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Varani J. Human skin organ culture for assessment of chemically induced skin damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:295-303. [PMID: 26989431 DOI: 10.1586/edm.12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The move away from animal models for skin safety testing is inevitable. It is a question of when, not if. As skin safety studies move away from traditional animal-based approaches, a number of replacement technologies are becoming available. Human skin in organ culture is one such technology. Organ-cultured skin has several features that distinguish it from other technologies. First and foremost, organ-cultured skin is real skin. Almost by definition, therefore, it approximates the intact skin better than other alternative models. Organ culture is an easy-to-use and relatively inexpensive approach to preclinical safety assessment. Although organ culture is not likely to replace high-throughput enzyme assays or monolayer culture/skin equivalent cultures for initial compound assessment, organ culture should find use when the list of compounds to be evaluated is small and when simpler models have narrowed the dose range. Organ-cultured skin also provides a platform for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Varani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Tel.: +1 734 615 0298,
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Clement AL, Moutinho TJ, Pins GD. Micropatterned dermal-epidermal regeneration matrices create functional niches that enhance epidermal morphogenesis. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:9474-84. [PMID: 23958778 PMCID: PMC3818337 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although tissue engineered skin substitutes have demonstrated some clinical success for the treatment of chronic wounds such as diabetic and venous ulcers, persistent graft take and stability remain concerns. Current bilayered skin substitutes lack the characteristic microtopography of the dermal-epidermal junction that gives skin enhanced mechanical stability and creates cellular microniches that differentially promote keratinocyte function to form skin appendages and enhance wound healing. We developed a novel micropatterned dermal-epidermal regeneration matrix (μDERM) which incorporates this complex topography and substantially enhances epidermal morphology. Here, we describe the use of this three-dimensional (3-D) in vitro culture model to systematically evaluate different topographical geometries and to determine their relationship to keratinocyte function. We identified three distinct keratinocyte functional niches: the proliferative niche (narrow geometries), the basement membrane protein synthesis niche (wide geometries) and the putative keratinocyte stem cell niche (narrow geometries and corners). Specifically, epidermal thickness and keratinocyte proliferation is significantly (p<0.05) increased in 50 and 100 μm channels while laminin-332 deposition is significantly (p<0.05) increased in 400 μm channels compared to flat controls. Additionally, β1(bri)p63(+) keratinocytes, putative keratinocyte stem cells, preferentially cluster in channel geometries (similar to clustering observed in native skin) compared to a random distribution on flats. This study identifies specific target geometries to enhance skin regeneration and graft performance. Furthermore, these results suggest the importance of μDERM microtopography in designing the next generation of skin substitutes. Finally, we anticipate that 3-D organotypic cultures on μDERMS will provide a novel tissue engineered skin substitute for in vitro investigations of skin morphogenesis, wound healing and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Clement
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
- Bioengineering Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | - Thomas J. Moutinho
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
- Bioengineering Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | - George D. Pins
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
- Bioengineering Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
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Varkey M, Ding J, Tredget EE. Fibrotic remodeling of tissue-engineered skin with deep dermal fibroblasts is reduced by keratinocytes. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:716-27. [PMID: 24090416 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-thirds of burn patients with deep dermal injuries are affected by hypertrophic scars, and currently, there are no clinically effective therapies. Tissue-engineered skin is a very promising model for the elucidation of the role of matrix microenvironment and biomechanical characteristics and could help in the identification of new therapeutic targets for hypertrophic scars. Conventionally, tissue-engineered skin is made of heterogeneous dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes; however, recent work has shown that superficial and deep dermal fibroblasts are antifibrotic and profibrotic, respectively. Furthermore, keratinocytes are believed to regulate the development and remodeling of fibrosis in skin. This study aimed to assess the influence of keratinocytes and layered fibroblasts on the characteristics of tissue-engineered skin. Layered fibroblasts and keratinocytes isolated from superficial and deep dermis and epidermis, respectively, of the lower abdominal tissue were independently co-cultured on collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds, and the resulting tissue-engineered skin was assessed for differences in tissue remodeling based on the underlying specific dermal fibroblast subpopulation. Collagen production by deep fibroblasts but not by superficial fibroblasts was significantly reduced upon co-culture with keratinocytes. Also, keratinocytes in the tissue-engineered skin resulted in significantly reduced expression of profibrotic connective tissue growth factor and fibronectin, and increased expression of the antifibrotic matrix metalloproteinase-1 by deep fibroblasts but not by superficial fibroblasts. Tissue-engineered skin made of deep fibroblasts and keratinocytes had lower levels of small proteoglycans, decorin, and fibromodulin, and higher levels of large proteoglycan, versican, compared to tissue-engineered skin made of superficial fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Tissue-engineered skin made of deep fibroblasts and keratinocytes had lower expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and keratinocyte growth factor but higher expression of platelet-derived growth factor and IL-6, compared to tissue-engineered skin made of superficial fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Furthermore, co-culture with keratinocytes reduced TGF-β1 production of deep but not superficial fibroblasts. Additionally, keratinocytes reduced the differentiation of deep fibroblasts to myofibroblasts in tissue-engineered skin constructs, but not that of superficial fibroblasts. Taken together, keratinocytes reduce fibrotic remodeling of the scaffolds by deep dermal fibroblasts. Our results therefore demonstrate that tissue-engineered skin made specifically with a homogeneous population of superficial fibroblasts and keratinocytes is less fibrotic than that with a heterogeneous population of fibroblasts and keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Varkey
- 1 Wound Healing Research Group, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
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Fabrication of corneal epithelial cell sheets maintaining colony-forming cells without feeder cells by oxygen-controlled method. Exp Eye Res 2013; 118:53-60. [PMID: 24184720 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of murine 3T3 feeder cells needs to be avoided when fabricating corneal epithelial cell sheets for use in treating ocular surface diseases. However, the expression level of the epithelial stem/progenitor cell marker, p63, is down-regulated in feeder-free culture systems. In this study, in order to fabricate corneal epithelial cell sheets that maintain colony-forming cells without using any feeder cells, we investigated the use of an oxygen-controlled method that was developed previously to fabricate cell sheets efficiently. Rabbit limbal epithelial cells were cultured under hypoxia (1-10% O2) and under normoxia during stratification after reaching confluence. Multilayered corneal epithelial cell sheets were fabricated using an oxygen-controlled method, and immunofluorescence analysis showed that cytokeratin 3 and p63 was expressed in appropriate localization in the cell sheets. The colony-forming efficiency of the cell sheets fabricated by the oxygen-controlled method without feeder cells was significantly higher than that of cell sheets fabricated under 20% O2 without feeder cells. These results indicate that the oxygen-controlled method has the potential to achieve a feeder-free culture system for fabricating corneal epithelial cell sheets for corneal regeneration.
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The use of allodermis prepared from Euro skin bank to prepare autologous tissue engineered skin for clinical use. Burns 2013; 39:1170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Miyashita H, Yokoo S, Yoshida S, Kawakita T, Yamagami S, Tsubota K, Shimmura S. Long-term maintenance of limbal epithelial progenitor cells using rho kinase inhibitor and keratinocyte growth factor. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:758-65. [PMID: 23981725 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal epithelial stem cells are located in the limbus, the junction between the cornea and the conjunctiva. A limbal epithelium model in vitro would be useful for the study of epithelial stem cells, as well as improving the quality of cultivated epithelial sheets for the treatment of limbal stem cell deficiency. In this study, we succeeded in constructing a limbal epithelium-like structure that could be maintained for at least 5 months in vitro. We modified conventional medium by replacing epidermal growth factor with keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and adding Y-27632, a rho kinase inhibitor. Using this medium, epithelial cells freshly isolated from human limbus were cocultured with human mesenchymal stem cell-derived feeder cells. Cells formed a stratified layer without air exposure, and both basal and suprabasal layers maintained their unique morphologies for up to 5 months. Basal layers expressed the progenitor marker p63 uniformly and K15 heterogeneously. Expressions of PAX6, K3, and K12 indicated that cell sheets underwent normal differentiation in the corneal epithelium lineage. Although medium was changed daily after day 7, cell debris was observed every day, suggesting that cell sheets underwent turnover. Furthermore, secondary colonies were observed from cells dissociated from 1-month and 3-month cultured sheets. In conclusion, human limbal epithelial cell sheet cultures with KGF and Y-27632 maintained stratification, high expression of both stem/progenitor markers and differentiation markers, and colony-forming cells long-term. This protocol may be useful as an in vitro limbal epithelial model for basic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Miyashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Cholesteatoma fibroblasts promote epithelial cell proliferation through overexpression of epiregulin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66725. [PMID: 23826119 PMCID: PMC3691191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether keratinocytes proliferate in response to epiregulin produced by subepithelial fibroblasts derived from middle ear cholesteatoma. Tissue samples were obtained from patients undergoing tympanoplasty. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were performed to examine epiregulin expression and localization in cholesteatoma tissues and retroauricular skin tissues. Fibroblasts were cultured from cholesteatoma tissues and from normal retroauricular skin. These fibroblasts were used as feeder cells for culture with a human keratinocyte cell line (PHK16-0b). To investigate the role of epiregulin in colony formation by PHK16-0b cells, epiregulin mRNA expression was knocked down in fibroblasts by using short interfering RNA and epiregulin protein was blocked with a neutralizing antibody. Epiregulin mRNA expression was significantly elevated in cholesteatoma tissues compared with that in normal retroauricular skin. Staining for epiregulin was more intense in the epithelial cells and subepithelial fibroblasts of cholesteatoma tissues than in retroauricular skin. When PHK16-0b cells were cultured with cholesteatoma fibroblasts, their colony-forming efficiency was 50% higher than when these cells were cultured with normal skin fibroblasts. Also, knockdown of epiregulin mRNA in cholesteatoma fibroblasts led to greater suppression of colony formation than knockdown in skin fibroblasts. Furthermore, the colony-forming efficiency of PHK16-0b cells was significantly reduced after treatment with an epiregulin neutralizing antibody in co-culture with cholesteatoma fibroblasts, but not in co-culture with skin fibroblasts. These results suggest that keratinocyte hyperproliferation in cholesteatoma is promoted through overexpression of epiregulin by subepithelial fibroblasts via epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, which may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of middle ear cholesteatoma.
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Kim HS, Kim NH, Kim J, Cha IH. Inducing re-epithelialization in skin wound through cultured oral mucosal keratinocytes. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 39:63-70. [PMID: 24471020 PMCID: PMC3858151 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2013.39.2.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the wound healing effect of primary cultured oral mucosal keratinocytes (OMKs) and to assess their roles in skin wounds. Materials and Methods OMK labeled with BromodeoxyUridine were scattered onto 1.5×1.5 cm skin defects of adult female nude mice (OMK group, n=15). For the control, culture media were placed on the wound (control group, n=15). Mice in both groups were sacrificed at three days (n=5), one week (n=5), and two weeks (n=5), and histomorphometric and immunoblot analyses with keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1α antibody were performed for the biopsied wound specimen. To verify the effect of the cytokine, rhIL-1α was applied instead of OMK transplantation, and the OMK and control groups were compared with regard to re-epithelialization. Results Histomorphometric analyses demonstrated faster re-epithelialization in the graft group than in the control group at the third day, first week, and second week. Newly forming epithelium showed maintenance of the histological character of the skin epithelium. The graft group showed superior expression of KGF, IL-6, and IL-1α protein, compared with the control group. Similar faster re-epithelialization was observed after treatment with rhIL-1α instead of OMK transplantation. Conclusion We successfully confirmed that the graft of primary cultured OMKs promoted regeneration of skin defects. The mechanism of accelerated wound healing by primary cultured OMKs was attributed to inducement of cytokine expression as required for re-epithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sil Kim
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Hee Kim
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Ho Cha
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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D’Amici S, Ceccarelli S, Vescarelli E, Romano F, Frati L, Marchese C, Angeloni A. TNFα modulates Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 gene expression through the pRB/E2F1 pathway: identification of a non-canonical E2F binding motif. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61491. [PMID: 23613863 PMCID: PMC3629046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme during wound healing are not fully understood, but Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) and their receptors FGFRs are recognized as key elements. FGFR2 gene encodes for two splicing transcript variants, FGFR2-IIIb or Keratinocyte Growth Factor Receptor (KGFR) and FGFR2-IIIc, which differ for tissue localization and ligand specificity. Proinflammatory cytokines play an essential role in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, and have been indicated to stimulate FGFs production. Here we demonstrated that upregulation of FGFR2 mRNA and protein expression is induced by the proinflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-1β and Interleukin 2. Furthermore, we found that TNFα determines FGFR2 transcriptional induction through activation of pRb, mediated by Raf and/or p38 pathways, and subsequent release of the transcription factor E2F1. Experiments based on FGFR2 promoter serial deletions and site-directed mutagenesis allowed us to identify a minimal responsive element that retains the capacity to be activated by E2F1. Computational analysis indicated that this element is a non-canonical E2F responsive motif. Thus far, the molecular mechanisms of FGFR2 upregulation during wound healing or in pathological events are not known. Our data suggest that FGFR2 expression can be modulated by local recruitment of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, since alterations in FGFR2 expression have been linked to the pathogenesis of certain human cancers, these findings could also provide elements for diagnosis and potential targets for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirio D’Amici
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Vescarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Romano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Frati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Hirobe T, Hasegawa K, Furuya R, Fujiwara R, Sato K. Effects of fibroblast-derived factors on the proliferation and differentiation of human melanocytes in culture. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 71:45-57. [PMID: 23726358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although keratinocyte-derived factors are known to promote the proliferation and differentiation of human epidermal melanocytes, it is not fully understood whether fibroblast-derived factors work in a similar way. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to clarify whether fibroblast-derived factors are involved in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of human melanocytes with or without keratinocytes using serum-free culture system. METHODS Human epidermal melanoblasts and melanocytes were cultured in a serum-free growth medium supplemented with fibroblast-derived factors such as keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) with or without keratinocytes, and the effects of KGF on the proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes were studied. RESULTS KGF stimulated the proliferation of melanoblasts in the presence of dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transferrin (Tf), and endothelin-1 (ET-1). Although KGF stimulated the differentiation, melanogenesis, and dendritogenesis in the presence of DBcAMP, Tf, and ET-1 without keratinocytes, KGF required the presence of keratinocytes for the stimulation of melanocyte proliferation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that fibroblast-derived KGF stimulates the proliferation of human melanoblasts in synergy with cAMP, bFGF, Tf, and ET-1, the differentiation of melanocytes in synergy with cAMP, Tf, and ET-1, and the proliferation of melanocytes in synergy with cAMP, Tf, ET-1, and undefined keratinocyte-derived factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Fukushima Restoration Support Headquarters, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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Berroth A, Kühnl J, Kurschat N, Schwarz A, Stäb F, Schwarz T, Wenck H, Fölster-Holst R, Neufang G. Role of fibroblasts in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1547-54. [PMID: 23582515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common dermatosis that highly impairs a patient's quality of life. The recent discovery that epidermal barrier defects caused by an aberrant differentiation process of keratinocytes are comparably important to the well-characterized changes in immune response patterns attributed a crucial role to the keratinocytes. Fibroblasts are able to alter proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, but their role in AD is not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the role of fibroblasts in skin proliferation and differentiation in patients with AD. METHODS We used human 3-dimensional organotypic skin cultures consisting of atopic fibroblasts and healthy keratinocytes, as well as healthy fibroblasts and atopic keratinocytes, and compared them with their controls. The expression of differentiation markers in these organotypic cultures were analyzed by using immunohistology and quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, the fundamental role of fibroblast-secreted leukemia inhibitory factor was assessed by using small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown cultures. RESULTS We observed that atopic fibroblasts influence the proliferation of keratinocytes and the terminal differentiation process, resulting in an in vivo-like morphology of AD. Subsequently, healthy fibroblasts were able to restore the structural deficits of the epidermis consisting of atopic keratinocytes. Partially, these effects were due to a reduced expression of the differentiation-associated cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor by atopic fibroblasts. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that fibroblasts and the modulation of fibroblast-derived factors might be new therapeutic targets for the alleviation of AD.
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Canady J, Arndt S, Karrer S, Bosserhoff AK. Increased KGF Expression Promotes Fibroblast Activation in a Double Paracrine Manner Resulting in Cutaneous Fibrosis. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:647-657. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Soejima K, Shimoda K, Kashimura T, Yamaki T, Kono T, Sakurai H, Nakazawa H. Wound dressing material containing lyophilized allogeneic cultured cells. Cryobiology 2013; 66:210-4. [PMID: 23415999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although topical application of a single growth factor is known to accelerate wound healing, treatment with allogeneic cultured cells is more efficient and physiological, because they release various mediators that interact and regulate the wound healing mechanism. However, in clinics, the cells must be cryopreserved until use. To overcome this inconvenience, we designed novel wound dressing materials containing lyophilized allogeneic cultured epithelial cells and/or fibroblasts. This study aimed to confirm growth factor release from those lyophilized products. The results revealed that the cultured cells retained their morphology even after lyophilization and released growth factors. When fibroblasts were used alone, they released growth factors in significantly higher concentrations after lyophilization than after cryopreservation. In particular, bFGF release was almost a hundredfold higher in the lyophilized group compared to the cryopreserved group. When epithelial cells and fibroblasts were co-cultured, both bFGF and VEGF were released in higher concentrations by the cryopreserved dressing material than by the lyophilized dressing material. The growth factors' release was probably regulated by interaction between epithelial cells and fibroblasts. We speculate that repeated application may be necessary for treating difficult wounds with the lyophilized product, because the lyophilized cells release the mediators in a single, transient burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Soejima
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
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Lootens L, Brusselaers N, Beele H, Monstrey S. Keratinocytes in the treatment of severe burn injury: an update. Int Wound J 2013; 10:6-12. [PMID: 22958654 PMCID: PMC7950461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2012.01083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Burns are among the most life-threatening physical injuries, in which fast wound closure is crucial. The surgical burn care has evolved considerably throughout the past decennia resulting in a shift of therapeutic goals. Therapies aiming to provide coverage of the burn have been replaced by treatments that have both functional as aesthetic outcomes. The standard in treating severe burns is still early excision followed by skin grafting. The use of cultured keratinocytes to cover extensive burn wounds appeared very promising at first, but the technique still has several limitations of which the long time to culture, the major costs, the risk of infection and the need for an adequate dermal layer limit clinical application. The introduction of dermal substitutes, composite grafts, tissue engineering based on stem cell application have been advocated. The aim of this review is to assess the use of cultured keratinocytes in terms of technical aspects, clinical application, limitations and future perspectives. Cultured keratinocytes are expected to keep playing a role in wound healing, especially in the field of chronic wounds. In severe burns, despite its limitations, keratinocytes can be beneficial if implemented as one of the elements in a broader wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Lootens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Kidwai FK, Liu H, Toh WS, Fu X, Jokhun DS, Movahednia MM, Li M, Zou Y, Squier CA, Phan TT, Cao T. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into clinically amenable keratinocytes in an autogenic environment. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:618-628. [PMID: 23235526 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)-derived keratinocytes hold great clinical and research potential. However, the current techniques are hampered by the use of xenogenic components that limits their clinical application. Here we demonstrated an efficient differentiation of H9 hESCs (H9-hESCs) into keratinocytes (H9-Kert) with the minimum use of animal-derived materials. For differentiation, we established two microenvironment systems originated from H9-hESCs (autogenic microenvironment). These autogenic microenvironment systems consist of an autogenic coculture system (ACC) and an autogenic feeder-free system (AFF). In addition, we showed a stage-specific effect of Activin in promoting keratinocyte differentiation from H9-hESCs while repressing the expression of early neural markers in the ACC system. Furthermore, we also explained the effect of Activin in construction of the AFF system made up of extracellular matrix similar to basement membrane extracted from H9-hESC-derived fibroblasts. H9-Kert differentiated in both systems expressed keratinocyte markers at mRNA and protein levels. H9-Kert were also able to undergo terminal differentiation in high Ca(2+) medium. These findings support the transition toward the establishment of an animal-free microenvironment for successful differentiation of hESCs into keratinocytes for potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad K Kidwai
- Oral Sciences Disciplines, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hua Liu
- Oral Sciences Disciplines, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Oral Sciences Disciplines, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Fu
- Oral Sciences Disciplines, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Plastic Surgery Hospital (Institute), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Doorgesh S Jokhun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mohammad M Movahednia
- Oral Sciences Disciplines, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mingming Li
- Oral Sciences Disciplines, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Zou
- Oral Sciences Disciplines, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher A Squier
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, and Dows, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Toan T Phan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tong Cao
- Oral Sciences Disciplines, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Takagi R, Yamato M, Kushida A, Nishida K, Okano T. Profiling of Extracellular Matrix and Cadherin Family Gene Expression in Mouse Feeder Layer Cells: Type VI Collagen Is a Candidate Molecule Inducing the Colony Formation of Epithelial Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:2539-48. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Takagi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Kushida
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, Tokyo, Japan
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69
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Hakelius M, Koskela A, Reyhani V, Ivarsson M, Grenman R, Rubin K, Gerdin B, Nowinski D. Interleukin-1-mediated effects of normal oral keratinocytes and head and neck squamous carcinoma cells on extracellular matrix related gene expression in fibroblasts. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:1236-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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70
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Lim CK, Halim AS, Yaacob NS, Zainol I, Noorsal K. Keloid pathogenesis via Drosophila similar to mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD) signaling in a primary epithelial-mesenchymal in vitro model treated with biomedical-grade chitosan porous skin regenerating template. J Biosci Bioeng 2012. [PMID: 23177217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of locally produced chitosan (CPSRT-NC-bicarbonate) in the intervention of keloid pathogenesis were investigated in vitro. A human keratinocyte-fibroblast co-culture model was established to investigate the protein levels of human collagen type-I, III and V in a western blotting analysis, the secreted transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the mRNA levels of TGF-β1's intracellular signaling molecules (SMAD2, 3, 4 and 7) in a real-time PCR analysis. Keratinocyte-fibroblast co-cultures were maintained in DKSFM:DMEM:F12 (2:2:1) medium. Collagen type-I was found to be the dominant form in primary normal human dermal fibroblast (pNHDF) co-cultures, whereas collagen type-III was more abundant in primary keloid-derived human dermal fibroblast (pKHDF) co-cultures. Collagen type-V was present as a minor component in the skin. TGF-β1, SMAD2 and SMAD4 were expressed more in the pKHDF than the pNHDF co-cultures. Co-cultures with normal keratinocytes suppressed collagen type-III, SMAD2, SMAD4 and TGF-β1 expressions and CPSRT-NC-bicarbonate enhanced this effect. In conclusion, the CPSRT-NC-bicarbonate in association with normal-derived keratinocytes demonstrated an ability to reduce TGF-β1, SMAD2 and SMAD4 expressions in keloid-derived fibroblast cultures, which may be useful in keloid intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Keong Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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71
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Groeber F, Kahlig A, Loff S, Walles H, Hansmann J. A bioreactor system for interfacial culture and physiological perfusion of vascularized tissue equivalents. Biotechnol J 2012; 8:308-16. [PMID: 23047238 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A pivotal requirement for the generation of vascularized tissue equivalents is the development of culture systems that provide a physiological perfusion of the vasculature and tissue-specific culture conditions. Here, we present a bioreactor system that is suitable to culture vascularized tissue equivalents covered with culture media and at the air-medium interface, which is a vital stimulus for skin tissue. For the perfusion of the vascular system a new method was integrated into the bioreactor system that creates a physiological pulsatile medium flow between 80 and 120 mmHg to the arterial inflow of the equivalent's vascular system. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (hDMECs) were injected into the vascular system of a biological vascularized scaffold based on a decellularized porcine jejunal segment and cultured in the bioreactor system for 14 days. Histological analysis and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) staining revealed that the hDMECs were able to recolonize the perfused vascular structures and expressed endothelial cell specific markers such as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule and von Willebrand factor. These results indicate that our bioreactor system can serve as a platform technology to generate advanced bioartificial tissues with a functional vasculature for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Groeber
- Institute for Interfacial Engineering (IGVT), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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72
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Alexaki VI, Simantiraki D, Panayiotopoulou M, Rasouli O, Venihaki M, Castana O, Alexakis D, Kampa M, Stathopoulos EN, Castanas E. Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Cells Support Skin Reepithelialization through Secretion of KGF-1 and PDGF-BB: Comparison with Dermal Fibroblasts. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2441-54. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x637064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal organization and homeostasis are regulated by mesenchymal influences through paracrine actions. Until today, dermal fibroblasts (DFs) are used in the “dermal” layer to support keratinocyte growth in vitro in dermal and skin substitutes. In the present work, we used human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal cells (ADMCs) as a support of keratinocyte growth in vitro (in monolayer culture and in 3D skin cell culture models) and in vivo (mouse wound healing models) and compared our findings with those obtained using dermal fibroblasts. ADMCs induce reepithelialization during wound healing more efficiently than DFs, by enhancing keratinocyte proliferation through cell cycle progression, and migration. This effect is mediated (at least partially) by a paracrine action of KGF-1 and PDGF-BB, which are more prominently expressed in ADMCs than in DFs. Furthermore, replacement of DFs by ADMCs in the dermal compartment of organotypic skin cultures leads to an artificial epidermis resembling to that of normal skin, concerning the general histology, although with a higher expression of cytokeratins 5 and 19. In Rag1 knockout mice, ADMCs induced a more rapid reepithelialization and a more effective wound healing, compared to dermal fibroblasts. In conclusion, we provide evidence that ADMCs can serve as supportive cells for primary keratinocyte cultures. In addition, because of their abundance and the great cell yield achieved during ADMC isolation, they represent an interesting cell source, with potential aspects for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilia-Ismini Alexaki
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Despoina Simantiraki
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marianna Panayiotopoulou
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Olga Rasouli
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Venihaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ourania Castana
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Evaggelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Alexakis
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Evaggelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Elias Castanas
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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73
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Kondo M, Yamato M, Takagi R, Namiki H, Okano T. The regulation of epithelial cell proliferation and growth by IL-1 receptor antagonist. Biomaterials 2012; 34:121-9. [PMID: 23059003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have performed clinical translation of epithelial cell sheets fabricated on temperature-responsive culture surfaces to treat cornea and esophagus. In the preclinical study using animal models, we found epithelial cell growth potential varied among species. Canine epithelial cell growth was prominent, while rat one was poor under 3T3 feeder layer-free condition. The aim of the present study was to identify growth-promoting factors for epithelial cells. Conditioned medium of canine cell culture harvested at different time points showed different growth promotive activity for rat epithelial cells. Time-dependent gene expression was quantitatively evaluated for forty growth factors, and compared with conditioned medium results. Statistically significant promotive activity was observed with IL-1RA, and significant inhibitory activity was observed with IL-1α. Furthermore, neutralizing anti-IL-1α antibody also showed significant promotive activity. Human epidermal keratinocytes were promoted to proliferate by IL-1RA and neutralizing anti-IL-1α antibody, and showed well differentiation to form transplantable, squamous stratified epithelial cell sheets. These findings would be useful to fabricate reproducible, transplantable epithelial cell sheets for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kondo
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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74
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Rietveld M, Janson D, Siamari R, Vicanova J, Andersen MT, El Ghalbzouri A. Marine-derived nutrient improves epidermal and dermal structure and prolongs the life span of reconstructed human skin equivalents. J Cosmet Dermatol 2012; 11:213-22. [PMID: 22938006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2012.00631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Imedeen™ is a cosmeceutical that provides nutrients to the skin. One of its active ingredients is the Marine Complex™ (MC). AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate whether MC affects skin morphogenesis differently in female and male human skin equivalents (HSEs). METHODS Human skin equivalents were established with cells obtained from female or male donors between 30 and 45 years of age and cultured for seven or 11 weeks in the presence or absence of MC. Using immunohistochemistry, we examined early differentiation by keratin 10 expression, (hyper)proliferation by keratin 17 and Ki67, and basement membrane composition by laminin 332 and collagen type VII. In addition, the expression of collagen type I and the secretion of pro-collagen I were measured. RESULTS Marine Complex strongly increased the number of Ki67-positive epidermal cells in female HSEs. In the dermis, MC significantly stimulated the amount of secreted pro-collagen I and increased the deposition of laminin 332 and collagen type VII. Furthermore, MC prolonged the viable phase of HSEs by slowing down its natural degradation. After 11 weeks of culturing, the MC-treated HSEs showed higher numbers of viable epidermal cell layers and a thicker dermal extracellular matrix compared with controls. In contrast, these effects were less pronounced in male HSEs. CONCLUSION The MC nutrient positively stimulated overall HSE tissue formation and prolonged the longevity of both female and male HSEs. The ability of MC to stimulate the deposition of basement membrane and dermal components can be used to combat 2 human skin aging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rietveld
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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75
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In vitro development and characterization of canine epidermis on a porcine acellular dermal matrix. Vet J 2012; 193:503-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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76
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Pickard A, Cichon AC, Menges C, Patel D, McCance DJ. Regulation of epithelial differentiation and proliferation by the stroma: a role for the retinoblastoma protein. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2691-9. [PMID: 22696061 PMCID: PMC3443514 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Signaling between the epithelium and stromal cells is crucial for growth, differentiation, and repair of the epithelium. Although the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) is known to regulate the growth of keratinocytes in a cell-autonomous manner, here we describe a function of Rb in the stromal compartment. We find that Rb depletion in fibroblasts leads to inhibition of differentiation and enhanced proliferation of the epithelium. Analysis of conditioned medium identified that keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) levels were elevated following Rb depletion. These findings were also observed with organotypic co-cultures. Treatment of keratinocytes with KGF inhibited differentiation and enhanced keratinocyte proliferation, whereas reduction of KGF levels in Rb-depleted fibroblasts was able to restore expression of differentiation markers. Our findings suggest a crucial role for dermal fibroblasts in regulating the differentiation and proliferation of keratinocytes, and we demonstrate a role for stromal Rb in this cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pickard
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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77
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Inactivation of Rb in stromal fibroblasts promotes epithelial cell invasion. EMBO J 2012; 31:3092-103. [PMID: 22643222 PMCID: PMC3400012 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal-derived growth factors are required for normal epithelial growth but are also implicated in tumour progression. We have observed inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb), through phosphorylation, in cancer-associated fibroblasts in oro-pharyngeal cancer specimens. Rb is well known for its cell-autonomous effects on cancer initiation and progression; however, cell non-autonomous functions of Rb are not well described. We have identified a cell non-autonomous role of Rb, using three-dimensional cultures, where depletion of Rb in stromal fibroblasts enhances invasive potential of transformed epithelia. In part, this is mediated by upregulation of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), which is produced by the depleted fibroblasts. KGF drives invasion of epithelial cells through induction of MMP1 expression in an AKT- and Ets2-dependent manner. Our data identify that stromal fibroblasts can alter the invasive behaviour of the epithelium, and we show that altered expression of KGF can mediate these functions.
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78
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Loo AEK, Halliwell B. Effects of hydrogen peroxide in a keratinocyte-fibroblast co-culture model of wound healing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:253-8. [PMID: 22634311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been renewed interest in the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially H(2)O(2), in wound healing. We previously showed that H(2)O(2) stimulates healing in a keratinocyte scratch wound model. In this paper, we used a more complex and physiologically relevant model that involves co-culturing primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts. We found that the two main cell types within the skin have different sensitivities to H(2)O(2) and to the widely used "antioxidant"N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). Keratinocytes were very resistant to the toxicity of H(2)O(2) (250 and 500 μM) or NAC (5 mM). However, the viability of fibroblasts was decreased by both compounds. Using the co-culture model, we also found that H(2)O(2) increases re-epithelialization while NAC retards it. Our data further illustrate the possible role of ROS in wound healing and the co-culture model should be useful for screening agents that may influence the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Eng Kiat Loo
- Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
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79
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Abstract
Significant progress has been made over the years in the development of in vitro-engineered substitutes that mimic human skin, either to be used as grafts for the replacement of lost skin or for the establishment of human-based in vitro skin models. This review summarizes these advances in in vivo and in vitro applications of tissue-engineered skin. We further highlight novel efforts in the design of complex disease-in-a-dish models for studies ranging from disease etiology to drug development and screening.
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80
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Iriyama S, Ono T, Aoki H, Amano S. Hyperpigmentation in human solar lentigo is promoted by heparanase-induced loss of heparan sulfate chains at the dermal–epidermal junction. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 64:223-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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81
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Hirobe T. Stimulation of the proliferation and differentiation of skin cells by ferrous ferric chloride from a distance. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:987-95. [PMID: 21720002 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ferrous ferric chloride (FFC) is a distinct form of aqueous iron composed of a complex of ferrous chloride and ferric chloride that participates in both oxidation and reduction reactions, and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of mammalian keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts. However, it is not known whether FFC can stimulate their proliferation and differentiation without being added into culture media or painted on the skin. This study aims to clarify whether FFC can stimulate their proliferation and differentiation from a distance without being added to culture media. In this study, FFC-containing skin lotions were painted under the culture dishes (1 mm away from cells) or on the top of the covers of 1 to 5 polystyrene culture dishes (1 to 5 cm away) and tested for their proliferation- and differentiation-stimulating effects. FFC lotions stimulated the proliferation and differentiation of human keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts from a distance of 1 mm to 1 cm. However, FFC lotions failed to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes from distances of 2 to 5 cm. Results using Teflon covers were similar to those of polystyrene covers. Moreover, the effects of FFC lotions painted on the top of the Teflon covers were completely lost by lead disks. These results suggest that FFC can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of skin cells from a distance of 1 cm without being added into culture media through physical factors rather than chemical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Radiation Effect Mechanisms Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4–9–1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263–8555, Japan.
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82
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Reciprocal interactions of Fgf10/Fgfr2b modulate the mouse tongue epithelial differentiation. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 345:265-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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83
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Barton CE, Johnson KN, Mays DM, Boehnke K, Shyr Y, Boukamp P, Pietenpol JA. Novel p63 target genes involved in paracrine signaling and keratinocyte differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2011; 1:e74. [PMID: 21151771 PMCID: PMC3000738 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2010.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 is required for proper epidermal barrier formation and maintenance. Herein, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with DNA sequencing to identify novel p63 target genes involved in normal human epidermal keratinocyte (NHEKs) growth and differentiation. We identified over 2000 genomic sites bound by p63, of which 82 were also transcriptionally regulated by p63 in NHEKs. Through the discovery of interleukin-1-α as a p63 target gene, we identified that p63 is a regulator of epithelial–mesenchymal crosstalk. Further, three-dimensional organotypic co-cultures revealed TCF7L1, another novel p63 target gene, as a regulator of epidermal proliferation and differentiation, providing a mechanism by which p63 maintains the proliferative potential of basal epidermal cells. The discovery of new target genes links p63 to diverse signaling pathways required for epidermal development, including regulation of paracrine signaling to proliferative potential. Further mechanistic insight into p63 regulation of epidermal cell growth and differentiation is provided by the identification of a number of novel p63 target genes in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Barton
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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84
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Skin tissue engineering--in vivo and in vitro applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:352-66. [PMID: 21241756 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made over the years in the development of in vitro-engineered substitutes that mimic human skin, either to be used as grafts for the replacement of lost skin or for the establishment of human-based in vitro skin models. This review summarizes these advances in in vivo and in vitro applications of tissue-engineered skin. We further highlight novel efforts in the design of complex disease-in-a-dish models for studies ranging from disease etiology to drug development and screening.
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85
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Jean J, Bernard G, Duque-Fernandez A, Auger FA, Pouliot R. Effects of Serum-Free Culture at the Air–Liquid Interface in a Human Tissue-Engineered Skin Substitute. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:877-88. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jean
- Centre LOEX de l'Université Laval, Génie tissulaire et régénération: LOEX—Centre de recherche FRSQ du Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- Centre LOEX de l'Université Laval, Génie tissulaire et régénération: LOEX—Centre de recherche FRSQ du Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Duque-Fernandez
- Centre LOEX de l'Université Laval, Génie tissulaire et régénération: LOEX—Centre de recherche FRSQ du Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - François A. Auger
- Centre LOEX de l'Université Laval, Génie tissulaire et régénération: LOEX—Centre de recherche FRSQ du Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Roxane Pouliot
- Centre LOEX de l'Université Laval, Génie tissulaire et régénération: LOEX—Centre de recherche FRSQ du Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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86
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Buschke S, Stark HJ, Cerezo A, Prätzel-Wunder S, Boehnke K, Kollar J, Langbein L, Heldin CH, Boukamp P. A decisive function of transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling in tissue morphogenesis and differentiation of human HaCaT keratinocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:782-94. [PMID: 21289094 PMCID: PMC3057703 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-11-0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
By interfering with the TGFβ/Smad pathway in the human HaCaT keratinocytes, this study provides novel insights into the role of Smad signaling for regular tissue homeostasis and demonstrates its crucial role in terminal epidermal differentiation and in the decision between alternative epithelial differentiation programs. The mechanism by which transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) regulates differentiation in human epidermal keratinocytes is still poorly understood. To assess the role of Smad signaling, we engineered human HaCaT keratinocytes either expressing small interfering RNA against Smads2, 3, and 4 or overexpressing Smad7 and verified impaired Smad signaling as decreased Smad phosphorylation, aberrant nuclear translocation, and altered target gene expression. Besides abrogation of TGFβ-dependent growth inhibition in conventional cultures, epidermal morphogenesis and differentiation in organotypic cultures were disturbed, resulting in altered tissue homeostasis with suprabasal proliferation and hyperplasia upon TGFβ treatment. Neutralizing antibodies against TGFβ, similar to blocking the actions of EGF-receptor or keratinocyte growth factor, caused significant growth reduction of Smad7-overexpressing cells, thereby demonstrating that epithelial hyperplasia was attributed to TGFβ-induced “dermis”-derived growth promoting factors. Furthermore impaired Smad signaling not only blocked the epidermal differentiation process or caused epidermal-to-mesenchymal transition but induced a switch to a complex alternative differentiation program, best characterized as mucous/intestinal-type epithelial differentiation. As the same alternative phenotype evolved from both modes of Smad-pathway interference, and reduction of Smad7-overexpression caused reversion to epidermal differentiation, our data suggest that functional TGFβ/Smad signaling, besides regulating epidermal tissue homeostasis, is not only essential for terminal epidermal differentiation but crucial in programming different epithelial differentiation routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Buschke
- Division of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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87
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Iriyama S, Matsunaga Y, Takahashi K, Matsuzaki K, Kumagai N, Amano S. Activation of heparanase by ultraviolet B irradiation leads to functional loss of basement membrane at the dermal-epidermal junction in human skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 303:253-61. [PMID: 21221614 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-010-1117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that heparanase plays important roles in barrier-disrupted skin, leading to increased interaction of growth factors between epidermis and dermis and facilitating various cutaneous changes, including epidermal hyperplasia and wrinkle formation. However, the role of heparanase in sun-exposed skin remains unknown. Here, we show that heparanase in human keratinocytes is activated by ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure and that heparan sulfate of perlecan is markedly degraded in UVB-irradiated human skin. The degradation of heparan sulfate resulted in a marked reduction of binding activity of the basement membrane for vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2 and -7 at the dermal-epidermal junction. Degradation of heparan sulfate was observed not only in acutely UVB-irradiated skin, but also in skin chronically exposed to sun. Interestingly, heparan sulfate was found to be degraded in sun-exposed skin, but not in sun-protected skin. These findings suggest that chronic UVB exposure activates heparanase, leading to degradation of heparan sulfate in the basement membrane and increased growth factor interaction between epidermis and dermis. These changes may facilitate photo-aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Iriyama
- Shiseido Research Center, Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
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88
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Syed F, Ahmadi E, Iqbal S, Singh S, McGrouther D, Bayat A. Fibroblasts from the growing margin of keloid scars produce higher levels of collagen I and III compared with intralesional and extralesional sites: clinical implications for lesional site-directed therapy. Br J Dermatol 2010; 164:83-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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89
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The role of R-spondin2 in keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal thickening in keloid scarring. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:644-54. [PMID: 21160497 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are found only in humans and the underlying biochemical mechanisms of their pathogenesis remain unknown. R-spondins (Rspos) are a relatively new group of secreted proteins known to be Wnt/β-catenin signaling agonists, but their role in keloids has yet to be elucidated. We investigated the expression levels of R-spondin2 (Rspo2) in cell lysates and conditioned media of monocultures and co-cultures of fibroblasts and keratinocytes derived from keloids and normal skin. In this study we found increased protein expression and secretion of Rspo2 in respective monocultures of keloid fibroblasts and keratinocytes when compared with their normal counterparts. Double-chamber co-culture experiments implicated the role of keloid keratinocytes (KKs) in the induction of Rspo2 secretion from fibroblasts because of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Addition of recombinant human Rspo2 in culture increased the proliferation of keratinocytes and it acted synergistically with Wnt3a through the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Overexpression of Rspo2 in normal fibroblasts brought about thicker epidermis when compared with control fibroblasts in a skin organotypic culture model. This observation coincides with the hyperproliferative phenotype of thickened epidermis seen in keloids. Taken together, the results suggest the possible double paracrine action of KKs in inducing higher expression of Rspo2 in fibroblasts that promotes keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal thickening.
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90
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Luzgina NG, Potapova OV, Gontsova AA, Shkurupy VA. Structural peculiarities of epidermal barrier in individuals with syndrome of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia. Bull Exp Biol Med 2010; 148:927-9. [PMID: 21116509 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-010-0854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Histological, morphometric, and immunohistochemical analysis showed that the specific features of epidermal barrier structure in patients with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia syndrome are increases number of keratinocyte rows in the basal and prickly layer as a result of their higher mitotic activity, increased numerical density of Langerhans cells, and suppression of terminal keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Luzgina
- Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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91
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Chen YT, Nikulina K, Lazarev S, Bahrami AF, Noble LB, Gallup M, McNamara NA. Interleukin-1 as a phenotypic immunomodulator in keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the ocular surface in Sjögren's syndrome. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1333-43. [PMID: 20696775 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of the ocular surface in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is associated with a vision-threatening, phenotypic change of the ocular surface, which converts from a nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium to a nonsecretory, keratinized epithelium. This pathological process is known as squamous metaplasia. Based on a significant correlation between ocular surface interleukin (IL)-1beta expression and squamous metaplasia in patients with SS, we investigated the role of IL-1 in the pathogenesis of squamous metaplasia in an animal model that mimics the clinical characteristics of SS. Using autoimmune-regulator (aire)-deficient mice, we assessed lacrimal gland and ocular surface immunopathology by quantifying the infiltration of major histocompatibility complex class II(+) (I-A(d+)) dendritic cells and CD4(+) T cells. We examined squamous metaplasia using a biomarker of keratinization, small proline-rich protein 1B. We used lissamine green staining as a readout for ocular surface epitheliopathy and Alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff histochemical analysis to characterize goblet cell muco-glycoconjugates. Within 8 weeks, the eyes of aire-deficient mice were pathologically keratinized with significant epithelial damage and altered mucin glycosylation. Although knockdown of IL-1 receptor 1 did not attenuate lymphocytic infiltration of the lacrimal gland or eye, it significantly reduced ocular surface keratinization, epitheliopathy, and muco-glycoconjugate acidification. These data demonstrate a phenotypic modulation role for IL-1 in the pathogenesis of squamous metaplasia and suggest that IL-1 receptor 1-targeted therapies may be beneficial for treating ocular surface disease associated with SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ting Chen
- University of California, San Francisco, Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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92
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Mendes RA, Carvalho JFC, van der Waal I. Characterization and management of the keratocystic odontogenic tumor in relation to its histopathological and biological features. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:219-25. [PMID: 20189443 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT), formerly referred to as odontogenic keratocyst, is a benign neoplasm of odontogenic origin which may present an aggressive and infiltrative behavior leading to high recurrence rates. A review of the various treatment modalities, ranging from simple enucleation to radical surgery is portrayed in relation to clinical, radiological, histopathological and molecular features. Although prognostic factors based on clinico-pathologic and immunohistochemical findings for determining the potential for recurrence of KCOT still remains unclear, its use for determining the potential for recurrence of KCOT after surgical treatment may become important to successfully manage this neoplasm's aggressive behavior. The key element for future management of KCOTs will probably be based on thorough knowledge of the biological basis of this tumor, thereby enabling a more tailored treatment approach.
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93
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Iriyama S, Matsunaga Y, Amano S. Heparanase activation induces epidermal hyperplasia, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and wrinkles. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:965-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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94
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Tissue Engineering. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84882-513-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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95
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Biological pathways involved in the aggressive behavior of the keratocystic odontogenic tumor and possible implications for molecular oriented treatment – An overview. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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96
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Wang X, Waldeck H, Kao WJ. The effects of TGF-alpha, IL-1beta and PDGF on fibroblast adhesion to ECM-derived matrix and KGF gene expression. Biomaterials 2009; 31:2542-8. [PMID: 20036421 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to elucidate the control mechanisms by which exogenous proteins regulate keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) expression in fibroblasts adhered to differing substrates and thereby provide insights into both fundamental in vitro cell signaling and cell-biomaterial interaction research. A serum-free culture system in which cells maintained their proliferative capacity was established and employed. The addition of transforming growth factor- alpha (TGF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) individually showed no effect on KGF protein release, however, IL-1beta addition led to increased KGF mRNA transcription, intracellular KGF protein synthesis, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) release. Intracellular KGF protein synthesis and extracellular release were enhanced when fibroblasts were treated with a combination of IL-1beta and PDGF-BB which suggests KGF synthesis and release are largely regulated by synergistic mechanisms. Surface-bound fibronectin-derived ligands and individual exogenous proteins promoted fibroblast adhesion to semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (sIPNs) but did not stimulate KGF release despite enhancement of KGF mRNA transcription. Additionally, serum conditioning was found to have a significant impact on KGF synthesis and the subsequent mechanisms controlling KGF release. This study demonstrates that KGF release from fibroblasts is likely regulated by multiple mechanisms involving post-transcriptional and exocytic controls which may be impacted by the presence of serum and how serum is removed from the in vitro cell environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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97
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Kao B, Kadomatsu K, Hosaka Y. Construction of Synthetic Dermis and Skin Based on a Self-Assembled Peptide Hydrogel Scaffold. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:2385-96. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bunsho Kao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Kadomatsu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hosaka
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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98
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Human single-donor composite skin substitutes based on collagen and polycaprolactone copolymer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 386:21-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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99
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Lee DY, Yang JM. Dermal fibroblasts delay epidermal differentiation in three-dimensional culture models. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23:1346-7. [PMID: 19522718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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100
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Afaq F, Zaid MA, Khan N, Dreher M, Mukhtar H. Protective effect of pomegranate-derived products on UVB-mediated damage in human reconstituted skin. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:553-61. [PMID: 19320737 PMCID: PMC3004287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly its UVB (290-320 nm) component, is the primary cause of many adverse biological effects including photoageing and skin cancer. UVB radiation causes DNA damage, protein oxidation and induces matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Photochemoprevention via the use of botanical antioxidants in affording protection to human skin against UVB damage is receiving increasing attention. Pomegranate, from the tree Punica granatum, contains anthocyanins and hydrolysable tannins and possesses strong antioxidant and anti-tumor-promoting properties. In this study, we determined the effect of pomegranate-derived products--POMx juice, POMx extract and pomegranate oil (POMo)--against UVB-mediated damage using reconstituted human skin (EpiDerm(TM) FT-200). EpiDerm was treated with POMx juice (1-2 microl/0.1 ml/well), POMx extract (5-10 microg/0.1 ml/well) and POMo (1-2 microl/0.1 ml/well) for 1 h prior to UVB (60 mJ/cm(2)) irradiation and was harvested 12 h post-UVB to assess protein oxidation, markers of DNA damage and photoageing by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Pretreatment of Epiderm with pomegranate-derived products resulted in inhibition of UVB-induced (i) cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), (ii) 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), (iii) protein oxidation and (iv) proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression. We also found that pretreatment of Epiderm with pomegranate-derived products resulted in inhibition of UVB-induced (i) collagenase (MMP-1), (ii) gelatinase (MMP-2, MMP-9), (iii) stromelysin (MMP-3), (iv) marilysin (MMP-7), (v) elastase (MMP-12) and (vi) tropoelastin. Gelatin zymography revealed that pomegranate-derived products inhibited UVB-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities. Pomegranate-derived products also caused a decrease in UVB-induced protein expression of c-Fos and phosphorylation of c-Jun. Collectively, these results suggest that all three pomegranate-derived products may be useful against UVB-induced damage to human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Afaq
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | | | - Naghma Khan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | | | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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