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Sormani MP, Schiavetti I, Carmisciano L, Cordioli C, Filippi M, Radaelli M, Immovilli P, Capobianco M, De Rossi N, Brichetto G, Cocco E, Scandellari C, Cavalla P, Pesci I, Zito A, Confalonieri P, Marfia GA, Perini P, Inglese M, Trojano M, Brescia Morra V, Tedeschi G, Comi G, Battaglia MA, Patti F, Salvetti M. COVID-19 Severity in Multiple Sclerosis: Putting Data Into Context. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 9:9/1/e1105. [PMID: 34753829 PMCID: PMC8579249 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives It is unclear how multiple sclerosis (MS) affects the severity of COVID-19.
The aim of this study is to compare COVID-19–related outcomes
collected in an Italian cohort of patients with MS with the outcomes
expected in the age- and sex-matched Italian population. Methods Hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and death after
COVID-19 diagnosis of 1,362 patients with MS were compared with the age- and
sex-matched Italian population in a retrospective observational case-cohort
study with population-based control. The observed vs the expected events
were compared in the whole MS cohort and in different subgroups (higher
risk: Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score > 3 or at least 1
comorbidity, lower risk: EDSS score ≤ 3 and no comorbidities) by the
χ2 test, and the risk excess was quantified by risk
ratios (RRs). Results The risk of severe events was about twice the risk in the age- and
sex-matched Italian population: RR = 2.12 for hospitalization
(p < 0.001), RR = 2.19 for ICU admission
(p < 0.001), and RR = 2.43 for death
(p < 0.001). The excess of risk was confined to
the higher-risk group (n = 553). In lower-risk patients (n = 809),
the rate of events was close to that of the Italian age- and sex-matched
population (RR = 1.12 for hospitalization, RR = 1.52 for ICU
admission, and RR = 1.19 for death). In the lower-risk group, an
increased hospitalization risk was detected in patients on anti-CD20 (RR
= 3.03, p = 0.005), whereas a decrease was
detected in patients on interferon (0 observed vs 4 expected events,
p = 0.04). Discussion Overall, the MS cohort had a risk of severe events that is twice the risk
than the age- and sex-matched Italian population. This excess of risk is
mainly explained by the EDSS score and comorbidities, whereas a residual
increase of hospitalization risk was observed in patients on anti-CD20
therapies and a decrease in people on interferon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Sormani
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Irene Schiavetti
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Luca Carmisciano
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cordioli
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Marta Radaelli
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Paolo Immovilli
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Marco Capobianco
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Nicola De Rossi
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Brichetto
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Scandellari
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Paola Cavalla
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pesci
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Antonio Zito
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Paolo Confalonieri
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Paola Perini
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Matilde Inglese
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Maria Trojano
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Brescia Morra
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Mario Alberto Battaglia
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Francesco Patti
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- From the Department of Health Sciences (M.P.S., I.S., L.C.), University of Genova; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (M.P.S., M.I.), Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia (C.C., N.D.R.), Montichiari; Neurology Unit (M.F.), Neurorehabilitation Unit (M.F.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.R.), ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.I.), Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza; Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino; AISM Rehabilitation Center (G.B.), Italian MS Society, Genoa; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (E.C.), ATS Sardegna; Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica (E.C.), Università di Cagliari; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (C.S.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla; MS Center (P. Cavalla), Department of Neuroscience, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin; Centro SM UOC Neurologia (I. Pesci), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (A.Z.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P. Confalonieri), Neuroimmunology Department-"Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan; Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome; Department of Neurology Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.P.), University of Padua; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) (M.I.), University of Genoa; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (M.T.), University of Bari; Federico II University of Naples (V.B.M.); Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (G.T.), University of Campania, Napoli; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Casa di Cura Privata Del Policlinico, Milan; Research Department (M.A.B.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies (F.P.), GF Ingrassia, University of Catania; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.P.), Policlinico Catania, University of Catania; Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (M.S.), Sapienza University of Rome; and Unit of Neurology (M.S.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy.
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