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Carrer V, Alonso C, Oliver MA, Coderch L. In vitro penetration through the skin layers of topically applied glucocorticoids. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1528-1535. [PMID: 29788546 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Corticoids are actives widely used in the treatment of skin diseases. This work aims to study the penetration of 3 corticoids (betamethasone, clobetasol, and flurandrenolide), their relationship with their Log D values and the effects of the vehicles. The 3 compounds were applied on a Franz-type diffusion cell in propylene glycol solution and their respective commercial creams and ointments. The active amounts found in the stratum corneum, epidermal, and dermal layers of the skin were investigated. Their diffusions were greatly affected by the formulation; moreover higher amounts of substance in the epidermis and dermis were detected in ointments than in creams. The enhancement effect of propylene glycol was also observed. The differences between the 3 substances could be related to their lipophilicity, molecular structure, and molecular weight. The more hydrophobic compounds (clobetasol and betamethasone) are present in higher amounts in the epidermis and dermis, while the hydrophilic compound (flurandrenolide) is mostly present in the receptor fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Carrer
- Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Alonso
- Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Adrià Oliver
- Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Coderch
- Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Oliveira CA, Gouvêa MM, Antunes GR, Freitas ZMFD, Marques FFDC, Ricci-Junior E. Nanoemulsion containing 8-methoxypsoralen for topical treatment of dermatoses: Development, characterization and ex vivo permeation in porcine skin. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:1-9. [PMID: 29800737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral therapy with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) may cause major side effects, whereas the topical treatment might not be much effective due to the low penetration induced by typical formulations. Therefore, the objectives of this work are the development and characterization of a nanoemulsion (NE) containing 8-MOP together with an ex vivo permeation study, monitored by a validated HPLC-Fluo method, to determine the amount of drug retained in viable skin (epidermis (E) and dermis (D)) and in stratum corneum (SC). The optimized conditions for NE formulation were achieved by full factorial designs (25 and 32): 60 s and 60% of ultrasound time and potency, respectively; 10 mL of final volume; 2% v/v of oil phase (clove essential oil); and 10% m/v of Poloxamer 407. The NE showed mean droplet diameter of 24.98 ± 0.49 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.091 ± 0.23, pH values of 6.54 ± 0.06, refractive index of 1.3525 ± 0.0001 and apparent viscosity of 51.15 ± 3.66 mPa at 20 °C. Droplets with nanospherical diameters were also observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ex vivo permeation study showed that 8.5% of the applied 8-MOP dose permeated through the biological membranes, with flux (J) of 1.35 μg cm-2 h-1. The drug retention in E + D and in SC was 10.15 ± 1.36 and 1.95 ± 0.71 µg cm-2, respectively. Retention in viable skin induced by the NE was almost two-fold higher than a compounded cream (5.04 ± 0.30 μg cm-2). These results suggested that the developed NE is a promising alternative for 8-MOP topical therapy when compared to commercial formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Amorim Oliveira
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro - Campus Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Martins Gouvêa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry - Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Ramos Antunes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry - Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Zaida Maria Faria de Freitas
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, RJ, Brazil
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A Molecular Interpretation on the Different Penetration Enhancement Effect of Borneol and Menthol towards 5-Fluorouracil. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122747. [PMID: 29258240 PMCID: PMC5751346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Borneol and menthol are terpenes that are widely used as penetration enhancers in transdermal drug delivery. To explore their penetration-enhancement effects on hydrophilic drugs, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was selected as a model drug. An approach that combined in vitro permeation studies and coarse-grained molecular dynamics was used to investigate their penetration-enhancement effect on 5-FU. The results showed that although both borneol and menthol imparted penetration-enhancement effects on 5-FU, these differed in terms of their mechanism, which may account for the observed variations in penetration-enhancement effects. The main mechanism of action of menthol involves the disruption of the stratum corneum (SC) bilayer, whereas borneol involves multiple mechanisms, including the disruption of the SC bilayer, increasing the diffusion coefficient of 5-FU, and inducing the formation of transient pores. The findings of the present study improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism that is underlying 5-FU penetration-enhancement by borneol and menthol, which may be utilized in future investigations and applications.
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Santos-Júnior L, Oliveira TVDC, Cândido JF, Santana DSD, Pereira RN, Pereyra BBS, Gomes MZ, Lima SO, Albuquerque-Júnior RLCD, Cândido EAF. Effects of the essential oil of Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. on healing and tissue repair after partial Achilles tenotomy in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2017; 32:449-458. [PMID: 28700006 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020170060000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the cellular response to injury, analyzing histopathologic changes associated with increased cellularity, degeneration and disorganization of collagen fibers. Methods: Thirty wistar rats were divided in two groups after partial Achilles tenotomy: the right hind paw were treated with the essential oil of Alpinia zerumbet (EOAz), diluted to 33% (0.3 mL kg-1), and the left hind paw received sunflower oil for 3, 14, 30 and 90 days. Statistical significance was determined using a Chi-square and Pearson Correlation qualitative variables test. Moreover, Mann-Whitney U-test test for comparison between different groups of the same cell, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's test of quantitative measurement. Results: A decrease hyperemia (p < 0.001) was observed in the acute phase of inflammatory cell number (p < 0.001), whereas sub-acute phase was marked by significant correlation with macrophages in fibroblasts (r = 0.17, p = 0.03), with probable induction a dense and modeled tissue. At chronic phase, it was found an increase in the number of fibroblasts and a higher percentage of type I collagen fibers (78%) compared with control collagen fibers (55%). Conclusion: Oil of Alpinia zerumbet stimulated the process of maturation, organization and tissue repair which gave it greater resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Santos-Júnior
- Master, Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, Department of Morphology and Structural Biology and Laboratory of Biological Studies and Natural Products, Institute of Technology and Research Natural Produtcts, Universidade Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju-SE, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study; conception and design of the study; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; statistical analysis; manuscript preparation
| | - Tassia Virgínia de Carvalho Oliveira
- Master, Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, Department of Morphology and Structural Biology and Laboratory of Biological Studies and Natural Products, Institute of Technology and Research Natural Produtcts, Universidade Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju-SE, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study; conception and design of the study; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; statistical analysis; manuscript preparation
| | - Janaína Farias Cândido
- Master, Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, Department of Morphology and Structural Biology and Laboratory of Biological Studies and Natural Products, Institute of Technology and Research Natural Produtcts, Universidade Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju-SE, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study; conception and design of the study; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; statistical analysis; manuscript preparation
| | - Danielle Souza de Santana
- Master, Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, Department of Morphology and Structural Biology and Laboratory of Biological Studies and Natural Products, Institute of Technology and Research Natural Produtcts, Universidade Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju-SE, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study; conception and design of the study; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; statistical analysis; manuscript preparation
| | - Rose Nely Pereira
- Master, Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, Department of Morphology and Structural Biology and Laboratory of Biological Studies and Natural Products, Institute of Technology and Research Natural Produtcts, Universidade Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju-SE, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study; conception and design of the study; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; statistical analysis; manuscript preparation
| | - Beatriz Benny Sungaila Pereyra
- Master, Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, Department of Morphology and Structural Biology and Laboratory of Biological Studies and Natural Products, Institute of Technology and Research Natural Produtcts, Universidade Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju-SE, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study; conception and design of the study; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; statistical analysis; manuscript preparation
| | - Margarete Zanardo Gomes
- PhD, Full Professor, Institute of Technology and Research, Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, UNIT, Aracaju-SE, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; statistical analysis; manuscript writing, critical revision, final approval
| | - Sônia Oliveira Lima
- PhD, Full Professor, Institute of Technology and Research, Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, UNIT, Aracaju-SE, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; statistical analysis; manuscript writing, critical revision, final approval
| | - Ricardo Luiz Cavalcanti de Albuquerque-Júnior
- PhD, Full Professor, Institute of Technology and Research, Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, UNIT, Aracaju-SE, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; statistical analysis; manuscript writing, critical revision, final approval
| | - Edna Aragão Farias Cândido
- PhD, Full Professor, Institute of Technology and Research, Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, UNIT, Aracaju-SE, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; statistical analysis; manuscript writing, critical revision, final approval
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Quintanilha NP, dos Santos Miranda Costa I, Freiman de Souza Ramos M, Campos de Oliveira Miguel N, Riemma Pierre MB. α-Bisabolol improves 5-aminolevulinic acid retention in buccal tissues: Potential application in the photodynamic therapy of oral cancer. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 174:298-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hąc-Wydro K, Flasiński M, Broniatowski M, Sołtys M. Studies on the Behavior of Eucalyptol and Terpinen-4-ol-Natural Food Additives and Ecological Pesticides-in Model Lipid Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:6916-6924. [PMID: 28654274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective application of the essential oils requires detailed exploration of their mechanism of action and the origin of diverse activity of their components. In this work, the influence of eucalyptol and terpinen-4-ol on artificial membranes was studied to verify whether the differences in the activity of these compounds are related to their effect on membranes. The properties of monolayers formed from structurally different lipids in the presence of terpenes were examined based on the results of the surface pressure-area measurements, penetration studies, and Brewster angle microscopy experiments. Both compounds were able to incorporate into the membrane and alter lipid/lipid interactions, making the monolayer less stable and more fluid. These effects were determined by monolayer composition (but not by its condensation per se) and the resulting rheological properties and were stronger in the presence of terpinen-4-ol. These findings confirm the hypothesis that differences in the antimicrobial potency of these terpenes are membrane-related, and membrane composition may determine their selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Hąc-Wydro
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Flasiński
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Broniatowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Sołtys
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Barradas TN, Senna JP, Cardoso SA, Nicoli S, Padula C, Santi P, Rossi F, de Holanda e Silva KG, Mansur CRE. Hydrogel-thickened nanoemulsions based on essential oils for topical delivery of psoralen: Permeation and stability studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 116:38-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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58
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Casey AL, Karpanen TJ, Conway BR, Worthington T, Nightingale P, Waters R, Elliott TSJ. Enhanced chlorhexidine skin penetration with 1,8-cineole. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:350. [PMID: 28514947 PMCID: PMC5436417 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlorhexidine (CHG) penetrates poorly into skin. The purpose of this study was to compare the depth of CHG skin permeation from solutions containing either 2% (w/v) CHG and 70% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol (IPA) or 2% (w/v) CHG, 70% (v/v) IPA and 2% (v/v) 1,8-cineole. Methods An ex-vivo study using Franz diffusion cells was carried out. Full thickness human skin was mounted onto the cells and a CHG solution, with or without 2% (v/v) 1,8-cineole was applied to the skin surface. After twenty-four hours the skin was sectioned horizontally in 100 μm slices to a depth of 2000 μm and the concentration of CHG in each section quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The data were analysed with repeated measures analysis of variance. Results The concentration of CHG in the skin on average was significantly higher (33.3% [95%, CI 1.5% - 74.9%]) when a CHG solution which contained 1,8-cineole was applied to the skin compared to a CHG solution which did not contain this terpene (P = 0.042). Conclusions Enhanced delivery of CHG can be achieved in the presence of 1,8-cineole, which is the major component of eucalyptus oil. This may reduce the numbers of microorganisms located in the deeper layers of the skin which potentially could decrease the risk of surgical site infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Casey
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, B15 2WB, Birmingham, UK
| | - T J Karpanen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, B15 2WB, Birmingham, UK
| | - B R Conway
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - T Worthington
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, UK
| | - P Nightingale
- Wolfson Computer Laboratory, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, B15 2TH, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Waters
- Department of Burns and Plastics, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, B15 2WB, Birmingham, UK
| | - T S J Elliott
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, B15 2WB, Birmingham, UK. .,Clinical Governance, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, B15 2TH, Birmingham, UK.
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Zhang K, Zhang Y, Li Z, Li N, Feng N. Essential oil-mediated glycerosomes increase transdermal paeoniflorin delivery: optimization, characterization, and evaluation in vitro and in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:3521-3532. [PMID: 28503066 PMCID: PMC5426476 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s135749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel glycerosome carrier containing essential oils was prepared for topical administration of paeoniflorin (PF) to enhance its transdermal drug delivery and improve drug absorption in the synovium. The formulation of glycerosomes was optimized by a uniform design, and the final vehicle was composed of 5% (w/v) phospholipid, 0.6% (w/v) cholesterol, and 10% (v/v) glycerol, with 2% (v/v) Speranskia tuberculata essential oil (STO) as the transdermal enhancer. The in vitro transdermal flux of PF loaded in the STO-glycerosomes was 1.4-fold, 1.6-fold, and 1.7-fold higher than those of glycerosomes, liposomes, and tinctures, respectively. In vivo studies showed that the use of STO-glycerosomes was associated with a 3.1-fold greater accumulation of PF in the synovium than that of common glycerosomes. This finding was confirmed by in vivo imaging studies, which found that the fluorescence intensity of Cy5.5-loaded STO-glycerosomes in mice knee joints was 1.8-fold higher than that of the common glycerosomes 5 h after administration. The glycerosomes mediated by STO exhibited considerable skin permeability as well as improved drug absorption in the synovium, indicating that STO-glycerosomes may be a potential PF transdermal delivery vehicle for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis caused by synovium lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongtai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianping Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Tuntiyasawasdikul S, Limpongsa E, Jaipakdee N, Sripanidkulchai B. Effects of Vehicles and Enhancers on the Skin Permeation of Phytoestrogenic Diarylheptanoids from Curcuma comosa. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:895-903. [PMID: 27380435 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcuma comosa (C. comosa) is widely used in traditional medicine as a dietary supplement for health promotion in postmenopausal women in Thailand. It contains several diarylheptanoids, which are considered to be a novel class of phytoestrogens. However, the diarylheptanoids isolated from the plant rhizome are shown to have low oral bioavailability and faster elimination characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate the permeation behavior of the active compounds of diarylheptanoids. The effects of binary vehicle systems and permeation enhancers on diarylheptanoids permeation and accumulation within the skin were studied using side-by-side diffusion cells through the porcine ear skin. Among the tested binary vehicle systems, the ethanol/water vehicle appeared to be the most effective system for diarylheptanoids permeation with the highest flux and shortest lag time. The presence of transcutol in the vehicle system significantly increased diarylheptanoid's permeation and accumulation within the skin in a concentration-dependent manner. Although the presence of terpenes in formulation decreased the flux of diarylheptanoids, it raised the amount of diarylheptanoids retained within the skin substantially. Based on the feasibility of diarylheptanoid permeation, C. comosa extract should be further developed into an effective transdermal product for health benefits and hormone replacement therapy.
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Tazrart A, Bolzinger MA, Coudert S, Lamart S, Miller BW, Angulo JF, Briançon S, Griffiths NM. Skin absorption of actinides: influence of solvents or chelates on skin penetration ex vivo. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:607-616. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1293865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Tazrart
- iRCM/DRF/CEA, Laboratoire de Radio Toxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Arpajon, France
- UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Laboratoire d’Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger
- UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Laboratoire d’Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Coudert
- iRCM/DRF/CEA, Laboratoire de Radio Toxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Arpajon, France
| | - Stephanie Lamart
- iRCM/DRF/CEA, Laboratoire de Radio Toxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Arpajon, France
| | - Brian W. Miller
- College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jaime F. Angulo
- iRCM/DRF/CEA, Laboratoire de Radio Toxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Arpajon, France
| | - Stéphanie Briançon
- UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Laboratoire d’Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nina M. Griffiths
- iRCM/DRF/CEA, Laboratoire de Radio Toxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Arpajon, France
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Natural Terpenes as Penetration Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121709. [PMID: 27973428 PMCID: PMC6273457 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The greatest hindrance for transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is the barrier property of skin, especially the stratum corneum (SC). Various methodologies have been investigated and developed to enhance the penetration of drugs through the skin. Among them, the most popular approach is the application of penetration enhancers (PEs), including natural terpenes, a very safe and effective class of PEs. In the present paper, we focused on terpenes as skin PEs for TDD. The mechanism of their action, the factors affecting their penetration enhancement effect, as well as their possible skin toxicity were discussed. Terpenes abundant in nature have great potential in the development of PEs. Compared to synthetic PEs, natural terpenes have been proved to possess higher enhancement activity. Interaction with SC intercellular lipids is the main mechanism of action for terpenes. The key factor affecting the enhancement effect is the lipophilicity of both terpenes and drug molecules. In addition, a lot of terpenes have also been proved to be much less toxic compared to azone, the classic synthetic PE. In summary, terpenes may be preferred over the chemically synthesized compounds as safe and effective PEs to promote the percutaneous absorption of drugs.
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Lejonklev J, Kidmose U, Jensen S, Petersen M, Helwing A, Mortensen G, Weisbjerg M, Larsen M. Short communication: Effect of oregano and caraway essential oils on the production and flavor of cow milk. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7898-7903. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Aboelhadid SM, Mahrous LN, Hashem SA, Abdel-Kafy EM, Miller RJ. In vitro and in vivo effect of Citrus limon essential oil against sarcoptic mange in rabbits. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3013-20. [PMID: 27098160 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of lemon oil (Citrus limon) on Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The mite samples were collected from naturally infected rabbits. The lemon oil was prepared in six concentrations by dilution with distilled water (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 %). In vitro application was done in five replicates for each concentration in petri dishes in the laboratory. The treated mites were observed at 1, 12, and 24 h post application (PA) for lemon oil effect. In addition, oxidative stress profile was evaluated for the treated mite. Dependent on in vitro results, 20 % lemon oil was used in vivo trial. Twenty-four naturally infected rabbits were divided into three groups of eight: 20 % lemon oil, deltamethrin, and untreated control. The infected parts of rabbits were treated topically once a week for four successive weeks. In vitro application results showed that lemon oil 10 and 20 % diluted in water caused mortality to 100 % of mites after 24 h PA. The oxidative stress profile revealed that mites treated with 20 % lemon oil had significantly (P < 0.05) higher hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde when compared with mites treated with deltamethrin or distilled water. In vivo application of 20 % lemon oil on naturally infected rabbits showed complete recovery from clinical signs, absence of mite in microscopic examination from the second week of treatment. In addition, productive performance was significantly better than infected untreated group. Also, the treated tissue showed stoppage of scale formation and hair growth faster than deltamethrin-treated rabbits. Consequently, lemon oil has remarkable miticidal activity in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Aboelhadid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Lilian N Mahrous
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Shimaa A Hashem
- Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - E M Abdel-Kafy
- Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Robert J Miller
- USDA ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Edinburg, TX, USA
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Qadri GR, Ahad A, Aqil M, Imam SS, Ali A. Invasomes of isradipine for enhanced transdermal delivery against hypertension: formulation, characterization, and in vivo pharmacodynamic study. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:139-145. [PMID: 26829018 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2016.1138486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Context Isradipine is an effective calcium channel blocker used in the management of hypertension. It undergoes extensive first pass metabolism and has low oral bioavailability. Hence we attempted to develop isradipine-loaded invasomes. Objective The purpose of this work was to prepare and characterize invasomes carrier for isradipine, and to evaluate the optimized formulation obtained for pharmacodynamic study. Materials and methods Isradipine-loaded invasomes were prepared by conventional thin layer evaporation technique using Phospholipon® 90G, β-citronellene (terpene) and ethanol. Prepared formulations were characterized in terms of size, size distribution, morphology, entrapment efficiency, and antihypertensive activity. Results and discussion It was observed that prepared isradipine-loaded invasomes delivers ameliorated flux, reasonable entrapment efficiency, and more effectiveness for transdermal delivery. The optimized formulation presented the particle size of 194 ± 18 nm, entrapment efficiency (88.46%), and attained mean transdermal flux of 22.80 ± 2.10 μg/cm2/h through rat skin. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed an enhanced permeation of Rhodamine-Red-loaded isradipine invasomes to the deeper layers of the rat skin. During antihypertensive study, the treatment group showed a substantial and constant decrease in blood pressure, for up to 24 h. The isradipine invasomes formulation was found to be effective, with a 20% reduction in blood pressure by virtue of better permeation through Wistar rat skin. Conclusion It was concluded that the developed isradipine invasomes accentuate the transdermal flux and the results obtained encouraged the use of the isradipine-loaded invasomes as the formulation for the potential management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauhar R Qadri
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Abdul Ahad
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Aqil
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Syed S Imam
- c Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University , Saharanpur , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Asgar Ali
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
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Hoppel M, Caneri M, Glatter O, Valenta C. Self-assembled nanostructured aqueous dispersions as dermal delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:459-462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Baek JS, Pham CV, Myung CS, Cho CW. Tadalafil-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers using permeation enhancers. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:701-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ahad A, Aqil M, Ali A. The application of anethole, menthone, and eugenol in transdermal penetration of valsartan: Enhancement and mechanistic investigation. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:1042-51. [PMID: 26510896 PMCID: PMC11132634 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The main barrier for transdermal delivery is the obstacle property of the stratum corneum. Many types of chemical penetration enhancers have been used to breach the skin barrier; among the penetration enhancers, terpenes are found as the most highly advanced, safe, and proven category. OBJECTIVE In the present investigation, the terpenes anethole, menthone, and eugenol were used to enhance the permeation of valsartan through rat skin in vitro and their enhancement mechanism was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Skin permeation studies of valsartan across rat skin in the absence and the presence of terpenes at 1% w/v, 3% w/v, and 5% w/v in vehicle were carried out using the transdermal diffusion cell sampling system across rat skin and samples were withdrawn from the receptor compartment at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 h and analysed for drug content by the HPLC method. The mechanism of skin permeation enhancement of valsartan by terpenes treatment was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). RESULTS All the investigated terpenes provided a significant (p < 0.01) enhancement in the valsartan flux at a concentration of 1%, and less so at 3% and 5%. The effectiveness of terpenes at 1% concentration was in the following order: anethole > menthone > eugenol with 4.4-, 4.0-, and 3.0-fold enhancement ratio over control, respectively. DSC study showed that the treatment of stratum corneum with anethole shifted endotherm down to lower melting point while FTIR studies revealed that anethole produced maximum decrease in peak height and area than other two terpenes. CONCLUSION The investigated terpenes can be successfully used as potential enhancers for the enhancement of skin permeation of lipophilic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Asgar Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
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Caon T, Campos CEM, Simões CMO, Silva MAS. Novel perspectives in the tuberculosis treatment: Administration of isoniazid through the skin. Int J Pharm 2015; 494:463-70. [PMID: 26319631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite its high efficacy in anti-tuberculosis therapy, the oral administration of isoniazid (INH) may lead to poor patient compliance due to hepatotoxicity events. In this context, the transdermal administration of INH was evaluated, for the first time, since this route avoids hepatic first pass effect. INH was applied to porcine skin in Franz diffusion chambers alone and with 5% menthol, limonene or Transcutol(®). Infrared and DSC analyses were selected for mechanistic studies. The transdermal absorption of INH was sufficient to ensure a systemic therapeutic effect. Menthol was not able to improve the absorption of INH, but it increased the drug accumulation in skin compared to the control (1.4-fold). Transcutol(®) reduced permeation flux of INH (2.2-fold) and also increased the amount of drug retained in skin (1.7-fold). Limonene was the most effective excipient since it increased permeation flux of INH (1.5-fold) and lag time was greatly shortened (2.8-fold). DSC and FTIR analyses of limonene-treated skin suggest higher degree of disorder in lipid bilayers. Transdermal delivery of INH was positively correlated with logP of chemical enhancers. INH can be efficiently delivered by skin route and specific excipients may be selected depending on intended use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Caon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia (PGFAR), Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo Maduro Campos
- Laboratório de Difração de Raios-X, Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Oliveira Simões
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia (PGFAR), Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antônio Segatto Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia (PGFAR), Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Kumar P, Singh SK, Mishra DN, Girotra P. Enhancement of ketorolac tromethamine permeability through rat skin using penetration enhancers: An ex-vivo study. Int J Pharm Investig 2015; 5:142-6. [PMID: 26258055 PMCID: PMC4522863 DOI: 10.4103/2230-973x.160850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ketorolac tromethamine (KT), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, when given orally causes gastrointestinal disturbances. Its transdermal drug delivery may reduce such side effects associated with them. The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the efficiency of various penetration enhancers for improved permeation of KT through the skin. Materials and Methods: A concentration of 1 mg/mL of the drug solution with enhancers was used to evaluate diffusion through the rat skin using a Franz diffusion cell assembly. 20 different penetration enhancers were selected for this study. Results: Saturated fatty acids like stearic and palmitic acid were found to increase the permeation rate of the drug to a great extent whereas unsaturated fatty acid viz. oleic acid exhibited maximum permeation. Increase in permeability efficiency of various penetration enhancers was observed in the following order: Oleic acid > stearic acid > palmitic acid > isopropyl myristate > tween 80 > span 80 > span 40 > span 20 > l-limonene > l-menthol > fenchone > α-pinene > urea > dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) > triton X-100 > tween 20 > dimethyl formamide > acetone > control > citric acid > ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid and citric acid had no effect on permeation rate. Conclusion: The results revealed that the permeation of KT through the skin can maximally be enhanced using oleic acid-an unsaturated fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Dina Nath Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Priti Girotra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Galipoğlu M, Erdal MS, Güngör S. Biopolymer-based transdermal films of donepezil as an alternative delivery approach in Alzheimer's disease treatment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:284-92. [PMID: 25273029 PMCID: PMC4370960 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix type transdermal films of donepezil (DNP) as an alternative delivery approach was designed to improve patient compliance to Alzheimer disease treatment. Sodium alginate, a natural polysaccharide, was used as matrix-forming agent in the optimization of transdermal films. Propylene glycol and dl-limonene was added into films as a plasticizer and permeation enhancer, respectively. As well as mechanical strength and bioadhesiveness of optimized transdermal films of DNP, the impact of dl-limonene concentration in films on DNP in vitro permeation across pig skin was assessed. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) measurements were carried out to examine the effects of enhancer on in vitro conformational order of the stratum corneum intercellular lipids following permeation study. Results showed that transdermal formulations of DNP were suitable due to both mechanical and bioadhesive features of the films. In vitro skin permeation study indicated that dl-limonene at a concentration of 3% was optimum with high drug flux. ATR-FTIR results confirmed a more fluidized stratum corneum lipid state in the presence of dl-limonene, indicating its permeation enhancement effect. Regarding to achieve therapeutic levels of DNP, it seems to be feasible deliver DNP with transdermal films for the management of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maviye Galipoğlu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul University, Beyazit 34116 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meryem Sedef Erdal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul University, Beyazit 34116 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Güngör
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul University, Beyazit 34116 Istanbul, Turkey
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Lan Y, Wang J, Li H, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhao B, Wu Q. Effect of menthone and related compounds on skin permeation of drugs with different lipophilicity and molecular organization of stratum corneum lipids. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 21:389-98. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1011660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Costa MDC, Duarte P, Neng NR, Nogueira JM, Costa F, Rosado C. Novel insights for permeant lead structures through in vitro skin diffusion assays of Prunus lusitanica L., the Portugal Laurel. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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74
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Tuntiyasawasdikul S, Limpongsa E, Jaipakdee N, Sripanidkulchai B. A monolithic drug-in-adhesive patch of methoxyflavones from Kaempferia parviflora: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2015; 478:486-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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75
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Jaipakdee N, Limpongsa E, Pongjanyakul T. Optimization of minoxidil microemulsions using fractional factorial design approach. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 21:86-97. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.971375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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76
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Tomoda K, Yabuki N, Terada H, Makino K. Application of polymeric nanoparticles prepared by an antisolvent diffusion with preferential solvation for iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery. Colloid Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ahad A, Aqil M, Kohli K, Sultana Y, Mujeeb M. Design, formulation and optimization of valsartan transdermal gel containing iso-eucalyptol as novel permeation enhancer: preclinical assessment of pharmacokinetics in Wistar albino rats. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1149-62. [PMID: 24830648 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.914027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop and optimize a transdermal gel formulation of valsartan using Box-Behnken design and to evaluate it for pharmacokinetic study. METHODS The independent variables were Carbopol 940 (X1), PEG 400 (X2) and ethanol (X3) while valsartan flux (Y1), Tlag (Y2) and gel viscosity (Y3) were the dependent variables. Iso-eucalyptol was added in all gel formulations as permeation enhancer except for control gel. RESULTS It was observed that the permeation rate of valsartan significantly increased in direct proportion to the ethanol concentration, but significantly decreased in direct proportion to polymer concentration. Lag time and viscosity decreased in reverse proportion to ethanol concentration. The optimized valsartan gel formulation (VGF-OPT) yielded flux of 143.27 ± 7.11 µg/cm(2)/h and 27.55 ± 2.51 µg/cm(2)/h across rat and human cadaver skin, respectively. In vivo pharmacokinetic study of VGF-OPT-transdermal therapeutic system containing iso-eucalyptol showed a significant increase in the bioavailability (2.52 times) compared with oral formulation of valsartan by virtue of better permeation through Wistar rat skin. CONCLUSION It was concluded that the developed transdermal gel accentuates the flux of valsartan and could be used as an antihypertensive dosage form for effective transdermal delivery of valsartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- King Saud University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
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Lu WC, Chiang BH, Huang DW, Li PH. Skin permeation of D-limonene-based nanoemulsions as a transdermal carrier prepared by ultrasonic emulsification. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2014; 21:826-832. [PMID: 24183592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions can be used for transporting pharmaceutical phytochemicals in skin-care products because of their stability and rapid permeation properties. However, droplet size may be a critical factor aiding permeation through skin and transdermal delivery efficiency. We prepared D-limonene nanoemulsions with various droplet sizes by ultrasonic emulsification using mixed surfactants of sorbitane trioleate and polyoxyethylene (20) oleyl ether under different hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values. Droplet size decreased with increasing HLB value. With HLB 12, the droplet size was 23 nm, and the encapsulated ratio peaked at 92.3%. Transmission electron microscopy revealed spherical droplets and the gray parts were D-limonene precipitation incorporated in spherical droplets of the emulsion system. Franz diffusion cell was used to evaluate the permeation of D-limonene nanoemulsion through rat abdominal skin; the permeation rate depended on droplet size. The emulsion with the lowest droplet size (54 nm) achieved the maximum permeation rate. The concentration of D-limonene in the skin was 40.11 μL/cm(2) at the end of 360 min. Histopathology revealed no distinct voids or empty spaces in the epidermal region of permeated rat skin, so the D-limonene nanoemulsion may be a safe carrier for transdermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Lu
- Department of Medicinal Botanical and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, No. 168, University Rd., Dacun, Changhua 51591, Taiwan, ROC
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Vitorino C, Almeida A, Sousa J, Lamarche I, Gobin P, Marchand S, Couet W, Olivier JC, Pais A. Passive and active strategies for transdermal delivery using co-encapsulating nanostructured lipid carriers: In vitro vs. in vivo studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 86:133-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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80
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Lan Y, Wu Q, Mao YQ, Wang Q, An J, Chen YY, Wang WP, Zhao BC, Liu N, Zhang YW. Cytotoxicity and enhancement activity of essential oil from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. as a natural transdermal penetration enhancer. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014; 15:153-64. [PMID: 24510708 PMCID: PMC3924391 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1300230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this present study is to investigate the effect of Zanthoxylum bungeanum oil (essential oil from Z. bungeanum Maxim.) on cytotoxicity and the transdermal permeation of 5-fluorouracil and indomethacin. The cytotoxicity of Z. bungeanum oil on dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes was studied using an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The rat skin was employed to determine the percutaneous penetration enhancement effect of Z. bungeanum oil on hydrophilic and lipophilic model drugs, i.e., 5-fluorouracil and indomethacin. The secondary structure changes of the rat stratum corneum (SC) were determined using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and saturated solubilities and SC/vehicle partition coefficients of two model drugs with and without Z. bungeanum oil were also measured to understand its related mechanisms of action. It was found that the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of Z. bungeanum oil were significantly lower in HaCaT and CCC-ESF-1 cell lines compared to the well-established and standard penetration enhancer Azone. The Z. bungeanum oil at various concentrations effectively facilitated the percutaneous penetration of two model drugs across the rat skin. In addition, the mechanisms of permeation enhancement by Z. bungeanum oil could be explained with saturated solubility, SC/vehicle partition coefficient, and secondary structure changes of SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ying-qiu Mao
- Center of Science Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jing An
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yan-yan Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Wen-ping Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Bo-chen Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ye-wen Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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Charoenputtakun P, Pamornpathomkul B, Opanasopit P, Rojanarata T, Ngawhirunpat T. Terpene Composited Lipid Nanoparticles for Enhanced Dermal Delivery of All- trans-Retinoic Acids. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:1139-48. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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82
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Lejonklev J, Løkke M, Larsen M, Mortensen G, Petersen M, Weisbjerg M. Transfer of terpenes from essential oils into cow milk. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4235-41. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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83
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Prasanthi D, Lakshmi PK. Synergistic effect of iontophoresis and chemical enhancers on transdermal permeation of tolterodine tartrate for the treatment of overactive bladder. Int Braz J Urol 2013; 39:63-75; discussion 76. [PMID: 23489517 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2013.01.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the study was to evaluate the synergistic transdermal permeation effect of chemical enhancers and iontophoresis technique on tolterodine tartrate (TT) transdermal gel and to evaluate its pharmacokinetic properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Taguchi robust design was used for optimization of formulations. Skin permeation rates were evaluated using the Keshary-chein type diffusion cells in order to optimize the gel formulation. In-vivo studies of the optimized formulation were performed in a rabbit model and histopathology studies of optimized formulation were performed on rats. RESULTS Transdermal gels were formulated successfully using Taguchi robust design method. The type of penetration enhancer, concentration of penetration enhancer, current density and pulse on/off ratio were chosen as independent variables. Type of penetration enhancer was found to be the significant factor for all the responses. Permeation parameters were evaluated when maximum cumulative amount permeated in 24 hours (Q24) was 145.71 ± 2.00µg/cm² by CIT4 formulation over control (91.89 ± 2.30µg/cm²). Permeation was enhanced by 1.75 fold by CIT4 formulation. Formulation CIT4 containing nerolidol (5%) and iontophoretic variables applied (0.5mA/cm² and pulse on/off ratio 3:1) was optimized. In vivo studies with optimized formulation CIT4 showed increase in AUC and T1/2 when compared to oral suspension in rabbits. The histological studies showed changes in dermis indicating the effect of penetration enhancers and as iontophoresis was continued only for two cycles in periodic fashion so it did not cause any skin damage observed in the slides. CONCLUSION Results indicated that iontophoresis in combination with chemical enhancers is an effective method for transdermal administration of TT in the treatment of overactive bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Prasanthi
- G. Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500-028, India.
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84
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Yu Z, Liang Y, Liang W. Development and evaluation of α-asarone transdermal patches based on hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesives. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:294-300. [PMID: 23307595 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A hot-melt, pressure-sensitive adhesive (HMPSA) based on styrene-isoprene-styrene was prepared, and its compatibility with various transdermal penetration enhancers was investigated. The effect of penetration enhancers on the adhesion properties of HMPSA was also studied. A drug-in-adhesive patch was formulated using α-asarone as a model drug, and penetration enhancers were screened by an in vitro transdermal study across excised pig skin. The pharmacokinetics in rabbits was also studied. The results show that HMPSA was miscible with most penetration enhancers (azone, menthol, isopropyl myristate, 1-methyl-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethylformamide, oleic acid), apart from propylene glycol. Penetration enhancers had a plasticizer-like effect that decreased the peel strength and shear strength of HMPSA. A combination of 1% oleic acid and 4% menthol had the highest in vitro penetration rate and was selected for patch preparation. The patch formulation was optimized by replacing some of the plasticizer by penetration enhancers to achieve good adhesion and effective transdermal flux. The final patch showed a high efficiency, with a relative bioavailability of 1,494%. This suggests that HMPSA may be a promising material for drug-delivery patches.
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85
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Vitorino C, Almeida J, Gonçalves LM, Almeida AJ, Sousa JJ, Pais AACC. Co-encapsulating nanostructured lipid carriers for transdermal application: from experimental design to the molecular detail. J Control Release 2013; 167:301-14. [PMID: 23454133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Co-encapsulation of drugs directed at commonly associated diseases provides a convenient means for administration, especially if transdermally delivered. In this work, a comprehensive study for the co-encapsulation of drugs with a differential lipophilicity, olanzapine and simvastatin, and their transdermal delivery in a formulation containing nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) is presented. Focus is given to the evaluation of a strategy in which NLC and chemical permeation enhancers are combined. It comprises in vitro, in silico and cellular viability approaches. The optimization and rationalization of the systems are carried out using a two-step factorial design. It is shown that the external medium in the NLC dispersion strongly influences permeation. It is also seen that the use of NLC determines a synergistic effect with selected permeation enhancers, thus promoting marked flux enhancement ratios (48 and 21, respectively for olanzapine and simvastatin) relative to the drugs in solution. The developed formulations can be considered non-irritant. A correlation between enhancer positioning in a lipid bilayer, partially governed by a H-bonding phenomenon, and enhancement effect is suggested from molecular dynamics studies and experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vitorino
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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86
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Prasanthi D, Lakshmi PK. Terpenes: Effect of lipophilicity in enhancing transdermal delivery of alfuzosin hydrochloride. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2013; 3:216-23. [PMID: 23378942 PMCID: PMC3560127 DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery has attracted much attention as an alternative to intravenous and oral methods of delivery. But the main barrier is stratum corneum. Terpenes classes of chemical enhancers are used in transdermal formulations for facilitating penetration of drugs. The aim of the study is to evaluate terpenes as skin penetration enhancers and correlate its relationship with permeation and lipophilicity. In this study, alfuzosin hydrochloride (AH) hydrogels were prepared with terpenes using Taguchi orthogonal array experimental design. The formulations contained one of eight terpenes, based on their lipophilicity (log P 2.13-5.36). The percutaneous permeation was studied in rat skin using diffusion cell technique. Flux, cumulative amount, lag time and skin content of AH were measured over 24 hours and compared with control gels. Nerolidol with highest lipophilicity (log P 5.36 ± 0.38) showed highest cumulative amount (Q24) of 647.29 ± 18.76 μg/cm2 and fluxrateof 28.16 ± 0.64 μg/cm2/hour. It showed decreased lag time of 0.76 ± 0.15 hours. Fenchone (2.5%) (log P 2.13 ± 0.30) produced the longest lag time 4.8 ± 0.20 hours. The rank order of enhancement effect was shown as nerolidol > farnesol > limonene > linalool > geraniol > carvone > fenchone > menthol. Lowest skin content was seen with carvone. Increase in lipophilicity of terpenes showed increase in flux, cumulative amount (Q24), and enhancement ratio which was significant with P < 0.000. But lag time was decreased and no correlation was found between lipophilicity and skin content. Histological studies showed changes in dermis which can be attributed to disruption of lipid packing of stratum corneum due to effect of nerolidol within lipid lamellae. It was found that small alcoholic terpenes with high degree of unsaturation enhance permeation of hydrophilic drugs, liquid terpenes enhance better than solid terpenes and terpenes with high lipophilicity are good penetration enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Prasanthi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, G. Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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87
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Shi J, Cong WJ, Wang YM, Liu QF, Luo GA. Synergistic Effect and Mechanism of Cineole and Terpineol on In-vitro Transdermal Delivery of Huperzine A from Microemulsions. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2013; 12:271-80. [PMID: 24250600 PMCID: PMC3813235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence and the mechanisms of cineole and terpineol on the in-vitro transdermal delivery of huperzine A from microemulsions, and their potential synergistic effect on the permeation enhancement. The transdermal delivery of huperzine A from microemulsions with different concentrations of cineole and terpineol through the rat abdominal skin was determined by Franz-type diffusion cells. The partition coefficient of huperzine A between the full thickness skin and microemulsion was determined. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was carried out to analyze the effects of cineole and terpineol on the biophysical properties of the stratum corneum (SC) and the mechanisms of permeation enhancement. These results indicated that cineole and terpineol could synergistically increase the transdermal delivery of huperzine A from microemulsions through increasing the partition and diffusion coefficients of huperzine A. ATR-FTIR studies further validated the synergistic effect and revealed that the enhancing mechanisms were due to increasing the disorderliness and fluidity of SC lipid alkyl chains, disrupting the structure of keratin in SC, and extracting SC lipids. In conclusion, cineole and terpineol, acting synergistically to enhance the transdermal delivery of huperzine A from microemulsions, might provide an alternative permeation enhancer combination for the transdermal delivery of huperzine A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.,Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Wen-Juan Cong
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM (Ministry of Education), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Yi-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Qing-Fei Liu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Guo-An Luo
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.,Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.,Corresponding author: E-mail:
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88
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Varman RM, Singh S. Investigation of effects of terpene skin penetration enhancers on stability and biological activity of lysozyme. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:1084-90. [PMID: 22930344 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of proteins through skin can be facilitated potentially by using terpenes as chemical enhancers. However, we do not know about the effects of these enhancers on the stability and biological activity of proteins which is crucial for the development of safe and efficient formulations. Therefore, this project investigated the effects of terpene-based skin penetration enhancers which are reported as nontoxic to the skin (e.g., limonene, p-cymene, geraniol, farnesol, eugenol, menthol, terpineol, carveol, carvone, fenchone, and verbenone), on the conformational stability and biological activity of a model protein lysozyme. Terpene (5% v/v) was added to lysozyme solution and kept for 24 h (the time normally a transdermal patch remains) for investigating conformational stability profiles and biological activity. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer was used to analyze different secondary structures, e.g., α-helix, β-sheet, β-turn, and random coil. Conformational changes were also monitored by differential scanning calorimeter by determining midpoint transition temperature (Tm) and calorimetric enthalpy (ΔH). Biological activity of lysozyme was determined by measuring decrease in A (450) when it was added to a suspension of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The results of this study indicate that terpenes 9, 10, and 11 (carvone, L-fenchone, and L-verbenone) decreased conformational stability and biological activity of lysozyme significantly (p < 0.05) less than other terpenes used in this study. It is concluded that smaller terpenes containing ketones with low lipophilicity (log K (ow) ∼2.00) would be optimal for preserving conformational stability and biological activity of lysozyme in a transdermal formulation containing terpene as permeation enhancer.
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89
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Abstract
Vitex Agnus-CastusL. Essential Oil Increases Human Erythrocyte Membrane FluidityErythrocyte membrane fluidity is related to their rheologic behavior, the dynamic quality of erythrocytes, which is tempted in hypertension and atherosclerosis. An increased risk of these and other cardiovascular diseases occurs in ageing women. Menopause-related conditions are often treated with hormone replacement therapy that may increase the risk of malignancies.Vitex agnus-castusL. essential oil contains various organic compounds (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and terpenoids), and is increasingly used as an alternative therapy for menopausal symptoms. These components of the oil may be incorporated into cell membranes, thereby changing the membrane fluidity. The aim of this study was to determine the effects ofVitex agnus-castusessential oil on human erythrocyte membrane fluidity at graded depths. We used Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy and fatty acid spin probes (5-doxyl stearic acid and 12-doxyl stearic acid), whose spectra depend on membrane fluidity. After treatment withVitex agnus-castusessential oil the erythrocytes had a significant (p=0.029) and reversible increase in membrane fluidity in the deeper hydrophobic membrane regions, with no change (p>0.05) in fluidity near the membrane's hydrophilic surface. These results document increased fluidity of the human erythrocyte membrane byVitex agnus-castusessential oil, and this action may be useful in patients with menopause-related hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions.
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90
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Valgimigli L, Gabbanini S, Berlini E, Lucchi E, Beltramini C, Bertarelli YL. Lemon (Citrus limon, Burm.f.) essential oil enhances the trans-epidermal release of lipid-(A, E) and water-(B6, C) soluble vitamins from topical emulsions in reconstructed human epidermis. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 34:347-56. [PMID: 22515469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Topical bioavailability of lipid- and water-soluble vitamins is a critical issue for protecting or anti-ageing formulations. Using 17-day-old SkinEthic(®) reconstructed human epidermis, we investigated (at 34°C) the role of lemon EO in enhancing the penetration of α-tocopherol (E) and retinyl acetate (A), pyridoxine (B(6)) and ascorbic acid (C), released from O/W or W/O emulsions. D-limonene, α-pinene and p-cymene (65.9, 2.2 and 0.5%w/w of the oil) had skin permeability coefficients Ps (10(-3) cm h(-1)) of 0.56 ± 0.03 (or 0.73 ± 0.02), 0.72 ± 0.05 (or 0.98 ± 0.05) and 0.84 ± 0.04 (or 1.14 ± 0.04), respectively, when incorporated in a W/O (or O/W) emulsion. Vitamins B6, C and A had Ps values of (3.0 ± 0.4) × 10(-3), (7.9 ± 0.6) × 10(-3) and (0.37 ± 0.02) × 10(-5) cm h(-1), respectively, and their flux through the skin was enhanced by a factor of 4.1, 3.4 and 5.8, respectively, in the presence of lemon EO. The penetration of vitamin E was nine-fold enhanced. Lemon EO produced only reversible modification of TEWL, and it is a safe and effective penetration enhancer for topical administration of lipid- and water-soluble vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Valgimigli
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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91
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Tomoda K, Watanabe A, Suzuki K, Inagi T, Terada H, Makino K. Enhanced transdermal permeability of estradiol using combination of PLGA nanoparticles system and iontophoresis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 97:84-9. [PMID: 22609586 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol is a therapeutic agent for treatment of perimenopausal symptoms and osteoporosis. Conventional oral or intravenous administration of estradiol has many problems, such as, metabolization in gastrointestinal tract and liver, pain by using an injection needle, rapid increase of drug levels in blood and fast clearance with unwanted side effects including thrombosis, endometriosis and uterus carcinoma. The use of nanocarriers for transdermal delivery has been studied because of their ability to deliver therapeutic agents for long time with a controlled ratio, escaping from the first pass effect by liver. In this study, permeability of estradiol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles through rat skin was studied. Higher amount of estradiol was delivered through skin when estradiol was loaded in nanoparticles than estradiol was free molecules. Also, iontophoresis was applied to enhance the permeability of nanoparticles. When iontophoresis was applied, permeability of estradiol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles was much higher than that obtained by simple diffusion of them through skin, since they have negative surface charges. They were found to penetrate through follicles mainly. Also, enhanced permeability effect of estradiol by using nanoparticle system and iontophoresis were observed in vivo. The combination of charged nanoparticle system with iontophoresis is useful for effective transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishiro Tomoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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92
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Enhanced transdermal delivery of indomethacin using combination of PLGA nanoparticles and iontophoresis in vivo. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 92:50-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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93
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Enhanced transdermal delivery of indomethacin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles by iontophoresis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 88:706-10. [PMID: 21885261 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles effectively deliver therapeutic agent by penetrating into the skin. Indomethacin (IM) and coumarin-6 were loaded in PLGA nanoparticles with an average diameter of 100 nm. IM and coumarin-6 were chosen as a model drug and as a fluorescent marker, respectively. The surfaces of the nanoparticles were negatively charged. Permeability of IM-loaded PLGA nanoparticles through rat skin was studied. Higher amount of IM was delivered through skin when IM was loaded in nanoparticles than IM was free molecules. Also, iontophoresis was applied to enhance the permeability of nanoparticles. When iontophoresis with 3 V/cm was applied, permeability of IM was much higher than that obtained by simple diffusion of nanoparticles through skin. The combination of charged nanoparticle system with iontophoresis is useful for effective transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents.
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94
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Ahad A, Aqil M, Kohli K, Sultana Y, Mujeeb M, Ali A. Role of novel terpenes in transcutaneous permeation of valsartan: effectiveness and mechanism of action. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:583-96. [PMID: 21469947 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.532219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The greatest obstacle for transdermal delivery is the barrier property of the stratum corneum. Many approaches have been employed to breach the skin barrier; the most widely used one is that of chemical penetration enhancers. Of the penetration enhancers, terpenes are arguably the most highly advanced and proven category. OBJECTIVE The aim of this investigation was to study effectiveness and mechanism of seven novel terpenes, namely iso-eucalyptol, β-citronellene, valencene, rose oxide, safranal, lavandulol acetate, and prenol, as potential penetration enhancers for improved skin permeation of valsartan through rat skin and human cadaver skin (HCS) with reference to established terpene eucalyptol. METHODS Skin permeation studies were carried out using Automated Transdermal Diffusion Cell Sampling System (SFDC 6, LOGAN Instruments Corp., NJ) on rat skin and HCS. The mechanism of skin permeation enhancement of valsartan by terpenes treatment was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram, and histopathological examination. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Among all study enhancers, iso-eucalyptol produced the maximum enhancement via rat skin [enhancement ratio (ER) = 7.4] and HCS (ER = 3.60) over control. FT-IR spectra and DSC thermogram of skin treated with aforesaid terpenes indicated that permeation occurred due to the disruption of lipid bilayers. No apparent skin irritation (erythema, edema) was observed on treatment with terpenes except β-citronellene, safranal, lavandulol acetate, and prenol, which caused mild irritation. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the iso-eucalyptol can be successfully used as safe and potential penetration enhancer for enhancement of skin permeation of lipophilic drug such as valsartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Hamdard University, M. B. Road, New Delhi, India
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95
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López MA, Stashenko EE, Fuentes JL. Chemical composition and antigenotoxic properties of Lippia alba essential oils. Genet Mol Biol 2011; 34:479-88. [PMID: 21931523 PMCID: PMC3168191 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572011005000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work evaluated the chemical composition and the DNA protective effect of the essential oils (EOs) from Lippia alba against bleomycin-induced genotoxicity. EO constituents were determined by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. The major compounds encountered being citral (33% geranial and 25% neral), geraniol (7%) and trans-β-caryophyllene (7%) for L. alba specimen COL512077, and carvone (38%), limonene (33%) and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8%) for the other, COL512078. The genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of EO and the compounds citral, carvone and limonene, were assayed using the SOS Chromotest in Escherichia coli. The EOs were not genotoxic in the SOS chromotest, but one of the major compound (limonene) showed genotoxicity at doses between 97 and 1549 mM. Both EOs protected bacterial cells against bleomycin-induced genotoxicity. Antigenotoxicity in the two L. alba chemotypes was related to the major compounds, citral and carvone, respectively. The results were discussed in relation to the chemopreventive potential of L. alba EOs and its major compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molkary Andrea López
- Microbiology and Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Biology School, Faculty of Sciences, Industrial University of Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Elena E. Stashenko
- Research Center for Biomolecules, Research Center of Excellence, Industrial University of Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Jorge Luis Fuentes
- Microbiology and Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Biology School, Faculty of Sciences, Industrial University of Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Research Center for Biomolecules, Research Center of Excellence, Industrial University of Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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96
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Shen Q, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Improvement of colchicine oral bioavailability by incorporating eugenol in the nanoemulsion as an oil excipient and enhancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1237-43. [PMID: 21753875 PMCID: PMC3131190 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s20903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of eugenol on colchicine transport across an isolated rat intestinal membrane was studied using an in vitro diffusion chamber system. We found that eugenol increased the absorptive transport of the drug efficiently. The effect of eugenol on intestinal absorption of colchicine in an oral administrative nanoemulsion formulation was also demonstrated in vivo. The colchicine nanoemulsion was prepared with isopropyl myristate, eugenol, Tween80, ethanol and water, and eugenol was used as an oil phase in the formulation; an average particle size of this nanoemulsion was 41.2 ± 7.2 nm. The permeation of colchicine in the nanoemulsion across the intestinal membrane was significantly different from that of the control group (0.2 mM colchicine). Finally, co-administration of eugenol in colchicine nanoemulsion to enhance the colchicine bioavailability was investigated by an oral administration method. After oral administration of colchicine (8 mg/kg) in the form of either the nanoemulsion or in free colchicine solution, the relative bioavailability of nanoemulsion and eugenol–nanoemulsion were enhanced by about 1.6- and 2.1-fold, respectively, compared with free colchicine solution. The procedure indicated that the intestinal absorption of colchicine was enhanced significantly by eugenol in the tested nanoemulsion. All the results suggested that eugenol is an efficient component in an oral administrative formulation for improving the intestinal absorption of colchicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, People's Republic of China.
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97
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Patel M, Joshi A, Hassanzadeth H, Juluru R, Stagni G. Quantification of dermal and transdermal delivery of meloxicam gels in rabbits. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:613-7. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.534098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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98
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Chadha G, Sathigari S, Parsons DL, Jayachandra Babu R. In vitropercutaneous absorption of genistein from topical gels through human skin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010; 37:498-505. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.525238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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99
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Okyar A, Nuriyev M, Yildiz A, Pala-Kara Z, Ozturk N, Kaptan E. The effect of terpenes on percutaneous absorption of tiaprofenic acid gel. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1781-8. [PMID: 21116781 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tiaprofenic acid is a potent analgesic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and like any other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, oral administration of the conventional dosage forms of tiaprofenic acid invariably causes gastrointestinal side effects. In an effort to eliminate these side effects while enhancing the drug concentration at the target tissue, an epidermal application of tiaprofenic acid seems to be an effective alternative drug delivery modality. This study attempts to demonstrate the influence of different terpenes (d-limonene, menthol and nerolidol) in various combinations of preparations on the percutaneous penetration of tiaprofenic acid from Carbopol(®) 940 based gel formulations (1%) in an ex vivo experiment using Franz-type diffusion cells. The enhancement effect of terpenes on skin absorption of tiaprofenic acid was further evaluated by an in vivo method in rats. Amongst the terpenes used, d-limonene was the most outstanding penetration enhancer that was reference to penetration of tiaprofenic acid through rat skin ex vivo. In vivo penetration study shows that the AUC₀(-)₄₈(h) was increased by about 10 fold by the addition of 5% d-limonene to the formulation. Histological studies show that d-limonene causes disruption on the skin surface and is responsible for enhanced penetration of tiaprofenic acid. Since tiaprofenic acid is known to cause gastrointestinal disturbances following systemic administration, topical formulations of tiaprofenic acid in gel form including 5% d-limonene could be suggested as an alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Okyar
- Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul University, Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey.
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100
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Jampilek J, Brychtova K. Azone analogues: classification, design, and transdermal penetration principles. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:907-47. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Jampilek
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackeho 1-3 612 42 Brno Czech Republic
- Zentiva k.s., U kabelovny 130; 102 37 Prague 10 Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Brychtova
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackeho 1-3 612 42 Brno Czech Republic
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