debate. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-007-0053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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62
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Cranial Morphology of a Pantolestid Eutherian Mammal from the Eocene Bridger Formation, Wyoming, USA: Implications for Relationships and Habitat. J MAMM EVOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-007-9055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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63
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Abstract
Recent progress resolving the phylogenetic relationships of the major lineages of mammals has had a broad impact in evolutionary biology, comparative genomics and the biomedical sciences. Novel insights into the timing and historical biogeography of early mammalian diversification have resulted from a new molecular tree for placental mammals coupled with dating approaches that relax the assumption of the molecular clock. We highlight the numerous applications to come from a well-resolved phylogeny and genomic prospecting in multiple lineages of mammals, from identifying regulatory elements in mammalian genomes to assessing the functional consequences of mutations in human disease loci and those driving adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Springer
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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64
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Tabuce R, Marivaux L, Adaci M, Bensalah M, Hartenberger JL, Mahboubi M, Mebrouk F, Tafforeau P, Jaeger JJ. Early Tertiary mammals from North Africa reinforce the molecular Afrotheria clade. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274:1159-66. [PMID: 17329227 PMCID: PMC2189562 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic pattern and timing of the radiation of mammals, especially the geographical origins of major crown clades, are areas of controversy among molecular biologists, morphologists and palaeontologists. Molecular phylogeneticists have identified an Afrotheria clade, which includes several taxa as different as tenrecs (Tenrecidae), golden moles (Chrysochloridae), elephant-shrews (Macroscelididae), aardvarks (Tubulidentata) and paenungulates (elephants, sea cows and hyracoids). Molecular data also suggest a Cretaceous African origin for Afrotheria within Placentalia followed by a long period of endemic evolution on the Afro-Arabian continent after the mid-Cretaceous Gondwanan breakup (approx. 105-25 Myr ago). However, there was no morphological support for such a natural grouping so far. Here, we report new dental and postcranial evidence of Eocene stem hyrax and macroscelidid from North Africa that, for the first time, provides a congruent phylogenetic view with the molecular Afrotheria clade. These new fossils imply, however, substantial changes regarding the historical biogeography of afrotheres. Their long period of isolation in Africa, as assumed by molecular inferences, is now to be reconsidered inasmuch as Eocene paenungulates and elephant-shrews are here found to be related to some Early Tertiary Euramerican 'hyopsodontid condylarths' (archaic hoofed mammals). As a result, stem members of afrotherian clades are not strictly African but also include some Early Paleogene Holarctic mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Tabuce
- Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, cc064, Université Montpellier II, place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
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65
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Missiaen P, Smith T, Guo DY, Bloch JI, Gingerich PD. Asian gliriform origin for arctostylopid mammals. Naturwissenschaften 2006; 93:407-11. [PMID: 16865388 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-006-0122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Arctostylopids are common in Late Palaeocene and Early Eocene mammal faunas of Asia, but they are rare in North America. From the time of their first discovery, arctostylopids were grouped with the strictly endemic South American Notoungulata based on their strikingly similar dental morphology. This relationship was challenged based on dental morphology of more recently discovered arctostylopids and on supposed tarsal morphology (based on unassociated material) of the Asian arctostylopid Palaeostylops. Therefore, Arctostylopidae were placed in a separate order, Arctostylopida, of enigmatic affinities. Many authors, however, continue to unite Arctostylopidae and Notoungulata based on dental similarities. In the Late Palaeocene Subeng site in Inner Mongolia, we identified the Palaeostylops tarsals based on their size and abundance. This identification is supported by comparison to unpublished Arctostylops tarsals from the North American Clarkforkian, derived from a semi-articulated skeleton also including dental material. Tarsal morphology shows moderate similarity to the gliriform Pseudictops, and strong resemblance to the tarsally conservative gliroid Rhombomylus. Hence, Arctostylopidae may best be grouped with Asian non-gliroid Gliriformes, which we interpret as having dispersed into North America in the Late Palaeocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Missiaen
- Research Unit Paleontology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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66
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Archibald JD, Averianov AP. Mammalian Faunal Succession in the Cretaceous of the Kyzylkum Desert. J MAMM EVOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-005-4867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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67
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MENG JIN, WYSS ANDRÉR, HU YAOMING, WANG YUANQING, BOWEN GABRIELJ, KOCH PAULL. Glires (Mammalia) from the Late Paleocene Bayan Ulan Locality of Inner Mongolia. AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2005. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2005)473[0001:gmftlp]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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68
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Zack SP, Penkrot TA, Bloch JI, Rose KD. Affinities of ‘hyopsodontids’ to elephant shrews and a Holarctic origin of Afrotheria. Nature 2005; 434:497-501. [PMID: 15791254 DOI: 10.1038/nature03351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Macroscelideans (elephant shrews or sengis) are small-bodied (25-540 g), cursorial (running) and saltatorial (jumping), insectivorous and omnivorous placental mammals represented by at least 15 extant African species classified in four genera. Macroscelidea is one of several morphologically diverse but predominantly African placental orders classified in the superorder Afrotheria by molecular phylogeneticists. The distribution of modern afrotheres, in combination with a basal position for Afrotheria within Placentalia and molecular divergence-time estimates, has been used to link placental diversification with the mid-Cretaceous separation of South America and Africa. Morphological phylogenetic analyses do not support Afrotheria and the fossil record favours a northern origin of Placentalia. Here we describe fossil postcrania that provide evidence for a close relationship between North American Palaeocene-Eocene apheliscine 'hyopsodontid' 'condylarths' (early ungulates or hoofed mammals) and extant Macroscelidea. Apheliscine postcranial morphology is consistent with a relationship to other ungulate-like afrotheres (Hyracoidea, Proboscidea) but does not provide support for a monophyletic Afrotheria. As the oldest record of an afrothere clade, identification of macroscelidean relatives in the North American Palaeocene argues against an African origin for Afrotheria, weakening support for linking placental diversification to the break-up of Gondwana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Zack
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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69
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Asher RJ, Meng J, Wible JR, McKenna MC, Rougier GW, Dashzeveg D, Novacek MJ. Stem Lagomorpha and the Antiquity of Glires. Science 2005; 307:1091-4. [PMID: 15718468 DOI: 10.1126/science.1107808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We describe several fossils referable to Gomphos elkema from deposits close to the Paleocene-Eocene boundary at Tsagan Khushu, Mongolia. Gomphos shares a suite of cranioskeletal characters with extant rabbits, hares, and pikas but retains a primitive dentition and jaw compared to its modern relatives. Phylogenetic analysis supports the position of Gomphos as a stem lagomorph and excludes Cretaceous taxa from the crown radiation of placental mammals. Our results support the hypothesis that rodents and lagomorphs radiated during the Cenozoic and diverged from other placental mammals close to the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Asher
- Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt Universität, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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70
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71
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Kangas AT, Evans AR, Thesleff I, Jernvall J. Nonindependence of mammalian dental characters. Nature 2004; 432:211-4. [PMID: 15538367 DOI: 10.1038/nature02927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Studies of mammalian evolution frequently use data derived from the dentition. Dental characters are particularly central for inferring phylogenetic relationships of fossil taxa, of which teeth are often the only recovered part. The use of different aspects of dental morphology as phylogenetic signals implies the independence of dental characters from each other. Here we report, however, that, at least developmentally, most dental characters may be nonindependent. We investigated how three different levels of the cell signalling protein ectodysplasin (Eda) changed dental characters in mouse. We found that with increasing expression levels of this one gene, the number of cusps increases, cusp shapes and positions change, longitudinal crests form, and number of teeth increases. The consistent modification of characters related to lateral placement of cusps can be traced to a small difference in the formation of an early signalling centre at the onset of tooth crown formation. Our results suggest that most aspects of tooth shape have the developmental potential for correlated changes during evolution which may, if not taken into account, obscure phylogenetic history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo T Kangas
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, PO Box 56, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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72
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MENG JIN. Chapter 7: Phylogeny and Divergence of Basal Glires. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2004. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2004)285<0093:c>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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73
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MENG JIN, BOWEN GABRIELJ, JIE YE, KOCH PAULL, TING SUYIN, QIAN LI, JIN XUN. Gomphos elkema (Glires, Mammalia) from the Erlian Basin: Evidence for the Early Tertiary Bumbanian Land Mammal Age in Nei-Mongol, China. AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2004. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)425<0001:gegmft>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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WIBLE JOHNR, NOVACEK MICHAELJ, ROUGIER GUILLERMOW. NEW DATA ON THE SKULL AND DENTITION IN THE MONGOLIAN LATE CRETACEOUS EUTHERIAN MAMMAL ZALAMBDALESTES. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2004. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2004)281<0001:ndotsa>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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