51
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Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Florio M, Huttner WB. Neocortex expansion in development and evolution — from cell biology to single genes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 39:122-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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52
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Lepanto P, Davison C, Casanova G, Badano JL, Zolessi FR. Characterization of primary cilia during the differentiation of retinal ganglion cells in the zebrafish. Neural Dev 2016; 11:10. [PMID: 27053191 PMCID: PMC4823885 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation in vivo is a highly stereotyped process, likely resulting from the interaction of cell type-specific transcription factors and tissue-derived signaling factors. The primary cilium, as a signaling hub in the cell, may have a role during this process but its presence and localization during RGC generation, and its contribution to the process of cell differentiation, have not been previously assessed in vivo. Methods In this work we analyzed the distribution of primary cilia in vivo using laser scanning confocal microscopy, as well as their main ultrastructural features by transmission electron microscopy, in the early stages of retinal histogenesis in the zebrafish, around the time of RGC generation and initial differentiation. In addition, we knocked-down ift88 and elipsa, two genes with an essential role in cilia generation and maintenance, a treatment that caused a general reduction in organelle size. The effect on retinal development and RGC differentiation was assessed by confocal microscopy of transgenic or immunolabeled embryos. Results Our results show that retinal neuroepithelial cells have an apically-localized primary cilium usually protruding from the apical membrane. We also found a small proportion of sub-apical cilia, before and during the neurogenic period. This organelle was also present in an apical position in neuroblasts during apical process retraction and dendritogenesis, although between these stages cilia appeared highly dynamic regarding both presence and position. Disruption of cilia caused a decrease in the proliferation of retinal progenitors and a reduction of neural retina volume. In addition, retinal histogenesis was globally delayed albeit RGC layer formation was preferentially reduced with respect to the amacrine and photoreceptor cell layers. Conclusions These results indicate that primary cilia exhibit a highly dynamic behavior during early retinal differentiation, and that they are required for the proliferation and survival of retinal progenitors, as well as for neuronal generation, particularly of RGCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-016-0064-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lepanto
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Camila Davison
- Cell Biology of Neural Development Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay.,Sección Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Casanova
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Jose L Badano
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Flavio R Zolessi
- Cell Biology of Neural Development Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay. .,Sección Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay.
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53
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Taverna E, Mora-Bermúdez F, Strzyz PJ, Florio M, Icha J, Haffner C, Norden C, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Huttner WB. Non-canonical features of the Golgi apparatus in bipolar epithelial neural stem cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21206. [PMID: 26879757 PMCID: PMC4754753 DOI: 10.1038/srep21206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical radial glia (aRG), the stem cells in developing neocortex, are unique bipolar epithelial cells, extending an apical process to the ventricle and a basal process to the basal lamina. Here, we report novel features of the Golgi apparatus, a central organelle for cell polarity, in mouse aRGs. The Golgi was confined to the apical process but not associated with apical centrosome(s). In contrast, in aRG-derived, delaminating basal progenitors that lose apical polarity, the Golgi became pericentrosomal. The aRG Golgi underwent evolutionarily conserved, accordion-like compression and extension concomitant with cell cycle-dependent nuclear migration. Importantly, in line with endoplasmic reticulum but not Golgi being present in the aRG basal process, its plasma membrane contained glycans lacking Golgi processing, consistent with direct ER-to-cell surface membrane traffic. Our study reveals hitherto unknown complexity of neural stem cell polarity, differential Golgi contribution to their specific architecture, and fundamental Golgi re-organization upon cell fate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Taverna
- Max-Planck Inst. of Mol. Cell Biol. and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Felipe Mora-Bermúdez
- Max-Planck Inst. of Mol. Cell Biol. and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Paulina J Strzyz
- Max-Planck Inst. of Mol. Cell Biol. and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marta Florio
- Max-Planck Inst. of Mol. Cell Biol. and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Icha
- Max-Planck Inst. of Mol. Cell Biol. and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christiane Haffner
- Max-Planck Inst. of Mol. Cell Biol. and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Caren Norden
- Max-Planck Inst. of Mol. Cell Biol. and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max-Planck Inst. of Mol. Cell Biol. and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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54
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De Juan Romero C, Borrell V. Coevolution of radial glial cells and the cerebral cortex. Glia 2015; 63:1303-19. [PMID: 25808466 PMCID: PMC5008138 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radial glia cells play fundamental roles in the development of the cerebral cortex, acting both as the primary stem and progenitor cells, as well as the guides for neuronal migration and lamination. These critical functions of radial glia cells in cortical development have been discovered mostly during the last 15 years and, more recently, seminal studies have demonstrated the existence of a remarkable diversity of additional cortical progenitor cell types, including a variety of basal radial glia cells with key roles in cortical expansion and folding, both in ontogeny and phylogeny. In this review, we summarize the main cellular and molecular mechanisms known to be involved in cerebral cortex development in mouse, as the currently preferred animal model, and then compare these with known mechanisms in other vertebrates, both mammal and nonmammal, including human. This allows us to present a global picture of how radial glia cells and the cerebral cortex seem to have coevolved, from reptiles to primates, leading to the remarkable diversity of vertebrate cortical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camino De Juan Romero
- Instituto De Neurociencias, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan D'alacant, Spain
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto De Neurociencias, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan D'alacant, Spain
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55
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Schouteden C, Serwas D, Palfy M, Dammermann A. The ciliary transition zone functions in cell adhesion but is dispensable for axoneme assembly in C. elegans. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:35-44. [PMID: 26124290 PMCID: PMC4493997 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201501013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
C. elegans transition zone structures are dispensable for axoneme assembly but are required for cell–matrix interactions during neurite extension, revealing an unexpected role for the transition zone in cell adhesion. Cilia are cellular projections that perform sensory and motile functions. A key ciliary subdomain is the transition zone, which lies between basal body and axoneme. Previous work in Caenorhabditis elegans identified two ciliopathy-associated protein complexes or modules that direct assembly of transition zone Y-links. Here, we identify C. elegans CEP290 as a component of a third module required to form an inner scaffolding structure called the central cylinder. Co-inhibition of all three modules completely disrupted transition zone structure. Surprisingly, axoneme assembly was only mildly perturbed. However, dendrite extension by retrograde migration was strongly impaired, revealing an unexpected role for the transition zone in cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine Schouteden
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Serwas
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mate Palfy
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Dammermann
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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56
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Laclef C, Anselme I, Besse L, Catala M, Palmyre A, Baas D, Paschaki M, Pedraza M, Métin C, Durand B, Schneider-Maunoury S. The role of primary cilia in corpus callosum formation is mediated by production of the Gli3 repressor. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4997-5014. [PMID: 26071364 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a frequent brain disorder found in over 80 human congenital syndromes including ciliopathies. Here, we report a severe AgCC in Ftm/Rpgrip1l knockout mouse, which provides a valuable model for Meckel-Grüber syndrome. Rpgrip1l encodes a protein of the ciliary transition zone, which is essential for ciliogenesis in several cell types in mouse including neuroepithelial cells in the developing forebrain. We show that AgCC in Rpgrip1l(-/-) mouse is associated with a disturbed location of guidepost cells in the dorsomedial telencephalon. This mislocalization results from early patterning defects and abnormal cortico-septal boundary (CSB) formation in the medial telencephalon. We demonstrate that all these defects primarily result from altered GLI3 processing. Indeed, AgCC, together with patterning defects and mispositioning of guidepost cells, is rescued by overexpressing in Rpgrip1l(-/-) embryos, the short repressor form of the GLI3 transcription factor (GLI3R), provided by the Gli3(Δ699) allele. Furthermore, Gli3(Δ699) also rescues AgCC in Rfx3(-/-) embryos deficient for the ciliogenic RFX3 transcription factor that regulates the expression of several ciliary genes. These data demonstrate that GLI3 processing is a major outcome of primary cilia function in dorsal telencephalon morphogenesis. Rescuing CC formation in two independent ciliary mutants by GLI3(Δ699) highlights the crucial role of primary cilia in maintaining the proper level of GLI3R required for morphogenesis of the CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Laclef
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and
| | - Isabelle Anselme
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and
| | - Laurianne Besse
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and
| | - Martin Catala
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and Fédération de Neurologie, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-APHP, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Palmyre
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and
| | - Dominique Baas
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS, CGPhiMC-UMR5534, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France and
| | - Marie Paschaki
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS, CGPhiMC-UMR5534, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France and
| | - Maria Pedraza
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM S839, F-75005 Paris, France, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, S839, Paris, France
| | - Christine Métin
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM S839, F-75005 Paris, France, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, S839, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS, CGPhiMC-UMR5534, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France and
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and
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57
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Paridaen JT, Huttner WB, Wilsch-Bräuninger M. Analysis of primary cilia in the developing mouse brain. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 127:93-129. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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58
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Veland IR, Lindbæk L, Christensen ST. Linking the Primary Cilium to Cell Migration in Tissue Repair and Brain Development. Bioscience 2014; 64:1115-1125. [PMID: 26955067 PMCID: PMC4776690 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biu179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are unique sensory organelles that coordinate cellular signaling networks in vertebrates. Inevitably, defects in the formation or function of primary cilia lead to imbalanced regulation of cellular processes that causes multisystemic disorders and diseases, commonly known as ciliopathies. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that primary cilia coordinate multiple activities that are required for cell migration, which, when they are aberrantly regulated, lead to defects in organogenesis and tissue repair, as well as metastasis of tumors. Here, we present an overview on how primary cilia may contribute to the regulation of the cellular signaling pathways that control cyclic processes in directional cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iben Rønn Veland
- Iben Rønn Veland ( ) is a postdoctoral researcher from the Christensen Lab, at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and she studies the role of primary cilia in cell polarization and migration. Louise Lindbæk ( ) is a PhD student in the Christensen Lab, and she studies the function of primary cilia in neurogenesis and brain development. Søren Tvorup Christensen ( ) is a professor at the University of Copenhagen. He studies how primary cilia coordinate signaling pathways during development and in tissue homeostasis
| | - Louise Lindbæk
- Iben Rønn Veland ( ) is a postdoctoral researcher from the Christensen Lab, at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and she studies the role of primary cilia in cell polarization and migration. Louise Lindbæk ( ) is a PhD student in the Christensen Lab, and she studies the function of primary cilia in neurogenesis and brain development. Søren Tvorup Christensen ( ) is a professor at the University of Copenhagen. He studies how primary cilia coordinate signaling pathways during development and in tissue homeostasis
| | - Søren Tvorup Christensen
- Iben Rønn Veland ( ) is a postdoctoral researcher from the Christensen Lab, at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and she studies the role of primary cilia in cell polarization and migration. Louise Lindbæk ( ) is a PhD student in the Christensen Lab, and she studies the function of primary cilia in neurogenesis and brain development. Søren Tvorup Christensen ( ) is a professor at the University of Copenhagen. He studies how primary cilia coordinate signaling pathways during development and in tissue homeostasis
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59
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Abstract
The role of primary cilia in adult neurons remains elusive, however their developmental functions during brain morphogenesis have been recently highlighted thanks to mouse models. Unmistakably, they are needed for Hedgehog (Hh)-dependent patterning in the forebrain. Not only for Hh reception itself, but most importantly for a downstream event in the Hh transduction pathway, independent of Hh ligand: the Gli3 processing. Indeed, phenotypes due to cilia disruption in the developing brain, such as early patterning, olfactory bulb or corpus callosum formation, can be rescued by reintroducing Gli3-R (the short truncated form of Gli3 working as a transcriptional repressor of Hh target gene). In addition, primary cilia control the proliferation rate in different neural progenitors in the cortex, the hippocampus and the cerebellum; they are required for proper migration of interneurons. And cilia dysfunction is correlated with hydrocephaly, synaptogenesis defects and aberrant axonal tract projections. Most of these neurodevelopmental defects can be related to the various neurological features frequently observed across the ciliopathy spectrum. And thus, understanding the underlying mechanisms of these diverse functions of primary cilia in the brain is a new fundamental challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Laclef
- Laboratoire de biologie du développement, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR 7622 CNRS, U969 Inserm, 9, quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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60
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Progenitor genealogy in the developing cerebral cortex. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:17-32. [PMID: 25141969 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex is characterized by a complex histological organization that reflects the spatio-temporal stratifications of related stem and neural progenitor cells, which are responsible for the generation of distinct glial and neuronal subtypes during development. Some work has been done to shed light on the existing filiations between these progenitors as well as their respective contribution to cortical neurogenesis. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current views of progenitor hierarchy and relationship in the developing cortex and to further discuss future research directions that would help us to understand the molecular and cellular regulating mechanisms involved in cerebral corticogenesis.
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61
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Taverna E, Götz M, Huttner WB. The cell biology of neurogenesis: toward an understanding of the development and evolution of the neocortex. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:465-502. [PMID: 25000993 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem and progenitor cells have a central role in the development and evolution of the mammalian neocortex. In this review, we first provide a set of criteria to classify the various types of cortical stem and progenitor cells. We then discuss the issue of cell polarity, as well as specific subcellular features of these cells that are relevant for their modes of division and daughter cell fate. In addition, cortical stem and progenitor cell behavior is placed into a tissue context, with consideration of extracellular signals and cell-cell interactions. Finally, the differences across species regarding cortical stem and progenitor cells are dissected to gain insight into key developmental and evolutionary mechanisms underlying neocortex expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Taverna
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
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62
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Sarkisian MR, Guadiana SM. Influences of Primary Cilia on Cortical Morphogenesis and Neuronal Subtype Maturation. Neuroscientist 2014; 21:136-51. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858414531074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recognition that virtually every neuronal progenitor cell and neuron in the cerebral cortex is ciliated has triggered intense interest in neuronal cilia function. Here, we review recent studies that suggest the primary cilia of cortical progenitor cells are required for establishing and maintaining the organization within pools of proliferative cells. In addition, signaling via primary cilia differentially influence the migration and differentiation of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the developing cortex. Specifically, the primary cilia of excitatory neurons appear to play a significant role in regulating the post-migratory differentiation of these neurons whereas cilia of inhibitory neurons appear to be required for the proper migration and positioning of those cells in cortex. Given the recently discovered functions of cilia in proliferation, neuronal migration, and differentiation, it is likely that further studies of cilia signaling will improve our understanding of how these basic developmental processes are regulated and may provide insight into how mutations in specific cilia genes linked to ciliopathies lead to the many neurological deficits associated with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah M. Guadiana
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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63
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Paridaen JTML, Huttner WB. Neurogenesis during development of the vertebrate central nervous system. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:351-64. [PMID: 24639559 DOI: 10.1002/embr.201438447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate development, a wide variety of cell types and tissues emerge from a single fertilized oocyte. One of these tissues, the central nervous system, contains many types of neurons and glial cells that were born during the period of embryonic and post-natal neuro- and gliogenesis. As to neurogenesis, neural progenitors initially divide symmetrically to expand their pool and switch to asymmetric neurogenic divisions at the onset of neurogenesis. This process involves various mechanisms involving intrinsic as well as extrinsic factors. Here, we discuss the recent advances and insights into regulation of neurogenesis in the developing vertebrate central nervous system. Topics include mechanisms of (a)symmetric cell division, transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, and signaling pathways, using mostly examples from the developing mammalian neocortex.
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64
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tozer
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Paris F-75005, France; Inserm, U1024, Paris F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris F-75005, France
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65
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Proliferation and cilia dynamics in neural stem cells prospectively isolated from the SEZ. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3803. [PMID: 24448162 PMCID: PMC3898048 DOI: 10.1038/srep03803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) generate new neurons in vivo and in vitro throughout adulthood and therefore are physiologically and clinically relevant. Unveiling the mechanisms regulating the lineage progression from NSCs to newborn neurons is critical for the transition from basic research to clinical application. However, the direct analysis of NSCs and their progeny is still elusive due to the problematic identification of the cells. We here describe the isolation of highly purified genetically unaltered NSCs and transit-amplifying precursors (TAPs) from the adult subependymal zone (SEZ). Using this approach we show that a primary cilium and high levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at the cell membrane characterize quiescent and cycling NSCs, respectively. However, we also observed non-ciliated quiescent NSCs and NSCs progressing into the cell cycle without up-regulating EGFR expression. Thus, the existence of NSCs displaying distinct molecular and structural conformations provides more flexibility to the regulation of quiescence and cell cycle progression.
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66
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Le Bras S, Le Borgne R. Epithelial cell division – multiplying without losing touch. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:5127-37. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.151472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelia are compact tissues comprising juxtaposed cells that function as mechanical and chemical barriers between the body and the environment. This barrier relies, in part, on adhesive contacts within adherens junctions, which are formed and stabilized by E-cadherin and catenin proteins linked to the actomyosin cytoskeleton. During development and throughout adult life, epithelia are continuously growing or regenerating, largely as a result of cell division. Although persistence of adherens junctions is needed for epithelial integrity, these junctions are continually remodelled during cell division. In this Commentary, we will focus on cytokinesis, the final step of mitosis, a multiparty phenomenon in which the adherens junction belt plays an essential role and during which a new cell–cell interface is generated between daughter cells. This new interface is the site of intense remodelling, where new adhesive contacts are assembled and cell polarity is transmitted from mother to daughter cells, ultimately becoming the site of cell signalling.
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67
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Paridaen JTML, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Huttner WB. Asymmetric inheritance of centrosome-associated primary cilium membrane directs ciliogenesis after cell division. Cell 2013; 155:333-44. [PMID: 24120134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are key sensory organelles that are thought to be disassembled prior to mitosis. Inheritance of the mother centriole, which nucleates the primary cilium, in relation to asymmetric daughter cell behavior has previously been studied. However, the fate of the ciliary membrane upon cell division is unknown. Here, we followed the ciliary membrane in dividing embryonic neocortical stem cells and cultured cells. Ciliary membrane attached to the mother centriole was endocytosed at mitosis onset, persisted through mitosis at one spindle pole, and was asymmetrically inherited by one daughter cell, which retained stem cell character. This daughter re-established a primary cilium harboring an activated signal transducer earlier than the noninheriting daughter. Centrosomal association of ciliary membrane in dividing neural stem cells decreased at late neurogenesis when these cells differentiate. Our data imply that centrosome-associated ciliary membrane acts as a determinant for the temporal-spatial control of ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith T M L Paridaen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraβe 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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68
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Barker AR, Thomas R, Dawe HR. Meckel-Gruber syndrome and the role of primary cilia in kidney, skeleton, and central nervous system development. Organogenesis 2013; 10:96-107. [PMID: 24322779 DOI: 10.4161/org.27375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ciliopathies are a group of related inherited diseases characterized by malformations in organ development. The diseases affect multiple organ systems, with kidney, skeleton, and brain malformations frequently observed. Research over the last decade has revealed that these diseases are due to defects in primary cilia, essential sensory organelles found on most cells in the human body. Here we discuss the genetic and cell biological basis of one of the most severe ciliopathies, Meckel-Gruber syndrome, and explain how primary cilia contribute to the development of the affected organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Barker
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter, UK
| | - Rhys Thomas
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter, UK
| | - Helen R Dawe
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter, UK
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69
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Itoh Y, Tyssowski K, Gotoh Y. Transcriptional coupling of neuronal fate commitment and the onset of migration. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:957-64. [PMID: 23973158 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During mammalian CNS development, when the neural precursor cells commit to the neuronal fate they must delaminate and migrate toward the pial surface in order to reach the appropriate final location. Thus, the coordination of delamination and fate commitment is important in creating the correct structure. Although previous studies have proposed that spindle orientation during mitosis plays a role in both delamination and fate commitment, thus coordinating these events, subsequent studies have challenged this model. Recent work has identified several transcriptional mechanisms associated with neurogenesis that inhibit cell adhesion of newborn neurons and intermediate neuronal progenitors, thereby triggering delamination and linking it with fate commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Itoh
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
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70
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Higginbotham H, Guo J, Yokota Y, Umberger NL, Su CY, Li J, Verma N, Hirt J, Caspary T, Anton ES. Arl13b-regulated cilia activities are essential for polarized radial glial scaffold formation. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1000-7. [PMID: 23817546 PMCID: PMC3866024 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The construction of cerebral cortex begins with the formation of radial glia. Once formed, polarized radial glial cells divide either symmetrically or asymmetrically to balance appropriate production of progenitor cells and neurons. Following birth, neurons use the processes of radial glia as scaffolding for oriented migration. Radial glia therefore provide an instructive structural matrix to coordinate the generation and placement of distinct groups of cortical neurons in the developing cerebral cortex. We found that Arl13b, a cilia-enriched small GTPase that is mutated in Joubert syndrome, was critical for the initial formation of the polarized radial progenitor scaffold. Using developmental stage-specific deletion of Arl13b in mouse cortical progenitors, we found that early neuroepithelial deletion of ciliary Arl13b led to a reversal of the apical-basal polarity of radial progenitors and aberrant neuronal placement. Arl13b modulated ciliary signaling necessary for radial glial polarity. Our findings indicate that Arl13b signaling in primary cilia is crucial for the initial formation of a polarized radial glial scaffold and suggest that disruption of this process may contribute to aberrant neurodevelopment and brain abnormalities in Joubert syndrome-related ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden Higginbotham
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jiami Guo
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yukako Yokota
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Nicole L. Umberger
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Chen-Ying Su
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Jingjun Li
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Nisha Verma
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Joshua Hirt
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - E. S. Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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71
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Marthiens V, Rujano MA, Pennetier C, Tessier S, Paul-Gilloteaux P, Basto R. Centrosome amplification causes microcephaly. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:731-40. [PMID: 23666084 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Centrosome amplification is a hallmark of human tumours. In flies, extra centrosomes cause spindle position defects that result in the expansion of the neural stem cell (NSC) pool and consequently in tumour formation. Here we investigated the consequences of centrosome amplification during mouse brain development and homeostasis. We show that centrosome amplification causes microcephaly due to inefficient clustering mechanisms, where NSCs divide in a multipolar fashion producing aneuploid cells that enter apoptosis. Importantly, we show that apoptosis inhibition causes the accumulation of highly aneuploid cells that lose their proliferative capacity and differentiate, thus depleting the pool of progenitors. Even if these conditions are not sufficient to halt brain development, they cause premature death due to tissue degeneration. Our results support an alternative concept to explain the etiology of microcephaly and show that centrosome amplification and aneuploidy can result in tissue degeneration rather than overproliferation and cancer.
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72
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Sykes AM, Huttner WB. Prominin-1 (CD133) and the Cell Biology of Neural Progenitors and Their Progeny. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 777:89-98. [PMID: 23161077 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5894-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our group discovered prominin-1 in search for markers to study the cell polarity of neural stem and progenitor cells in the developing brain. Over the past 15 years, prominin-1, also called CD133, has not only become a frequently used marker of neural stem cells and neural cancer stem cells, as is in fact the case of somatic (cancer) stem cells in general, but has also been used to understand the symmetric versus asymmetric division of the neural stem cells in the context of their apical-basal polarity. Moreover, studying prominin-1 on neural stem cells has revealed a novel fate of the midbody, that is, midbody release, and key differences in this release between normal stem cells and cancer-derived cells. Other subcellular aspects of neural stem cells, the understanding of which has been promoted by studying prominin-1, pertain to the organization of plasma membrane protrusions and the membrane microdomains they contain. Of particular relevance in this context is the primary cilium of neuroepithelial cells and its transformation into the outer segment of retinal photoreceptor cells, a process in which prominin-1 exerts a vital role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Sykes
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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73
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Chojnacki A, Cusulin C, Weiss S. Adult periventricular neural stem cells: outstanding progress and outstanding issues. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:972-89. [PMID: 22539410 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years have past since the existence of neural stem cells (NSCs) within the walls of the adult lateral ventricles was discovered. During this period of time, great strides have been made in every facet of our understanding of this adult periventricular NSC population. In this review, some of the fields' major advancements regarding the nature and function of adult periventricular NSCs are examined. We bring attention to issues related to NSC identity, potential, and the role of Notch signaling in regulating quiescence and activation that warrant further investigation. Progress in the understanding of human adult NSCs will aid in the development of tools required to advance therapies not only for brain repair after injury or disease but may also lead to novel therapeutics for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chojnacki
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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74
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Willaredt MA, Tasouri E, Tucker KL. Primary cilia and forebrain development. Mech Dev 2012; 130:373-80. [PMID: 23085524 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With a microtubule-based axoneme supporting its plasma membrane-ensheathed projection from the basal body of almost all cell types in the human body, and present in only one copy per cell, the primary cilium can be considered an organelle sui generis. Although it was first observed and recorded in histological studies from the late 19th century, the tiny structure was essentially forgotten for many decades. In the past ten years, however, scientists have turned their eyes once again upon primary cilia and realized that they are very important for the development of almost all organs in the mammalian body, especially those dependent upon the signaling from members Hedgehog family, such as Indian and Sonic hedgehog. In this review, we outline the roles that primary cilia play in forebrain development, not just in the crucial transduction of Sonic hedgehog signaling, but also new results showing that cilia are important for cell cycle progression in proliferating neural precursors. We will focus upon cerebral cortex development but will also discuss the importance of cilia for the embryonic hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and diencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc August Willaredt
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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75
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Spear PC, Erickson CA. Interkinetic nuclear migration: a mysterious process in search of a function. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:306-16. [PMID: 22524603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2012.01342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
During interkinetic nuclear migration (INM), the nuclei in many epithelial cells migrate between the apical and basal surfaces, coordinating with the cell cycle, and undergoing cytokinesis at the apical surface. INM is observed in a wide variety of tissues and species. Recent advances in time-lapse microscopy have provided clues about the mechanisms and functions of INM. Whether actin or microtubules are responsible for nuclear migration is controversial. How mitosis is initiated during INM is poorly understood, as is the relationship between the cell cycle and nuclear movement. It is possible that the disagreements stem from differences in the tissues being studied, since epithelia undergoing INM vary greatly in terms of cell height and cell fates. In this review we examine the reports addressing the mode and mechanisms that regulate INM and suggest possible functions for this dramatic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Spear
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University California Davis, Davis, 95616, California, USA.
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76
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Peyre E, Morin X. An oblique view on the role of spindle orientation in vertebrate neurogenesis. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:287-305. [PMID: 22524602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2012.01350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a dynamic process that produces a diverse number of glial and neural cell types from a limited number of neural stem cells throughout development and into adulthood. After an initial period of amplification through symmetric division, neural stem cells rely on asymmetric modes of division to self-renew while producing more committed progeny. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating the choice between symmetric and asymmetric modes of division is essential to understand human brain development and pathologies, and to explain the increasing cortical complexity observed in evolution. A popular model states the existence of a causal relationship between the orientation of the axis of division of stem cells and the fate of their progeny in many different tissues, but the validity of the model in neural stem cells is not clear. In this review, we briefly present the diversity of neural stem cells and intermediate progenitors in the developing central nervous system. We then draw a historic overview of the assumed causal relationship between spindle orientation and fate determination. We show how this prompted a search for regulators of spindle orientation, and present the current state of knowledge on the mechanism. Finally, we review data on the effect of defective spindle orientation and try to integrate conflicting observations by presenting alternative mechanisms that may regulate the choice between symmetric and asymmetric outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Peyre
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS UMR, 6216, case 907, Parc scientifique de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
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77
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Abstract
The primary cilium, a signal transduction organelle, is present on the cell bodies of adult-born dentate gyrus granule cells as they begin maturation. In its absence, their maturation and integration are impaired.
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78
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Taverna E, Haffner C, Pepperkok R, Huttner WB. A new approach to manipulate the fate of single neural stem cells in tissue. Nat Neurosci 2011; 15:329-37. [PMID: 22179113 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A challenge in the field of neural stem cell biology is the mechanistic dissection of single stem cell behavior in tissue. Although such behavior can be tracked by sophisticated imaging techniques, current methods of genetic manipulation do not allow researchers to change the level of a defined gene product on a truly acute time scale and are limited to very few genes at a time. To overcome these limitations, we established microinjection of neuroepithelial/radial glial cells (apical progenitors) in organotypic slice culture of embryonic mouse brain. Microinjected apical progenitors showed cell cycle parameters that were indistinguishable to apical progenitors in utero, underwent self-renewing divisions and generated neurons. Microinjection of single genes, recombinant proteins or complex mixtures of RNA was found to elicit acute and defined changes in apical progenitor behavior and progeny fate. Thus, apical progenitor microinjection provides a new approach to acutely manipulating single neural stem and progenitor cells in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Taverna
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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