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Wang J, Chen Q, Zhou J, Wen J, Bian F, Li G, Mu X, Han Y, Xia G, Zhang M. Specific protein kinase C isoforms α and βI are involved in follicle-stimulating hormone-induced mouse follicle-enclosed oocytes meiotic resumption. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45043. [PMID: 23028752 PMCID: PMC3445551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in gonadotrophin-induced oocyte maturation. In the present study, we investigated the role of specific PKC isoforms in the process of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced oocyte meiotic resumption. Small antral follicles (200–300 µm in diameter) were isolated from immature mice and cultured in vitro. FSH significantly induced follicle-enclosed oocytes (FEOs) meiotic resumption after 8 hr culture. However, the induced effect of FSH was dose-dependently inhibited by the specific PKC α and βI inhibitor Gö6976, and 100 nM Gö6976 completely blocked FSH function in oocyte meiotic resumption. Furthermore, FSH dramatically induced the expression of transcripts encoding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factors Areg, Btc, and Ereg mRNA levels, and up-regulated tyrosine phosphorylation level of EGF receptor (EGFR) in granulosa cells. Blocking the function of EGFR by AG1478 eliminated the effect of FSH-induced FEOs meiotic resumption, suggesting that FSH induced oocyte maturation through the activation of EGFR. FSH-induced phosphorylation of EGFR could also be inhibited by Gö6976. Next, we examined the effect of FSH on the expression and phosphorylation PKC α and βI. FSH induced the expression of PKC α at mRNA and protein level, and also up-regulated its phosphorylation level in granulosa cells after 8 hr culture. However, FSH had no effect on the expression of PKC βI but down-regulated its phosphorylation level. In conclusion, FSH-induced activation of PKC α alone, or together with the inactivation of PKC βI in granulosa cells, participates in mouse oocyte meiotic resumption, possibly by the activation of EGFR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlian Zhou
- Department of Pathology, 306 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Shikina S, Chen CJ, Liou JY, Shao ZF, Chung YJ, Lee YH, Chang CF. Germ cell development in the scleractinian coral Euphyllia ancora (Cnidaria, Anthozoa). PLoS One 2012; 7:e41569. [PMID: 22848529 PMCID: PMC3407244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction of scleractinian coral is among the most important means of establishing coral populations. However, thus far, little is known about the mechanisms underlying coral gametogenesis. To better understand coral germ cell development, we performed a histological analysis of gametogenesis in Euphyllia ancora and characterized the coral homolog of the Drosophila germline marker gene vasa. The histological analysis revealed that E. ancora gametogenesis occurs in the mesenterial mesoglea between the mesenterial filaments and the retractor muscle bands. The development of germ cells takes approximately one year in females and half a year in males. Staining of tissue sections with an antibody against E. ancora Vasa (Eavas) revealed anti-Eavas immunoreactivity in the oogonia, early oocyte, and developing oocyte, but only faint or undetectable reactivity in developing oocytes that were >150 µm in diameters. In males, Eavas could be detected in the spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes but was only faintly detectable in the secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperms. Furthermore, a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and Western blotting analysis of unfertilized mature eggs proved the presence of Eavas transcripts and proteins, suggesting that Eavas may be a maternal factor. Vasa may represent a germ cell marker for corals, and would allow us to distinguish germ cells from somatic cells in coral bodies that have no distinct organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Shikina
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Jhen Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhe-Yu Liou
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Fan Shao
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jou Chung
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Horn Lee
- Tungkang Biotechnology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Tungkang, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Marine Bioenvironment and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Fan HY, Liu Z, Mullany LK, Richards JS. Consequences of RAS and MAPK activation in the ovary: the good, the bad and the ugly. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 356:74-9. [PMID: 22197887 PMCID: PMC3327778 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes studies providing evidence (1) that endogenous RAS activation regulates important physiological events during ovulation and luteinization (2) that expression of the mutant, active KRAS(G12D) in granulosa cells in vivo causes abnormal follicle growth arrest leading to premature ovarian failure and (3) that KRAS(G12D) expression in ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells renders them susceptible to the pathological outcome of transformation and tumor formation. These diverse effects of RAS highlight how critical its activation is linked to cell- and stage-specific events in the ovary that control normal processes and that can also lead to altered granulosa cell and OSE cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Yu Fan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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Conti M, Hsieh M, Zamah AM, Oh JS. Novel signaling mechanisms in the ovary during oocyte maturation and ovulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 356:65-73. [PMID: 22101318 PMCID: PMC4104635 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
During the peri-ovulatory period, the gonadotropin LH triggers major changes in both the somatic and germ cell compartments of the ovarian follicle. The oocyte completes the meiotic cell cycle to become a fertilizable egg, and dramatic changes in gene expression and secretion take place in the somatic compartment of the follicle in preparation for follicular rupture and oocyte release. The concerted changes are regulated by activation of intracellular signaling pathways as well as paracrine and autocrine regulatory loops. This review will provide a summary of the current knowledge of the molecular events triggered by LH focusing mostly on the signaling pathways required for oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Conti
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
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55
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Bapat SA. Modulation of gene expression in ovarian cancer by active and repressive histone marks. Epigenomics 2012; 2:39-51. [PMID: 22122747 DOI: 10.2217/epi.09.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation and histone modifications often function concomitantly to drive an aberrant program of gene expression in most cancers. Consequently, they have also been identified as being associated with ovarian cancer. However, several basic issues remain unclear - are these marks established early during normal ovarian functioning, or at a preneoplastic stage, or through a gradual accumulation, or do they arise de novo during transformation? Such issues have been difficult to address in ovarian cancer wherein preneoplastic lesions and progression models have not yet been established and drug-refractive disease progression is rapid and aggressive. The review presents an overview of the known involvement of histone modifications in various cellular states that might contribute to our understanding of epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila A Bapat
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS complex, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India.
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56
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Kwintkiewicz J, Padilla-Banks E, Jefferson WN, Jacobs IM, Wade PA, Williams CJ. Metastasis-associated protein 3 (MTA3) regulates G2/M progression in proliferating mouse granulosa cells. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:1-8. [PMID: 22075476 PMCID: PMC3316264 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.096032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis-associated protein 3 (MTA3) is a constituent of the Mi-2/nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) protein complex that regulates gene expression by altering chromatin structure and can facilitate cohesin loading onto DNA. The biological function of MTA3 within the NuRD complex is unknown. Herein, we show that MTA3 was expressed highly in granulosa cell nuclei of all ovarian follicle stages and at lower levels in corpora lutea. We tested the hypothesis that MTA3-NuRD complex function is required for granulosa cell proliferation. In the ovary, MTA3 interacted with NuRD proteins CHD4 and HDAC1 and the core cohesin complex protein RAD21. In cultured mouse primary granulosa cells, depletion of endogenous MTA3 using RNA interference slowed cell proliferation; this effect was rescued by coexpression of exogenous MTA3. Slowing of cell proliferation correlated with a significant decrease in cyclin B1 and cyclin B2 expression. Granulosa cell populations lacking MTA3 contained a significantly higher percentage of cells in G2/M phase and a lower percentage in S phase compared with control cells. Furthermore, MTA3 depletion slowed entry into M phase as indicated by reduced phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10. These findings provide the first evidence to date that MTA3 interacts with NuRD and cohesin complex proteins in the ovary in vivo and regulates G2/M progression in proliferating granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kwintkiewicz
- Reproductive Medicine Group, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth Padilla-Banks
- Reproductive Medicine Group, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Wendy N. Jefferson
- Reproductive Medicine Group, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Ilana M. Jacobs
- Reproductive Medicine Group, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Paul A. Wade
- Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation Group, Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Carmen J. Williams
- Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation Group, Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Zhang M, Su YQ, Sugiura K, Wigglesworth K, Xia G, Eppig JJ. Estradiol promotes and maintains cumulus cell expression of natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) and meiotic arrest in mouse oocytes in vitro. Endocrinology 2011; 152:4377-85. [PMID: 21914782 PMCID: PMC3199003 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptide type C (NPPC) and its cognate receptor natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) are essential for maintaining meiotic arrest in mouse oocytes residing in Graafian follicles. Cumulus cells, which are associated with the oocyte, express the receptor NPR2, a guanylyl cyclase, whereas mural granulosa cells express ligand NPPC. This study determined the temporal expression of Npr2 and the hormonal factors that participate in regulating its expression and, thereby, in oocyte meiotic arrest. Stimulation of follicular development in vivo with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) promoted expression of Npr2 mRNA by cumulus cells and some periantral mural granulosa cells. However, FSH did not elevate the levels of Npr2 mRNA in cultured cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) isolated from mice not stimulated in vivo with eCG. Nevertheless, estradiol elevated expression of this transcript in vitro to the same steady-state level found in COCs isolated from eCG-stimulated follicles in vivo. Expression of Npr2 mRNA was rapidly reduced in COCs in vitro after isolation from eCG-primed mice unless maintained in culture with estradiol. The ability of NPPC to maintain meiotic arrest in cultured COCs was transient unless culture was in estradiol-containing medium. Ability of cumulus cells to produce cyclic GMP, which is required for the maintenance of meiotic arrest, was also lost in the absence of estradiol, indicating that estradiol is required to maintain functional NPR2 receptors on cumulus cells in vitro. It is concluded that estradiol promotes and maintains expression of NPR2 in cumulus cells and participates in NPPC-mediated maintenance of oocyte meiotic arrest in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PRC
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58
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Tsutsumi K, Matsuda M, Kotani M, Mizokami A, Murakami A, Takahashi I, Terada Y, Kanematsu T, Fukami K, Takenawa T, Jimi E, Hirata M. Involvement of PRIP, phospholipase C-related, but catalytically inactive protein, in bone formation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31032-31042. [PMID: 21757756 PMCID: PMC3162462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.235903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PRIP (phospholipase C-related, but catalytically inactive protein) is a novel protein isolated in this laboratory. PRIP-deficient mice showed increased serum gonadotropins, but decreased gonadal steroid hormones. This imbalance was similar to that for the cause of bone disease, such as osteoporosis. In the present study, therefore, we analyzed mutant mice with special reference to the bone property. We first performed three-dimensional analysis of the femur of female mice. The bone mineral density and trabecular bone volume were higher in mutant mice. We further performed histomorphometrical assay of bone formation parameters: bone formation rate, mineral apposition rate, osteoid thickness, and osteoblast number were up-regulated in the mutant, indicating that increased bone mass is caused by the enhancement of bone formation ability. We then cultured primary cells isolated from calvaria prepared from both genotypes. In mutant mice, osteoblast differentiation, as assessed by alkaline phosphatase activity and the expression of osteoblast differentiation marker genes, was enhanced. Moreover, we analyzed the phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 in response to bone morphogenetic protein, with longer phosphorylation in the mutant. These results indicate that PRIP is implicated in the negative regulation of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshiro Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Division of Fixed Prosthodontics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Miho Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Miho Kotani
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizokami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ayako Murakami
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takahashi
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Terada
- Division of Fixed Prosthodontics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Fukami
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignal, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tadaomi Takenawa
- Division of Lipid Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- Department of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental College, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Young R, Le Guillou S, Tilly G, Passet B, Vilotte M, Castille J, Beringue V, Le Provost F, Laude H, Vilotte JL. Generation of Sprn-regulated reporter mice reveals gonadic spatial expression of the prion-like protein Shadoo in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:752-6. [PMID: 21871438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The protein Shadoo (Sho) is a paralogue of prion protein, and encoded by the gene Sprn. Like prion protein it is primarily expressed in central nervous system, and has been shown to have a similar expression pattern in certain regions of the brain. We have generated reporter mice carrying a transgene encompassing the Sprn promoter, exon 1, intron 1 and the 5'-end of exon 2 driving expression of either the LacZ or GFP reporter gene to study the expression profile of Shadoo in mice. Expression of the reporter genes was analysed in brains of these transgenic mice and was shown to mimic that of the endogenous gene expression, previously described by Watts et al. [1]. Consequently, the Sprn-LacZ mice were used to study the spatial expression of Sho in other tissues of the adult mouse. Several tissues were collected and stained for β-gal activity, including the thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, intestine, muscle, and gonads. From this array of tissues, the transgene was consistently expressed only in specific cell types of the testicle and ovary, suggesting a role for Shadoo in fertility and reproduction. These mice may serve as a useful tool in deciphering the regulation of the prion-like gene Sprn and thus, indirectly, of the Shadoo protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Young
- INRA UMR 1313, Equipe Différenciation et Spécialisation Cellulaires (DISC), Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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60
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Liang N, Xu Y, Yin Y, Yao G, Tian H, Wang G, Lian J, Wang Y, Sun F. Steroidogenic factor-1 is required for TGF-beta3-mediated 17beta-estradiol synthesis in mouse ovarian granulosa cells. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3213-25. [PMID: 21586554 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TGF-β superfamily members are indicated to play key roles in ovarian follicular development, such as granulosa cell proliferation, estrogens, and progesterone production. However, little is known about the roles of TGF-β3 in follicular development. In this study, we found that TGF-β3 was predominantly expressed in granulosa cells of mouse ovarian follicles, and it significantly promoted 17β-estradiol (E(2)) release in a dose-dependent manner. The orphan nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) was required in TGF-β3-induced Cyp19a1 (a key rate-limiting enzyme for estrogen biosynthesis) expression and E(2) release. Additionally, TGF-β3 enhanced the binding of SF-1 to endogenous ovary-specific Cyp19a1 type II promoter, as evidenced by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. The enhanced effect of SF-1 by TGF-β3 may be mediated through functional interactions between SF-1 and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad)3 (a mediator of TGF-β signaling pathway), because disruption of the interaction abolished the synergistic effects of SF-1, Smad3, and TGF-β3 on Cyp19a1 mRNA expression. RNA interference and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies also demonstrated that Smad3 was required for SF-1 binding to Cyp19a1 type II promoter and activation of Cyp19a1. Smad3 thus acts as a point of convergence that involves integration of SF-1 and TGF-β signaling in affecting E(2) production. Taken together, our data provide mechanistic insights into the roles of SF-1 in TGF-β3-mediated E(2) synthesis. Understanding of potential cross-points between extracellular signals affecting estrogen production will help to discover new therapeutic targets in estrogen-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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61
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Bahamondes L, Bahamondes MV, Fernandes AMDS, Monteiro I. Emerging female contraceptives. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2011; 16:373-87. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2011.536761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Bianchi E, Barbagallo F, Valeri C, Geremia R, Salustri A, De Felici M, Sette C. Ablation of the Sam68 gene impairs female fertility and gonadotropin-dependent follicle development. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:4886-4894. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bianchi
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy and
- Laboratory of Neuroembryology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Barbagallo
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy and
- Laboratory of Neuroembryology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Valeri
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy and
| | - Raffaele Geremia
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy and
| | - Antonietta Salustri
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy and
| | - Massimo De Felici
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy and
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy and
- Laboratory of Neuroembryology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
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Mohri Y, Umezu T, Hidema S, Tomisawa H, Akamatsu A, Kato S, Nawa A, Nishimori K. Reduced fertility with impairment of early-stage embryos observed in mice lacking Lgr4 in epithelial tissues. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:2878-81. [PMID: 20638054 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lgr4 is one of the genes identified as novel G protein-coupled receptor genes designated Lgr4-Lgr8, with high homology with FSH receptor, LH receptor, and TSH receptor genes, but studies of Lgr4-mutant mice have suggested that Lgr4 has essential functions in development. This is the first report describing the relationship between the functions of Lgr4 and female reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Mohri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultrual Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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64
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Songsasen N, Fickes A, Pukazhenthi BS, Wildt DE. Follicular morphology, oocyte diameter and localisation of fibroblast growth factors in the domestic dog ovary. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 44 Suppl 2:65-70. [PMID: 19754538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Remarkably little is known about folliculogenesis in the dog. Objectives were to characterise (1) changes in follicle/oocyte diameter and granulosa cell number and (2) localisation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and FGF-7 during dog ovarian follicle development. Fourteen ovarian pairs were excised and processed for histological evaluation. Two to four serial sections/bitch were stained with hematoxylin, and follicle/oocyte diameters and granulosa cell number were determined at each developmental stage. Mean follicle and oocyte size were compared among stages by one-way analysis of variance. Relationships between follicle and oocyte size and granulosa cell number were determined using correlation and regression analysis, respectively. Another eight serial sections/bitch were processed for immunostaining to determine FGF-2 and FGF-7 localisation. Primordial and primary follicles were similar in size, but smaller than the progressively increasing (p < 0.05) diameter of the later stages. Oocyte diameter gradually increased (p < 0.05) among oocytes derived from primordial, primary, secondary and early antral follicles with no difference (p > 0.05) thereafter. Oocyte size and granulosa cell number increased (p < 0.01) with follicular diameter. Except during anoestrus, FGF-2 occurred in oocytes and granulosa cells of primordial to secondary follicles. In adult bitches, FGF-7 was localised in granulosa cells of primary and secondary follicles and also occurred in the theca layer of antral follicles during prooestrus and oestrus. In summary, folliculogenesis in the domestic dog occurs in two phases: pre-antral phase characterised by increasing follicle size in association with oocyte growth and granulosa cell proliferation and antral phase linked with marked granulosa cell proliferation and accumulation of antral cavity fluid. Finally, the temporal localisation pattern of FGF-2 implies its role in follicular activation, whereas FGF-7 activities appear related to later folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Songsasen
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
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Reizel Y, Elbaz J, Dekel N. Sustained activity of the EGF receptor is an absolute requisite for LH-induced oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 24:402-11. [PMID: 20009084 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian reproduction depends on the release of a mature oocyte from the ovarian follicle. Maturation of the oocyte and rupture of the follicle wall constitute part of the responses to the preovulatory surge of LH, which also include cumulus expansion and granulosa cell luteinization. It was previously shown that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mediates the ovulatory response to LH in the ovarian follicle. We hypothesized that it is a sustained activity of the EGFR that generates oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion. We demonstrated that, whereas a transient exposure of rat isolated, intact, preovulatory follicles to either LH or forskolin was sufficient to induce oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion, these LH-induced responses were only generated upon a prolonged activity of the EGFR. In addition, the continuous activity of the EGFR is essential for the chronic phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 downstream signaling molecules, which were shown to be essential for oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion. Interestingly, EGFR-sustained activity was also necessary to maintain the up-regulation of Ptgs2, a gene essential for cumulus expansion. The unusual prolonged duration of ERK1/2 activity may possibly be attributed to the late induction of the ERK-specific phosphatase 3, demonstrated herein. These new data shed light on the unique characteristics of EGFR-ERK1/2 activity in the ovarian follicle and emphasize the fact that the ovulatory process involves a nonclassical activation of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitzhak Reizel
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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66
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Orisaka M, Tajima K, Tsang BK, Kotsuji F. Oocyte-granulosa-theca cell interactions during preantral follicular development. J Ovarian Res 2009; 2:9. [PMID: 19589134 PMCID: PMC2715405 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The preantral-early antral follicle transition is the penultimate stage of follicular development in terms of gonadotropin dependence and follicle destiny (growth versus atresia). Follicular growth during this period is tightly regulated by oocyte-granulosa-theca cell interactions. Formation of the theca cell layer is a key event that occurs during this transitional stage. Granulosal factor(s) stimulates the recruitment of theca cells from cortical stromal cells, while oocyte-derived growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) is involved in the differentiation of theca cells during this early stage of follicular development. The preantral to early antral transition is most susceptible to follicular atresia. GDF-9 promotes follicular survival and growth during transition from preantral stage to early antral stage by suppressing granulosa cell apoptosis and follicular atresia. GDF-9 also enhances preantral follicle growth by up-regulating theca cell androgen production. Thecal factor(s) promotes granulosa cell proliferation and suppress granulosa cell apoptosis. Understanding the intraovarian mechanisms in the regulation of follicular growth and atresia during this stage may be of clinical significance in the selection of the best quality germ cells for assisted reproduction. In addition, since certain ovarian dysfunctions, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and gonadotropin poor-responsiveness, are consequences of dysregulated follicle growth at this transitional stage, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms in the control of follicular development during the preantral-early antral transition may provide important insight into the pathophysiology and rational treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Orisaka
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Fukui, Matsuoka, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
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67
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Lavoie HA, King SR. Transcriptional regulation of steroidogenic genes: STARD1, CYP11A1 and HSD3B. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:880-907. [PMID: 19491374 DOI: 10.3181/0903-mr-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the genes that mediate the first steps in steroidogenesis, the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STARD1), the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta5-Delta4 isomerase (HSD3B), is tightly controlled by a battery of transcription factors in the adrenal cortex, the gonads and the placenta. These genes generally respond to the same hormones that stimulate steroid production through common pathways such as cAMP signaling and common actions on their promoters by proteins such as NR5A and GATA family members. However, there are distinct temporal, tissue and species-specific differences in expression between the genes that are defined by combinatorial regulation and unique promoter elements. This review will provide an overview of the hormonal and transcriptional regulation of the STARD1, CYP11A1 and specific steroidogenic HSD3B genes in the adrenal, testis, ovary and placenta and discuss the current knowledge regarding the key transcriptional factors involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Lavoie
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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68
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Fan HY, Liu Z, Shimada M, Sterneck E, Johnson PF, Hedrick SM, Richards JS. MAPK3/1 (ERK1/2) in ovarian granulosa cells are essential for female fertility. Science 2009; 324:938-41. [PMID: 19443782 DOI: 10.1126/science.1171396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland triggers ovulation, oocyte maturation, and luteinization for successful reproduction in mammals. Because the signaling molecules RAS and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2) are activated by an LH surge in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles, we disrupted Erk1/2 in mouse granulosa cells and provide in vivo evidence that these kinases are necessary for LH-induced oocyte resumption of meiosis, ovulation, and luteinization. In addition, biochemical analyses and selected disruption of the Cebpb gene in granulosa cells demonstrate that C/EBPbeta (CCAAT/Enhancer-binding protein-beta) is a critical downstream mediator of ERK1/2 activation. Thus, ERK1/2 and C/EBPbeta constitute an in vivo LH-regulated signaling pathway that controls ovulation- and luteinization-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Yu Fan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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69
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Chand AL, Simpson ER, Clyne CD. Aromatase expression is increased in BRCA1 mutation carriers. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:148. [PMID: 19445691 PMCID: PMC2689243 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until recently, the molecular mechanisms explaining increased incidence of ovarian and breast cancers in carriers of BRCA1 gene mutations had not been clearly understood. Of significance is the finding that BRCA1 negatively regulates aromatase expression in vitro. Our objective was to characterise aromatase gene (CYP19A1) and its promoter expression in breast adipose and ovarian tissue in BRCA1 mutation carriers and unaffected controls. METHODS We measured aromatase transcripts, total and promoter-specific (PII, PI.3, PI.4) in prophylactic oophorectomy or mastectomy, therapeutic mastectomy, ovarian and breast tissue from unaffected women. RESULTS We demonstrate that the lack of functional BRCA1 protein correlates to higher aromatase levels in 85% of BRCA1 mutation carriers. This increase is mediated by aberrant transcriptional regulation of aromatase; in breast adipose by increases in promoter II/I.3 and I.4-specific transcripts; and in the ovary with elevation in promoter I.3 and II-specific transcripts. CONCLUSION Understanding the link between BRCA1 and aromatase is significant in terms of understanding why carcinogenesis is restricted to estrogen-producing tissues in BRCA1 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini L Chand
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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70
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Hernández-Ochoa I, Karman BN, Flaws JA. The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the female reproductive system. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:547-59. [PMID: 18977336 PMCID: PMC2657805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have emphasized how changes in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-mediated gene expression result in biological effects, raising interest in this receptor as a regulator of normal biological function. This review focuses on what is known about the role of the AHR in the female reproductive system, which includes the ovaries, Fallopian tubes or oviduct, uterus and vagina. This review also focuses on the role of the AHR in reproductive outcomes such as cyclicity, senescence, and fertility. Specifically, studies using potent AHR ligands, as well as transgenic mice lacking the AHR-signaling pathway are discussed from a viewpoint of understanding the endogenous role of this ligand-activated transcription factor in the female reproductive lifespan. Based on findings highlighted in this paper, it is proposed that the AHR has a role in physiological functions including ovarian function, establishment of an optimum environment for fertilization, nourishing the embryo and maintaining pregnancy, as well as in regulating reproductive lifespan and fertility. The mechanisms by which the AHR regulates female reproduction are poorly understood, but it is anticipated that new models and the ability to generate specific gene deletions will provide powerful experimental tools for better understanding how alterations in AHR pathways result in functional changes in the female reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hernández-Ochoa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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71
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Trombly DJ, Woodruff TK, Mayo KE. Roles for transforming growth factor beta superfamily proteins in early folliculogenesis. Semin Reprod Med 2009; 27:14-23. [PMID: 19197801 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1108006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Primordial follicle formation and the subsequent transition of follicles to the primary and secondary stages encompass the early events during folliculogenesis in mammals. These processes establish the ovarian follicle pool and prime follicles for entry into subsequent growth phases during the reproductive cycle. Perturbations during follicle formation can affect the size of the primordial follicle pool significantly, and alterations in follicle transition can cause follicles to arrest at immature stages or result in premature depletion of the follicle reserve. Determining the molecular events that regulate primordial follicle formation and early follicle growth may lead to the development of new fertility treatments. Over the last decade, many of the growth factors and signaling proteins that mediate the early stages of folliculogenesis have been identified using mouse genetic models, in vivo injection studies, and ex vivo organ culture approaches. These studies reveal important roles for the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of proteins in the ovary. This article reviews these roles for TGF-beta family proteins and focuses in particular on work from our laboratories on the functions of activin in early folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Trombly
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Cell Biology and Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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72
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Abstract
The mare provides a unique experimental model for studying follicle development in monovular species. Development of antral follicles in horses is characterized by the periodic growth of follicular waves which often involve the selection of a single dominant follicle. If properly stimulated, the dominant follicle will complete development and eventually ovulate a fertile oocyte. Regulation of follicular wave emergence and follicle selection involves an interplay between circulating gonadotropins and follicular factors that ensures that individual follicles are properly stimulated to grow (or to regress) at any given stage of follicular wave development. Periodic development of follicular waves continuously occurs during most of post-natal life in the mare and is influenced by factors such as stage of oestrous cycle, season, pregnancy, age, breed and individual so that different types of follicular waves (minor or major, ovulatory or anovulatory) and different levels of activity within waves may develop under different physiological conditions. Changes in gonadotropin levels and/or in the sensitivity of follicles to circulating gonadotropins seem to account largely for these physiological variations in follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Donadeu
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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73
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Aerts JMJ, Bols PEJ. Ovarian follicular dynamics: a review with emphasis on the bovine species. Part I: Folliculogenesis and pre-antral follicle development. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 45:171-9. [PMID: 19210660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent scientific research into pre-antral follicular dynamics has resulted in the discovery of a wide range of hormones and local factors that influence primordial follicle activation and contribute to follicular development. The putative role of several of these mediators in the follicle growth process has been elucidated by genetic and molecular investigations. Crucial questions, such as the mechanism for primordial follicle initiation and the interplay between oocyte and granulosa cells in this process, remain however unresolved. This review article commences with a description of the embryogenesis of the ovary and follicles. Next, the different stages in the development from primordial to pre-antral follicle are discussed. Thereafter, a short overview of the various in vitro models for the study of follicular dynamics is presented. Finally, an in-depth discussion of pre-antral follicle development engages in the current hypotheses regarding primordial follicle activation, and the role of gonadotrophins and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M J Aerts
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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74
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Armenti AE, Zama AM, Passantino L, Uzumcu M. Developmental methoxychlor exposure affects multiple reproductive parameters and ovarian folliculogenesis and gene expression in adult rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 233:286-96. [PMID: 18848953 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methoxychlor (MXC) is an organochlorine pesticide with estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, and anti-androgenic properties. To investigate whether transient developmental exposure to MXC could cause adult ovarian dysfunction, we exposed Fischer rats to 20 microg/kg/day (low dose; environmentally relevant dose) or 100 mg/kg/day (high dose) MXC between 19 days post coitum and postnatal day 7. Multiple reproductive parameters, serum hormone levels, and ovarian morphology and molecular markers were examined from prepubertal through adult stages. High dose MXC accelerated pubertal onset and first estrus, reduced litter size, and increased irregular cyclicity (P<0.05). MXC reduced superovulatory response to exogenous gonadotropins in prepubertal females (P<0.05). Rats exposed to high dose MXC had increasing irregular estrous cyclicity beginning at 4 months of age, with all animals showing abnormal cycles by 6 months. High dose MXC reduced serum progesterone, but increased luteinizing hormone (LH). Follicular composition analysis revealed an increase in the percentage of preantral and early antral follicles and a reduction in the percentage of corpora lutea in high dose MXC-treated ovaries (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical staining and quantification of the staining intensity showed that estrogen receptor beta was reduced by high dose MXC while anti-Mullerian hormone was upregulated by both low- and high dose MXC in preantral and early antral follicles (P<0.05). High dose MXC significantly reduced LH receptor expression in large antral follicles (P<0.01), and down-regulated cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage. These results demonstrated that developmental MXC exposure results in reduced ovulation and fertility and premature aging, possibly by altering ovarian gene expression and folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnnMarie E Armenti
- Department of Animal Sciences School of Environmental and Biological Sciences Rutgers, The State 84 Lipman Drive University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
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75
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Rodrigues P, Limback D, McGinnis LK, Plancha CE, Albertini DF. Oogenesis: Prospects and challenges for the future. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:355-65. [PMID: 18452183 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oogenesis serves a singular role in the reproductive success of plants and animals. Of their remarkable differentiation pathway what stands out is the ability of oocytes to transform from a single cell into the totipotent lineages that seed the early embryo. As our understanding that commonalities between diverse organisms at the genetic, cellular and molecular levels are conserved to achieve successful reproduction, the notion that embryogenesis presupposes oogenesis has entered the day-to-day parlance of regenerative medicine and stem cell biology. With emphasis on the mammalian oocyte, this review will cover (1) current concepts regarding the birth, survival and growth of oocytes that depends on complex patterns of cell communication between germ line and soma, (2) the notion of "maternal inheritance" from a genetic and epigenetic perspective, and (3) the relative value of model systems with reference to current clinical and biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rodrigues
- Department Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
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76
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Andric N, Ascoli M. Mutations of the lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor that do not activate the phosphoinositide cascade allow hCG to induce aromatase expression in immature rat granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 285:62-72. [PMID: 18313839 PMCID: PMC2288781 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using primary cultures of immature rat granulosa cells and adenoviral infections we expressed two mutants of the human lutropin receptor (hLHR) that do not activate the phosphoinositide cascade. One mutant (hLFF) has the extracellular domain of the hLHR and the transmembrane and intracellular domains of the hFSHR. The other (hLHR-L457D) has a leucine to aspartate mutation in residue 457 of transmembrane helix 3. When expressed in immature rat granulosa cells the hLHR stimulates cAMP and inositol phosphate accumulation, transactivates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), elicits a transient increase in Akt phosphorylation, and a sustained increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation but aromatase expression is not enhanced. When expressed at comparable densities, hLFF and hLHR-L457D support cAMP accumulation and transient Akt phosphorylation but do not support inositol phosphate accumulation, EGFR transactivation or a sustained phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Cells expressing either of these two mutants respond to hCG with increased aromatase expression. We also show that addition of hCG to cells expressing the hLHR antagonizes the effects of hFSH on aromatase expression whereas addition of hCG to cells expressing the hLHR-L457D mutant does not. These results show that activation of the phosphoinositide cascade is upstream of EGFR transactivation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and that this pathway is a negative regulator of aromatase expression in granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojsa Andric
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, 2-319B BSB, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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77
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The Cebpd (C/EBPdelta) gene is induced by luteinizing hormones in ovarian theca and interstitial cells but is not essential for mouse ovary function. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1334. [PMID: 18092000 PMCID: PMC2129115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (CEBP) family of transcription factors includes five genes. In the ovary, both Cebpa and Cebpb are essential for granulosa cell function. In this study we have explored the role of the Cebpd gene in ovarian physiology by expression and functional studies. Here we report that Cebpd (C/EBPdelta) is expressed in the mouse ovary in a highly restricted temporal and spatial pattern. In response to luteinizing hormone (LH/hCG), CEBPD expression is transiently induced in interstitial cells and in theca cells of follicles from the primary to pre-ovulatory stage, and overlaps in part with expression of the alpha-smooth muscle actin protein. Efficient down-regulation of CEBPD was dependent on a functional Cebpb gene. Proliferating human theca cells in culture also express Cebpd. Cells from patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) exhibited higher Cebpd expression levels. However, deletion of Cebpd in mice had no overt effect on ovarian physiology and reproductive function. Very little is known at present about the molecular mechanisms underlying theca/interstitial cell functions. The expression pattern of CEBPD reported here identifies a novel functional unit of mouse theca cells of primary through tertiary follicles responding to LH/hCG together with a subset of interstitial cells. This acute stimulation of CEBPD expression may be exploited to further characterize the hormonal regulation and function of theca and interstitial cells.
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78
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Coutts SM, Childs AJ, Fulton N, Collins C, Bayne RAL, McNeilly AS, Anderson RA. Activin signals via SMAD2/3 between germ and somatic cells in the human fetal ovary and regulates kit ligand expression. Dev Biol 2007; 314:189-99. [PMID: 18166170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian germ cell survival is dependent upon the formation of primordial follicles, which occurs during fetal life in the human. Activin contributes to germ cell proliferation and survival at this time. SMADs2 and 3 are central elements in the activin signalling pathway and thus indicate sites of activin action. We have investigated the expression and localisation of SMADs2 and 3 in the fetal ovary between 14 and 20 weeks gestation, i.e. preceding and during primordial follicle formation. SMAD3 mRNA expression increased 1.9 fold (P=0.02). SMAD2 and 3 proteins were localised by immunofluorescence to the nuclei of three distinct populations of somatic cells: (a) stromal cells between clusters of germ cells; (b) some somatic cells intermingled with activin beta A-expressing germ cells; (c) pre-granulosa cells surrounding primordial follicles. Germ cells did not express SMAD2 or 3. Activin A increased and follistatin decreased phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 in vitro, and activin increased SMAD2 and decreased KITLG mRNA expression. It therefore appears that somatic cells are the targets for activin signalling in the developing ovary. The effects of activin on germ cells are indirect and include mediation by the kit ligand/c-Kit pathway, rather than being an autocrine germ cell effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiona M Coutts
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
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79
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Ulloa-Aguirre A, Zariñán T, Pasapera AM, Casas-González P, Dias JA. Multiple facets of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor function. Endocrine 2007; 32:251-63. [PMID: 18246451 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-008-9041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. This gonadotropin plays an essential role in reproduction. Its receptor (FSHR) belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), specifically the family of rhodopsin-like receptors. Agonist binding to the FSHR triggers the rapid activation of multiple signaling cascades, mainly the cAMP-adenylyl cyclase-protein kinase A cascade, that impact diverse biological effects of FSH in the gonads. As in other G protein-coupled receptors, the several cytoplasmic domains of the FSHR are involved in signal transduction and termination of the FSH signal. Here we summarize some recent information on the signaling cascades activated by FSH as well as on the role of the intracytoplasmic domains of the FSHR in coupling to membrane and cytosolic proteins linked to key biological functions regulated by the FSH-FSHR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Hospital de Ginecobstetricia "Luis Castelazo Ayala", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Apartado Postal 99-065, Unidad Independencia, C.P. 10101 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
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80
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Immunolocalization of beclin 1, a bcl-2-binding, autophagy-related protein, in the human ovary: possible relation to life span of corpus luteum. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 331:509-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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81
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Sen A, Bettegowda A, Jimenez-Krassel F, Ireland JJ, Smith GW. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone signal transduction in bovine granulosa cells. Endocrinology 2007; 148:4400-10. [PMID: 17569753 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of estradiol production, central to ovarian follicular development and reproductive function, is mediated by a complex interaction of pituitary gonadotropins such as FSH with locally produced regulatory molecules. We previously demonstrated a negative association of expression of cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) with follicle health status and a novel local negative role for CART in regulation of basal estradiol production by bovine granulosa cells. However, effects of CART on FSH-induced estradiol production and the underlying mechanism(s) mediating the physiological actions of CART on granulosa cells are not known. Objectives of the present study were to determine effects of CART on basal and FSH-induced intracellular cAMP levels, aromatase mRNA, estradiol accumulation, calcium signaling, and the intracellular signaling pathways involved using primary cultures of bovine granulosa cells. CART treatment potently inhibits the FSH-induced rise in granulosa cell cAMP levels, estradiol accumulation, and aromatase mRNA. Furthermore, results show that calcium is essential for FSH-induced cAMP and estradiol accumulation, and CART significantly inhibits FSH-induced calcium influx. Select G protein and protein kinase inhibitors were used to elucidate pathways involved in CART actions. The inhibitory actions of CART on FSH signaling and estradiol production are mediated via a G(o/i)-dependent pathway, whereas none of the other signaling inhibitors had any effect on CART actions. Results demonstrate novel potent inhibitory effects of CART on multiple components of the FSH signaling pathway linked to estradiol production and follicular development and shed new insight into the mechanism of action of CART potentially pertinent within and beyond the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritro Sen
- Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Genomics, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 1230 Anthony Hall, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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82
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Kang H, Lee SK, Cho SW, Lee SH, Kwack K. Branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase, E1-beta subunit gene is associated with premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 2007; 89:728-31. [PMID: 17524396 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants of the human branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase, E1-beta subunit (BCKDHB) gene were identified and they have been associated with premature ovarian failure (POF). Reconstructed haplotype from these variants was also associated with POF.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyunJun Kang
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, Pochon CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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83
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Visser JA, Durlinger ALL, Peters IJJ, van den Heuvel ER, Rose UM, Kramer P, de Jong FH, Themmen APN. Increased oocyte degeneration and follicular atresia during the estrous cycle in anti-Müllerian hormone null mice. Endocrinology 2007; 148:2301-8. [PMID: 17255205 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) plays an important role in folliculogenesis. AMH null mice display an increased recruitment of primordial follicles. Nevertheless, these mice do not have proportionally more preovulatory follicles. Therefore, AMH null mice provide an interesting genetic model to study the regulation of species-specific number of preovulatory follicles. We studied the follicle pool throughout the estrous cycle at 4 months of age. Analysis of the follicle pool revealed that AMH null mice have an increased and earlier cyclic recruitment of growing follicles despite a blunted FSH surge at estrus. However, FSH levels at estrus were apparently too low to support growth to the preovulatory stage because an increased level of atresia was observed, which neutralized the increased cyclic recruitment. When AMH null mice were subjected to a superovulation scheme, the rise in FSH levels resulted in the rescue of the recruited cohort of growing follicles. Analysis of the follicle pool also revealed that the increased recruitment of primordial follicles in AMH null mice was neutralized by an increased loss of follicles during the transition from small preantral to large preantral follicle. This major loss of follicles was not completely reflected by a corresponding augmentation of atresia but did correspond with an increased number of oocyte remnants observed in AMH null mice. We conclude that a combination of increased oocyte degeneration and increased follicular atresia neutralizes the increased initial and cyclic recruitment in AMH null mice to a normal number of preovulatory follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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84
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Orisaka M, Mizutani T, Tajima K, Orisaka S, Shukunami KI, Miyamoto K, Kotsuji F. Effects of ovarian theca cells on granulosa cell differentiation during gonadotropin-independent follicular growth in cattle. Mol Reprod Dev 2007; 73:737-44. [PMID: 16541462 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of theca cells or FSH on granulosa cell differentiation and steroid production during bovine early follicular growth, using a co-culture system in which granulosa and theca cells were cultured on opposite sides of a collagen membrane. Follicular cells were isolated from early antral follicles (2-4 mm) that were assumed to be in gonadotropin-independent phase and just before recruitment into a follicular wave. Granulosa cells were cultured under serum-free conditions with and without theca cells or recombinant human FSH to test their effects on granulosa cell differentiation. Messenger RNA levels for P450 aromatase (aromatase), P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage (P450scc), 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD), LH receptor (LHr), and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in granulosa cells were measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis. FSH enhanced aromatase mRNA expression in granulosa cells, but did not alter estradiol production. FSH also enhanced mRNA expression for P450scc, LHr, and StAR in granulosa cells, resulting in an increase in progesterone production. In contrast, theca cells enhanced aromatase mRNA expression in granulosa cells resulting in an increase in estradiol production. Theca cells did not alter progesterone production and mRNA expression in granulosa cells for P450scc, 3beta-HSD, LHr, and StAR. The results of the present study indicate that theca cells are involved in both rate-limiting steps in estrogen production, i.e., androgen substrate production and aromatase regulation, and that theca cell-derived factors regulate estradiol and progesterone production in a way that reflects steroidogenesis during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Orisaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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85
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Palanisamy GS, Cheon YP, Kim J, Kannan A, Li Q, Sato M, Mantena SR, Sitruk-Ware RL, Bagchi MK, Bagchi IC. A Novel Pathway Involving Progesterone Receptor, Endothelin-2, and Endothelin Receptor B Controls Ovulation in Mice. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:2784-95. [PMID: 16887885 DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe steroid hormone progesterone (P) plays a pivotal role during ovulation. Mice lacking P receptor (Pgr) gene fail to ovulate due to a defect in follicular rupture. The P receptor (PGR)-regulated pathways that modulate ovulation, however, remain poorly understood. To identify these pathways, we performed gene expression profiling using ovaries from mice subjected to gonadotropin-induced superovulation in the presence and in the absence of CDB-2914, a synthetic PGR antagonist. Prominent among the genes that were down-regulated in response to CDB-2914 was endothelin (ET)-2, a potent vasoactive molecule. ET-2 mRNA was transiently induced in mural granulosa cells of the preovulatory follicles immediately preceding ovulation. This induction was absent in the ovaries of PGR null mice, indicating a critical role of this receptor in ET-2 expression. To investigate the functional role of ET-2 during ovulation, we employed selective antagonists of endothelin receptors, ETR-A and ETR-B. Mice treated with an ETR-B antagonist exhibited a dramatic (>85%) decline in the number of released oocytes. Strong expression of ETR-B was observed in the mural and cumulus granulosa cells of the preovulatory follicles as well as in the capillaries lining the inner border of the theca interna. We also identified cGMP-dependent protein kinase II, a previously reported PGR-regulated gene, as a downstream target of ET-2 during ovulation. Collectively, our studies uncovered a unique pathway in which ET-2, produced by PGR in mural granulosa cells, acts in a paracrine or autocrine manner on multiple cell types within the preovulatory follicle to control the final events leading to its rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath S Palanisamy
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
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86
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Massai MR, Forcelledo ML, Brache V, Tejada AS, Salvatierra AM, Reyes MV, Alvarez F, Faúndes A, Croxatto HB. Does meloxicam increase the incidence of anovulation induced by single administration of levonorgestrel in emergency contraception? A pilot study. Hum Reprod 2006; 22:434-9. [PMID: 16980507 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levonorgestrel (LNG) consistently prevents follicular rupture only when it is given before the onset of the ovulatory stimulus. As locally synthesized prostaglandin (PG) plays a crucial role in follicular rupture and cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) catalyses the final step of PG synthesis, we reasoned that adding a cox-2 inhibitor to LNG would prevent follicular rupture even after the ovulatory process had been triggered by the gonadotrophin surge. METHODS Forty-one women were divided into two groups. One was treated when the size of the leading follicle was 15-17 mm (n=10) and the other when it was >or=18 mm (n=31). Each woman contributed with one cycle treated with LNG 1.5 mg single dose plus placebo and another treated with LNG + meloxicam (Melox) 15 mg, in a randomized order. Serial blood sampling for the assay of LH and follicular monitoring by transvaginal ultrasound were performed before and after treatment. RESULTS Follicular rupture failed to occur within the 5-day period that followed treatment in 50 and 70% of cycles treated with LNG + Placebo and LNG + Melox, respectively, in the 15-17 mm group (P=0.15) and in 16 and 39% of cycles treated with LNG + Placebo and LNG + Melox, respectively, in the >or=18 mm group (P < 0.052). The overall proportion of cycles with no follicular rupture or ovulatory dysfunction increased significantly by the addition of Melox to LNG (66 versus 88%, P < 0.012; n=41-matched pairs). CONCLUSIONS The trend towards increased incidence of no follicular rupture when Melox was combined with LNG suggests that the addition of a cox-2 inhibitor has the potential to improve the contraceptive efficacy of LNG by a pre-fertilization effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Massai
- Instituto Chileno de Medicina Reproductiva (ICMER), Santiago, Chile.
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87
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Andric N, Ascoli M. A delayed gonadotropin-dependent and growth factor-mediated activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 cascade negatively regulates aromatase expression in granulosa cells. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:3308-20. [PMID: 16973759 PMCID: PMC1665466 DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin and human FSH (hFSH) elicit a transient increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation lasting less than 60 min in immature granulosa cells expressing a low density of gonadotropin receptors. In cells expressing a high density of receptors, human chorionic gonadotropin and human FSH elicit this fast transient increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation and also a delayed and more sustained increase that is detectable after 6-9 h. Both the early and delayed increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation can be blocked with inhibitors of protein kinase A, the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase, metalloproteases, and MAPK kinase. The delayed effect, but not the early effect, can also be blocked with an inhibitor of protein kinase C. Because the delayed increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation correlates with low aromatase expression in response to gonadotropins, we tested the effects of these inhibitors on aromatase expression. These inhibitors had little or no effect on gonadotropin-induced aromatase expression in cells expressing a low density of receptors, but they enhanced gonadotropin-induced aromatase expression in cells expressing a high density of receptors. Phorbol esters also induced a prolonged increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation and, when added together with hFSH, blocked the induction of aromatase expression by hFSH in cells expressing a low density of hFSH receptor. A MAPK kinase inhibitor reversed the inhibitory effect of the phorbol ester on aromatase induction. We conclude that the effects of gonadotropins on ERK1/2 phosphorylation are mediated by epidermal growth factor-like growth factors and that the delayed effect is partially mediated by protein kinase C and acts as a negative regulator of aromatase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Ascoli
- Address correspondence to: Mario Ascoli, Ph.D. Department of Pharmacology, 2-319B BSB, 51 Newton Road, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, Email , Voice 319-335-9907, Fax 319-335-8930
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88
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Parakh TN, Hernandez JA, Grammer JC, Weck J, Hunzicker-Dunn M, Zeleznik AJ, Nilson JH. Follicle-stimulating hormone/cAMP regulation of aromatase gene expression requires beta-catenin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:12435-40. [PMID: 16895991 PMCID: PMC1533882 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603006103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens profoundly influence the physiology and pathology of reproductive and other tissues. Consequently, emphasis has been placed on delineating the mechanisms underlying regulation of estrogen levels. Circulating levels of estradiol in women are controlled by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which regulates transcription of the aromatase gene (CYP19A1) in ovarian granulosa cells. Previous studies have focused on two downstream effectors of the FSH signal, cAMP and the orphan nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor-1 (NR5A1). In this report, we present evidence for beta-catenin (CTNNB1) as an essential transcriptional regulator of CYP19A1. FSH induction of select steroidogenic enzyme mRNAs, including Cyp19a1, is enhanced by beta-catenin. Additionally, beta-catenin is present in transcription complexes assembled on the endogenous gonad-specific CYP19A1 promoter, as evidenced by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Transient expression and RNAi studies demonstrate that FSH- and cAMP-dependent regulation of this promoter is sensitive to alterations in the level of beta-catenin. The stimulatory effect of beta-catenin is mediated through functional interactions with steroidogenic factor-1 that involve four acidic residues within its ligand-binding domain, mutation of which attenuates FSH/cAMP-induced Cyp19a1 mRNA accumulation. Together, these data demonstrate that beta-catenin is essential for FSH/cAMP-regulated gene expression in the ovary, identifying a central and previously unappreciated role for beta-catenin in estrogen biosynthesis, and a potential broader role in other aspects of follicular maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehnaz N. Parakh
- *School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | | | - Jean C. Grammer
- *School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Jennifer Weck
- *School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Mary Hunzicker-Dunn
- *School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Anthony J. Zeleznik
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15621
| | - John H. Nilson
- *School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
School of Molecular Biosciences, Fulmer 639A, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4660. E-mail:
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89
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Huang HF, He RH, Sun CC, Zhang Y, Meng QX, Ma YY. Function of aquaporins in female and male reproductive systems. Hum Reprod Update 2006; 12:785-95. [PMID: 16840793 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dml035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The flow of water and some other small molecules across cell membranes is important in many of the processes underlying reproduction. The fluid movement is strongly associated with the presence of aquaporins (AQPs) in the female and male reproductive systems. It has been suggested that AQPs mediate water movement into the antral follicle and play important roles in follicle development. AQPs are known to be involved in the early stage of spermatogenesis, in the secretion of tubule liquid and in the concentration and storage of spermatozoa. Fluid reabsorption in some regions of the male reproductive tract is under steroid hormone control and could be mediated by various AQPs. Also AQPs take part in the processes of fertilization, blastocyst formation (as the pathway for transtrophoectodermal water movement during cavitation) and implantation. Alterations in the expression and function or regulation of AQPs have already been demonstrated in disorders of the male reproductive system, such as abnormal sperm motility, the abnormal epididymis and infertility seen in cystic fibrosis, and varicocele. This article extensively reviews the distribution of AQPs in mammalian reproductive tissues and discusses their possible physiological and pathophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Feng Huang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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90
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Baerwald AR, Olatunbosun OA, Pierson RA. Effects of oral contraceptives administered at defined stages of ovarian follicular development. Fertil Steril 2006; 86:27-35. [PMID: 16764869 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the effects of initiating oral contraceptives (OC) at defined stages of ovarian follicle development. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal study. SETTING Healthy volunteers in an academic research environment. PATIENT(S) Forty-five healthy women between the ages of 18 and 35 years, randomized to initiate OC when a follicle diameter of 10, 14, or 18 mm was first detected. INTERVENTION(S) The OC administration at defined stages of dominant follicle development. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Fates of all dominant follicles and serum concentrations of E(2)-17beta, LH, and P before and after initiating OC. RESULT(S) No ovulations (0/16) were observed when OC use was initiated at a follicle diameter of 10 mm, 4/14 (29%) follicles ovulated when OC were initiated at 14 mm, and 14/15 (93%) ovulated when OC were initiated at 18 mm. When ovulation did not occur, follicles regressed or became anovulatory cysts. Peak LH and E(2) levels were lowest in the 10-mm group, moderate in the 14-mm group, and greatest in the 18-mm group. Peak endocrine levels in all treatment groups were lower than the historic reference group. CONCLUSION(S) Follicular development, ovulation, and endocrine concentrations were not suppressed effectively when OC were initiated at late stages of dominant follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Baerwald
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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91
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Abstract
The steroidogenic pathway within the ovary gives rise to progestins, androgens and oestrogens, all of which act via specific nuclear receptors to regulate reproductive function and maintain fertility. The role of progestins in follicular growth and development is limited, its action confined largely to ovulation, although direct effects on granulosa cell function have been reported. Consistent with these findings, progesterone receptor knockout mice are infertile because they cannot ovulate. Androgens have been shown to promote early follicular growth, but also to impede follicular development by stimulating atresia and apoptosis. The inability of androgens to transduce a signal in mice lacking androgen receptors culminates in reduced fertility. Oestrogens are known to exert effects on granulosa cell growth and differentiation in association with gonadotrophins. Studies with oestrogen receptor knockouts and oestrogen depleted mice have shown us that oestrogen is essential for folliculogenesis beyond the antral stage and is necessary to maintain the female phenotype of ovarian somatic cells. In summary, the action of steroids within the ovary is based on the developmental status of the follicle. In the absence of any single sex steroid, ovarian function and subsequently fertility, are compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Drummond
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 5152, Clayton Victoria 3168, Australia.
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92
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Schmidt J, de Avila J, McLean D. Regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 4a1, B-cell translocation gene 2, nuclear receptor subfamily 4a1 and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 by follicle stimulating hormone in the rat ovary. Reprod Fertil Dev 2006; 18:757-65. [PMID: 17032584 DOI: 10.1071/rd05167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian response to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) leads to the formation of a mature follicle that is eventually ovulated. FSH and LH are essential for this process because they direct changes in somatic cells associated with folliculogenesis by regulating the expression of multiple genes. We hypothesised that genes induced by FSH in rat Sertoli cells would also show hormonal regulation during rat folliculogenesis. The objective of this study was to determine the expression patterns of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (Dgat1), nuclear receptor subfamily 4a1 (Nr4a1), an anti-proliferative gene (Btg2) and a protein tyrosine phosphatase (Ptp4a1) in the ovaries of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG)-treated and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)-treated rats. Expression of Dgat1, Nr4a1 and Ptp4a1 was induced in ovaries 4 h post PMSG treatment. When rats were treated with hCG, Dgat1, Nr4a1 and Ptp4a1 expression was induced by 12 h. Expression of Nr4a1 protein increases 12–24 h after induction of gene expression. Nr4a1 protein was observed in the granulosa, theca and luteal cells post PMSG and hCG treatment. These findings should increase our knowledge of mechanisms regulating folliculogenesis and luteinisation and demonstrate the diverse proteins that are important in ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Schmidt
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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93
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Baba T, Mimura J, Nakamura N, Harada N, Yamamoto M, Morohashi KI, Fujii-Kuriyama Y. Intrinsic function of the aryl hydrocarbon (dioxin) receptor as a key factor in female reproduction. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:10040-51. [PMID: 16260617 PMCID: PMC1280268 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.22.10040-10051.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioxins exert a variety of adverse effects on organisms, including teratogenesis, immunosuppression, tumor promotion, and estrogenic action. Studies using aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-deficient mice suggest that the majority of these toxic effects are mediated by the AhR. In spite of the adverse effects mediated by this receptor, the AhR gene is conserved among a number of animal species, ranging from invertebrates to vertebrates. This high degree of conservation strongly suggests that AhR possesses an important physiologic function, and a critical function is also supported by the reduced fertility observed with AhR-null female mice. We demonstrate that AhR plays a crucial role in female reproduction by regulating the expression of ovarian P450 aromatase (Cyp19), a key enzyme in estrogen synthesis. As revealed by in vitro reporter gene assay and in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, AhR cooperates with an orphan nuclear receptor, Ad4BP/SF-1, to activate Cyp19 gene transcription in ovarian granulosa cells. Administration to female mice of an AhR ligand, DMBA (9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene), induced ovarian Cyp19 gene expression, irrespective of the intrinsic phase of the estrus cycle. In addition to elucidating a physiological function for AhR, our studies also suggest a possible mechanism for the toxic effects of exogenous AhR ligands as endocrine disruptors.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aromatase/biosynthesis
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- Estradiol/metabolism
- Estrogens/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Genotype
- Granulosa Cells/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunoprecipitation
- Ligands
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Models, Genetic
- Ovary/metabolism
- Ovulation
- Phenotype
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/chemistry
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/physiology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Reproduction
- Steroidogenic Factor 1
- Steroids/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Baba
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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94
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Donadeu FX, Ascoli M. The differential effects of the gonadotropin receptors on aromatase expression in primary cultures of immature rat granulosa cells are highly dependent on the density of receptors expressed and the activation of the inositol phosphate cascade. Endocrinology 2005; 146:3907-16. [PMID: 15919743 PMCID: PMC1262674 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Signaling pathways mediating the divergent effects of FSH and LH on aromatase in immature rat granulosa cells were studied by infecting cells with increasing amounts of adenoviral vectors for the human LH receptor (hLHR) or FSH receptor (hFSHR). Increasing amounts of Ad-hLHR, used at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 20 or 200 viable viral particles/cell, increased human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) binding and hCG-induced cAMP and Akt phosphorylation, but inositol phosphates only increased in response to hCG in cells infected with 200 MOI Ad-hLHR. In contrast, hCG increased aromatase expression in cells infected with 20, but not in cells infected with 200, MOI Ad-hLHR. Cells infected with 20 or 200 MOI Ad-hFSHR showed increased hFSH binding and hFSH-induced Akt phosphorylation, but the hFSH-induced cAMP response was unchanged relative to control cells. However, hFSH was able to stimulate the inositol phosphate cascade in the Ad-hFSHR-infected cells, and the hFSH induction of aromatase was abolished. We also found that activation of C kinase or expression of a constitutively active form of Galphaq inhibited the induction of aromatase by hFSH or 8Br-cAMP. We conclude that the differential effects of FSH and LH on aromatase in immature granulosa cells are highly dependent on gonadotropin receptor density and on the signaling pathways activated. We propose that aromatase is induced by common signals generated by activation of the FSHR and LHR (possibly cAMP and Akt) and that the activation of the inositol phosphate cascade in cells expressing a high density of LHR or FSHR antagonizes this induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Ascoli
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Mario Ascoli, Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, 2-319B BSB, 51 Newton Road, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, Phone 319-335-9907, Fax 319-335-8930, Email
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95
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Ogiwara K, Takano N, Shinohara M, Murakami M, Takahashi T. Gelatinase A and membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2 are responsible for follicle rupture during ovulation in the medaka. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:8442-7. [PMID: 15941829 PMCID: PMC1150835 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502423102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of the hydrolytic enzymes involved in follicle rupture during vertebrate ovulation remains a central challenge for research in reproductive biology. Here, we report a previously uncharacterized approach to this problem by using an in vitro ovulation system in the medaka, Oryzias latipes, which is a small freshwater teleost. We found that follicle rupture in the medaka ovary involves the cooperation of at least three matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), together with the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2b protein. We determined the discrete roles of each of these proteins during follicle rupture. Our results indicated that gelatinase A induces the hydrolysis of type IV collagen constituting the basement membrane, membrane-type 2 MMP degrades type I collagen present in the theca cell layer, and MT1-MMP and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2b are involved in the production and regulation of gelatinase A. These findings will help clarify the mechanism of follicle wall degradation during ovulation in mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsueki Ogiwara
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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96
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Hermann BP, Heckert LL. Silencing of Fshr occurs through a conserved, hypersensitive site in the first intron. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19:2112-31. [PMID: 15817654 PMCID: PMC1547732 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the FSH receptor (Fshr) is restricted to testicular Sertoli cells and ovarian granulosa cells, thereby limiting the direct targets of FSH action to these somatic cells of the gonads. Earlier studies indicate that transcription of Fshr in the gonads requires elements outside the gene's immediate 5' flanking sequence. To help uncover candidate regulatory sequences, comparative genomics and deoxyribonuclease I hypersensitivity mapping were employed. A total of 156 evolutionarily conserved sequences were found, and partial deoxyribonuclease I hypersensitivity mapping across 45 kb of 5' flanking sequence and the first intron identified four hypersensitive sites, DHS1-4. Notably, DHS1 and DHS2 localized to conserved sites in the promoter region and exon 1 and correlated with the active state of the gene. DHS3 also corresponded to a conserved site (site 7) but was more pronounced in nonexpressing myoid cells, suggesting a role in gene silencing. Transient transfection analysis of DHS3 confirmed its role in gene silencing, a function that was promoter, cell type, and position dependent. Protein-DNA binding studies on DHS3 revealed that octamer transcription factor 1 (OCT-1) and GATA-4 bound site 7, in vitro, and transient transfection analysis showed that their binding sites were required for silencing activity. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that OCT-1 bound to site 7 in the endogenous gene, but only in myoid cells. In contrast, GATA-1 bound site 7 predominantly in Sertoli cells, suggesting that it attenuates silencer activity. The findings reveal that OCT-1 binds within DHS3 to silence Fshr transcription and implicate members of the GATA family in the modulation of this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leslie L. Heckert
- Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Leslie L. Heckert, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66160. E-mail:
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Budnik LT, Brunswig-Spickenheier B. Differential effects of lysolipids on steroid synthesis in cells expressing endogenous LPA2 receptor. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:930-41. [PMID: 15716590 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400423-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Incubation of ovarian luteal cells with the bioactive lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) for 180 min abolishes gonadotropin-induced steroid production with no attenuation of the cyclic AMP accumulation. Treatment with the lysolipid also diminishes [14C]steroid production in cells preloaded with either [14C]cholesterol or [14C]acetate. Neither the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein nor in vitro steroid synthesis is affected in isolated mitochondrial fractions. The LPA-induced attenuation of steroid production occurs only in the mid-cycle corpus luteum and is associated with a transient endogenous expression of mRNA for the lysophosphatidic acid A2 (LPA2) receptor (with no concomitant changes in the expression of LPA1 receptor). Expression of LPA2 is accompanied by LPA-induced sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) production. Because luteal cells, in the presence of the sphingosine kinase inhibitor dihydrosphingosine, can overcome the inhibitory effects of LPA on steroid synthesis, we suggest the possible requirement of intracellular S1P production. Interestingly, no LPA-induced inhibition of 8Br-cAMP-stimulated progesterone synthesis can be detected in Leydig tumor cell line MA10 cells expressing only LPA2 receptor. Surprisingly, however, exogenous S1P inhibits agonist-stimulated progesterone in both cell types by inhibiting cyclic AMP accumulation, suggesting different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygia T Budnik
- Institute for Hormone and Fertility Research, Anatomy I, University Hospital Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Park CE, Cha KY, Kim K, Lee KA. Expression of cell cycle regulatory genes during primordial-primary follicle transition in the mouse ovary. Fertil Steril 2005; 83:410-8. [PMID: 15705383 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2004] [Revised: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the genes involved in the ovarian primordial-primary follicle transition. DESIGN Experimental animal study. SETTING Research unit of university. ANIMAL(S) Day-1 and day-5 female ICR strain mice. INTERVENTION(S) We conducted forward and reverse suppression subtractive hybridization using ovarian mRNAs from day-1 and day-5 mice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) After subtractive hybridization, the differential expression of certain genes between day-1 and day-5 ovaries was confirmed by Northern blot analysis. Differential expression of genes between primordial and primary follicles that are involved in the cell-cycle regulation was confirmed by laser capture microdissection (LCM) of follicles followed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULT(S) In toto, 347 clones were sequenced and analyzed with the BLAST and RIKEN programs. Sequences of 312 clones significantly matched database entries, and 35 clones were novel. Among them, differential expression of five genes between day-1 and day-5 ovaries was confirmed by Northern blot analysis. In addition, differential expression between primordial and primary follicles of 11 more genes, particularly related to the cell-cycle regulation, was confirmed using LCM followed by real-time PCR. CONCLUSION(S) We reported the ovarian expression of many cell-cycle regulating genes during the primordial-primary follicle transition process. Results of the present study may provide insight for further study of the molecular mechanism(s) involved in primordial-primary follicle transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Eun Park
- CHA Research Institute, Pochon CHA University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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McKenna SD, Pietropaolo M, Tos EG, Clark A, Fischer D, Kagan D, Bao B, Chedrese PJ, Palmer S. Pharmacological inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 triggers ovulation in follicle-stimulating hormone-primed rats. Endocrinology 2005; 146:208-14. [PMID: 15448112 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a family of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to render them biologically inactive. As such, these enzymes are critical regulators of signal transduction pathways that use cyclic nucleotides as second messengers. PDE4 is one such member that has been identified in ovarian tissue and purported to have a role in the regulation of gonadotropin action. In the present study, selective PDE4 inhibitors enhanced intracellular signaling in a human LH receptor-expressing granulosa cell line. In vivo, PDE4 inhibition in FSH-primed rats resulted in ovulation, indicating that the PDE4 inhibitors can substitute for LH and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in this process. Moreover, when coadministered with a subeffective dose of hCG, PDE4 inhibitors acted synergistically to enhance the ovulation response. Inhibitors of PDE3 or PDE5 had no ovulatory effect under similar conditions. Oocytes that were ovulated after PDE4 inhibition could be fertilized in vitro at a rate similar to that of oocytes from hCG-induced ovulation. Moreover, such oocytes were fully capable of being fertilized in vivo and developing into normal live pups. These results indicate that small molecule PDE4 inhibitors may be orally active alternatives to hCG as part of a fertility treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D McKenna
- Serono Reproductive Biology Institute, Rockland, Massachusetts 02370, USA.
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