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Luyckx I, Walton IS, Boeckx N, Van Schil K, Pang C, De Praeter M, Lord H, Watson CM, Bonthron DT, Van Laer L, Wilkie AOM, Loeys B. Homozygous SMAD6 variants in two unrelated patients with craniosynostosis and radioulnar synostosis. J Med Genet 2024; 61:363-368. [PMID: 38290823 PMCID: PMC10982635 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SMAD6 encodes an intracellular inhibitor of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway. Until now, rare heterozygous loss-of-function variants in SMAD6 were demonstrated to increase the risk of disparate clinical disorders including cardiovascular disease, craniosynostosis and radioulnar synostosis. Only two unrelated patients harbouring biallelic SMAD6 variants presenting a complex cardiovascular phenotype and facial dysmorphism have been described. CASES Here, we present the first two patients with craniosynostosis harbouring homozygous SMAD6 variants. The male probands, both born to healthy consanguineous parents, were diagnosed with metopic synostosis and bilateral or unilateral radioulnar synostosis. Additionally, one proband had global developmental delay. Echocardiographic evaluation did not reveal cardiac or outflow tract abnormalities. MOLECULAR ANALYSES The novel missense (c.[584T>G];[584T>G], p.[(Val195Gly)];[(Val195Gly)]) and missense/splice-site variant (c.[817G>A];[817G>A], r.[(817g>a,817delins[a;817+2_817+228])];[(817g>a,817delins[a;817+2_817+228])], p.[(Glu273Lys,Glu273Serfs*72)];[(Glu273Lys,Glu273Serfs*72)]) both locate in the functional MH1 domain of the protein and have not been reported in gnomAD database. Functional analyses of the variants showed reduced inhibition of BMP signalling or abnormal splicing, respectively, consistent with a hypomorphic mechanism of action. CONCLUSION Our data expand the spectrum of variants and phenotypic spectrum associated with homozygous variants of SMAD6 to include craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Luyckx
- Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Isaac Scott Walton
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Nele Boeckx
- Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Schil
- Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chingyiu Pang
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Mania De Praeter
- Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Helen Lord
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher Mark Watson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - David T Bonthron
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Lut Van Laer
- Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Bart Loeys
- Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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2
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Walker K, Mistry A, Watson CM, Nadat F, O'Callaghan E, Care M, Crinnion LA, Arumugakani G, Bonthron DT, Carter C, Doody GM, Savic S. Inherited CD19 Deficiency Does Not Impair Plasma Cell Formation or Response to CXCL12. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:1543-1556. [PMID: 37246174 PMCID: PMC10499936 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01511-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human CD19 antigen is expressed throughout B cell ontogeny with the exception of neoplastic plasma cells and a subset of normal plasma cells. CD19 plays a role in propagating signals from the B cell receptor and other receptors such as CXCR4 in mature B cells. Studies of CD19-deficient patients have confirmed its function during the initial stages of B cell activation and the production of memory B cells; however, its role in the later stages of B cell differentiation is unclear. OBJECTIVE Using B cells from a newly identified CD19-deficient individual, we investigated the role of CD19 in the generation and function of plasma cells using an in vitro differentiation model. METHODS Flow cytometry and long-read nanopore sequencing using locus-specific long-range amplification products were used to screen a patient with suspected primary immunodeficiency. Purified B cells from the patient and healthy controls were activated with CD40L, IL-21, IL-2, and anti-Ig, then transferred to different cytokine conditions to induce plasma cell differentiation. Subsequently, the cells were stimulated with CXCL12 to induce signalling through CXCR4. Phosphorylation of key downstream proteins including ERK and AKT was assessed by Western blotting. RNA-seq was also performed on in vitro differentiating cells. RESULTS Long-read nanopore sequencing identified the homozygous pathogenic mutation c.622del (p.Ser208Profs*19) which was corroborated by the lack of CD19 cell surface staining. CD19-deficient B cells that are predominantly naïve generate phenotypically normal plasma cells with expected patterns of differentiation-associated genes and normal levels of CXCR4. Differentiated CD19-deficient cells were capable of responding to CXCL12; however, plasma cells derived from naïve B cells, both CD19-deficient and sufficient, had relatively diminished signaling compared to those generated from total B cells. Additionally, CD19 ligation on normal plasma cells results in AKT phosphorylation. CONCLUSION CD19 is not required for generation of antibody-secreting cells or the responses of these populations to CXCL12, but may alter the response other ligands that require CD19 potentially affecting localization, proliferation, or survival. The observed hypogammaglobulinemia in CD19-deficient individuals is therefore likely attributable to the lack of memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Walker
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Anoop Mistry
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, St James's University Hospital, 5.18 Clinical Sciences Building, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Christopher M Watson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
- Yorkshire and North East Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Fatima Nadat
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, St James's University Hospital, 5.18 Clinical Sciences Building, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Eleanor O'Callaghan
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Matthew Care
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Laura A Crinnion
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
- Yorkshire and North East Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Gururaj Arumugakani
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, St James's University Hospital, 5.18 Clinical Sciences Building, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David T Bonthron
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Clive Carter
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, St James's University Hospital, 5.18 Clinical Sciences Building, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Gina M Doody
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Sinisa Savic
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, St James's University Hospital, 5.18 Clinical Sciences Building, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research, Leeds Biomedical Research Centre and Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
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3
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Watson CM, Jackson L, Crinnion LA, Bonthron DT, Sheridan E. Long-read sequencing to resolve the parent of origin of a de novo pathogenic UBE3A variant. J Med Genet 2022; 59:1082-1086. [PMID: 35414530 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThe ever-increasing capacity of short-read sequencing instruments is driving the adoption of whole genome sequencing (WGS) as a universal approach to the diagnosis of rare genetic disorders. However, many challenging genomic regions remain, for which alternative technologies must be deployed in order to address the clinical question satisfactorily.MethodsHere we report the use of long-read sequencing to resolve ambiguity over a suspected diagnosis of Angelman syndrome.ResultsDespite a normal chromosomal microarray result and methylation studies at the imprinted 15q11q13 locus, the continued clinical suspicion of Angelman Syndrome prompted trio WGS of the proband and his parents. A de novo heterozygous frameshift variant, c.2370_2373del (NM_130838.2) p.(Asp790Glufs*7), in UBE3A was identified. To determine the parental allele on which this variant arose, long-read sequencing of the flanking genomic region was performed. Comparison of the resulting haplotypes allowed us to determine that the pathogenic frameshift variant arose on the maternal allele, confirming a diagnosis of Angelman syndrome in this case.ConclusionLong-read nanopore sequencing provides significant clinical utility when assessing the parental origin of de novo variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mark Watson
- North East and Yorkshire Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK .,Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Lucy Jackson
- North East and Yorkshire Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Laura A Crinnion
- North East and Yorkshire Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - David T Bonthron
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Watson CM, Holliday DL, Crinnion LA, Bonthron DT. Long‐read nanopore DNA sequencing can resolve complex intragenic duplication/deletion variants, providing information to enable preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 2022; 42:226-232. [PMID: 35014072 PMCID: PMC9305782 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Objective Methods Results Conclusion
What's already known about this topic?
Molecular diagnostic techniques that incompletely resolve pathogenic sequence variants can present a barrier for certain prenatal diagnostic approaches.
What does this study add?
This study demonstrates how nanopore‐based sequencing could be rapidly deployed for follow‐up analysis of previously identified, but incompletely‐defined structural variants, enabling onward referral to a national preimplantation genetic diagnosis service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Watson
- North East and Yorkshire Genomics Laboratory Hub Central Laboratory St. James's University Hospital Leeds UK
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research University of Leeds St. James's University Hospital Leeds UK
| | - Deborah L. Holliday
- Department of Clinical Genetics Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Chapel Allerton Hospital Leeds West Yorkshire UK
| | - Laura A. Crinnion
- North East and Yorkshire Genomics Laboratory Hub Central Laboratory St. James's University Hospital Leeds UK
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research University of Leeds St. James's University Hospital Leeds UK
| | - David T. Bonthron
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research University of Leeds St. James's University Hospital Leeds UK
- Department of Clinical Genetics Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Chapel Allerton Hospital Leeds West Yorkshire UK
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Watson CM, Crinnion LA, Simmonds J, Camm N, Adlard J, Bonthron DT. Long-read nanopore sequencing enables accurate confirmation of a recurrent PMS2 insertion-deletion variant located in a region of complex genomic architecture. Cancer Genet 2021; 256-257:122-126. [PMID: 34116445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) is the predominant methodology for the molecular genetic diagnosis of inherited conditions. In many laboratories, NGS-identified variants are routinely validated using a different method, to minimize the risk of a false-positive diagnosis. This can be particularly important when pathogenic variants are located in complex genomic regions. In this situation, new long-read sequencing technologies have potential advantages over existing alternatives. However, practical examples of their utility for diagnostic purposes remain scant. Here, we report the use of nanopore sequencing to validate a PMS2 mutation refractory to conventional methods. In a patient who presented with colorectal cancer and loss of PMS2 immunostaining, short-read NGS of Lynch syndrome-associated genes identified the recurrent PMS2 insertion-deletion variant, c.736_741delinsTGTGTGTGAAG (p.Pro246Cysfs*3). Confirmation of this variant using bidirectional Sanger sequencing was impeded by an upstream intron 6 poly(T) tract. Using a locus-specific amplicon template, we undertook nanopore long-read sequencing in order to assess the diagnostic accuracy of this platform. Pairwise comparison between a curated benchmark allele (derived from short-read NGS and unidirectional Sanger sequencing) and the consensus nanopore dataset revealed 100% sequence identity. Our experience provides insight into the robustness and ease of deployment of "third-generation" sequencing for accurate characterisation of pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Watson
- Yorkshire and North East Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
| | - Laura A Crinnion
- Yorkshire and North East Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Simmonds
- Yorkshire and North East Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Camm
- Yorkshire and North East Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Adlard
- The Clinical Genetics Department, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds LS7 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - David T Bonthron
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom; The Clinical Genetics Department, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds LS7 4SA, United Kingdom
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Watson CM, Crinnion LA, Lindsay H, Mitchell R, Camm N, Robinson R, Joyce C, Tanteles GA, Halloran DJO, Pena SDJ, Carr IM, Bonthron DT. Assessing the utility of long-read nanopore sequencing for rapid and efficient characterization of mobile element insertions. J Transl Med 2021; 101:442-449. [PMID: 32989232 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-00489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-read next generation sequencing (NGS) has become the predominant first-line technique used to diagnose patients with rare genetic conditions. Inherent limitations of short-read technology, notably for the detection and characterization of complex insertion-containing variants, are offset by the ability to concurrently screen many disease genes. "Third-generation" long-read sequencers are increasingly being deployed as an orthogonal adjunct technology, but their full potential for molecular genetic diagnosis has yet to be exploited. Here, we describe three diagnostic cases in which pathogenic mobile element insertions were refractory to characterization by short-read sequencing. To validate the accuracy of the long-read technology, we first used Sanger sequencing to confirm the integration sites and derive curated benchmark sequences of the variant-containing alleles. Long-read nanopore sequencing was then performed on locus-specific amplicons. Pairwise comparison between these data and the previously determined benchmark alleles revealed 100% identity of the variant-containing sequences. We demonstrate a number of technical advantages over existing wet-laboratory approaches, including in silico size selection of a mixed pool of amplification products, and the relative ease with which an automated informatics workflow can be established. Our findings add to a growing body of literature describing the diagnostic utility of long-read sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Watson
- Yorkshire and North East Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Laura A Crinnion
- Yorkshire and North East Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Helen Lindsay
- Yorkshire and North East Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Rowena Mitchell
- Yorkshire and North East Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Nick Camm
- Yorkshire and North East Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Rachel Robinson
- Yorkshire and North East Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Caroline Joyce
- Department of Endocrinology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - George A Tanteles
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 6 International Airport Avenue, PO Box 23462, CY1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Ian M Carr
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David T Bonthron
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
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Watson CM, Dean P, Camm N, Bates J, Carr IM, Gardiner CA, Bonthron DT. Long-read nanopore sequencing resolves a TMEM231 gene conversion event causing Meckel-Gruber syndrome. Hum Mutat 2019; 41:525-531. [PMID: 31663672 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic deployment of massively parallel short-read next-generation sequencing (NGS) has greatly improved genetic test availability, speed, and diagnostic yield, particularly for rare inherited disorders. Nonetheless, diagnostic approaches based on short-read sequencing have a poor ability to accurately detect gene conversion events. We report on the genetic analysis of a family in which 3 fetuses had clinical features consistent with the autosomal recessive disorder Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS). Targeted NGS of 29 known MKS-associated genes revealed a heterozygous TMEM231 splice donor variant c.929+1A>G. Comparative read-depth analysis, performed to identify a second pathogenic allele, revealed an apparent heterozygous deletion of TMEM231 exon 4. To verify this result we performed single-molecule long-read sequencing of a long-range polymerase chain reaction product spanning this locus. We identified four missense variants that were absent from the short-read dataset due to the preferential mapping of variant-containing reads to a downstream TMEM231 pseudogene. Consistent with the parental segregation analysis, we demonstrate that the single-molecule long reads could be used to show that the variants are arranged in trans. Our experience shows that robust validation of apparent dosage variants remains essential to avoid the pitfalls of short-read sequencing and that new third-generation long-read sequencing technologies can already aid routine clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Watson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Philip Dean
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Nick Camm
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Jennifer Bates
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Ian M Carr
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Carol A Gardiner
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Services, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - David T Bonthron
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Walker L, Watson CM, Hewitt S, Crinnion LA, Bonthron DT, Cohen KE. An alternative to array-based diagnostics: a prospectively recruited cohort, comparing arrayCGH to next-generation sequencing to evaluate foetal structural abnormalities. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2019; 39:328-334. [PMID: 30714504 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2018.1522529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic investigations, following the identification of foetal abnormalities, are routinely performed using array comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH). Despite the utility of this technique, contemporary approaches for the detection of copy number variation are typically based on next-generation sequencing (NGS). We sought to compare an in-house NGS-based workflow (CNVseq) with aCGH, for invasively obtained foetal samples from pregnancies complicated by foetal structural abnormality. DNA from 40 foetuses was screened using both 8 × 60 K aCGH oligoarrays and low-coverage whole genome sequencing. Sequencer-compatible libraries were combined in a ten-sample multiplex and sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq2500. The mean resolution of CNVseq was 29 kb, compared to 60 kb for aCGH analyses. Four clinically significant, concordant, copy number imbalances were detected using both techniques, however, genomic breakpoints were more precisely defined by CNVseq. This data indicates CNVseq is a robust and sensitive alternative to aCGH, for the prenatal investigation of foetuses with structural abnormalities. Impact statement What is already known about this subject? Copy number variant analysis using next-generation sequencing has been successfully applied to investigations of tumour specimens and patients with developmental delays. The application of our approach, to a prospective prenatal diagnosis cohort, has not hitherto been assessed. What do the results of this study add? Next-generation sequencing has a comparable turnaround time and assay sensitivity to copy number variant analysis performed using array CGH. We demonstrate that having established a next-generation sequencing facility, high-throughput CNVseq sample processing and analysis can be undertaken within the framework of a regional diagnostic service. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Array CGH is a legacy technology which is likely to be superseded by low-coverage whole genome sequencing, for the detection of copy number variants, in the prenatal diagnosis of structural abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Walker
- a Department of Fetal Medicine , Leeds General Infirmary , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Watson
- b Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service , St. James's University Hospital , Leeds , United Kingdom.,c School of Medicine , University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Hewitt
- b Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service , St. James's University Hospital , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Laura A Crinnion
- b Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service , St. James's University Hospital , Leeds , United Kingdom.,c School of Medicine , University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - David T Bonthron
- b Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service , St. James's University Hospital , Leeds , United Kingdom.,c School of Medicine , University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Kelly E Cohen
- a Department of Fetal Medicine , Leeds General Infirmary , Leeds , United Kingdom
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9
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Bonnefoy S, Watson CM, Kernohan KD, Lemos M, Hutchinson S, Poulter JA, Crinnion LA, Berry I, Simmonds J, Vasudevan P, O'Callaghan C, Hirst RA, Rutman A, Huang L, Hartley T, Grynspan D, Moya E, Li C, Carr IM, Bonthron DT, Leroux M, Boycott KM, Bastin P, Sheridan EG. Biallelic Mutations in LRRC56, Encoding a Protein Associated with Intraflagellar Transport, Cause Mucociliary Clearance and Laterality Defects. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:727-739. [PMID: 30388400 PMCID: PMC6218757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary defects in motile cilia result in dysfunction of the apparatus responsible for generating fluid flows. Defects in these mechanisms underlie disorders characterized by poor mucus clearance, resulting in susceptibility to chronic recurrent respiratory infections, often associated with infertility; laterality defects occur in about 50% of such individuals. Here we report biallelic variants in LRRC56 (known as oda8 in Chlamydomonas) identified in three unrelated families. The phenotype comprises laterality defects and chronic pulmonary infections. High-speed video microscopy of cultured epithelial cells from an affected individual showed severely dyskinetic cilia but no obvious ultra-structural abnormalities on routine transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further investigation revealed that LRRC56 interacts with the intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein IFT88. The link with IFT was interrogated in Trypanosoma brucei. In this protist, LRRC56 is recruited to the cilium during axoneme construction, where it co-localizes with IFT trains and is required for the addition of dynein arms to the distal end of the flagellum. In T. brucei carrying LRRC56-null mutations, or a variant resulting in the p.Leu259Pro substitution corresponding to the p.Leu140Pro variant seen in one of the affected families, we observed abnormal ciliary beat patterns and an absence of outer dynein arms restricted to the distal portion of the axoneme. Together, our findings confirm that deleterious variants in LRRC56 result in a human disease and suggest that this protein has a likely role in dynein transport during cilia assembly that is evolutionarily important for cilia motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Bonnefoy
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit & INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christopher M Watson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Kristin D Kernohan
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Moara Lemos
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit & INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Hutchinson
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit & INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - James A Poulter
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Laura A Crinnion
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Ian Berry
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Jennifer Simmonds
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Pradeep Vasudevan
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, RKCSB, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Chris O'Callaghan
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, RKCSB, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; Respiratory, Critical Care & Anaesthesia, Institute of Child Health, University College London & Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Robert A Hirst
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, RKCSB, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Andrew Rutman
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, RKCSB, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Lijia Huang
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Taila Hartley
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - David Grynspan
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Eduardo Moya
- Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6R, UK
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Ian M Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David T Bonthron
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Michel Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kym M Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit & INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Eamonn G Sheridan
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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10
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Marques P, Spencer R, Morrison PJ, Carr IM, Dang MN, Bonthron DT, Hunter S, Korbonits M. Cantú syndrome with coexisting familial pituitary adenoma. Endocrine 2018; 59:677-684. [PMID: 29327300 PMCID: PMC5847123 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pseudoacromegaly describes conditions with an acromegaly related physical appearance without abnormalities in the growth hormone (GH) axis. Acromegaloid facies, together with hypertrichosis, are typical manifestations of Cantú syndrome. CASE DESCRIPTION We present a three-generation family with 5 affected members, with marked acromegaloid facies and prominent hypertrichosis, due to a novel missense variant in the ABCC9 gene. The proband, a 2-year-old girl, was referred due to marked hypertrichosis, noticed soon after birth, associated with coarsening of her facial appearance. Her endocrine assessment, including of the GH axis, was normal. The proband's father, paternal aunt, and half-sibling were referred to the Endocrine department for exclusion of acromegaly. Although the GH axis was normal in all, two subjects had clinically non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas, a feature which has not previously been associated with Cantú syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Activating mutations in the ABCC9 and, less commonly, KCNJ8 genes-representing the two subunits of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel-have been linked with Cantú syndrome. Interestingly, minoxidil, a well-known ATP-sensitive potassium channel agonist, can cause a similar phenotype. There is no clear explanation why activating this channel would lead to acromegaloid features or hypertrichosis. This report raises awareness for this complex condition, especially for adult or pediatric endocrinologists who might see these patients referred for evaluation of acromegaloid features or hirsutism. The link between Cantú syndrome and pituitary adenomas is currently unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rupert Spencer
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Ian M Carr
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mary N Dang
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David T Bonthron
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Steven Hunter
- Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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11
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Watson CM, Camm N, Crinnion LA, Clokie S, Robinson RL, Adlard J, Charlton R, Markham AF, Carr IM, Bonthron DT. Increased Sensitivity of Diagnostic Mutation Detection by Re-analysis Incorporating Local Reassembly of Sequence Reads. Mol Diagn Ther 2017; 21:685-692. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-017-0304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Antanaviciute A, Baquero-Perez B, Watson CM, Harrison SM, Lascelles C, Crinnion L, Markham AF, Bonthron DT, Whitehouse A, Carr IM. m6aViewer: software for the detection, analysis, and visualization of N6-methyladenosine peaks from m 6A-seq/ME-RIP sequencing data. RNA 2017; 23:1493-1501. [PMID: 28724534 PMCID: PMC5602108 DOI: 10.1261/rna.058206.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent methods for transcriptome-wide N6-methyladenosine (m6A) profiling have facilitated investigations into the RNA methylome and established m6A as a dynamic modification that has critical regulatory roles in gene expression and may play a role in human disease. However, bioinformatics resources available for the analysis of m6A sequencing data are still limited. Here, we describe m6aViewer-a cross-platform application for analysis and visualization of m6A peaks from sequencing data. m6aViewer implements a novel m6A peak-calling algorithm that identifies high-confidence methylated residues with more precision than previously described approaches. The application enables data analysis through a graphical user interface, and thus, in contrast to other currently available tools, does not require the user to be skilled in computer programming. m6aViewer and test data can be downloaded here: http://dna2.leeds.ac.uk/m6a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Antanaviciute
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda Baquero-Perez
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Watson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Sally M Harrison
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Lascelles
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Crinnion
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander F Markham
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - David T Bonthron
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Whitehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Carr
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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13
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Smith CEL, Alexandraki A, Cordery SF, Parmar R, Bonthron DT, Valleley EMA. A tissue-specific promoter derived from a SINE retrotransposon drives biallelic expression of PLAGL1 in human lymphocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185678. [PMID: 28957425 PMCID: PMC5619815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The imprinted gene PLAGL1 is an important regulator of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Loss of its expression has been implicated in tumorigenesis in a range of different cancers, and overexpression during fetal development causes transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM). PLAGL1 lies within an imprinted region of chromosome 6q24, and monoallelic expression from the major, differentially methylated promoter (P1) occurs in most human tissues. However, in peripheral blood leukocytes, the active promoter (P2) is non-imprinted and drives biallelic transcription. We report here a novel PLAGL1 promoter (P5) derived from the insertion of a primate-specific, MIR3 SINE retrotransposon. P5 is highly utilized in lymphocytes, particularly in T cells, and like P2, directs biallelic transcription. Our results show that it is important to consider P5 in relation to PLAGL1 function in T cells when investigating the dysregulation of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. L. Smith
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alexia Alexandraki
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah F. Cordery
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rekha Parmar
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David T. Bonthron
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. A. Valleley
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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14
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Watson CM, Camm N, Crinnion LA, Antanaviciute A, Adlard J, Markham AF, Carr IM, Charlton R, Bonthron DT. Characterization and Genomic Localization of a SMAD4 Processed Pseudogene. J Mol Diagn 2017; 19:933-940. [PMID: 28867604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Like many clinical diagnostic laboratories, the Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service undertakes routine investigation of cancer-predisposed individuals by high-throughput sequencing of patient DNA that has been target-enriched for genes associated with hereditary cancer. Accurate diagnosis using such reagents requires alertness regarding rare nonpathogenic variants that may interfere with variant calling. In a cohort of 2042 such cases, we identified 5 that initially appeared to be carriers of a 95-bp deletion of SMAD4 intron 6. More detailed analysis indicated that these individuals all carried one copy of a SMAD4 processed gene. Because of its interference with diagnostic analysis, we characterized this processed gene in detail. Whole-genome sequencing and confirmatory Sanger sequencing of junction PCR products were used to show that in each of the 5 cases, the SMAD4 processed gene was integrated at the same position on chromosome 9, located within the last intron of the SCAI gene. This rare polymorphic processed gene therefore reflects the occurrence of a single ancestral retrotransposition event. Compared to the reference SMAD4 mRNA sequence NM_005359.5 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide), the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the processed gene are both truncated, but its open reading frame is unaltered. Our experience leads us to advocate the use of an RNA-seq aligner as part of diagnostic assay quality assurance, since this allows recognition of processed pseudogenes in a comparatively facile automated fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Watson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Single Cell Functional Genomics Centre, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Nick Camm
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Laura A Crinnion
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Single Cell Functional Genomics Centre, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Agne Antanaviciute
- MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Adlard
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander F Markham
- MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Carr
- MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Single Cell Functional Genomics Centre, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Charlton
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David T Bonthron
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; MRC Single Cell Functional Genomics Centre, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
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15
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Shastin D, Peacock S, Guruswamy V, Kapetanstrataki M, Bonthron DT, Bellew M, Long V, Carter L, Smith I, Goodden J, Russell J, Liddington M, Chumas P. A proposal for a new classification of complications in craniosynostosis surgery. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2017; 19:675-683. [PMID: 28362186 DOI: 10.3171/2017.1.peds16343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complications have been used extensively to facilitate evaluation of craniosynostosis practice. However, description of complications tends to be nonstandardized, making comparison difficult. The authors propose a new pragmatic classification of complications that relies on prospective data collection, is geared to capture significant morbidity as well as any "near misses" in a systematic fashion, and can be used as a quality improvement tool. METHODS Data on complications for all patients undergoing surgery for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis between 2010 and 2015 were collected from a prospective craniofacial audit database maintained at the authors' institution. Information on comorbidities, details of surgery, and follow-up was extracted from medical records, anesthetic and operation charts, and electronic databases. Complications were defined as any unexpected event that resulted or could have resulted in a temporary or permanent damage to the child. RESULTS A total of 108 operations for the treatment of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis were performed in 103 patients during the 5-year study period. Complications were divided into 6 types: 0) perioperative occurrences; 1) inpatient complications; 2) outpatient complications not requiring readmission; 3) complications requiring readmission; 4) unexpected long-term deficit; and 5) mortality. These types were further subdivided according to the length of stay and time after discharge. The overall complication rate was found to be 35.9%. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of children with some sort of complication using the proposed definition was much higher than commonly reported, predominantly due to the inclusion of problems often dismissed as minor. The authors believe that these complications should be included in determining complication rates, as they will cause distress to families and may point to potential areas for improving a surgical service.
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16
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Bonthron DT, Foulkes WD. Genetics meets pathology - an increasingly important relationship. J Pathol 2017; 241:119-122. [PMID: 27859271 DOI: 10.1002/path.4849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The analytical power of modern methods for DNA analysis has outstripped our capability to interpret and understand the data generated. To make good use of this genomic data in a biomedical setting (whether for research or diagnosis), it is vital that we understand the mechanisms through which mutations affect biochemical pathways and physiological systems. This lies at the centre of what genetics is all about, and it is the reason why genetics and genomics should go hand in hand whenever possible. In this Annual Review Issue of The Journal of Pathology, we have assembled a collection of 16 expert reviews covering a wide range of topics. Through these, we illustrate the power of genetic analysis to improve our understanding of normal physiology and disease pathology, and thereby to think in rational ways about clinical management. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Bonthron
- Section of Genetics, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - William D Foulkes
- Departments of Human Genetics, Oncology and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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17
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Diggle CP, Martinez-Garay I, Molnar Z, Brinkworth MH, White E, Fowler E, Hughes R, Hayward BE, Carr IM, Watson CM, Crinnion L, Asipu A, Woodman B, Coletta PL, Markham AF, Dear TN, Bonthron DT, Peckham M, Morrison EE, Sheridan E. A tubulin alpha 8 mouse knockout model indicates a likely role in spermatogenesis but not in brain development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174264. [PMID: 28388629 PMCID: PMC5384676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin alpha 8 (Tuba8) is the most divergent member of the highly conserved alpha tubulin family, and uniquely lacks two key post-translational modification sites. It is abundantly expressed in testis and muscle, with lower levels in the brain. We previously identified homozygous hypomorphic TUBA8 mutations in human subjects with a polymicrogyria (PMG) syndrome, suggesting its involvement in development of the cerebral cortex. We have now generated and characterized a Tuba8 knockout mouse model. Homozygous mice were confirmed to lack Tuba8 protein in the testis, but did not display PMG and appeared to be neurologically normal. In response to this finding, we re-analyzed the human PMG subjects using whole exome sequencing. This resulted in identification of an additional homozygous loss-of-function mutation in SNAP29, suggesting that SNAP29 deficiency, rather than TUBA8 deficiency, may underlie most or all of the neurodevelopmental anomalies in these subjects. Nonetheless, in the mouse brain, Tuba8 specifically localised to the cerebellar Purkinje cells, suggesting that the human mutations may affect or modify motor control. In the testis, Tuba8 localisation was cell-type specific. It was restricted to spermiogenesis with a strong acrosomal localization that was gradually replaced by cytoplasmic distribution and was absent from spermatozoa. Although the knockout mice were fertile, the localisation pattern indicated that Tuba8 may have a role in spermatid development during spermatogenesis, rather than as a component of the mature microtubule-rich flagellum itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine P. Diggle
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Isabel Martinez-Garay
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Molnar
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ed White
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan Fowler
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Hughes
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce E. Hayward
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Carr
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M. Watson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Crinnion
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Aruna Asipu
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Woodman
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - P. Louise Coletta
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander F. Markham
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - T. Neil Dear
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David T. Bonthron
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Peckham
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan E. Morrison
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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18
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Giancane G, Diggle CP, Legger EG, Tekstra J, Prakken B, Brenkman AB, Carr IM, Markham AF, Bonthron DT, Wulffraat N. Primary Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy: An Update on Patient Features and Treatment. J Rheumatol 2016; 42:2211-4. [PMID: 26523041 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.150364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Giancane
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMC), Utrecht, the Netherlands;
| | - Christine P Diggle
- School of Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Ian M Carr
- School of Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds
| | | | - David T Bonthron
- School of Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds
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19
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Watson CM, Crinnion LA, Harrison SM, Lascelles C, Antanaviciute A, Carr IM, Bonthron DT, Sheridan E. A Chromosome 7 Pericentric Inversion Defined at Single-Nucleotide Resolution Using Diagnostic Whole Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Hand-Foot-Genital Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157075. [PMID: 27272187 PMCID: PMC4896502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing methodologies are facilitating the rapid characterisation of novel structural variants at nucleotide resolution. These approaches are particularly applicable to variants initially identified using alternative molecular methods. We report a child born with bilateral postaxial syndactyly of the feet and bilateral fifth finger clinodactyly. This was presumed to be an autosomal recessive syndrome, due to the family history of consanguinity. Karyotype analysis revealed a homozygous pericentric inversion of chromosome 7 (46,XX,inv(7)(p15q21)x2) which was confirmed to be heterozygous in both unaffected parents. Since the resolution of the karyotype was insufficient to identify any putatively causative gene, we undertook medium-coverage whole genome sequencing using paired-end reads, in order to elucidate the molecular breakpoints. In a two-step analysis, we first narrowed down the region by identifying discordant read-pairs, and then determined the precise molecular breakpoint by analysing the mapping locations of “soft-clipped” breakpoint-spanning reads. PCR and Sanger sequencing confirmed the identified breakpoints, both of which were located in intergenic regions. Significantly, the 7p15 breakpoint was located 523 kb upstream of HOXA13, the locus for hand-foot-genital syndrome. By inference from studies of HOXA locus control in the mouse, we suggest that the inversion has delocalised a HOXA13 enhancer to produce the phenotype observed in our patient. This study demonstrates how modern genetic diagnostic approach can characterise structural variants at nucleotide resolution and provide potential insights into functional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Watson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura A. Crinnion
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Sally M. Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Lascelles
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Agne Antanaviciute
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - David T. Bonthron
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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20
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Diggle CP, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Popiolek M, Hinttala R, Schülke JP, Kurian MA, Carr IM, Markham AF, Bonthron DT, Watson C, Sharif SM, Reinhart V, James LC, Vanase-Frawley MA, Charych E, Allen M, Harms J, Schmidt CJ, Ng J, Pysden K, Strick C, Vieira P, Mankinen K, Kokkonen H, Kallioinen M, Sormunen R, Rinne JO, Johansson J, Alakurtti K, Huilaja L, Hurskainen T, Tasanen K, Anttila E, Marques TR, Howes O, Politis M, Fahiminiya S, Nguyen KQ, Majewski J, Uusimaa J, Sheridan E, Brandon NJ. Biallelic Mutations in PDE10A Lead to Loss of Striatal PDE10A and a Hyperkinetic Movement Disorder with Onset in Infancy. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98:735-43. [PMID: 27058446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in the basal ganglia pathways modulating cortical motor activity underlie both Parkinson disease (PD) and Huntington disease (HD). Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is enriched in the striatum, and animal data suggest that it is a key regulator of this circuitry. Here, we report on germline PDE10A mutations in eight individuals from two families affected by a hyperkinetic movement disorder due to homozygous mutations c.320A>G (p.Tyr107Cys) and c.346G>C (p.Ala116Pro). Both mutations lead to a reduction in PDE10A levels in recombinant cellular systems, and critically, positron-emission-tomography (PET) studies with a specific PDE10A ligand confirmed that the p.Tyr107Cys variant also reduced striatal PDE10A levels in one of the affected individuals. A knock-in mouse model carrying the homologous p.Tyr97Cys variant had decreased striatal PDE10A and also displayed motor abnormalities. Striatal preparations from this animal had an impaired capacity to degrade cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and a blunted pharmacological response to PDE10A inhibitors. These observations highlight the critical role of PDE10A in motor control across species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacey J Sukoff Rizzo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael Popiolek
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Reetta Hinttala
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 23, 90029 Oulu, Finland; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jan-Philip Schülke
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ian M Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Veronica Reinhart
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Larry C James
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Erik Charych
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Melanie Allen
- Pfizer Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - John Harms
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher J Schmidt
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joanne Ng
- Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Institute of Women's Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Karen Pysden
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Christine Strick
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Päivi Vieira
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 23, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Hannaleena Kokkonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014, Oulu Finland; Northern Finland Laboratory Centre, Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 500, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Kallioinen
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Raija Sormunen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha O Rinne
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Jarkko Johansson
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Kati Alakurtti
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, PO Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Huilaja
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Dermatology and Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina Hurskainen
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Dermatology and Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Kaisa Tasanen
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Dermatology and Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Eija Anttila
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 23, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Oliver Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marius Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Somayyeh Fahiminiya
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Khanh Q Nguyen
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Johanna Uusimaa
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 23, 90029 Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | | | - Nicholas J Brandon
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Watson CM, Crinnion LA, Murphy H, Newbould M, Harrison SM, Lascelles C, Antanaviciute A, Carr IM, Sheridan E, Bonthron DT, Smith A. Deficiency of the myogenic factor MyoD causes a perinatally lethal fetal akinesia. J Med Genet 2016; 53:264-9. [PMID: 26733463 PMCID: PMC4819622 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Lethal fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS) describes a clinically and genetically heterogeneous phenotype that includes fetal akinesia, intrauterine growth retardation, arthrogryposis and developmental anomalies. Affected babies die as a result of pulmonary hypoplasia. We aimed to identify the underlying genetic cause of this disorder in a family in which there were three affected individuals from two sibships. Methods Autosomal-recessive inheritance was suggested by a family history of consanguinity and by recurrence of the phenotype between the two sibships. We performed exome sequencing of the affected individuals and their unaffected mother, followed by autozygosity mapping and variant filtering to identify the causative gene. Results Five autozygous regions were identified, spanning 31.7 Mb of genomic sequence and including 211 genes. Using standard variant filtering criteria, we excluded all variants as being the likely pathogenic cause, apart from a single novel nonsense mutation, c.188C>A p.(Ser63*) (NM_002478.4), in MYOD1. This gene encodes an extensively studied transcription factor involved in muscle development, which has nonetheless not hitherto been associated with a hereditary human disease phenotype. Conclusions We provide the first description of a human phenotype that appears to result from MYOD1 mutation. The presentation with FADS is consistent with a large body of data demonstrating that in the mouse, MyoD is a major controller of precursor cell commitment to the myogenic differentiation programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Watson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Laura A Crinnion
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Helen Murphy
- Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Melanie Newbould
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Sally M Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Carolina Lascelles
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Agne Antanaviciute
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Ian M Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - David T Bonthron
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Audrey Smith
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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22
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Watson CM, Crinnion LA, Berry IR, Harrison SM, Lascelles C, Antanaviciute A, Charlton RS, Dobbie A, Carr IM, Bonthron DT. Enhanced diagnostic yield in Meckel-Gruber and Joubert syndrome through exome sequencing supplemented with split-read mapping. BMC Med Genet 2016; 17:1. [PMID: 26729329 PMCID: PMC4700600 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The widespread adoption of high-throughput sequencing technologies by genetic diagnostic laboratories has enabled significant expansion of their testing portfolios. Rare autosomal recessive conditions have been a particular focus of many new services. Here we report a cohort of 26 patients referred for genetic analysis of Joubert (JBTS) and Meckel-Gruber (MKS) syndromes, two clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions that define a phenotypic spectrum, with MKS at the severe end. Methods Exome sequencing was performed for all cases, using Agilent SureSelect v5 reagents and Illumina paired-end sequencing. For two cases medium-coverage (9×) whole genome sequencing was subsequently undertaken. Results Using a standard analysis pipeline for the detection of single nucleotide and small insertion or deletion variants, molecular diagnoses were confirmed in 12 cases (4 %). Seeking to determine whether our cohort harboured pathogenic copy number variants (CNV), in JBTS- or MKS-associated genes, targeted comparative read-depth analysis was performed using FishingCNV. These analyses identified a putative intragenic AHI1 deletion that included three exons spanning at least 3.4 kb and an intergenic MPP4 to TMEM237 deletion that included exons spanning at least 21.5 kb. Whole genome sequencing enabled confirmation of the deletion-containing alleles and precise characterisation of the mutation breakpoints at nucleotide resolution. These data were validated following development of PCR-based assays that could be subsequently used for “cascade” screening and/or prenatal diagnosis. Conclusions Our investigations expand the AHI1 and TMEM237 mutation spectrum and highlight the importance of performing CNV screening of disease-associated genes. We demonstrate a robust increasingly cost-effective CNV detection workflow that is applicable to all MKS/JBTS referrals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-015-0265-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Watson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK. .,School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Laura A Crinnion
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK. .,School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Ian R Berry
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Sally M Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Carolina Lascelles
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Agne Antanaviciute
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Ruth S Charlton
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Angus Dobbie
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Ian M Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - David T Bonthron
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK. .,School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
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23
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Poulter JA, Smith CEL, Murrillo G, Silva S, Feather S, Howell M, Crinnion L, Bonthron DT, Carr IM, Watson CM, Inglehearn CF, Mighell AJ. A distinctive oral phenotype points to FAM20A mutations not identified by Sanger sequencing. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 3:543-9. [PMID: 26740946 PMCID: PMC4694127 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biallelic FAM20A mutations cause two conditions where Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) is the presenting feature: Amelogenesis Imperfecta and Gingival Fibromatosis Syndrome; and Enamel Renal Syndrome. A distinctive oral phenotype is shared in both conditions. On Sanger sequencing of FAM20A in cases with that phenotype, we identified two probands with single, likely pathogenic heterozygous mutations. Given the recessive inheritance pattern seen in all previous FAM20A mutation‐positive families and the potential for renal disease, further screening was carried out to look for a second pathogenic allele. Reverse transcriptase‐PCR on cDNA was used to determine transcript levels. CNVseq was used to screen for genomic insertions and deletions. In one family, FAM20A cDNA screening revealed only a single mutated FAM20A allele with the wild‐type allele not transcribed. In the second family, CNV detection by whole genome sequencing (CNVseq) revealed a heterozygous 54.7 kb duplication encompassing exons 1 to 4 of FAM20A. This study confirms the link between biallelic FAM20A mutations and the characteristic oral phenotype. It highlights for the first time examples of FAM20A mutations missed by the most commonly used mutation screening techniques. This information informed renal assessment and ongoing clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Poulter
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience University of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom
| | - Claire E L Smith
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience University of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom
| | - Gina Murrillo
- School of Dentistry University of Costa Rica San Pedro Costa Rica
| | - Sandra Silva
- Biology Molecular Cellular Centre (CBCM) University of Costa Rica San Pedro Costa Rica
| | - Sally Feather
- Paediatric Nephrology Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Leeds United Kingdom
| | - Marianella Howell
- Paediatric Nephrology National Children's Hospital San Jose Costa Rica
| | - Laura Crinnion
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics ServiceLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustLeedsUnited Kingdom; Section of GeneticsSchool of MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom
| | - David T Bonthron
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics ServiceLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustLeedsUnited Kingdom; Section of GeneticsSchool of MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian M Carr
- Section of Genetics School of Medicine University of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Watson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics ServiceLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustLeedsUnited Kingdom; Section of GeneticsSchool of MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom
| | - Chris F Inglehearn
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience University of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Mighell
- Section of Ophthalmology and NeuroscienceUniversity of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom; Department of Oral MedicineSchool of DentistryUniversity of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom
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24
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Hollstein R, Parry DA, Nalbach L, Logan CV, Strom TM, Hartill VL, Carr IM, Korenke GC, Uppal S, Ahmed M, Wieland T, Markham AF, Bennett CP, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Sheridan EG, Kaiser FJ, Bonthron DT. HACE1 deficiency causes an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental syndrome. J Med Genet 2015; 52:797-803. [PMID: 26424145 PMCID: PMC4717446 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The genetic aetiology of neurodevelopmental defects is extremely diverse, and the lack of distinctive phenotypic features means that genetic criteria are often required for accurate diagnostic classification. We aimed to identify the causative genetic lesions in two families in which eight affected individuals displayed variable learning disability, spasticity and abnormal gait. Methods Autosomal recessive inheritance was suggested by consanguinity in one family and by sibling recurrences with normal parents in the second. Autozygosity mapping and exome sequencing, respectively, were used to identify the causative gene. Results In both families, biallelic loss-of-function mutations in HACE1 were identified. HACE1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates the activity of cellular GTPases, including Rac1 and members of the Rab family. In the consanguineous family, a homozygous mutation p.R219* predicted a truncated protein entirely lacking its catalytic domain. In the other family, compound heterozygosity for nonsense mutation p.R748* and a 20-nt insertion interrupting the catalytic homologous to the E6-AP carboxyl terminus (HECT) domain was present; western blot analysis of patient cells revealed an absence of detectable HACE1 protein. Conclusion HACE1 mutations underlie a new autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder. Previous studies have implicated HACE1 as a tumour suppressor gene; however, since cancer predisposition was not observed either in homozygous or heterozygous mutation carriers, this concept may require re-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Hollstein
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - David A Parry
- Section of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lisa Nalbach
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Clare V Logan
- Section of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Verity L Hartill
- Section of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds, UK
| | - Ian M Carr
- Section of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Georg C Korenke
- Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Neuropädiatrie, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sandeep Uppal
- Section of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Eamonn G Sheridan
- Section of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds, UK
| | - Frank J Kaiser
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - David T Bonthron
- Section of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds, UK
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25
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Antanaviciute A, Watson CM, Harrison SM, Lascelles C, Crinnion L, Markham AF, Bonthron DT, Carr IM. OVA: integrating molecular and physical phenotype data from multiple biomedical domain ontologies with variant filtering for enhanced variant prioritization. Bioinformatics 2015; 31:3822-9. [PMID: 26272982 PMCID: PMC4653395 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Exome sequencing has become a de facto standard method for Mendelian disease gene discovery in recent years, yet identifying disease-causing mutations among thousands of candidate variants remains a non-trivial task. RESULTS Here we describe a new variant prioritization tool, OVA (ontology variant analysis), in which user-provided phenotypic information is exploited to infer deeper biological context. OVA combines a knowledge-based approach with a variant-filtering framework. It reduces the number of candidate variants by considering genotype and predicted effect on protein sequence, and scores the remainder on biological relevance to the query phenotype.We take advantage of several ontologies in order to bridge knowledge across multiple biomedical domains and facilitate computational analysis of annotations pertaining to genes, diseases, phenotypes, tissues and pathways. In this way, OVA combines information regarding molecular and physical phenotypes and integrates both human and model organism data to effectively prioritize variants. By assessing performance on both known and novel disease mutations, we show that OVA performs biologically meaningful candidate variant prioritization and can be more accurate than another recently published candidate variant prioritization tool. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION OVA is freely accessible at http://dna2.leeds.ac.uk:8080/OVA/index.jsp. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. CONTACT umaan@leeds.ac.uk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Antanaviciute
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds and
| | - Christopher M Watson
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds and Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Sally M Harrison
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds and
| | - Carolina Lascelles
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds and
| | - Laura Crinnion
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds and Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexander F Markham
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds and
| | - David T Bonthron
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds and
| | - Ian M Carr
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds and
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26
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Watson CM, Crinnion LA, Gurgel-Gianetti J, Harrison SM, Daly C, Antanavicuite A, Lascelles C, Markham AF, Pena SDJ, Bonthron DT, Carr IM. Rapid Detection of Rare Deleterious Variants by Next Generation Sequencing with Optional Microarray SNP Genotype Data. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:823-30. [PMID: 26037133 PMCID: PMC4744743 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autozygosity mapping is a powerful technique for the identification of rare, autosomal recessive, disease‐causing genes. The ease with which this category of disease gene can be identified has greatly increased through the availability of genome‐wide SNP genotyping microarrays and subsequently of exome sequencing. Although these methods have simplified the generation of experimental data, its analysis, particularly when disparate data types must be integrated, remains time consuming. Moreover, the huge volume of sequence variant data generated from next generation sequencing experiments opens up the possibility of using these data instead of microarray genotype data to identify disease loci. To allow these two types of data to be used in an integrated fashion, we have developed AgileVCFMapper, a program that performs both the mapping of disease loci by SNP genotyping and the analysis of potentially deleterious variants using exome sequence variant data, in a single step. This method does not require microarray SNP genotype data, although analysis with a combination of microarray and exome genotype data enables more precise delineation of disease loci, due to superior marker density and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Watson
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Laura A Crinnion
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Juliana Gurgel-Gianetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Catherine Daly
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Sergio D J Pena
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,GENE-Nucleo de Genetica Medica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - David T Bonthron
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Antanaviciute A, Daly C, Crinnion LA, Markham AF, Watson CM, Bonthron DT, Carr IM. GeneTIER: prioritization of candidate disease genes using tissue-specific gene expression profiles. Bioinformatics 2015; 31:2728-35. [PMID: 25861967 PMCID: PMC4528628 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation: In attempts to determine the genetic causes of human disease, researchers are often faced with a large number of candidate genes. Linkage studies can point to a genomic region containing hundreds of genes, while the high-throughput sequencing approach will often identify a great number of non-synonymous genetic variants. Since systematic experimental verification of each such candidate gene is not feasible, a method is needed to decide which genes are worth investigating further. Computational gene prioritization presents itself as a solution to this problem, systematically analyzing and sorting each gene from the most to least likely to be the disease-causing gene, in a fraction of the time it would take a researcher to perform such queries manually. Results: Here, we present Gene TIssue Expression Ranker (GeneTIER), a new web-based application for candidate gene prioritization. GeneTIER replaces knowledge-based inference traditionally used in candidate disease gene prioritization applications with experimental data from tissue-specific gene expression datasets and thus largely overcomes the bias toward the better characterized genes/diseases that commonly afflict other methods. We show that our approach is capable of accurate candidate gene prioritization and illustrate its strengths and weaknesses using case study examples. Availability and Implementation: Freely available on the web at http://dna.leeds.ac.uk/GeneTIER/. Contact:umaan@leeds.ac.uk Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Antanaviciute
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital and
| | - Catherine Daly
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital and
| | - Laura A Crinnion
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexander F Markham
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital and
| | | | - David T Bonthron
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital and
| | - Ian M Carr
- Section of Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital and
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Watson CM, Crinnion LA, Morgan JE, Harrison SM, Diggle CP, Adlard J, Lindsay HA, Camm N, Charlton R, Sheridan E, Bonthron DT, Taylor GR, Carr IM. Robust diagnostic genetic testing using solution capture enrichment and a novel variant-filtering interface. Hum Mutat 2015; 35:434-41. [PMID: 24307375 PMCID: PMC4285299 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeted hybridization enrichment prior to next-generation sequencing is a widespread method for characterizing sequence variation in a research setting, and is being adopted by diagnostic laboratories. However, the number of variants identified can overwhelm clinical laboratories with strict time constraints, the final interpretation of likely pathogenicity being a particular bottleneck. To address this, we have developed an approach in which, after automatic variant calling on a standard unix pipeline, subsequent variant filtering is performed interactively, using AgileExomeFilter and AgilePindelFilter (http://dna.leeds.ac.uk/agile), tools designed for clinical scientists with standard desktop computers. To demonstrate the method's diagnostic efficacy, we tested 128 patients using (1) a targeted capture of 36 cancer-predisposing genes or (2) whole-exome capture for diagnosis of the genetically heterogeneous disorder primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). In the cancer cohort, complete concordance with previous diagnostic data was achieved across 793 variant genotypes. A high yield (42%) was also achieved for exome-based PCD diagnosis, underscoring the scalability of our method. Simple adjustments to the variant filtering parameters further allowed the identification of a homozygous truncating mutation in a presumptive new PCD gene, DNAH8. These tools should allow diagnostic laboratories to expand their testing portfolios flexibly, using a standard set of reagents and techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Watson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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Anderson IA, Goomany A, Bonthron DT, Bellew M, Liddington MI, Smith IM, Russell JL, Carter LM, Guruswamy V, Goodden JR, Chumas PD. Does patient ethnicity affect site of craniosynostosis? J Neurosurg Pediatr 2014; 14:682-7. [PMID: 25325419 DOI: 10.3171/2014.9.peds14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT There are no published papers examining the role of ethnicity on suture involvement in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. The authors sought to examine whether there is a significant difference in the epidemiological pattern of suture(s) affected between different ethnic groups attending a regional craniofacial clinic with a diagnosis of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. METHODS A 5-year retrospective case-notes analysis of all cases involving patients attending a regional craniofacial clinic was undertaken. Cases were coded for the patients' declared ethnicity, suture(s) affected by synostosis, and the decision whether to have surgical correction of synostosis. The chi-square test was used to determine whether there were any differences in site of suture affected between ethnic groups. RESULTS A total of 312 cases were identified. Of these 312 cases, ethnicity data were available for 296 cases (95%). The patient population was dominated by 2 ethnic groups: white patients (222 cases) and Asian patients (56 cases). There were both more cases of complex synostosis and fewer cases of sagittal synostosis than expected in the Asian patient cohort (χ(2) = 9.217, p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS There is a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of the various sutures affected within the nonsyndromic craniosynostosis patient cohort when Asian patients are compared with white patients. The data from this study also suggest that nonsyndromic craniosynostosis is more prevalent in the Asian community than in the white community, although there may be inaccuracies in the estimates of the background population data. A larger-scale, multinational analysis is needed to further evaluate the relationship between ethnicity and nonsyndromic craniosynostosis.
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30
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Diggle CP, Moore DJ, Mali G, zur Lage P, Ait-Lounis A, Schmidts M, Shoemark A, Garcia Munoz A, Halachev MR, Gautier P, Yeyati PL, Bonthron DT, Carr IM, Hayward B, Markham AF, Hope JE, von Kriegsheim A, Mitchison HM, Jackson IJ, Durand B, Reith W, Sheridan E, Jarman AP, Mill P. HEATR2 plays a conserved role in assembly of the ciliary motile apparatus. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004577. [PMID: 25232951 PMCID: PMC4168999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are highly conserved microtubule-based structures that perform a variety of sensory and motility functions during development and adult homeostasis. In humans, defects specifically affecting motile cilia lead to chronic airway infections, infertility and laterality defects in the genetically heterogeneous disorder Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD). Using the comparatively simple Drosophila system, in which mechanosensory neurons possess modified motile cilia, we employed a recently elucidated cilia transcriptional RFX-FOX code to identify novel PCD candidate genes. Here, we report characterization of CG31320/HEATR2, which plays a conserved critical role in forming the axonemal dynein arms required for ciliary motility in both flies and humans. Inner and outer arm dyneins are absent from axonemes of CG31320 mutant flies and from PCD individuals with a novel splice-acceptor HEATR2 mutation. Functional conservation of closely arranged RFX-FOX binding sites upstream of HEATR2 orthologues may drive higher cytoplasmic expression of HEATR2 during early motile ciliogenesis. Immunoprecipitation reveals HEATR2 interacts with DNAI2, but not HSP70 or HSP90, distinguishing it from the client/chaperone functions described for other cytoplasmic proteins required for dynein arm assembly such as DNAAF1-4. These data implicate CG31320/HEATR2 in a growing intracellular pre-assembly and transport network that is necessary to deliver functional dynein machinery to the ciliary compartment for integration into the motile axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Moore
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Girish Mali
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Petra zur Lage
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defect Research Center, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- Paediatric Respiratory Department, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amaya Garcia Munoz
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mihail R. Halachev
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Gautier
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia L. Yeyati
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian M. Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Hayward
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jilly E. Hope
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hannah M. Mitchison
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defect Research Center, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 5534 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ES); (APJ); (PM)
| | - Andrew P. Jarman
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ES); (APJ); (PM)
| | - Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ES); (APJ); (PM)
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Watson CM, Crinnion LA, Tzika A, Mills A, Coates A, Pendlebury M, Hewitt S, Harrison SM, Daly C, Roberts P, Carr IM, Sheridan EG, Bonthron DT. Diagnostic whole genome sequencing and split-read mapping for nucleotide resolution breakpoint identification in CNTNAP2 deficiency syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2649-55. [PMID: 25045150 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has the potential to report on all types of genetic abnormality, thus converging diagnostic testing on a single methodology. Although WGS at sufficient depth for robust detection of point mutations is still some way from being affordable for diagnostic purposes, low-coverage WGS is already an excellent method for detecting copy number variants ("CNVseq"). We report on a family in which individuals presented with a presumed autosomal recessive syndrome of severe intellectual disability and epilepsy. Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis had revealed a homozygous deletion apparently lying within intron 3 of CNTNAP2. Since this was too small for confirmation by FISH, CNVseq was used, refining the extent of this mutation to approximately 76.8 kb, encompassing CNTNAP2 exon 3 (an out-of-frame deletion). To characterize the precise breakpoints and provide a rapid molecular diagnostic test, we resequenced the CNVseq library at medium coverage and performed split read mapping. This yielded information for a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, used for cascade screening and/or prenatal diagnosis in this family. This example demonstrates a rapid, low-cost approach to converting molecular cytogenetic findings into robust PCR-based tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Watson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
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32
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Lanaspa MA, Ishimoto T, Cicerchi C, Tamura Y, Roncal-Jimenez CA, Chen W, Tanabe K, Andres-Hernando A, Orlicky DJ, Finol E, Inaba S, Li N, Rivard CJ, Kosugi T, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Petrash JM, Sautin YY, Ejaz AA, Kitagawa W, Garcia GE, Bonthron DT, Asipu A, Diggle CP, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Nakagawa T, Johnson RJ. Endogenous fructose production and fructokinase activation mediate renal injury in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2526-38. [PMID: 24876114 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013080901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with activation of the polyol pathway, in which glucose is converted to sorbitol by aldose reductase. Previous studies focused on the role of sorbitol in mediating diabetic complications. However, in the proximal tubule, sorbitol can be converted to fructose, which is then metabolized largely by fructokinase, also known as ketohexokinase, leading to ATP depletion, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and oxidative stress. We and others recently identified a potential deleterious role of dietary fructose in the generation of tubulointerstitial injury and the acceleration of CKD. In this study, we investigated the potential role of endogenous fructose production, as opposed to dietary fructose, and its metabolism through fructokinase in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Wild-type mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes developed proteinuria, reduced GFR, and renal glomerular and proximal tubular injury. Increased renal expression of aldose reductase; elevated levels of renal sorbitol, fructose, and uric acid; and low levels of ATP confirmed activation of the fructokinase pathway. Furthermore, renal expression of inflammatory cytokines with macrophage infiltration was prominent. In contrast, diabetic fructokinase-deficient mice demonstrated significantly less proteinuria, renal dysfunction, renal injury, and inflammation. These studies identify fructokinase as a novel mediator of diabetic nephropathy and document a novel role for endogenous fructose production, or fructoneogenesis, in driving renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Lanaspa
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado;
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Christina Cicerchi
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Yoshifuru Tamura
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Carlos A Roncal-Jimenez
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Wei Chen
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Katsuyuki Tanabe
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Ana Andres-Hernando
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - David J Orlicky
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Esteban Finol
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Venezuelan Scientific Research Institute and University Hospital of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Shinichiro Inaba
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Nanxing Li
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Christopher J Rivard
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Tomoki Kosugi
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Laura G Sanchez-Lozada
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology and Department of Nephrology, INC Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Mark Petrash
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - A Ahsan Ejaz
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Wataru Kitagawa
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Gabriela E Garcia
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - David T Bonthron
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Aruna Asipu
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christine P Diggle
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; TMK Project, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Richard J Johnson
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
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Mirzaa G, Parry DA, Fry AE, Giamanco KA, Schwartzentruber J, Vanstone M, Logan CV, Roberts N, Johnson CA, Singh S, Kholmanskikh SS, Adams C, Hodge RD, Hevner RF, Bonthron DT, Braun KPJ, Faivre L, Rivière JB, St-Onge J, Gripp KW, Mancini GM, Pang K, Sweeney E, van Esch H, Verbeek N, Wieczorek D, Steinraths M, Majewski J, Boycot KM, Pilz DT, Ross ME, Dobyns WB, Sheridan EG. De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome. Nat Genet 2014; 46:510-515. [PMID: 24705253 PMCID: PMC4004933 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghayda Mirzaa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - David A Parry
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Andrew E Fry
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kristin A Giamanco
- Neurogenetics and Development, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | - Megan Vanstone
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clare V Logan
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Nicola Roberts
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Colin A Johnson
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Shawn Singh
- Neurogenetics and Development, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Stanislav S Kholmanskikh
- Neurogenetics and Development, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Carissa Adams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Rebecca D Hodge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Pathology, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle
| | - David T Bonthron
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Kees P J Braun
- Department of Child Neurology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon F-21000, France
| | | | - Judith St-Onge
- Université de Bourgogne Equipe GAD, EA 4271 Dijon F-21000 France
| | - Karen W Gripp
- Division of Medical Genetics, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Grazia Ms Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Expertise Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ki Pang
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sweeney
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hilde van Esch
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nienke Verbeek
- Department of Medical Genetics, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institut fur Humangenetik, Universitatsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michelle Steinraths
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- Mcgill University and Genome Quebec Innovation centre, Montreal, QC H3A 1A4, Canada
| | | | - Kym M Boycot
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniela T Pilz
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Elizabeth Ross
- Neurogenetics and Development, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Eamonn G Sheridan
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Parry DA, Logan CV, Stegmann APA, Abdelhamed ZA, Calder A, Khan S, Bonthron DT, Clowes V, Sheridan E, Ghali N, Chudley AE, Dobbie A, Stumpel CTRM, Johnson CA. SAMS, a syndrome of short stature, auditory-canal atresia, mandibular hypoplasia, and skeletal abnormalities is a unique neurocristopathy caused by mutations in Goosecoid. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:1135-42. [PMID: 24290375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Short stature, auditory canal atresia, mandibular hypoplasia, and skeletal abnormalities (SAMS) has been reported previously to be a rare, autosomal-recessive developmental disorder with other, unique rhizomelic skeletal anomalies. These include bilateral humeral hypoplasia, humeroscapular synostosis, pelvic abnormalities, and proximal defects of the femora. To identify the genetic basis of SAMS, we used molecular karyotyping and whole-exome sequencing (WES) to study small, unrelated families. Filtering of variants from the WES data included segregation analysis followed by comparison of in-house exomes. We identified a homozygous 306 kb microdeletion and homozygous predicted null mutations of GSC, encoding Goosecoid homeobox protein, a paired-like homeodomain transcription factor. This confirms that SAMS is a human malformation syndrome resulting from GSC mutations. Previously, Goosecoid has been shown to be a determinant at the Xenopus gastrula organizer region and a segment-polarity determinant in Drosophila. In the present report, we present data on Goosecoid protein localization in staged mouse embryos. These data and the SAMS clinical phenotype both suggest that Goosecoid is a downstream effector of the regulatory networks that define neural-crest cell-fate specification and subsequent mesoderm cell lineages in mammals, particularly during shoulder and hip formation. Our findings confirm that Goosecoid has an essential role in human craniofacial and joint development and suggest that Goosecoid is an essential regulator of mesodermal patterning in mammals and that it has specific functions in neural crest cell derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Parry
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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35
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Lanaspa MA, Ishimoto T, Li N, Cicerchi C, Orlicky DJ, Ruzycki P, Rivard C, Inaba S, Roncal-Jimenez CA, Bales ES, Diggle CP, Asipu A, Petrash JM, Kosugi T, Maruyama S, Sanchez-Lozada LG, McManaman JL, Bonthron DT, Sautin YY, Johnson RJ. Erratum: Corrigendum: Endogenous fructose production and metabolism in the liver contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome. Nat Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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36
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Ishimoto T, Lanaspa MA, Rivard CJ, Roncal-Jimenez CA, Orlicky DJ, Cicerchi C, McMahan RH, Abdelmalek MF, Rosen HR, Jackman MR, MacLean PS, Diggle CP, Asipu A, Inaba S, Kosugi T, Sato W, Maruyama S, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Sautin YY, Hill JO, Bonthron DT, Johnson RJ. High-fat and high-sucrose (western) diet induces steatohepatitis that is dependent on fructokinase. Hepatology 2013; 58:1632-43. [PMID: 23813872 PMCID: PMC3894259 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fructose intake from added sugars has been implicated as a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Here we tested the hypothesis that fructose may interact with a high-fat diet to induce fatty liver, and to determine if this was dependent on a key enzyme in fructose metabolism, fructokinase. Wild-type or fructokinase knockout mice were fed a low-fat (11%), high-fat (36%), or high-fat (36%) and high-sucrose (30%) diet for 15 weeks. Both wild-type and fructokinase knockout mice developed obesity with mild hepatic steatosis and no evidence of hepatic inflammation on a high-fat diet compared to a low-fat diet. In contrast, wild-type mice fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet developed more severe hepatic steatosis with low-grade inflammation and fibrosis, as noted by increased CD68, tumor necrosis factor alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and collagen I and TIMP1 expression. These changes were prevented in the fructokinase knockout mice. CONCLUSION An additive effect of high-fat and high-sucrose diet on the development of hepatic steatosis exists. Further, the combination of sucrose with high-fat diet may induce steatohepatitis. The protection in fructokinase knockout mice suggests a key role for fructose (from sucrose) in this development of steatohepatitis. These studies emphasize the important role of fructose in the development of fatty liver and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Ishimoto
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Miguel A. Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Christopher J. Rivard
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Carlos A. Roncal-Jimenez
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christina Cicerchi
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Rachel H. McMahan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80045, USA
| | | | - Hugo R. Rosen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Matthew R. Jackman
- Division of Endocrinology, Colorado Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Paul S. MacLean
- Division of Endocrinology, Colorado Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Christine P. Diggle
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Aruna Asipu
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Shinichiro Inaba
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Tomoki Kosugi
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Waichi Sato
- Departments of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shoichi Maruyama
- Departments of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Laura G. Sánchez-Lozada
- Lab. of Renal Physiopathology & Dept. of Nephrology. INC Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Yuri Y. Sautin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - James O. Hill
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David T. Bonthron
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Richard J. Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA,Address correspondence and reprint requests to Richard J Johnson, M.D.. Current address: University of Colorado Denver, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Box C281, 12700 E 19th Ave, Research 2 Room P15-7006, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. Tel: 303 724 4898 Fax: 303 724 4831.
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Rehwinkel J, Maelfait J, Bridgeman A, Rigby R, Hayward B, Liberatore RA, Bieniasz PD, Towers GJ, Moita LF, Crow YJ, Bonthron DT, Reis e Sousa C. SAMHD1-dependent retroviral control and escape in mice. EMBO J 2013; 32:2454-62. [PMID: 23872947 PMCID: PMC3770946 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SAMHD1 is a host restriction factor for human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in cultured human cells. SAMHD1 mutations cause autoimmune Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and are found in cancers including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. SAMHD1 is a triphosphohydrolase that depletes the cellular pool of deoxynucleoside triphosphates, thereby preventing reverse transcription of retroviral genomes. However, in vivo evidence for SAMHD1's antiviral activity has been lacking. We generated Samhd1 null mice that do not develop autoimmune disease despite displaying a type I interferon signature in spleen, macrophages and fibroblasts. Samhd1(-/-) cells have elevated deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) levels but, surprisingly, SAMHD1 deficiency did not lead to increased infection with VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1 vectors. The lack of restriction is likely attributable to the fact that dNTP concentrations in SAMHD1-sufficient mouse cells are higher than the KM of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Consistent with this notion, an HIV-1 vector mutant bearing an RT with lower affinity for dNTPs was sensitive to SAMHD1-dependent restriction in cultured cells and in mice. This shows that SAMHD1 can restrict lentiviruses in vivo and that nucleotide starvation is an evolutionarily conserved antiviral mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rehwinkel
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Maelfait
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Rigby
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bruce Hayward
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Rachel A Liberatore
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Greg J Towers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luis F Moita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yanick J Crow
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David T Bonthron
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, UK
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Carr IM, Morgan J, Watson C, Melnik S, Diggle CP, Logan CV, Harrison SM, Taylor GR, Pena SDJ, Markham AF, Alkuraya FS, Black GCM, Ali M, Bonthron DT. Simple and efficient identification of rare recessive pathologically important sequence variants from next generation exome sequence data. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:945-52. [PMID: 23554237 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Massively parallel ("next generation") DNA sequencing (NGS) has quickly become the method of choice for seeking pathogenic mutations in rare uncharacterized monogenic diseases. Typically, before DNA sequencing, protein-coding regions are enriched from patient genomic DNA, representing either the entire genome ("exome sequencing") or selected mapped candidate loci. Sequence variants, identified as differences between the patient's and the human genome reference sequences, are then filtered according to various quality parameters. Changes are screened against datasets of known polymorphisms, such as dbSNP and the 1000 Genomes Project, in the effort to narrow the list of candidate causative variants. An increasing number of commercial services now offer to both generate and align NGS data to a reference genome. This potentially allows small groups with limited computing infrastructure and informatics skills to utilize this technology. However, the capability to effectively filter and assess sequence variants is still an important bottleneck in the identification of deleterious sequence variants in both research and diagnostic settings. We have developed an approach to this problem comprising a user-friendly suite of programs that can interactively analyze, filter and screen data from enrichment-capture NGS data. These programs ("Agile Suite") are particularly suitable for small-scale gene discovery or for diagnostic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Ingham D, Diggle CP, Berry I, Bristow CA, Hayward BE, Rahman N, Markham AF, Sheridan EG, Bonthron DT, Carr IM. Simple detection of germline microsatellite instability for diagnosis of constitutional mismatch repair cancer syndrome. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:847-52. [PMID: 23483711 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes result in predisposition to colorectal cancer (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer or Lynch syndrome). Patients with biallelic mutations in these genes, however, present earlier, with constitutional mismatch repair deficiency cancer syndrome (CMMRD), which is characterized by a spectrum of rare childhood malignancies and café-au-lait skin patches. The hallmark of MMR deficiency, microsatellite instability (MSI), is readily detectable in tumor DNA in Lynch syndrome, but is also present in constitutional DNA of CMMRD patients. However, detection of constitutional or germline MSI (gMSI) has hitherto relied on technically difficult assays that are not routinely applicable for clinical diagnosis. Consequently, we have developed a simple high-throughput screening methodology to detect gMSI in CMMRD patients based on the presence of stutter peaks flanking a dinucleotide repeat allele when amplified from patient blood DNA samples. Using the three different microsatellite markers, the gMSI ratio was determined in a cohort of normal individuals and 10 CMMRD patients, with biallelic germline mutations in PMS2 (seven patients), MSH2 (one patient), or MSH6 (two patients). Subjects with either PMS2 or MSH2 mutations were easily identified; however, this measure was not altered in patients with CMMRD due to MSH6 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Ingham
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Carr IM, Bhaskar S, O’ Sullivan J, Aldahmesh MA, Shamseldin HE, Markham AF, Bonthron DT, Black G, Alkuraya FS. Autozygosity Mapping with Exome Sequence Data. Hum Mutat 2012; 34:50-6. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds; Leeds; United Kingdom
| | - Sanjeev Bhaskar
- Genetic Medicine Research Group, Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre; University of Manchester and Central Manchester Foundation Trust, St Mary's Hospital; Manchester; United Kingdom
| | - James O’ Sullivan
- Genetic Medicine Research Group, Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre; University of Manchester and Central Manchester Foundation Trust, St Mary's Hospital; Manchester; United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed A. Aldahmesh
- Developmental Genetics Unit; King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center; Riyadh; Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan E. Shamseldin
- Developmental Genetics Unit; King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center; Riyadh; Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Graeme Black
- Genetic Medicine Research Group, Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre; University of Manchester and Central Manchester Foundation Trust, St Mary's Hospital; Manchester; United Kingdom
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Carr IM, Diggle CP, Khan K, Inglehearn C, McKibbin M, Bonthron DT, Markham AF, Anwar R, Dobbie A, Pena SDJ, Ali M. Rapid visualisation of microarray copy number data for the detection of structural variations linked to a disease phenotype. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43466. [PMID: 22912880 PMCID: PMC3422275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst the majority of inherited diseases have been found to be caused by single base substitutions, small insertions or deletions (<1Kb), a significant proportion of genetic variability is due to copy number variation (CNV). The possible role of CNV in monogenic and complex diseases has recently attracted considerable interest. However, until the development of whole genome, oligonucleotide micro-arrays, designed specifically to detect the presence of copy number variation, it was not easy to screen an individual for the presence of unknown deletions or duplications with sizes below the level of sensitivity of optical microscopy (3-5 Mb). Now that currently available oligonucleotide micro-arrays have in excess of a million probes, the problem of copy number analysis has moved from one of data production to that of data analysis. We have developed CNViewer, to identify copy number variation that co-segregates with a disease phenotype in small nuclear families, from genome-wide oligonucleotide micro-array data. This freely available program should constitute a useful addition to the diagnostic armamentarium of clinical geneticists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Diggle CP, Parry DA, Logan CV, Laissue P, Rivera C, Restrepo CM, Fonseca DJ, Morgan JE, Allanore Y, Fontenay M, Wipff J, Varret M, Gibault L, Dalantaeva N, Korbonits M, Zhou B, Yuan G, Harifi G, Cefle K, Palanduz S, Akoglu H, Zwijnenburg PJ, Lichtenbelt KD, Aubry-Rozier B, Superti-Furga A, Dallapiccola B, Accadia M, Brancati F, Sheridan EG, Taylor GR, Carr IM, Johnson CA, Markham AF, Bonthron DT. Prostaglandin transporter mutations cause pachydermoperiostosis with myelofibrosis. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:1175-81. [PMID: 22553128 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pachydermoperiostosis, or primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO), is an inherited multisystem disorder, whose features closely mimic the reactive osteoarthropathy that commonly accompanies neoplastic and inflammatory pathologies. We previously described deficiency of the prostaglandin-degrading enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD) as a cause of this condition, implicating elevated circulating prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) as causative of PHO, and perhaps also as the principal mediator of secondary HO. However, PHO is genetically heterogeneous. Here, we use whole-exome sequencing to identify recessive mutations of the prostaglandin transporter SLCO2A1, in individuals lacking HPGD mutations. We performed exome sequencing of four probands with severe PHO, followed by conventional mutation analysis of SLCO2A1 in nine others. Biallelic SLCO2A1 mutations were identified in 12 of the 13 families. Affected individuals had elevated urinary PGE(2), but unlike HPGD-deficient patients, also excreted considerable quantities of the PGE(2) metabolite, PGE-M. Clinical differences between the two groups were also identified, notably that SLCO2A1-deficient individuals have a high frequency of severe anemia due to myelofibrosis. These findings reinforce the key role of systemic or local prostaglandin excess as the stimulus to HO. They also suggest that the induction or maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells by prostaglandin may depend upon transporter activity.
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Carr IM, Diggle CP, Touqan N, Anwar R, Sheridan EG, Bonthron DT, Johnson CA, Ali M, Markham AF. Identification of autosomal recessive disease loci using out-bred nuclear families. Hum Mutat 2011; 33:338-42. [PMID: 22052625 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Autozygosity mapping has been a powerful method for the identification of autosomal recessive disease genes. However, the approach is limited by the availability of suitable consanguineous pedigrees. While rare autosomal recessive diseases are overrepresented in consanguineous families, a significant proportion of affected patients nonetheless originate in families where the parents are apparently unrelated. However, due to their relative rarity and the heterogeneity of disease alleles, it has proved difficult to use these patients to identify disease loci. Therefore, we developed "Phaser," a computer application that is able to infer the phase of SNP alleles and so haplotype entire chromosomes in small nuclear families (http://dna.leeds.ac.uk/Phaser). Once the index case's chromosomes have been haplotyped, it is then possible to deduce those of the parents and subsequently identify the parental origin of all the siblings' DNA. By combining information from a small number of nuclear families, it may then be possible to identify linkage to the recessive disease locus, in both in-bred and out-bred families. We have illustrated the program's utility by using it to correctly identify both the cystic fibrosis locus (using two unrelated compound heterozygous CEPH families) and a new gene mutated in early-onset myopathy with respiratory distress and dysphagia locus in a single consanguineous pedigree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Logan CV, Lucke B, Pottinger C, Abdelhamed ZA, Parry DA, Szymanska K, Diggle CP, van Riesen A, Morgan JE, Markham G, Ellis I, Manzur AY, Markham AF, Shires M, Helliwell T, Scoto M, Hübner C, Bonthron DT, Taylor GR, Sheridan E, Muntoni F, Carr IM, Schuelke M, Johnson CA. Mutations in MEGF10, a regulator of satellite cell myogenesis, cause early onset myopathy, areflexia, respiratory distress and dysphagia (EMARDD). Nat Genet 2011; 43:1189-92. [PMID: 22101682 DOI: 10.1038/ng.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infantile myopathies with diaphragmatic paralysis are genetically heterogeneous, and clinical symptoms do not assist in differentiating between them. We used phased haplotype analysis with subsequent targeted exome sequencing to identify MEGF10 mutations in a previously unidentified type of infantile myopathy with diaphragmatic weakness, areflexia, respiratory distress and dysphagia. MEGF10 is highly expressed in activated satellite cells and regulates their proliferation as well as their differentiation and fusion into multinucleated myofibers, which are greatly reduced in muscle from individuals with early onset myopathy, areflexia, respiratory distress and dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare V Logan
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Leeds, UK
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Carr IM, Johnson CA, Markham AF, Toomes C, Bonthron DT, Sheridan EG. DominantMapper: rule-based analysis of SNP data for rapid mapping of dominant diseases in related nuclear families. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:1359-66. [PMID: 21905167 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of cheap rapid methods for whole-genome SNP genotyping and the completion of the Human Genome Project, mapping disease loci has become primarily a bioinformatic rather than a laboratory problem. Here, we describe DominantMapper, a computer program that implements a rule-based analysis algorithm for the detection of dominant disease loci in either a small number of nuclear families or a single large nuclear family. To demonstrate its utility, we present the successful analysis of two pedigrees in which the affected individuals carry either APC or TSPAN12 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Carr
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, UK.
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Carr IM, Morgan JE, Diggle CP, Sheridan E, Markham AF, Logan CV, Inglehearn CF, Taylor GR, Bonthron DT. Illuminator, a desktop program for mutation detection using short-read clonal sequencing. Genomics 2011; 98:302-9. [PMID: 21621601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Current methods for sequencing clonal populations of DNA molecules yield several gigabases of data per day, typically comprising reads of < 100 nt. Such datasets permit widespread genome resequencing and transcriptome analysis or other quantitative tasks. However, this huge capacity can also be harnessed for the resequencing of smaller (gene-sized) target regions, through the simultaneous parallel analysis of multiple subjects, using sample "tagging" or "indexing". These methods promise to have a huge impact on diagnostic mutation analysis and candidate gene testing. Here we describe a software package developed for such studies, offering the ability to resolve pooled samples carrying barcode tags and to align reads to a reference sequence using a mutation-tolerant process. The program, Illuminator, can identify rare sequence variants, including insertions and deletions, and permits interactive data analysis on standard desktop computers. It facilitates the effective analysis of targeted clonal sequencer data without dedicated computational infrastructure or specialized training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Carr
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, UK.
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Carr IM, Camm N, Taylor GR, Charlton R, Ellard S, Sheridan EG, Markham AF, Bonthron DT. GeneScreen: a program for high-throughput mutation detection in DNA sequence electropherograms. J Med Genet 2010; 48:123-30. [PMID: 21037276 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2010.082081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While massively parallel DNA sequencing methods continue to evolve rapidly, the benchmark technique for detection and verification of rare (particularly disease-causing) sequence variants remains four-colour dye-terminator sequencing by capillary electrophoresis. The high throughput and long read lengths currently available have shifted the bottleneck in mutation detection away from data generation to data analysis. While excellent computational methods have been developed for quantifying sequence accuracy and detecting variants, either during de novo sequence assembly or for single-nucleotide polymorphism detection, the identification, verification and annotation of very rare sequence variants remains a rather labour-intensive process for which few software aids exist. AIM To provide a freely available, intuitive software application for highly efficient mutation screening of large sequence batches. METHODS AND RESULTS The authors developed GeneScreen, a desktop program that analyses capillary electropherograms and compares their sequences with a known reference for identification of mutations. The detected sequence variants are then made available for rapid assessment and annotation via a graphical user interface, allowing chosen variants to be exported for reporting and archiving. The program was validated using more than 16,000 diagnostic laboratory sequence traces. CONCLUSION Using GeneScreen, a single user requires only a few minutes to identify rare mutations in hundreds of sequence traces, with comparable sensitivity to expensive commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Carr
- Division of Molecular & Translational Medicine, Leeds Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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Pardo CE, Carr IM, Hoffman CJ, Darst RP, Markham AF, Bonthron DT, Kladde MP. MethylViewer: computational analysis and editing for bisulfite sequencing and methyltransferase accessibility protocol for individual templates (MAPit) projects. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:e5. [PMID: 20959287 PMCID: PMC3017589 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisulfite sequencing is a widely-used technique for examining cytosine DNA methylation at nucleotide resolution along single DNA strands. Probing with cytosine DNA methyltransferases followed by bisulfite sequencing (MAPit) is an effective technique for mapping protein-DNA interactions. Here, MAPit methylation footprinting with M.CviPI, a GC methyltransferase we previously cloned and characterized, was used to probe hMLH1 chromatin in HCT116 and RKO colorectal cancer cells. Because M.CviPI-probed samples contain both CG and GC methylation, we developed a versatile, visually-intuitive program, called MethylViewer, for evaluating the bisulfite sequencing results. Uniquely, MethylViewer can simultaneously query cytosine methylation status in bisulfite-converted sequences at as many as four different user-defined motifs, e.g. CG, GC, etc., including motifs with degenerate bases. Data can also be exported for statistical analysis and as publication-quality images. Analysis of hMLH1 MAPit data with MethylViewer showed that endogenous CG methylation and accessible GC sites were both mapped on single molecules at high resolution. Disruption of positioned nucleosomes on single molecules of the PHO5 promoter was detected in budding yeast using M.CviPII, increasing the number of enzymes available for probing protein-DNA interactions. MethylViewer provides an integrated solution for primer design and rapid, accurate and detailed analysis of bisulfite sequencing or MAPit datasets from virtually any biological or biochemical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina E Pardo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida Shands Cancer Center Program in Cancer Genetics, Epigenetics and Tumor Virology, Gainesville, FL 32610-3633, USA
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Morgan JE, Carr IM, Sheridan E, Chu CE, Hayward B, Camm N, Lindsay HA, Mattocks CJ, Markham AF, Bonthron DT, Taylor GR. Genetic diagnosis of familial breast cancer using clonal sequencing. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:484-91. [PMID: 20127978 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Using conventional Sanger sequencing as a reference standard, we compared the sensitivity, specificity, and capacity of the Illumina GA II platform for the detection of TP53, BRCA1, and BRCA2 mutations in established tumor cell lines and DNA from patients with germline mutations. A total of 656 coding variants were identified in four cell lines and 65 patient DNAs. All of the known pathogenic mutations (including point mutations and insertions/deletions of up to 16 nucleotides) were identified, using a combination of the Illumina data analysis pipeline with custom and commercial sequence alignment software. In our configuration, clonal sequencing outperforms current diagnostic methods, providing a reduction in analysis times and in reagent costs compared with conventional sequencing. These improvements open the possibility of BRCA1/2 testing for a wider spectrum of at-risk women, and will allow the genetic classification of tumors prior to the use of novel PARP inhibitors to treat BRCA-deficient breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Morgan
- University of Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Valleley EMA, Cordery SF, Carr IM, MacLennan KA, Bonthron DT. Loss of expression of ZAC/PLAGL1 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is independent of promoter hypermethylation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:480-6. [PMID: 20175198 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ZAC/PLAGL1 is a ubiquitously expressed, imprinted tumor suppressor gene located on 6q24, a chromosomal region that is frequently deleted in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Like p53, ZAC regulates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis concomitantly, and loss of expression is implicated in tumorigenesis in a variety of different cancers. In most tissues, ZAC transcription is monoallelic and driven by the paternal allele of promoter P1, which lies within a differentially methylated CpG island (DMR). In human blood cells, ZAC transcription is driven by promoter P2, which lies within an unmethylated CpG island and produces biallelic transcripts. Previous reports of epigenetic changes of ZAC in tumors have focused on P1, showing frequent loss of expression caused by paternal allele hypermethylation or loss of heterozygosity (LOH). As ZAC expression in normal B lymphocytes is derived from P2, in DLBCL we analyzed both promoters for gene expression, LOH and abnormal methylation. Loss of P2 transcription was observed in 8 of 11 lymphomas (73%), even though the P2 CpG island remained unmethylated. Three lymphomas showed evidence of LOH (23%), and abnormal methylation of the P1 DMR was observed in an additional four (31%), despite minimal P1 activity in normal B lymphocytes. These data indicate that downregulation of ZAC occurs in DLBCL, as in other cancers. However, unlike P1, transcriptional repression of P2 is not caused by hypermethylation of its associated CpG island in tumors. The mechanistic relationship between altered ZAC expression and epigenetic changes at its promoters thus appears more complex than previously supposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M A Valleley
- Section of Genetics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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