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Loncarek J, Bettencourt-Dias M. Building the right centriole for each cell type. J Cell Biol 2017; 217:823-835. [PMID: 29284667 PMCID: PMC5839779 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201704093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Loncarek and Bettencourt-Dias review molecular mechanisms of centriole biogenesis amongst different organisms and cell types. The centriole is a multifunctional structure that organizes centrosomes and cilia and is important for cell signaling, cell cycle progression, polarity, and motility. Defects in centriole number and structure are associated with human diseases including cancer and ciliopathies. Discovery of the centriole dates back to the 19th century. However, recent advances in genetic and biochemical tools, development of high-resolution microscopy, and identification of centriole components have accelerated our understanding of its assembly, function, evolution, and its role in human disease. The centriole is an evolutionarily conserved structure built from highly conserved proteins and is present in all branches of the eukaryotic tree of life. However, centriole number, size, and organization varies among different organisms and even cell types within a single organism, reflecting its cell type–specialized functions. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of centriole biogenesis and how variations around the same theme generate alternatives for centriole formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadranka Loncarek
- Cell Cycle Regulation Lab, Gulbenkian Institute of Science, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mónica Bettencourt-Dias
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health/Center for Cancer Research/National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD
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52
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Arbi M, Pefani DE, Taraviras S, Lygerou Z. Controlling centriole numbers: Geminin family members as master regulators of centriole amplification and multiciliogenesis. Chromosoma 2017; 127:151-174. [PMID: 29243212 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-017-0652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To ensure that the genetic material is accurately passed down to daughter cells during mitosis, dividing cells must duplicate their chromosomes and centrosomes once and only once per cell cycle. The same key steps-licensing, duplication, and segregation-control both the chromosome and the centrosome cycle, which must occur in concert to safeguard genome integrity. Aberrations in genome content or centrosome numbers lead to genomic instability and are linked to tumorigenesis. Such aberrations, however, can also be part of the normal life cycle of specific cell types. Multiciliated cells best exemplify the deviation from a normal centrosome cycle. They are post-mitotic cells which massively amplify their centrioles, bypassing the rule for once-per-cell-cycle centriole duplication. Hundreds of centrioles dock to the apical cell surface and generate motile cilia, whose concerted movement ensures fluid flow across epithelia. The early steps that control the generation of multiciliated cells have lately started to be elucidated. Geminin and the vertebrate-specific GemC1 and McIdas are distantly related coiled-coil proteins, initially identified as cell cycle regulators associated with the chromosome cycle. Geminin is required to ensure once-per-cell-cycle genome replication, while McIdas and GemC1 bind to Geminin and are implicated in DNA replication control. Recent findings highlight Geminin family members as early regulators of multiciliogenesis. GemC1 and McIdas specify the multiciliate cell fate by forming complexes with the E2F4/5 transcription factors to switch on a gene expression program leading to centriole amplification and cilia formation. Positive and negative interactions among Geminin family members may link cell cycle control to centriole amplification and multiciliogenesis, acting close to the point of transition from proliferation to differentiation. We review key steps of centrosome duplication and amplification, present the role of Geminin family members in the centrosome and chromosome cycle, and discuss links with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Arbi
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Dafni-Eleftheria Pefani
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Patras, Greece.,CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Patras, Greece.
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53
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Marra AN, Ulrich M, White A, Springer M, Wingert RA. Visualizing Multiciliated Cells in the Zebrafish Through a Combined Protocol of Whole Mount Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and Immunofluorescence. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286368 PMCID: PMC5755421 DOI: 10.3791/56261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the zebrafish embryo has emerged as a popular model to study developmental biology due to traits such as ex utero embryo development and optical transparency. In particular, the zebrafish embryo has become an important organism to study vertebrate kidney organogenesis as well as multiciliated cell (MCC) development. To visualize MCCs in the embryonic zebrafish kidney, we have developed a combined protocol of whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and whole mount immunofluorescence (IF) that enables high resolution imaging. This manuscript describes our technique for co-localizing RNA transcripts and protein as a tool to better understand the regulation of developmental programs through the expression of various lineage factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Marra
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame
| | - Marisa Ulrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame
| | - Audra White
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame
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54
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Shimada IS, Acar M, Burgess RJ, Zhao Z, Morrison SJ. Prdm16 is required for the maintenance of neural stem cells in the postnatal forebrain and their differentiation into ependymal cells. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1134-1146. [PMID: 28698301 PMCID: PMC5538436 DOI: 10.1101/gad.291773.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Shimada et al. demonstrate that Prdm16 is required for neural stem cell maintenance and neurogenesis in the adult lateral ventricle subventricular zone and dentate gyrus. Prdm16 is also required for the formation of ciliated ependymal cells in the lateral ventricle. We and others showed previously that PR domain-containing 16 (Prdm16) is a transcriptional regulator required for stem cell function in multiple fetal and neonatal tissues, including the nervous system. However, Prdm16 germline knockout mice died neonatally, preventing us from testing whether Prdm16 is also required for adult stem cell function. Here we demonstrate that Prdm16 is required for neural stem cell maintenance and neurogenesis in the adult lateral ventricle subventricular zone and dentate gyrus. We also discovered that Prdm16 is required for the formation of ciliated ependymal cells in the lateral ventricle. Conditional Prdm16 deletion during fetal development using Nestin-Cre prevented the formation of ependymal cells, disrupting cerebrospinal fluid flow and causing hydrocephalus. Postnatal Prdm16 deletion using Nestin-CreERT2 did not cause hydrocephalus or prevent the formation of ciliated ependymal cells but caused defects in their differentiation. Prdm16 was required in neural stem/progenitor cells for the expression of Foxj1, a transcription factor that promotes ependymal cell differentiation. These studies show that Prdm16 is required for adult neural stem cell maintenance and neurogenesis as well as the formation of ependymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei S Shimada
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Melih Acar
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Bahcesehir University, School of Medicine, Istanbul 34734, Turkey
| | - Rebecca J Burgess
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Zhiyu Zhao
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Sean J Morrison
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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55
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Abstract
Multiciliated cells are epithelial cells that are in contact with bodily fluids and are required for the proper function of major organs including the brain, the respiratory system and the reproductive tracts. Their multiple motile cilia beat unidirectionally to remove particles of external origin from their surface and/or drive cells or fluids into the lumen of the organs. Multiciliated cells in the brain are produced once, almost exclusively during embryonic development, whereas in respiratory tracts and oviducts they regenerate throughout life. In this Review, we provide a cell-to-organ overview of multiciliated cells and highlight recent studies that have greatly increased our understanding of the mechanisms driving the development and function of these cells in vertebrates. We discuss cell fate determination and differentiation of multiciliated cells, and provide a comprehensive account of their locations and functions in mammals.
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56
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Kyrousi C, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. How a radial glial cell decides to become a multiciliated ependymal cell. Glia 2017; 65:1032-1042. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kyrousi
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine, University of Patras; Patras 26504 Greece
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of General Biology; School of Medicine, University of Patras; Patras 26504 Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine, University of Patras; Patras 26504 Greece
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57
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Quigley IK, Kintner C. Rfx2 Stabilizes Foxj1 Binding at Chromatin Loops to Enable Multiciliated Cell Gene Expression. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006538. [PMID: 28103240 PMCID: PMC5245798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperative transcription factor binding at cis-regulatory sites in the genome drives robust eukaryotic gene expression, and many such sites must be coordinated to produce coherent transcriptional programs. The transcriptional program leading to motile cilia formation requires members of the DNA-binding forkhead (Fox) and Rfx transcription factor families and these factors co-localize to cilia gene promoters, but it is not clear how many cilia genes are regulated by these two factors, whether these factors act directly or indirectly, or how these factors act with specificity in the context of a 3-dimensional genome. Here, we use genome-wide approaches to show that cilia genes reside at the boundaries of topological domains and that these areas have low enhancer density. We show that the transcription factors Foxj1 and Rfx2 binding occurs in the promoters of more cilia genes than other known cilia transcription factors and that while Rfx2 binds directly to promoters and enhancers equally, Foxj1 prefers direct binding to enhancers and is stabilized at promoters by Rfx2. Finally, we show that Rfx2 and Foxj1 lie at the anchor endpoints of chromatin loops, suggesting that target genes are activated when Foxj1 bound at distal sites is recruited via a loop created by Rfx2 binding at both sites. We speculate that the primary function of Rfx2 is to stabilize distal enhancers with proximal promoters by operating as a scaffolding factor, bringing key regulatory domains bound by Foxj1 into close physical proximity and enabling coordinated cilia gene expression. The multiciliated cell extends hundreds of motile cilia to produce fluid flow in the airways and other organ systems. The formation of this specialized cell type requires the coordinated expression of hundreds of genes in order to produce all the protein parts motile cilia require. While a relatively small number of transcription factors has been identified that promote gene expression during multiciliate cell differentiation, it is not clear how they work together to coordinate the expression of genes required for multiple motile ciliation. Here, we show that two transcription factors known to drive cilia formation, Foxj1 and Rfx2, play complementary roles wherein Foxj1 activates target genes but tends not to bind near them in the genome, whereas Rfx2 can’t activate target genes by itself but instead acts as a scaffold by localizing Foxj1 to the proper targets. These results suggest not only a mechanism by which complex gene expression is coordinated in multiciliated cells, but also how transcriptional programs in general could be modular and deployed across different cellular contexts with the same basic promoter configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian K. Quigley
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chris Kintner
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla, California, United States of America
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58
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Walentek P, Quigley IK. What we can learn from a tadpole about ciliopathies and airway diseases: Using systems biology in Xenopus to study cilia and mucociliary epithelia. Genesis 2017; 55:10.1002/dvg.23001. [PMID: 28095645 PMCID: PMC5276738 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past years, the Xenopus embryo has emerged as an incredibly useful model organism for studying the formation and function of cilia and ciliated epithelia in vivo. This has led to a variety of findings elucidating the molecular mechanisms of ciliated cell specification, basal body biogenesis, cilia assembly, and ciliary motility. These findings also revealed the deep functional conservation of signaling, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and protein networks employed in the formation and function of vertebrate ciliated cells. Therefore, Xenopus research can contribute crucial insights not only into developmental and cell biology, but also into the molecular mechanisms underlying cilia related diseases (ciliopathies) as well as diseases affecting the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract in humans (e.g., chronic lung diseases). Additionally, systems biology approaches including transcriptomics, genomics, and proteomics have been rapidly adapted for use in Xenopus, and broaden the applications for current and future translational biomedical research. This review aims to present the advantages of using Xenopus for cilia research, highlight some of the evolutionarily conserved key concepts and mechanisms of ciliated cell biology that were elucidated using the Xenopus model, and describe the potential for Xenopus research to address unresolved questions regarding the molecular mechanisms of ciliopathies and airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walentek
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; Genetics, Genomics and Development Division; Developmental and Regenerative Biology Group; University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ian K. Quigley
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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59
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Abstract
Many animal cells assemble single cilia involved in motile and/or sensory functions. In contrast, multiciliated cells (MCCs) assemble up to 300 motile cilia that beat in a coordinate fashion to generate a directional fluid flow. In the human airways, the brain, and the oviduct, MCCs allow mucus clearance, cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and egg transportation, respectively. Impairment of MCC function leads to chronic respiratory infections and increased risks of hydrocephalus and female infertility. MCC differentiation during development or repair involves the activation of a regulatory cascade triggered by the inhibition of Notch activity in MCC progenitors. The downstream events include the simultaneous assembly of a large number of basal bodies (BBs)-from which cilia are nucleated-in the cytoplasm of the differentiating MCCs, their migration and docking at the plasma membrane associated to an important remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, and the assembly and polarization of motile cilia. The direction of ciliary beating is coordinated both within cells and at the tissue level by a combination of planar polarity cues affecting BB position and hydrodynamic forces that are both generated and sensed by the cilia. Herein, we review the mechanisms controlling the specification and differentiation of MCCs and BB assembly and organization at the apical surface, as well as ciliary assembly and coordination in MCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Meunier
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8197, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Juliette Azimzadeh
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7592, Université Paris-Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
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60
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Campbell EP, Quigley IK, Kintner C. Foxn4 promotes gene expression required for the formation of multiple motile cilia. Development 2016; 143:4654-4664. [PMID: 27864379 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiciliated cell (MCC) differentiation involves extensive organelle biogenesis required to extend hundreds of motile cilia. Key transcriptional regulators known to drive the gene expression required for this organelle biogenesis are activated by the related coiled-coil proteins Multicilin and Gemc1. Here we identify foxn4 as a new downstream target of Multicilin required for MCC differentiation in Xenopus skin. When Foxn4 activity is inhibited in Xenopus embryos, MCCs show transient ciliogenesis defects similar to those seen in mutants of Foxj1, a known key regulator of genes required for motile ciliation. RNAseq analysis indicates that Foxn4 co-activates some Foxj1 target genes strongly and many Foxj1 targets weakly. ChIPseq suggests that whereas Foxn4 and Foxj1 frequently bind to different targets at distal enhancers, they largely bind together at MCC gene promoters. Consistent with this co-regulation, cilia extension by MCCs is more severely compromised in foxn4 and foxj1 double mutants than in single mutants. In contrast to Foxj1, Foxn4 is not required to extend a single motile cilium by cells involved in left-right patterning. These results indicate that Foxn4 complements Foxj1 transcriptionally during MCC differentiation, thereby shaping the levels of gene expression required for the timely and complete biogenesis of multiple motile cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Campbell
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian K Quigley
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chris Kintner
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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61
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Gerovac BJ, Fregien NL. IL-13 Inhibits Multicilin Expression and Ciliogenesis via Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Independently of Notch Cleavage. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:554-61. [PMID: 26414872 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0227oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of ciliated cells and increases in goblet cells are seen in respiratory diseases such as asthma. These changes result in part from reduced differentiation of basal progenitor cells to ciliated cells during injury and repair. The T helper 2 cytokine, IL-13, has been shown to inhibit ciliated cell differentiation, but the mechanism is not clearly understood. We recently showed that Notch signaling inhibits ciliated cell differentiation in submerged culture by repressing multicilin and forkhead box J1 (FOXJ1) expression, genes required for ciliogenesis. Using a novel method to study ciliated cell differentiation, we investigated the relationship between IL-13 and Notch signaling pathways. We found that IL-13 inhibits ciliated cell differentiation by repressing multicilin and FOXJ1 expression but does so independent of Notch signaling. In addition, we show that pharmacological inhibition of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, but not mitogen activated protein kinase kinase, signaling rescues multicilin and FOXJ1 expression and ciliated cell differentiation in the presence of IL-13. These findings indicate that regulation of multicilin expression by two distinct signaling pathways affects ciliated cell differentiation. In addition, the requirement for Janus kinase activation in IL-13-induced inhibition of ciliogenesis provides a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Gerovac
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Nevis L Fregien
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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62
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McClenahan FK, Sharma H, Shan X, Eyermann C, Colognato H. Dystroglycan Suppresses Notch to Regulate Stem Cell Niche Structure and Function in the Developing Postnatal Subventricular Zone. Dev Cell 2016; 38:548-66. [PMID: 27569418 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
While the extracellular matrix (ECM) is known to regulate neural stem cell quiescence in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ), the function of ECM in the developing SVZ remains unknown. Here, we report that the ECM receptor dystroglycan regulates a unique developmental restructuring of ECM in the early postnatal SVZ. Dystroglycan is furthermore required for ependymal cell differentiation and assembly of niche pinwheel structures, at least in part by suppressing Notch activation in radial glial cells, which leads to the increased expression of MCI, Myb, and FoxJ1, transcriptional regulators necessary for acquisition of the multiciliated phenotype. Dystroglycan also regulates perinatal radial glial cell proliferation and transition into intermediate gliogenic progenitors, such that either acute or constitutive loss of function in dystroglycan results in increased oligodendrogenesis. These findings reveal a role for dystroglycan in orchestrating both the assembly and function of the SVZ neural stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freyja K McClenahan
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
| | - Xiwei Shan
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
| | - Christopher Eyermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
| | - Holly Colognato
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA.
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63
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The aryl hydrocarbon receptor controls cyclin O to promote epithelial multiciliogenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12652. [PMID: 27554288 PMCID: PMC4999520 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelia function as barriers against environmental insults and express the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). However, AhR function in these tissues is unknown. Here we show that AhR regulates multiciliogenesis in both murine airway epithelia and in Xenopus laevis epidermis. In air-exposed airway epithelia, induction of factors required for multiciliogenesis, including cyclin O (Ccno) and Multicilin (Mcidas), is AhR dependent, and air exposure induces AhR binding to the Ccno promoter. Submersion and hypoxic conditions impede AhR-dependent Ccno induction. This is mediated by the persistence of Notch signalling, as Notch blockade renders multiciliogenesis and Ccno induction by AhR independent from air exposure. In contrast to Ccno induction, air exposure does not induce the canonical AhR target cytochrome P450 1a1 (Cyp1a1). Inversely, exposure to AhR ligands induces Cyp1a1 but not Ccno and impeded ciliogenesis. These data indicate that AhR involvement in detoxification of environmental pollutants may impede its physiological role, resulting in respiratory pathology. Epithelia are barriers against environmental insults and express the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Here the authors show that AhR regulates multiciliogenesis via cyclin O and Multicilin in a Notch-dependent manner and that this is blocked by toxic ligands.
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64
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Vladar EK, Nayak JV, Milla CE, Axelrod JD. Airway epithelial homeostasis and planar cell polarity signaling depend on multiciliated cell differentiation. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27570836 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile airway cilia that propel contaminants out of the lung are oriented in a common direction by planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling, which localizes PCP protein complexes to opposite cell sides throughout the epithelium to orient cytoskeletal remodeling. In airway epithelia, PCP is determined in a 2-phase process. First, cell-cell communication via PCP complexes polarizes all cells with respect to the proximal-distal tissue axis. Second, during ciliogenesis, multiciliated cells (MCCs) undergo cytoskeletal remodeling to orient their cilia in the proximal direction. The second phase not only directs cilium polarization, but also consolidates polarization across the epithelium. Here, we demonstrate that in airway epithelia, PCP depends on MCC differentiation. PCP mutant epithelia have misaligned cilia, and also display defective barrier function and regeneration, indicating that PCP regulates multiple aspects of airway epithelial homeostasis. In humans, MCCs are often sparse in chronic inflammatory diseases, and these airways exhibit PCP dysfunction. The presence of insufficient MCCs impairs mucociliary clearance in part by disrupting PCP-driven polarization of the epithelium. Consistent with defective PCP, barrier function and regeneration are also disrupted. Pharmacological stimulation of MCC differentiation restores PCP and reverses these defects, suggesting its potential for broad therapeutic benefit in chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter K Vladar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jayakar V Nayak
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Carlos E Milla
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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65
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Abedalthagafi MS, Wu MP, Merrill PH, Du Z, Woo T, Sheu SH, Hurwitz S, Ligon KL, Santagata S. Decreased FOXJ1 expression and its ciliogenesis programme in aggressive ependymoma and choroid plexus tumours. J Pathol 2016; 238:584-97. [PMID: 26690880 DOI: 10.1002/path.4682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Well-differentiated human cancers share transcriptional programmes with the normal tissue counterparts from which they arise. These programmes broadly influence cell behaviour and function and are integral modulators of malignancy. Here, we show that the master regulator of motile ciliogenesis, FOXJ1, is highly expressed in cells along the ventricular surface of the human brain. Strong expression is present in cells of the ependyma and the choroid plexus as well as in a subset of cells residing in the subventricular zone. Expression of FOXJ1 and its transcriptional programme is maintained in many well-differentiated human tumours that arise along the ventricle, including low-grade ependymal tumours and choroid plexus papillomas. Anaplastic ependymomas as well as choroid plexus carcinomas show decreased FOXJ1 expression and its associated ciliogenesis programme genes. In ependymomas and choroid plexus tumours, reduced expression of FOXJ1 and its ciliogenesis programme are markers of poor outcome and are therefore useful biomarkers for assessing these tumours. Transitions in ciliogenesis define distinct differentiation states in ependymal and choroid plexus tumours with important implications for patient care. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak S Abedalthagafi
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael P Wu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Parker H Merrill
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ziming Du
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Terri Woo
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shu-Hsien Sheu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shelley Hurwitz
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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66
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Marra AN, Li Y, Wingert RA. Antennas of organ morphogenesis: the roles of cilia in vertebrate kidney development. Genesis 2016; 54:457-69. [PMID: 27389733 PMCID: PMC5053263 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cilia arose early during eukaryotic evolution, and their structural components are highly conserved from the simplest protists to complex metazoan species. In recent years, the role of cilia in the ontogeny of vertebrate organs has received increasing attention due to a staggering correlation between human disease and dysfunctional cilia. In particular, the presence of cilia in both the developing and mature kidney has become a deep area of research due to ciliopathies common to the kidney, such as polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Interestingly, mutations in genes encoding proteins that localize to the cilia cause similar cystic phenotypes in kidneys of various vertebrates, suggesting an essential role for cilia in kidney organogenesis and homeostasis as well. Importantly, the genes so far identified in kidney disease have conserved functions across species, whose kidneys include both primary and motile cilia. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive description of cilia and their role in kidney development, as well as highlight the usefulness of the zebrafish embryonic kidney as a model to further understand the function of cilia in kidney health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Marra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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67
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Nemajerova A, Kramer D, Siller SS, Herr C, Shomroni O, Pena T, Gallinas Suazo C, Glaser K, Wildung M, Steffen H, Sriraman A, Oberle F, Wienken M, Hennion M, Vidal R, Royen B, Alevra M, Schild D, Bals R, Dönitz J, Riedel D, Bonn S, Takemaru KI, Moll UM, Lizé M. TAp73 is a central transcriptional regulator of airway multiciliogenesis. Genes Dev 2016; 30:1300-12. [PMID: 27257214 PMCID: PMC4911929 DOI: 10.1101/gad.279836.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Motile multiciliated cells (MCCs) have critical roles in respiratory health and disease and are essential for cleaning inhaled pollutants and pathogens from airways. Despite their significance for human disease, the transcriptional control that governs multiciliogenesis remains poorly understood. Here we identify TP73, a p53 homolog, as governing the program for airway multiciliogenesis. Mice with TP73 deficiency suffer from chronic respiratory tract infections due to profound defects in ciliogenesis and complete loss of mucociliary clearance. Organotypic airway cultures pinpoint TAp73 as necessary and sufficient for basal body docking, axonemal extension, and motility during the differentiation of MCC progenitors. Mechanistically, cross-species genomic analyses and complete ciliary rescue of knockout MCCs identify TAp73 as the conserved central transcriptional integrator of multiciliogenesis. TAp73 directly activates the key regulators FoxJ1, Rfx2, Rfx3, and miR34bc plus nearly 50 structural and functional ciliary genes, some of which are associated with human ciliopathies. Our results position TAp73 as a novel central regulator of MCC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Nemajerova
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Daniela Kramer
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saul S Siller
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Christian Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Orr Shomroni
- Computational Systems Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tonatiuh Pena
- Computational Systems Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Glaser
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Merit Wildung
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henrik Steffen
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anusha Sriraman
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Oberle
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Wienken
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Magali Hennion
- Computational Systems Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramon Vidal
- Computational Systems Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bettina Royen
- Department of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, Göttingen University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mihai Alevra
- Department of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, Göttingen University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Detlev Schild
- Department of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, Göttingen University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Jürgen Dönitz
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Electron Microscopy, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bonn
- Computational Systems Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Ute M Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA; Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Muriel Lizé
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, Department of Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
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68
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Mercey O, Kodjabachian L, Barbry P, Marcet B. MicroRNAs as key regulators of GTPase-mediated apical actin reorganization in multiciliated epithelia. Small GTPases 2016; 7:54-8. [PMID: 27144998 PMCID: PMC4905265 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1151099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs), which are present in specialized vertebrate tissues such as mucociliary epithelia, project hundreds of motile cilia from their apical membrane. Coordinated ciliary beating in MCCs contributes to fluid propulsion in several biological processes. In a previous work, we demonstrated that microRNAs of the miR-34/449 family act as new conserved regulators of MCC differentiation by specifically repressing cell cycle genes and the Notch pathway. Recently, we have shown that miR-34/449 also modulate small GTPase pathways to promote, in a later stage of differentiation, the assembly of the apical actin network, a prerequisite for proper anchoring of centrioles-derived neo-synthesized basal bodies. We characterized several miR-34/449 targets related to small GTPase pathways including R-Ras, which represents a key and conserved regulator during MCC differentiation. Direct RRAS repression by miR-34/449 is necessary for apical actin meshwork assembly, notably by allowing the apical relocalization of the actin binding protein Filamin-A near basal bodies. Our studies establish miR-34/449 as central players that orchestrate several steps of MCC differentiation program by regulating distinct signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Mercey
- a CNRS-IPMC, UMR-7275 , Sophia-Antipolis , France.,b University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis (UNS) , Sophia-Antipolis , France
| | | | - Pascal Barbry
- a CNRS-IPMC, UMR-7275 , Sophia-Antipolis , France.,b University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis (UNS) , Sophia-Antipolis , France
| | - Brice Marcet
- a CNRS-IPMC, UMR-7275 , Sophia-Antipolis , France.,b University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis (UNS) , Sophia-Antipolis , France
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69
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Kyrousi C, Lalioti ME, Skavatsou E, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. Mcidas and GemC1/Lynkeas specify embryonic radial glial cells. NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1172747. [PMID: 27606337 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1172747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ependymal cells are multiciliated cells located in the wall of the lateral ventricles of the adult mammalian brain and are key components of the subependymal zone niche, where adult neural stem cells reside. Through the movement of their motile cilia, ependymal cells control the cerebrospinal fluid flow within the ventricular system from which they receive secreted molecules and morphogens controlling self-renewal and differentiation decisions of adult neural stem cells. Multiciliated ependymal cells become fully differentiated at postnatal stages however they are specified during mid to late embryogenesis from a population of radial glial cells. Here we discuss recent findings suggesting that 2 novel molecules, Mcidas and GemC1/Lynkeas are key players on radial glial specification to ependymal cells. Both proteins were initially described as cell cycle regulators revealing sequence similarity to Geminin. They are expressed in radial glial cells committed to the ependymal cell lineage during embryogenesis, while overexpression and knock down experiments showed that are sufficient and necessary for ependymal cell generation. We propose that Mcidas and GemC1/Lynkeas are key components of the molecular cascade that promotes radial glial cells fate commitment toward multiciliated ependymal cell lineage operating upstream of c-Myb and FoxJ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kyrousi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Lalioti
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Skavatsou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
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70
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Sonic Hedgehog promotes proliferation of Notch-dependent monociliated choroid plexus tumour cells. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:418-30. [PMID: 26999738 PMCID: PMC4814324 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant Notch signaling has been linked to many cancers including choroid plexus (CP) tumours, a group of rare and predominantly pediatric brain neoplasms. We developed animal models of CP tumours by inducing sustained expression of Notch1 that recapitulate properties of human CP tumours with aberrant NOTCH signaling. Whole transcriptome and functional analyses showed that tumour cell proliferation is associated with Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) in the tumour microenvironment. Unlike CP epithelial cells, which have multiple primary cilia, tumour cells possess a solitary primary cilium as a result of Notch-mediated suppression of multiciliate diffferentiation. A Shh-driven signaling cascade in the primary cilium occurs in tumour cells but not in epithelial cells. Lineage studies show that CP tumours arise from mono-ciliated progenitors in the roof plate characterized by elevated Notch signaling. Abnormal SHH signaling and distinct ciliogenesis are detected in human CP tumours, suggesting SHH pathway and cilia differentiation as potential therapeutic avenues.
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71
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Marshall CB, Mays DJ, Beeler JS, Rosenbluth JM, Boyd KL, Santos Guasch GL, Shaver TM, Tang LJ, Liu Q, Shyr Y, Venters BJ, Magnuson MA, Pietenpol JA. p73 Is Required for Multiciliogenesis and Regulates the Foxj1-Associated Gene Network. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2289-300. [PMID: 26947080 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that p73 is expressed in multiciliated cells (MCCs), is required for MCC differentiation, and directly regulates transcriptional modulators of multiciliogenesis. Loss of ciliary biogenesis provides a unifying mechanism for many phenotypes observed in p73 knockout mice including hydrocephalus; hippocampal dysgenesis; sterility; and chronic inflammation/infection of lung, middle ear, and sinus. Through p73 and p63 ChIP-seq using murine tracheal cells, we identified over 100 putative p73 target genes that regulate MCC differentiation and homeostasis. We validated Foxj1, a transcriptional regulator of multiciliogenesis, and many other cilia-associated genes as direct target genes of p73 and p63. We show p73 and p63 are co-expressed in a subset of basal cells and suggest that p73 marks these cells for MCC differentiation. In summary, p73 is essential for MCC differentiation, functions as a critical regulator of a transcriptome required for MCC differentiation, and, like p63, has an essential role in development of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton B Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Deborah J Mays
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J Scott Beeler
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer M Rosenbluth
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Timothy M Shaver
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lucy J Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bryan J Venters
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mark A Magnuson
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer A Pietenpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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72
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Prinzhorn W, Stehle M, Kleiner H, Ruppenthal S, Müller MC, Hofmann WK, Fabarius A, Seifarth W. c-MYB is a transcriptional regulator of ESPL1/Separase in BCR-ABL-positive chronic myeloid leukemia. Biomark Res 2016; 4:5. [PMID: 26937281 PMCID: PMC4774018 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-016-0059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genomic instability and clonal evolution are hallmarks of progressing chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Recently, we have shown that clonal evolution and blast crisis correlate with altered expression and activity of Separase, a cysteine endopeptidase that is a mitotic key player in chromosomal segregation and centriole duplication. Hyperactivation of Separase in human hematopoietic cells has been linked to a feedback mechanism that posttranslationally stimulates Separase proteolytic activity after imatinib therapy-induced reduction of Separase protein levels. Methods and Results In search for potential therapy-responsive transcriptional mechanisms we have investigated the role of the transcription factor c-MYB for Separase expression in CML cell lines (LAMA-84, K562, BV-173) and in clinical samples. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot immunostaining experiments revealed that c-MYB expression levels are decreased in an imatinib-dependent manner and positively correlate with Separase expression levels in cell lines and in clinical CML samples. RNA silencing of c-MYB expression in CML cell lines resulted in reduced Separase protein levels. Gelshift and ChIP assays confirmed that c-MYB binds to a putative c-MYB binding sequence located within the ESPL1 promoter. Conclusions Our data suggest that ESPL1/Separase is a regulatory target of c-MYB. Therefore, c-MYB, known to be required for BCR-ABL-dependent transformation of hematopoietic progenitors and leukemogenesis, may also control the Separase-dependent fidelity of mitotic chromosomal segregation and centriole duplication essential for maintenance of genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiltrud Prinzhorn
- III. Medizinische Klinik (Hämatologie und Onkologie), Wissenschaftliches Labor, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Pettenkofer Str. 22, 68169 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Stehle
- III. Medizinische Klinik (Hämatologie und Onkologie), Wissenschaftliches Labor, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Pettenkofer Str. 22, 68169 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Helga Kleiner
- III. Medizinische Klinik (Hämatologie und Onkologie), Wissenschaftliches Labor, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Pettenkofer Str. 22, 68169 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ruppenthal
- III. Medizinische Klinik (Hämatologie und Onkologie), Wissenschaftliches Labor, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Pettenkofer Str. 22, 68169 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin C Müller
- III. Medizinische Klinik (Hämatologie und Onkologie), Wissenschaftliches Labor, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Pettenkofer Str. 22, 68169 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolf-Karsten Hofmann
- III. Medizinische Klinik (Hämatologie und Onkologie), Wissenschaftliches Labor, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Pettenkofer Str. 22, 68169 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alice Fabarius
- III. Medizinische Klinik (Hämatologie und Onkologie), Wissenschaftliches Labor, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Pettenkofer Str. 22, 68169 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Seifarth
- III. Medizinische Klinik (Hämatologie und Onkologie), Wissenschaftliches Labor, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Pettenkofer Str. 22, 68169 Mannheim, Germany
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73
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Terré B, Piergiovanni G, Segura-Bayona S, Gil-Gómez G, Youssef SA, Attolini CSO, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Jung C, Rojas AM, Marjanović M, Knobel PA, Palenzuela L, López-Rovira T, Forrow S, Huttner WB, Valverde MA, de Bruin A, Costanzo V, Stracker TH. GEMC1 is a critical regulator of multiciliated cell differentiation. EMBO J 2016; 35:942-60. [PMID: 26933123 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201592821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of multiciliated cells (MCCs) is required for the proper function of many tissues, including the respiratory tract, brain, and germline. Defects in MCC development have been demonstrated to cause a subclass of mucociliary clearance disorders termed reduced generation of multiple motile cilia (RGMC). To date, only two genes, Multicilin (MCIDAS) and cyclin O (CCNO) have been identified in this disorder in humans. Here, we describe mice lacking GEMC1 (GMNC), a protein with a similar domain organization as Multicilin that has been implicated in DNA replication control. We have found that GEMC1-deficient mice are growth impaired, develop hydrocephaly with a high penetrance, and are infertile, due to defects in the formation of MCCs in the brain, respiratory tract, and germline. Our data demonstrate that GEMC1 is a critical regulator of MCC differentiation and a candidate gene for human RGMC or related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Terré
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Segura-Bayona
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gil-Gómez
- IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sameh A Youssef
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Camille Stephan-Otto Attolini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carole Jung
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana M Rojas
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Campus Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain
| | - Marko Marjanović
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Philip A Knobel
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Palenzuela
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa López-Rovira
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen Forrow
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Miguel A Valverde
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Travis H Stracker
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
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74
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Abstract
Xenopus has been one of the earliest and most important vertebrate model organisms for investigating the role and structure of basal bodies. Early transmission electron microscopy studies in Xenopus revealed the fine structures of Xenopus basal bodies and their accessory structures. Subsequent investigations using multiciliated cells in the Xenopus epidermis have further revealed many important features regarding the transcriptional regulation of basal body amplification as well as the regulation of basal body/cilia polarity. Future basal body research using Xenopus is expected to focus on the application of modern genome editing techniques (CRISPR/TALEN) to characterize the components of basal body proteins and their molecular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
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75
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Pardo-Saganta A, Law BM, Tata PR, Villoria J, Saez B, Mou H, Zhao R, Rajagopal J. Injury induces direct lineage segregation of functionally distinct airway basal stem/progenitor cell subpopulations. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 16:184-97. [PMID: 25658372 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Following injury, stem cells restore normal tissue architecture by producing the proper number and proportions of differentiated cells. Current models of airway epithelial regeneration propose that distinct cytokeratin 8-expressing progenitor cells, arising from p63(+) basal stem cells, subsequently differentiate into secretory and ciliated cell lineages. We now show that immediately following injury, discrete subpopulations of p63(+) airway basal stem/progenitor cells themselves express Notch pathway components associated with either secretory or ciliated cell fate commitment. One basal cell population displays intracellular Notch2 activation and directly generates secretory cells; the other expresses c-myb and directly yields ciliated cells. Furthermore, disrupting Notch ligand activity within the basal cell population at large disrupts the normal pattern of lineage segregation. These non-cell-autonomous effects demonstrate that effective airway epithelial regeneration requires intercellular communication within the broader basal stem/progenitor cell population. These findings have broad implications for understanding epithelial regeneration and stem cell heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pardo-Saganta
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Brandon M Law
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Purushothama Rao Tata
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jorge Villoria
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Borja Saez
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hongmei Mou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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76
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Pan JH, Adair-Kirk TL, Patel AC, Huang T, Yozamp NS, Xu J, Reddy EP, Byers DE, Pierce RA, Holtzman MJ, Brody SL. Myb permits multilineage airway epithelial cell differentiation. Stem Cells 2015; 32:3245-56. [PMID: 25103188 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium of the pulmonary airway is specially differentiated to provide defense against environmental insults, but also subject to dysregulated differentiation that results in lung disease. The current paradigm for airway epithelial differentiation is a one-step program whereby a p63(+) basal epithelial progenitor cell generates a ciliated or secretory cell lineage, but the cue for this transition and whether there are intermediate steps are poorly defined. Here, we identify transcription factor Myb as a key regulator that permits early multilineage differentiation of airway epithelial cells. Myb(+) cells were identified as p63(-) and therefore distinct from basal progenitor cells, but were still negative for markers of differentiation. Myb RNAi treatment of primary-culture airway epithelial cells and Myb gene deletion in mice resulted in a p63(-) population with failed maturation of Foxj1(+) ciliated cells as well as Scbg1a1(+) and Muc5ac(+) secretory cells. Consistent with these findings, analysis of whole genome expression of Myb-deficient cells identified Myb-dependent programs for ciliated and secretory cell differentiation. Myb(+) cells were rare in human airways but were increased in regions of ciliated cells and mucous cell hyperplasia in samples from subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Together, the results show that a p63(-) Myb(+) population of airway epithelial cells represents a distinct intermediate stage of differentiation that is required under normal conditions and may be heightened in airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Hong Pan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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77
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Kyrousi C, Arbi M, Pilz GA, Pefani DE, Lalioti ME, Ninkovic J, Götz M, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. Mcidas and GemC1 are key regulators for the generation of multiciliated ependymal cells in the adult neurogenic niche. Development 2015; 142:3661-74. [PMID: 26395491 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiciliated cells are abundant in the epithelial surface of different tissues, including cells lining the walls of the lateral ventricles in the brain and the airway epithelium. Their main role is to control fluid flow and defects in their differentiation are implicated in many human disorders, such as hydrocephalus, accompanied by defects in adult neurogenesis and mucociliary disorder in the airway system. Here we show that Mcidas, which is mutated in human mucociliary clearance disorder, and GemC1 (Gmnc or Lynkeas), previously implicated in cell cycle progression, are key regulators of multiciliated ependymal cell generation in the mouse brain. Overexpression and knockdown experiments show that Mcidas and GemC1 are sufficient and necessary for cell fate commitment and differentiation of radial glial cells to multiciliated ependymal cells. Furthermore, we show that GemC1 and Mcidas operate in hierarchical order, upstream of Foxj1 and c-Myb transcription factors, which are known regulators of ependymal cell generation, and that Notch signaling inhibits GemC1 and Mcidas function. Our results suggest that Mcidas and GemC1 are key players in the generation of multiciliated ependymal cells of the adult neurogenic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kyrousi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Marina Arbi
- Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Gregor-Alexander Pilz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Dafni-Eleftheria Pefani
- Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Lalioti
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany Physiological Genomics, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany Physiological Genomics, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
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78
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Chevalier B, Adamiok A, Mercey O, Revinski DR, Zaragosi LE, Pasini A, Kodjabachian L, Barbry P, Marcet B. miR-34/449 control apical actin network formation during multiciliogenesis through small GTPase pathways. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8386. [PMID: 26381333 PMCID: PMC4595761 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate multiciliated cells (MCCs) contribute to fluid propulsion in several biological processes. We previously showed that microRNAs of the miR-34/449 family trigger MCC differentiation by repressing cell cycle genes and the Notch pathway. Here, using human and Xenopus MCCs, we show that beyond this initial step, miR-34/449 later promote the assembly of an apical actin network, required for proper basal bodies anchoring. Identification of miR-34/449 targets related to small GTPase pathways led us to characterize R-Ras as a key regulator of this process. Protection of RRAS messenger RNA against miR-34/449 binding impairs actin cap formation and multiciliogenesis, despite a still active RhoA. We propose that miR-34/449 also promote relocalization of the actin binding protein Filamin-A, a known RRAS interactor, near basal bodies in MCCs. Our study illustrates the intricate role played by miR-34/449 in coordinating several steps of a complex differentiation programme by regulating distinct signalling pathways. MicroRNAs of the miR-34/449 family initiate formation of multiciliated cells through the suppression of cell cycle genes and Notch. Here the authors show that miR-34/449 also regulate the assembly of an apical actin network necessary for basal body anchoring by regulating the expression of R-Ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Chevalier
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), UMR-7275, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560 Sophia-Antipolis, France.,University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis (UNS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 route des Lucioles, Valbonne, 06560 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Anna Adamiok
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR7288, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Mercey
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), UMR-7275, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560 Sophia-Antipolis, France.,University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis (UNS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 route des Lucioles, Valbonne, 06560 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Diego R Revinski
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR7288, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Laure-Emmanuelle Zaragosi
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), UMR-7275, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560 Sophia-Antipolis, France.,University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis (UNS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 route des Lucioles, Valbonne, 06560 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Andrea Pasini
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR7288, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Kodjabachian
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR7288, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Barbry
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), UMR-7275, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560 Sophia-Antipolis, France.,University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis (UNS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 route des Lucioles, Valbonne, 06560 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Brice Marcet
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), UMR-7275, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560 Sophia-Antipolis, France.,University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis (UNS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 route des Lucioles, Valbonne, 06560 Sophia-Antipolis, France
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79
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Pardo-Saganta A, Tata PR, Law BM, Saez B, Chow RDW, Prabhu M, Gridley T, Rajagopal J. Parent stem cells can serve as niches for their daughter cells. Nature 2015; 523:597-601. [PMID: 26147083 PMCID: PMC4521991 DOI: 10.1038/nature14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pardo-Saganta
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Purushothama Rao Tata
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Brandon M Law
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Borja Saez
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Ryan Dz-Wei Chow
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mythili Prabhu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Thomas Gridley
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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80
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Cibois M, Luxardi G, Chevalier B, Thomé V, Mercey O, Zaragosi LE, Barbry P, Pasini A, Marcet B, Kodjabachian L. BMP signalling controls the construction of vertebrate mucociliary epithelia. Development 2015; 142:2352-63. [PMID: 26092849 DOI: 10.1242/dev.118679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of mucociliary epithelia in animal physiology, the mechanisms controlling their establishment are poorly understood. Using the developing Xenopus epidermis and regenerating human upper airways, we reveal the importance of BMP signalling for the construction of vertebrate mucociliary epithelia. In Xenopus, attenuation of BMP activity is necessary for the specification of multiciliated cells (MCCs), ionocytes and small secretory cells (SSCs). Conversely, BMP activity is required for the proper differentiation of goblet cells. Our data suggest that the BMP and Notch pathways interact to control fate choices in the developing epidermis. Unexpectedly, BMP activity is also necessary for the insertion of MCCs, ionocytes and SSCs into the surface epithelium. In human, BMP inhibition also strongly stimulates the formation of MCCs in normal and pathological (cystic fibrosis) airway samples, whereas BMP overactivation has the opposite effect. This work identifies the BMP pathway as a key regulator of vertebrate mucociliary epithelium differentiation and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cibois
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille 13288, France
| | | | | | - Virginie Thomé
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Olivier Mercey
- CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France University of Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France
| | - Laure-Emmanuelle Zaragosi
- CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France University of Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France
| | | | - Andrea Pasini
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Brice Marcet
- CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France University of Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France
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81
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Abstract
The use of Xenopus embryonic skin as a model system for the development of ciliated epithelia is well established. This tissue is comprised of numerous cell types, most notably the multiciliated cells (MCCs) that each contain approximately 150 motile cilia. At the base of each cilium lies the centriole-based structure called the basal body. Centriole biogenesis is typically restricted to two new centrioles per cell cycle, each templating from an existing "mother" centriole. In contrast, MCCs are post-mitotic cells in which the majority of centrioles arise "de novo" without templating from a mother centriole, instead, these centrioles nucleate from an electron-dense structure termed the deuterostome. How centriole number is regulated in these cells and the mechanism by which the deuterosome templates nascent centrioles is still poorly understood. Here, we describe methods for regulating MCC cell fate as well as for visualizing and manipulating centriole biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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82
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Walentek P, Beyer T, Hagenlocher C, Müller C, Feistel K, Schweickert A, Harland RM, Blum M. ATP4a is required for development and function of the Xenopus mucociliary epidermis - a potential model to study proton pump inhibitor-associated pneumonia. Dev Biol 2015; 408:292-304. [PMID: 25848696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which target gastric H(+)/K(+)ATPase (ATP4), are among the most commonly prescribed drugs. PPIs are used to treat ulcers and as a preventative measure against gastroesophageal reflux disease in hospitalized patients. PPI treatment correlates with an increased risk for airway infections, i.e. community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia. The cause for this correlation, however, remains elusive. The Xenopus embryonic epidermis is increasingly being used as a model to study airway-like mucociliary epithelia. Here we use this model to address how ATP4 inhibition may affect epithelial function in human airways. We demonstrate that atp4a knockdown interfered with the generation of cilia-driven extracellular fluid flow. ATP4a and canonical Wnt signaling were required in the epidermis for expression of foxj1, a transcriptional regulator of motile ciliogenesis. The ATP4/Wnt module activated foxj1 downstream of ciliated cell fate specification. In multiciliated cells (MCCs) of the epidermis, ATP4a was also necessary for normal myb expression, apical actin formation, basal body docking and alignment of basal bodies. Furthermore, ATP4-dependent Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the epidermis was a prerequisite for foxa1-mediated specification of small secretory cells (SSCs). SSCs release serotonin and other substances into the medium, and thereby regulate ciliary beating in MCCs and protect the epithelium against infection. Pharmacological inhibition of ATP4 in the mature mucociliary epithelium also caused a loss of MCCs and led to impaired mucociliary clearance. These data strongly suggest that PPI-associated pneumonia in human patients might, at least in part, be linked to dysfunction of mucociliary epithelia of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walentek
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Tina Beyer
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cathrin Hagenlocher
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Müller
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Axel Schweickert
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Richard M Harland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Martin Blum
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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83
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Schweickert A, Feistel K. The Xenopus Embryo: An Ideal Model System to Study Human Ciliopathies. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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84
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Abstract
Cilia are key organelles in development and homeostasis. The ever-expanding complement of cilia associated proteins necessitates rapid and tractable models for in vivo functional investigation. Xenopus laevis provides an attractive model for such studies, having multiple ciliated populations, including primary and multiciliated tissues. The rapid external development of Xenopus and the large cells make it an especially excellent platform for imaging studies. Here we present embryological and cell biological methods for the investigation of cilia structure and function in X. laevis, with a focus on quantitative live and fixed imaging.
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85
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Crystal RG. Airway basal cells. The "smoking gun" of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 190:1355-62. [PMID: 25354273 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201408-1492pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest abnormality in the lung associated with smoking is hyperplasia of airway basal cells, the stem/progenitor cells of the ciliated and secretory cells that are central to pulmonary host defense. Using cell biology and 'omics technologies to assess basal cells isolated from bronchoscopic brushings of nonsmokers, smokers, and smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), compelling evidence has been provided in support of the concept that airway basal cells are central to the pathogenesis of smoking-associated lung diseases. When confronted by the chronic stress of smoking, airway basal cells become disorderly, regress to a more primitive state, behave as dictated by their inheritance, are susceptible to acquired changes in their genome, lose the capacity to regenerate the epithelium, are responsible for the major changes in the airway that characterize COPD, and, with persistent stress, can undergo malignant transformation. Together, these observations led to the conclusion that accelerated loss of lung function in susceptible individuals begins with disordered airway basal cell biology (i.e., that airway basal cells are the "smoking gun" of COPD, a potential target for the development of therapies to prevent smoking-related lung disorders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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86
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87
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Gerovac BJ, Valencia M, Baumlin N, Salathe M, Conner GE, Fregien NL. Submersion and hypoxia inhibit ciliated cell differentiation in a notch-dependent manner. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:516-25. [PMID: 24754775 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0237oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium that lines the conducting airways is composed of several distinct cell types that differentiate from common progenitor cells. The signals that control fate selection and differentiation of ciliated cells, a major component of the epithelium, are not completely understood. Ciliated cell differentiation can be accomplished in vitro when primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells are cultured at an air-liquid interface, but is inhibited when NHBE cells are cultured under submerged conditions. The mechanism by which submersion prevents ciliogenesis is not understood, but may provide clues to in vivo regulation of ciliated cell differentiation. We hypothesized that submersion creates a hypoxic environment that prevents ciliated cell differentiation by blocking the gene expression program required for ciliogenesis. This was confirmed by showing that expression of multicilin and Forkhead box J1, key factors needed for ciliated cell differentiation, was inhibited when NHBE cells were cultured in submerged and hypoxic conditions. Multicilin and Forkhead box J1 expression and ciliated cell differentiation were restored in submerged and hypoxic cells upon treatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor, N-[(3,5-difluorophenyl)acetyl]-L-alanyl-2-phenyl]glycine-1,1-dimethylethyl ester (DAPT), which suggested that Notch signaling was involved. Overexpression of Notch intracellular domain inhibited differentiation in the presence of DAPT, confirming the role of Notch signaling. These results indicate that submersion and hypoxia prevent ciliated cell differentiation by maintaining Notch signaling, which represses genes necessary for ciliogenesis. These data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms that control human bronchial differentiation.
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88
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Vieillard J, Jerber J, Durand B. Contrôle transcriptionnel des gènes ciliaires. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:968-75. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143011010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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89
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Trieu D, Waddell TK, McGuigan AP. A microfluidic device to apply shear stresses to polarizing ciliated airway epithelium using air flow. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:064104. [PMID: 25553181 PMCID: PMC4235625 DOI: 10.1063/1.4901930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Organization of airway epithelium determines ciliary beat direction and coordination for proper mucociliary clearance. Fluidic shear stresses have the potential to influence ciliary organization. Here, an in vitro fluidic flow system was developed for inducing long-term airflow shear stresses on airway epithelium with a view to influencing epithelial organization. Our system consists of a fluidic device for cell culture, integrated into a humidified airflow circuit. The fluidic device has a modular design and is made from a combination of polystyrene and adhesive components incorporated into a 6-well filter membrane insert. We demonstrate the system operates within physiologically relevant shear and pressure ranges and estimate the shear stress exerted on the epithelial cell layer as a result of air flow using a computational model. For both the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS2B and primary human tracheal airway epithelial cells, we demonstrate that cells remain viable within the device when exposed to airflow for 24 h and that normal differentiation and cilia formation occurs. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of our device for exploring the impact of exposing cells to airflow: our tool enables quantification of cytoskeletal organization, and is compatible with in situ bead assays to assess the orientation of cilia beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Trieu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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90
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Centriole amplification by mother and daughter centrioles differs in multiciliated cells. Nature 2014; 516:104-7. [PMID: 25307055 DOI: 10.1038/nature13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The semi-conservative centrosome duplication in cycling cells gives rise to a centrosome composed of a mother and a newly formed daughter centriole. Both centrioles are regarded as equivalent in their ability to form new centrioles and their symmetric duplication is crucial for cell division homeostasis. Multiciliated cells do not use the archetypal duplication program and instead form more than a hundred centrioles that are required for the growth of motile cilia and the efficient propelling of physiological fluids. The majority of these new centrioles are thought to appear de novo, that is, independently from the centrosome, around electron-dense structures called deuterosomes. Their origin remains unknown. Using live imaging combined with correlative super-resolution light and electron microscopy, we show that all new centrioles derive from the pre-existing progenitor cell centrosome through multiple rounds of procentriole seeding. Moreover, we establish that only the daughter centrosomal centriole contributes to deuterosome formation, and thus to over ninety per cent of the final centriole population. This unexpected centriolar asymmetry grants new perspectives when studying cilia-related diseases and pathological centriole amplification observed in cycling cells and associated with microcephaly and cancer.
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91
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Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based projections that serve a wide variety of essential functions in animal cells. Defects in cilia structure or function have recently been found to underlie diverse human diseases. While many eukaryotic cells possess only one or two cilia, some cells, including those of many unicellular organisms, exhibit many cilia. In vertebrates, multiciliated cells are a specialized population of post-mitotic cells decorated with dozens of motile cilia that beat in a polarized and synchronized fashion to drive directed fluid flow across an epithelium. Dysfunction of human multiciliated cells is associated with diseases of the brain, airway and reproductive tracts. Despite their importance, multiciliated cells are relatively poorly studied and we are only beginning to understand the mechanisms underlying their development and function. Here, we review the general phylogeny and physiology of multiciliation and detail our current understanding of the developmental and cellular events underlying the specification, differentiation and function of multiciliated cells in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Brooks
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas at Austin, Patterson Labs, 2401 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas at Austin, Patterson Labs, 2401 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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92
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Diggle CP, Moore DJ, Mali G, zur Lage P, Ait-Lounis A, Schmidts M, Shoemark A, Garcia Munoz A, Halachev MR, Gautier P, Yeyati PL, Bonthron DT, Carr IM, Hayward B, Markham AF, Hope JE, von Kriegsheim A, Mitchison HM, Jackson IJ, Durand B, Reith W, Sheridan E, Jarman AP, Mill P. HEATR2 plays a conserved role in assembly of the ciliary motile apparatus. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004577. [PMID: 25232951 PMCID: PMC4168999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are highly conserved microtubule-based structures that perform a variety of sensory and motility functions during development and adult homeostasis. In humans, defects specifically affecting motile cilia lead to chronic airway infections, infertility and laterality defects in the genetically heterogeneous disorder Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD). Using the comparatively simple Drosophila system, in which mechanosensory neurons possess modified motile cilia, we employed a recently elucidated cilia transcriptional RFX-FOX code to identify novel PCD candidate genes. Here, we report characterization of CG31320/HEATR2, which plays a conserved critical role in forming the axonemal dynein arms required for ciliary motility in both flies and humans. Inner and outer arm dyneins are absent from axonemes of CG31320 mutant flies and from PCD individuals with a novel splice-acceptor HEATR2 mutation. Functional conservation of closely arranged RFX-FOX binding sites upstream of HEATR2 orthologues may drive higher cytoplasmic expression of HEATR2 during early motile ciliogenesis. Immunoprecipitation reveals HEATR2 interacts with DNAI2, but not HSP70 or HSP90, distinguishing it from the client/chaperone functions described for other cytoplasmic proteins required for dynein arm assembly such as DNAAF1-4. These data implicate CG31320/HEATR2 in a growing intracellular pre-assembly and transport network that is necessary to deliver functional dynein machinery to the ciliary compartment for integration into the motile axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Moore
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Girish Mali
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Petra zur Lage
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defect Research Center, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- Paediatric Respiratory Department, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amaya Garcia Munoz
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mihail R. Halachev
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Gautier
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia L. Yeyati
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian M. Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Hayward
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jilly E. Hope
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hannah M. Mitchison
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defect Research Center, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 5534 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ES); (APJ); (PM)
| | - Andrew P. Jarman
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ES); (APJ); (PM)
| | - Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ES); (APJ); (PM)
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93
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IL-6/STAT3 promotes regeneration of airway ciliated cells from basal stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3641-9. [PMID: 25136113 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1409781111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudostratified airway epithelium of the lung contains a balanced proportion of multiciliated and secretory luminal cells that are maintained and regenerated by a population of basal stem cells. However, little is known about how these processes are modulated in vivo, and about the potential role of cytokine signaling between stem and progenitor cells and their niche. Using a clonal 3D organoid assay, we found that IL-6 stimulated, and Stat3 inhibitors reduced, the generation of ciliated vs. secretory cells from basal cells. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies with cultured mouse and human basal cells suggest that IL-6/Stat3 signaling promotes ciliogenesis at multiple levels, including increases in multicilin gene and forkhead box protein J1 expression and inhibition of the Notch pathway. To test the role of IL-6 in vivo genetically, we followed the regeneration of mouse tracheal epithelium after ablation of luminal cells by inhaled SO2. Stat3 is activated in basal cells and their daughters early in the repair process, correlating with an increase in Il-6 expression in platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha(+) mesenchymal cells in the stroma. Conditional deletion in basal cells of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, encoding a negative regulator of the Stat3 pathway, results in an increase in multiciliated cells at the expense of secretory and basal cells. By contrast, Il-6 null mice regenerate fewer ciliated cells and an increased number of secretory cells after injury. The results support a model in which IL-6, produced in the reparative niche, functions to enhance the differentiation of basal cells, and thereby acts as a "friend" to promote airway repair rather than a "foe."
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94
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Yang J, Chen J. Developmental programs of lung epithelial progenitors: a balanced progenitor model. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 3:331-47. [PMID: 25124755 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The daunting task of lung epithelium development is to transform a cluster of foregut progenitors into a three-dimensional (3D) tubular network with distinct cell types distributed at their appropriate locations. A complete understanding of lung development needs to address not only how, but also where, different cell types form. We propose that the lung epithelium forms through regulated deployment of three developmental programs: branching morphogenesis to expand progenitors and build a tree-like tubular network, airway differentiation to specify cells for the proximal conducting airways, and alveolar differentiation to specify cells for the peripheral gas exchange region. Each developmental program has its unique morphological features and molecular control mechanisms; their spatiotemporal coordination can be accounted for in a balanced progenitor model where progenitors balance between alternative developmental programs in response to spatiotemporal cues. This model integrates progenitor morphogenesis and differentiation, and provides new insights to lung immaturity in preterm birth and lung evolution. Advanced gene targeting and 3D imaging tools are needed to achieve a comprehensive understanding of lung epithelial progenitors on molecular, cellular, and morphological levels. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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95
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Wallmeier J, Al-Mutairi DA, Chen CT, Loges NT, Pennekamp P, Menchen T, Ma L, Shamseldin HE, Olbrich H, Dougherty GW, Werner C, Alsabah BH, Köhler G, Jaspers M, Boon M, Griese M, Schmitt-Grohé S, Zimmermann T, Koerner-Rettberg C, Horak E, Kintner C, Alkuraya FS, Omran H. Mutations in CCNO result in congenital mucociliary clearance disorder with reduced generation of multiple motile cilia. Nat Genet 2014; 46:646-51. [PMID: 24747639 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Using a whole-exome sequencing strategy, we identified recessive CCNO (encoding cyclin O) mutations in 16 individuals suffering from chronic destructive lung disease due to insufficient airway clearance. Respiratory epithelial cells showed a marked reduction in the number of multiple motile cilia (MMC) covering the cell surface. The few residual cilia that correctly expressed axonemal motor proteins were motile and did not exhibit obvious beating defects. Careful subcellular analyses as well as in vitro ciliogenesis experiments in CCNO-mutant cells showed defective mother centriole generation and placement. Morpholino-based knockdown of the Xenopus ortholog of CCNO also resulted in reduced MMC and centriole numbers in embryonic epidermal cells. CCNO is expressed in the apical cytoplasm of multiciliated cells and acts downstream of multicilin, which governs the generation of multiciliated cells. To our knowledge, CCNO is the first reported gene linking an inherited human disease to reduced MMC generation due to a defect in centriole amplification and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wallmeier
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany. [2]
| | - Dalal A Al-Mutairi
- 1] Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait. [2]
| | - Chun-Ting Chen
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Niki Tomas Loges
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Petra Pennekamp
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tabea Menchen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lina Ma
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hanan E Shamseldin
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heike Olbrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Gerard W Dougherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Claudius Werner
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Basel H Alsabah
- Zain Hospital for Ear, Nose and Throat, Shuwaikh, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Gabriele Köhler
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Martine Jaspers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Boon
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Griese
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Schmitt-Grohé
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Theodor Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cordula Koerner-Rettberg
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Horak
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescents, Division of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Chris Kintner
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- 1] Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. [2] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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96
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Choksi SP, Lauter G, Swoboda P, Roy S. Switching on cilia: transcriptional networks regulating ciliogenesis. Development 2014; 141:1427-41. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.074666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cilia play many essential roles in fluid transport and cellular locomotion, and as sensory hubs for a variety of signal transduction pathways. Despite having a conserved basic morphology, cilia vary extensively in their shapes and sizes, ultrastructural details, numbers per cell, motility patterns and sensory capabilities. Emerging evidence indicates that this diversity, which is intimately linked to the different functions that cilia perform, is in large part programmed at the transcriptional level. Here, we review our understanding of the transcriptional control of ciliary biogenesis, highlighting the activities of FOXJ1 and the RFX family of transcriptional regulators. In addition, we examine how a number of signaling pathways, and lineage and cell fate determinants can induce and modulate ciliogenic programs to bring about the differentiation of distinct cilia types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semil P. Choksi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673 Singapore
| | - Gilbert Lauter
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Peter Swoboda
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore
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97
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Chung MI, Kwon T, Tu F, Brooks ER, Gupta R, Meyer M, Baker JC, Marcotte EM, Wallingford JB. Coordinated genomic control of ciliogenesis and cell movement by RFX2. eLife 2014; 3:e01439. [PMID: 24424412 PMCID: PMC3889689 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms linking systems-level programs of gene expression to discrete cell biological processes in vivo remain poorly understood. In this study, we have defined such a program for multi-ciliated epithelial cells (MCCs), a cell type critical for proper development and homeostasis of the airway, brain and reproductive tracts. Starting from genomic analysis of the cilia-associated transcription factor Rfx2, we used bioinformatics and in vivo cell biological approaches to gain insights into the molecular basis of cilia assembly and function. Moreover, we discovered a previously un-recognized role for an Rfx factor in cell movement, finding that Rfx2 cell-autonomously controls apical surface expansion in nascent MCCs. Thus, Rfx2 coordinates multiple, distinct gene expression programs in MCCs, regulating genes that control cell movement, ciliogenesis, and cilia function. As such, the work serves as a paradigm for understanding genomic control of cell biological processes that span from early cell morphogenetic events to terminally differentiated cellular functions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01439.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-I Chung
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Fan Tu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Eric R Brooks
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Rakhi Gupta
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Matthew Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Julie C Baker
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Edward M Marcotte
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
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98
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Tan FE, Vladar EK, Ma L, Fuentealba LC, Hoh R, Hernán Espinoza F, Axelrod JD, Alvarez-Buylla A, Stearns T, Kintner C, Krasnow MA. Myb promotes centriole amplification and later steps of the multiciliogenesis program. J Cell Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.143099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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