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Cacioppo JA, Lin PCP, Hannon PR, McDougle DR, Gal A, Ko C. Granulosa cell endothelin-2 expression is fundamental for ovulatory follicle rupture. Sci Rep 2017; 7:817. [PMID: 28400616 PMCID: PMC5429765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00943-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovulation is dependent upon numerous factors mediating follicular growth, vascularization, and ultimately oocyte release via follicle rupture. Endothelin-2 (EDN2) is a potent vasoconstrictor that is transiently produced prior to follicle rupture by granulosa cells of periovulatory follicles and induces ovarian contraction. To determine the role of Edn2 expression, surgical transplant and novel conditional knockout mice were super-ovulated and analyzed. Conditional knockout mice utilized a new iCre driven by the Esr2 promoter to selectively remove Edn2. Follicle rupture and fertility were significantly impaired in the absence of ovarian Edn2 expression. When ovaries of Edn2KO mice were transplanted in wild type recipients, significantly more corpora lutea containing un-ovulated oocytes were present after hormonal stimulation (1.0 vs. 5.4, p = 0.010). Following selective ablation of Edn2 in granulosa cells, Esr2-Edn2KO dams had reduced oocytes ovulated (3.8 vs. 16.4 oocytes/ovary) and smaller litters (4.29 ± l.02 vs. 8.50 pups/dam). However, the number of pregnancies per pairing was not different and the reproductive axis remained intact. Esr2-Edn2KO ovaries had a higher percentage of antral follicles and fewer corpora lutea; follicles progressed to the antral stage but many were unable to rupture. Conditional loss of endothelin receptor A in granulosa cells also decreased ovulation but did not affect fecundity. These data demonstrate that EDN2-induced intraovarian contraction is a critical trigger of normal ovulation and subsequent fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Cacioppo
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Po-Ching Patrick Lin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Patrick R Hannon
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Daniel R McDougle
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Arnon Gal
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.,Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
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52
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Issa S, Bondurand N, Faubert E, Poisson S, Lecerf L, Nitschke P, Deggouj N, Loundon N, Jonard L, David A, Sznajer Y, Blanchet P, Marlin S, Pingault V. EDNRB mutations cause Waardenburg syndrome type II in the heterozygous state. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:581-593. [PMID: 28236341 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a genetic disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss and pigmentation anomalies. The clinical definition of four WS types is based on additional features due to defects in structures mostly arising from the neural crest, with type I and type II being the most frequent. While type I is tightly associated to PAX3 mutations, WS type II (WS2) remains partly enigmatic with mutations in known genes (MITF, SOX10) accounting for only 30% of the cases. We performed exome sequencing in a WS2 index case and identified a heterozygous missense variation in EDNRB. Interestingly, homozygous (and very rare heterozygous) EDNRB mutations are already described in type IV WS (i.e., in association with Hirschsprung disease [HD]) and heterozygous mutations in isolated HD. Screening of a WS2 cohort led to the identification of an overall of six heterozygous EDNRB variations. Clinical phenotypes, pedigrees and molecular segregation investigations unraveled a dominant mode of inheritance with incomplete penetrance. In parallel, cellular and functional studies showed that each of the mutations impairs the subcellular localization of the receptor or induces a defective downstream signaling pathway. Based on our results, we now estimate EDNRB mutations to be responsible for 5%-6% of WS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Issa
- INSERM U955, IMRB, Equipe 6, Créteil, France.,Université Paris 12, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.,INSERM U1163, Institut IMAGINE, Equipe Embryologie et Génétique des Malformations Humaines, Paris, France
| | - Nadege Bondurand
- INSERM U955, IMRB, Equipe 6, Créteil, France.,Université Paris 12, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.,INSERM U1163, Institut IMAGINE, Equipe Embryologie et Génétique des Malformations Humaines, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Faubert
- AP-HP, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Département de Génétique, Créteil, France
| | - Sylvain Poisson
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - Laure Lecerf
- INSERM U955, IMRB, Equipe 6, Créteil, France.,Université Paris 12, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | | | - Naima Deggouj
- ENT Department and Audio-Phonological Center, Cliniques universitaires St Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Laurence Jonard
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Centre de référence «Surdités génétiques», Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Albert David
- Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Yves Sznajer
- Centre de génétique humaine, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patricia Blanchet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Département de Génétique Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Marlin
- INSERM U1163, Institut IMAGINE, Equipe Embryologie et Génétique des Malformations Humaines, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Centre de référence «Surdités génétiques», Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Veronique Pingault
- INSERM U955, IMRB, Equipe 6, Créteil, France.,INSERM U1163, Institut IMAGINE, Equipe Embryologie et Génétique des Malformations Humaines, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Département de Génétique, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Necker, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
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53
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Cooke JP. Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis: New Insights and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2016; 11:154-5. [PMID: 26634021 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-11-3-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John P Cooke
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
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54
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Hansen T, Galougahi KK, Celermajer D, Rasko N, Tang O, Bubb KJ, Figtree G. Oxidative and nitrosative signalling in pulmonary arterial hypertension — Implications for development of novel therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:50-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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55
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Castillo-Galán S, Quezada S, Moraga FA, Ebensperger G, Herrera EA, Beñaldo F, Hernandez I, Ebensperger R, Ramirez S, Llanos AJ, Reyes RV. 2-AMINOETHYLDIPHENYLBORINATE MODIFIES THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION IN PULMONARY HYPERTENSIVE NEWBORN LAMBS WITH PARTIAL GESTATION AT HIGH ALTITUDE. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L788-L799. [PMID: 27542806 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00230.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium signaling through store operated channels (SOC) is involved in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. We determined whether a treatment with 2-aminoethyldiphenylborinate (2-APB), a compound with SOC blocker activity, reduces pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling. Twelve newborn lambs exposed to perinatal chronic hypoxia were studied, 6 of them received a 2-APB treatment and the other 6 received vehicle treatment, for 10 days in both cases. Throughout this period, we recorded cardiopulmonary variables and on day 11 we evaluated the response to an acute hypoxic challenge. Additionally, we assessed the vasoconstrictor and vasodilator function in isolated pulmonary arteries as well as their remodeling in lung slices. 2-APB reduced pulmonary arterial pressure at the third and tenth days, cardiac output between the fourth and eighth days, and pulmonary vascular resistance at the tenth day of treatment. The pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to acute hypoxia was reduced by the end of treatment. 2-APB also decreased maximal vasoconstrictor response to the thromboxane mimetic U46619 and endothelin-1 and increased maximal relaxation to 8-Br-cGMP. The maximal relaxation and potency to phosphodiesterase-5 and Rho-kinase inhibition with sildenafil and fasudil respectively, were also increased. Finally, 2-APB reduced the medial and adventitial layers' thickness, the expression of α-actin and the percentage of Ki67+ nuclei of small pulmonary arteries. Taken together, our results indicate that 2-APB reduces pulmonary hypertension, vasoconstrictor responses and pathological remodeling in pulmonary hypertensive lambs. We conclude that SOC targeting may be a useful strategy for the treatment of neonatal pulmonary hypertension, however, further testing of specific blockers is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastián Quezada
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM)
| | | | - Germán Ebensperger
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Ismael Hernandez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Santiago, Chile
| | - Renato Ebensperger
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Santiago, Chile
| | - Santiago Ramirez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Roberto V Reyes
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM)
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56
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Knobloch J, Yanik SD, Körber S, Stoelben E, Jungck D, Koch A. TNFα-induced airway smooth muscle cell proliferation depends on endothelin receptor signaling, GM-CSF and IL-6. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 116:188-99. [PMID: 27422754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pathological proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) causes hyperplasia in chronic lung diseases. Signaling pathways that link airway inflammation to HASMC proliferation might provide therapeutic targets for the prevention of airway remodeling and chronic lung diseases. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) signals via endothelin-A- and B-receptors (ETAR, ETBR) to perpetuate HASMC-associated and TNFα-dependent inflammatory processes. HYPOTHESIS endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) suppress HASMC proliferation induced by inflammatory cytokines. HASMCs were stimulated ex vivo with cytokines in the presence or absence of ERAs (ETAR-specific/selective: BQ123, ambrisentan; ETBR-specific: BQ788; non-selective: bosentan, macitentan, ACT-132577) or cytokine-blocking antibodies. Cell counts, DNA-synthesis (BrdU-incorporation assay), cytokine production (ELISA) and ETBR expression (whole-genome microarray data, western blot) were analyzed. ET-1-induced HASMC proliferation and DNA-synthesis were reduced by protein kinase inhibitors and ETAR-specific/selective ERAs but not by BQ788. TNFα-induced HASMC proliferation and DNA-synthesis were reduced by all ERAs. TNFα induced ET-1 and ETBR expression. TNFα- and ET-1-induced GM-CSF releases were both reduced by BQ123 and BQ788. TNFα- and ET-1-induced IL-6 releases were both reduced by BQ123 but not by BQ788. Combined but not single blockade of GM-CSF-receptor-α-chain and IL-6 reduced TNFα- and ET-1-induced HASMC proliferation and DNA-synthesis. Combined but not single treatment with GM-CSF and IL-6 induced HASMC proliferation and DNA-synthesis in the presence of ET-1. In conclusion, TNFα induces HASMC proliferation via ET-1/GM-CSF/IL-6. ETBR requires up-regulation by TNFα to mediate ET-1 effects on HASMC proliferation. This signaling cascade links airway inflammation to HASMC-associated remodeling processes and is sensitive to ERAs. Therefore, ERAs could prevent inflammation-induced airway smooth muscle hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Knobloch
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology, Sleep- and Respiratory Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sarah Derya Yanik
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology, Sleep- and Respiratory Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sandra Körber
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology, Sleep- and Respiratory Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Erich Stoelben
- Thoracic Surgery, Lungenklinik, Hospital of Cologne, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany
| | - David Jungck
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology, Sleep- and Respiratory Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrea Koch
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology, Sleep- and Respiratory Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
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57
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Borrull A, Allard B, Wijkhuisen A, Herbet A, Lamourette P, Birouk W, Leiber D, Tanfin Z, Ducancel F, Boquet D, Couraud JY, Robin P. Rendomab B4, a monoclonal antibody that discriminates the human endothelin B receptor of melanoma cells and inhibits their migration. MAbs 2016; 8:1371-1385. [PMID: 27390909 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1208865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognostic, and the design of new targeted drugs to treat melanoma is a therapeutic challenge. A promising approach is to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the endothelin B receptor (ETB), which is known to be overexpressed in melanoma and to contribute to proliferation, migration and vasculogenic mimicry associated with invasiveness of this cancer. We previously described rendomab-B1, a mAb produced by DNA immunization. It is endowed with remarkable characteristics in term of affinity, specificity and antagonist properties against human ETB expressed by the endothelial cells, but, surprisingly, had poor affinity for ETB expressed by melanoma cells. This characteristic strongly suggested the existence of a tumor-specific ETB form. In the study reported here, we identified a new mAb, rendomab-B4, which, in contrast to rendomab-B1, binds ETB expressed on UACC-257, WM-266-4 and SLM8 melanoma cells. Moreover, after binding to UACC-257 cells, rendomab-B4 is internalized and colocalizes with the endosomal protein EEA-1. Interestingly, rendomab-B4, despite its inability to compete with endothelin binding, is able to inhibit phospholipase C pathway and migration induced by endothelin. By contrast, rendomab-B4 fails to decrease ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by endothelin, suggesting a biased effect on ETB. These particular properties make rendomab-B4 an interesting tool to analyze ETB-structure/function and a promising starting point for the development of new immunological tools in the field of melanoma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Borrull
- a CEA, iBiTec-S, SPI, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Anticorps pour la Santé , Gif-sur-Yvette , France.,b Université Paris Sud-11 , CNRS, UMR 8619, IBBMC , Orsay , France
| | - Bertrand Allard
- a CEA, iBiTec-S, SPI, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Anticorps pour la Santé , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Anne Wijkhuisen
- a CEA, iBiTec-S, SPI, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Anticorps pour la Santé , Gif-sur-Yvette , France.,c Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Amaury Herbet
- a CEA, iBiTec-S, SPI, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Anticorps pour la Santé , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Patricia Lamourette
- d CEA, iBiTec-S, SPI, Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche en Immunoanalyse , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Wided Birouk
- b Université Paris Sud-11 , CNRS, UMR 8619, IBBMC , Orsay , France
| | - Denis Leiber
- b Université Paris Sud-11 , CNRS, UMR 8619, IBBMC , Orsay , France
| | - Zahra Tanfin
- b Université Paris Sud-11 , CNRS, UMR 8619, IBBMC , Orsay , France
| | - Frédéric Ducancel
- a CEA, iBiTec-S, SPI, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Anticorps pour la Santé , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Didier Boquet
- a CEA, iBiTec-S, SPI, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Anticorps pour la Santé , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Jean-Yves Couraud
- a CEA, iBiTec-S, SPI, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Anticorps pour la Santé , Gif-sur-Yvette , France.,c Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Philippe Robin
- b Université Paris Sud-11 , CNRS, UMR 8619, IBBMC , Orsay , France
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58
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Endothelin-1: Biosynthesis, Signaling and Vasoreactivity. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 77:143-75. [PMID: 27451097 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is an extremely potent vasoconstrictor peptide originally isolated from endothelial cells. Its synthesis, mainly regulated at the gene transcription level, involves processing of a precursor by a furin-type proprotein convertase to an inactive intermediate, big ET-1. The latter peptide can then be cleaved directly by an endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE) into ET-1 or reach the active metabolite through a two-step process involving chymase hydrolyzing big ET-1 to ET-1 (1-31), itself needing conversion to ET-1 by neprilysin (NEP) to exert physiological activity. ET-1 signals through two G protein-coupled receptors, endothelin receptor A (ETA) and endothelin receptor B (ETB). Both receptors induce an increase in intracellular Ca(2+), mainly from the extracellular space through voltage-independent mechanisms, the receptor-operated channels and store-operated channels. ET-1 also induces signaling through epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation, oxidative stress induction, rho-kinase, and the activation (ETA) or inhibition (ETB) of the adenylate cyclase/cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway. Arterial vasoconstriction is mediated mainly by the ETA receptor. ET-1, via endothelium-located ETB, relaxes arteries or constricts vessels following activation of the same receptor type on the smooth muscle, where it can interact with ETA. In addition, ETB-dependent vasoconstriction seems more prominent in the venous vasculature. A better understanding of how ET-1 is synthesized and how ETA and ETB receptors interact could help design better pharmacological agents in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases where targeting the ET-1 system is indicated.
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Jiang HN, Zeng B, Chen GL, Lai B, Lu SH, Qu JM. Lipopolysaccharide potentiates endothelin-1-induced proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells by upregulating TRPC channels. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:20-7. [PMID: 27470334 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) are critical pathogenic factors in sepsis-induced pulmonary hypertension; however it is unknown whether they have a coordinated action in the pathogenesis of this disease. Here we found that although LPS did not change the contractility of rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in response to ET-1, it significantly promoted ET-1-induced PASMC proliferation. Measurement of ET-1-evoked Ca(2+) transients in PASMCs showed that LPS dramatically enhanced Ca(2+) influx mediated by transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels. LPS did not directly activate TRPC channels, instead it selectively upregulated the expression of TRPC3 and TRPC4 in pulmonary arteries. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) and chemical blockers against TRPC channels abolished LPS-induced PASMC proliferation. LPS-induced cell proliferation and TRPC expression was mediated by the Ca(2+)-dependent calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway. We suggest that blocking TRPC channels could be an effective strategy in controlling pulmonary arterial remodeling after endotoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ni Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology (Sichuan Medical University), Ministry of Education, and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Gui-Lan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology (Sichuan Medical University), Ministry of Education, and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Hua Lu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jie-Ming Qu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Horinouchi T, Hoshi A, Harada T, Higa T, Karki S, Terada K, Higashi T, Mai Y, Nepal P, Mazaki Y, Miwa S. Endothelin-1 suppresses insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and glucose uptake via GPCR kinase 2 in skeletal muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1018-32. [PMID: 26660861 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endothelin-1 (ET-1) reduces insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, inducing insulin resistance. Here, we have determined the molecular mechanisms underlying negative regulation by ET-1 of insulin signalling. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used the rat L6 skeletal muscle cells fully differentiated into myotubes. Changes in the phosphorylation of Akt was assessed by Western blotting. Effects of ET-1 on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was assessed with [(3) H]-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([(3) H]2-DG). The C-terminus region of GPCR kinase 2 (GRK2-ct), a dominant negative GRK2, was overexpressed in L6 cells using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. GRK2 expression was suppressed by transfection of the corresponding short-interfering RNA (siRNA). KEY RESULTS In L6 myotubes, insulin elicited sustained Akt phosphorylation at Thr(308) and Ser(473) , which was suppressed by ET-1. The inhibitory effects of ET-1 were prevented by treatment with a selective ETA receptor antagonist and a Gq protein inhibitor, overexpression of GRK2-ct and knockdown of GRK2. Insulin increased [(3) H]2-DG uptake rate in a concentration-dependent manner. ET-1 noncompetitively antagonized insulin-stimulated [(3) H]2-DG uptake. Blockade of ETA receptors, overexpression of GRK2-ct and knockdown of GRK2 prevented the ET-1-induced suppression of insulin-stimulated [(3) H]2-DG uptake. In L6 myotubes overexpressing FLAG-tagged GRK2, ET-1 facilitated the interaction of endogenous Akt with FLAG-GRK2. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Activation of ETA receptors with ET-1 suppressed insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation at Thr(308) and Ser(473) and [(3) H]2-DG uptake in a GRK2-dependent manner in skeletal muscle cells. These findings suggest that ETA receptors and GRK2 are potential targets for overcoming insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Horinouchi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo City, Japan
| | - Akimasa Hoshi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo City, Japan
| | - Takuya Harada
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo City, Japan
| | - Tsunaki Higa
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo City, Japan
| | - Sarita Karki
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo City, Japan
| | - Koji Terada
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo City, Japan
| | - Tsunehito Higashi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo City, Japan
| | - Yosuke Mai
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo City, Japan
| | - Prabha Nepal
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo City, Japan
| | - Yuichi Mazaki
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo City, Japan
| | - Soichi Miwa
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo City, Japan
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61
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Horinouchi T, Mazaki Y, Terada K, Higashi T, Miwa S. [Current progress in therapeutic agents for pulmonary arterial hypertension: new insights into their mechanisms of action from endothelin system]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 148:231-238. [PMID: 27803435 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.148.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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62
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Ding HH, Ni WJ, Tang LQ, Wei W. G protein-coupled receptors: potential therapeutic targets for diabetic nephropathy. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:411-421. [PMID: 26675443 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy, a lethal microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, is characterized by progressive albuminuria, excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, thickened glomerular basement membrane, podocyte abnormalities, and podocyte loss. The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have attracted considerable attention in diabetic nephropathy, but the specific effects have not been elucidated yet. Likewise, abnormal signaling pathways are closely interrelated to the pathologic process of diabetic nephropathy, despite the fact that the mechanisms have not been explored clearly. Therefore, GPCRs and its mediated signaling pathways are essential for priority research, so that preventative strategies and potential targets might be developed for diabetic nephropathy. This article will give us comprehensive overview of predominant GPCR types, roles, and correlative signaling pathways in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hua Ding
- a Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , People's Republic of China.,b Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jian Ni
- b Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qin Tang
- b Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- a Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , People's Republic of China
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Hammond TR, McEllin B, Morton PD, Raymond M, Dupree J, Gallo V. Endothelin-B Receptor Activation in Astrocytes Regulates the Rate of Oligodendrocyte Regeneration during Remyelination. Cell Rep 2015; 13:2090-7. [PMID: 26628380 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis is an essential and ubiquitous response to CNS injury, but in some cases, aberrant activation of astrocytes and their release of inhibitory signaling molecules can impair endogenous neural repair processes. Our lab previously identified a secreted intercellular signaling molecule, called endothelin-1 (ET-1), which is expressed at high levels by reactive astrocytes in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions and limits repair by delaying oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) maturation. However, as ET receptors are widely expressed on neural cells, the cell- and receptor-specific mechanisms of OPC inhibition by ET-1 action remain undefined. Using pharmacological approaches and cell-specific endothelin receptor (EDNR) ablation, we show that ET-1 acts selectively through EDNRB on astrocytes--and not OPCs--to indirectly inhibit remyelination. These results demonstrate that targeting specific pathways in reactive astrocytes represents a promising therapeutic target in diseases with extensive reactive astrogliosis, including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Hammond
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Brian McEllin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Paul D Morton
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Matthew Raymond
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Jeff Dupree
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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McKenna S, Gossling M, Bugarini A, Hill E, Anderson AL, Rancourt RC, Balasubramaniyan N, El Kasmi KC, Wright CJ. Endotoxemia Induces IκBβ/NF-κB-Dependent Endothelin-1 Expression in Hepatic Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3866-79. [PMID: 26342031 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevated serum concentrations of the vasoactive protein endothelin-1 (ET-1) occur in the setting of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and contribute to distal organ hypoperfusion and pulmonary hypertension. Thus, understanding the cellular source and transcriptional regulation of systemic inflammatory stress-induced ET-1 expression may reveal therapeutic targets. Using a murine model of LPS-induced septic shock, we demonstrate that the hepatic macrophage is the primary source of elevated circulating ET-1, rather than the endothelium as previously proposed. Using pharmacologic inhibitors, ET-1 promoter luciferase assays, and by silencing and overexpressing NF-κB inhibitory protein IκB expression, we demonstrate that LPS-induced ET-1 expression occurs via an NF-κB-dependent pathway. Finally, the specific role of the cRel/p65 inhibitory protein IκBβ was evaluated. Although cytoplasmic IκBβ inhibits activity of cRel-containing NF-κB dimers, nuclear IκBβ stabilizes NF-κB/DNA binding and enhances gene expression. Using targeted pharmacologic therapies to specifically prevent IκBβ/NF-κB signaling, as well as mice genetically modified to overexpress IκBβ, we show that nuclear IκBβ is both necessary and sufficient to drive LPS-induced ET-1 expression. Together, these results mechanistically link the innate immune response mediated by IκBβ/NF-κB to ET-1 expression and potentially reveal therapeutic targets for patients with Gram-negative septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McKenna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Megan Gossling
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Alejandro Bugarini
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Elizabeth Hill
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Aimee L Anderson
- Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Raymond C Rancourt
- Pediatric Airway Research Center, Section of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Natarajan Balasubramaniyan
- Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Karim C El Kasmi
- Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Clyde J Wright
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045;
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Gorąca A, Kleniewska P, Skibska B. ET-1 mediates the release of reactive oxygen species and TNF-α in lung tissue by protein kinase C α and β1. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 68:121-6. [PMID: 26721363 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) in the ET-1 induced generation of reactive oxygen species and TNF-α in rat lungs. METHODS Experiments were performed on 6 groups of rats: Group I: saline-treated control; Group II: saline followed by endothelin-1 (ET-1) (3μg/kg); Group III: saline followed by selective PKC αβ1 inhibitor (Gö6976) (2μg/kg); Group IV: Gö6976 (2μg/kg) administered 30min before ET-1 (3μg/kg); Group V: saline followed by the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (50μg/kg); Group VI: Gö6976 (2μg/kg) administered 30min before PMA (50μg/kg). After 5h, the animals were euthanized and their lungs were isolated for measurements. RESULTS ET-1 resulted in increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels and lung edema, as well as a decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio compared to the controls. The level of TNF-α also was elevated in the presence of ET-1. Administration of Gö6976 30min before ET-1 injection significantly decreased lung edema, as well as the concentrations of TBARS, H2O2 and TNF-α, but increased the GSH/GSSG redox ratio compared to ET-1. Conversely, PMA elevated lung edema and TBARS, H2O2 and TNF-α concentrations, but decreased the GSH/GSSG redox ratio compared to the control group. Treatment with Gö6976 significantly ameliorated the PMA-induced oxidative stress parameters, decreased tissue TNF-α level, and lung edema. CONCLUSION Endothelin-1 induces ROS generation, increases TNF-α level and lung edema via activation of PKC αβ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorąca
- Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Paulina Kleniewska
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Beata Skibska
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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Sek AC, Xie Z, Terai K, Long LM, Nelson C, Dudek AZ, Druey KM. Endothelial Expression of Endothelin Receptor A in the Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133266. [PMID: 26176954 PMCID: PMC4503617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) is a rare and potentially fatal vascular disorder characterized by reversible bouts of hypotension and edema resulting from fluid and solute escape into soft tissues. Although spikes in permeability-inducing factors have been linked to acute SCLS flares, whether or not they act on an inherently dysfunctional endothelium is unknown. To assess the contribution of endothelial-intrinsic mechanisms in SCLS, we derived blood-outgrowth endothelial cells (BOEC) from patients and healthy controls and examined gene expression patterns. Ednra, encoding Endothelin receptor A (ETA)-the target of Endothelin 1 (ET-1)-was significantly increased in SCLS BOEC compared to healthy controls. Although vasoconstriction mediated by ET-1 through ETA activation on vascular smooth muscle cells has been well characterized, the expression and function of ETA receptors in endothelial cells (ECs) has not been described. To determine the role of ETA and its ligand ET-1 in SCLS, if any, we examined ET-1 levels in SCLS sera and functional effects of endothelial ETA expression. ETA overexpression in EAhy926 endothelioma cells led to ET-1-induced hyper-permeability through canonical mechanisms. Serum ET-1 levels were elevated in acute SCLS sera compared to remission and healthy control sera, suggesting a possible role for ET-1 and ETA in SCLS pathogenesis. However, although ET-1 alone did not induce hyper-permeability of patient-derived BOEC, an SCLS-related mediator (CXCL10) increased Edrna quantities in BOEC, suggesting a link between SCLS and endothelial ETA expression. These results demonstrate that ET-1 triggers classical mechanisms of vascular barrier dysfunction in ECs through ETA. Further studies of the ET-1-ETA axis in SCLS and in more common plasma leakage syndromes including sepsis and filovirus infection would advance our understanding of vascular integrity mechanisms and potentially uncover new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C. Sek
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Zhihui Xie
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Kaoru Terai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Long
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Celeste Nelson
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Arkadiusz Z. Dudek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kirk M. Druey
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Johansson SE, Andersen XEDR, Hansen RH, Povlsen GK, Edvinsson L. Cerebrovascular endothelin-1 hyper-reactivity is associated with transient receptor potential canonical channels 1 and 6 activation and delayed cerebral hypoperfusion after forebrain ischaemia in rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 214:376-89. [PMID: 25939574 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM In this study, we aimed to investigate whether changes in cerebrovascular voltage-dependent calcium channels and non-selective cation channels contribute to the enhanced endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstriction in the delayed hypoperfusion phase after experimental transient forebrain ischaemia. METHODS Experimental forebrain ischaemia was induced in Wistar male rats by a two-vessel occlusion model, and the cerebral blood flow was measured by magnetic resonance imaging two days after reperfusion. In vitro vasoreactivity studies, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR were performed on cerebral arteries from ischaemic or sham-operated rats to evaluate changes in vascular voltage-dependent calcium channels, transient receptor potential canonical channels as well as endothelin-1 receptor function and expression. RESULTS The expression of transient receptor potential canonical channels 1 and 6 in the vascular smooth muscle cells was enhanced and correlated with decreased cerebral blood flow two days after forebrain ischaemia. Furthermore, under conditions when voltage-dependent calcium channels were inhibited, endothelin-1-induced cerebrovascular contraction was enhanced and this enhancement was presumably mediated by Ca(2+) influx via upregulated transient receptor potential canonical channels 1 and 6. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrates that endothelin-1-mediated influx of extracellular Ca(2+) activates transient receptor potential canonical channels 1 and 6 in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells. This seems to have an important role in the enhanced cerebral vasoconstriction in the delayed post-ischaemic hypoperfusion phase after experimental forebrain ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Johansson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research; Glostrup Research Institute; Rigshospitalet; Glostrup Denmark
| | - X. E. D. R. Andersen
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research; Glostrup Research Institute; Rigshospitalet; Glostrup Denmark
| | - R. H. Hansen
- Research Group; Department of Radiology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Herlev Denmark
| | - G. K. Povlsen
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research; Glostrup Research Institute; Rigshospitalet; Glostrup Denmark
| | - L. Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research; Glostrup Research Institute; Rigshospitalet; Glostrup Denmark
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research; Department of Clinical Sciences; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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Szteyn K, Gomez R, Berg KA, Jeske NA. Divergence in endothelin-1- and bradykinin-activated store-operated calcium entry in afferent sensory neurons. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/2/1759091415578714. [PMID: 25873305 PMCID: PMC4397213 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415578714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and bradykinin (BK) are endogenous peptides that signal through Gαq/11-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to produce nociceptor sensitization and pain. Both peptides activate phospholipase C to stimulate Ca2+ accumulation, diacylglycerol production, and protein kinase C activation and are rapidly desensitized via a G-protein receptor kinase 2-dependent mechanism. However, ET-1 produces a greater response and longer lasting nocifensive behavior than BK in multiple models, indicating a potentially divergent signaling mechanism in primary afferent sensory neurons. Using cultured sensory neurons, we demonstrate significant differences in both Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores following ET-1 and BK treatments. As intracellular store depletion may contribute to the regulation of other signaling cascades downstream of GPCRs, we concentrated our investigation on store-operated Ca2+ channels. Using pharmacological approaches, we identified transient receptor potential canonical channel 3 (TRPC3) as a dominant contributor to Ca2+ influx subsequent to ET-1 treatment. On the other hand, BK treatment stimulated Orai1 activation, with only minor input from TRPC3. Taken together, data presented here suggest that ET-1 signaling targets TRPC3, generating a prolonged Ca2+ signal that perpetuates nocifensive responses. In contrast, Orai1 dominates as the downstream target of BK receptor activation and results in transient intracellular Ca2+ increases and abridged nocifensive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Szteyn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ruben Gomez
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kelly A Berg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Jeske
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
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Kozlov KL, Soldatov VM, Paltseva EM, Sedov EV, Polyakova VO, Linkova NS. Endothelial signaling molecules in the development of age-associated diseases. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057015020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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70
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Zhang T, Dong K, Liang W, Xu D, Xia H, Geng J, Najafov A, Liu M, Li Y, Han X, Xiao J, Jin Z, Peng T, Gao Y, Cai Y, Qi C, Zhang Q, Sun A, Lipinski M, Zhu H, Xiong Y, Pandolfi PP, Li H, Yu Q, Yuan J. G-protein-coupled receptors regulate autophagy by ZBTB16-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Atg14L. eLife 2015; 4:e06734. [PMID: 25821988 PMCID: PMC4421748 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important intracellular catabolic mechanism involved in the removal of misfolded proteins. Atg14L, the mammalian ortholog of Atg14 in yeast and a critical regulator of autophagy, mediates the production PtdIns3P to initiate the formation of autophagosomes. However, it is not clear how Atg14L is regulated. In this study, we demonstrate that ubiquitination and degradation of Atg14L is controlled by ZBTB16-Cullin3-Roc1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Furthermore, we show that a wide range of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands and agonists regulate the levels of Atg14L through ZBTB16. In addition, we show that the activation of autophagy by pharmacological inhibition of GPCR reduces the accumulation of misfolded proteins and protects against behavior dysfunction in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Our study demonstrates a common molecular mechanism by which the activation of GPCRs leads to the suppression of autophagy and a pharmacological strategy to activate autophagy in the CNS for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kangyun Dong
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Daichao Xu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongguang Xia
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jiefei Geng
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ayaz Najafov
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Min Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxia Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoran Han
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Xiao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Jin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Peng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunting Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Anyang Sun
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Marta Lipinski
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Yue Xiong
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - He Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junying Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
The amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) is a key player in the regulation of Na(+) homeostasis. Its functional activity is under continuous control by a variety of signaling molecules, including bioactive peptides of endothelin family. Since ENaC dysfunction is causative for disturbances in total body Na(+) levels associated with the abnormal regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, and lung fluid balance, uncovering the molecular mechanisms of inhibitory modulation or inappropriate activation of ENaC is crucial for the successful treatment of a variety of human diseases including hypertension. The precise regulation of ENaC is particularly important for normal Na(+) and fluid homeostasis in organs where endothelins are known to act: the kidneys, lung, and colon. Inhibition of ENaC by endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been established in renal cells, and several molecular mechanisms of inhibition of ENaC by ET-1 are proposed and will be reviewed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Sorokin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Durgan DJ, Crossland RF, Lloyd EE, Phillips SC, Bryan RM. Increased cerebrovascular sensitivity to endothelin-1 in a rat model of obstructive sleep apnea: a role for endothelin receptor B. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:402-11. [PMID: 25425077 PMCID: PMC4348382 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with cerebrovascular diseases. However, little is known regarding the effects of OSA on the cerebrovascular wall. We tested the hypothesis that OSA augments endothelin-1 (ET-1) constrictions of cerebral arteries. Repeated apneas (30 or 60 per hour) were produced in rats during the sleep cycle (8 hours) by remotely inflating a balloon implanted in the trachea. Four weeks of apneas produced a 23-fold increase in ET-1 sensitivity in isolated and pressurized posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs) compared with PCAs from sham-operated rats (EC50=10(-9.2) mol/L versus 10(-10.6) mol/L; P<0.001). This increased sensitivity was abolished by the ET-B receptor antagonist, BQ-788. Constrictions to the ET-B receptor agonist, IRL-1620, were greater in PCAs from rats after 2 or 4 weeks of apneas compared with that from sham-operated rats (P=0.013). Increased IRL-1620 constrictions in PCAs from OSA rats were normalized with the transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) blocker, SKF96365, or the Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, Y27632. These data show that OSA increases the sensitivity of PCAs to ET-1 through enhanced ET-B activity, and enhanced activity of TRPCs and ROCK. We conclude that enhanced ET-1 signaling is part of a pathologic mechanism associated with adverse cerebrovascular outcomes of OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Durgan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Randy F Crossland
- 1] Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eric E Lloyd
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sharon C Phillips
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert M Bryan
- 1] Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [3] Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Sciences), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Olgun NS, Hanna N, Reznik SE. BQ-123 prevents LPS-induced preterm birth in mice via the induction of uterine and placental IL-10. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 282:275-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Vatta MS, Bianciotti LG, Guil MJ, Hope SI. Regulation of the Norepinephrine Transporter by Endothelins. HORMONES AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 2015; 98:371-405. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Terada K, Horinouchi T, Fujioka Y, Higashi T, Nepal P, Horiguchi M, Karki S, Hatate C, Hoshi A, Harada T, Mai Y, Ohba Y, Miwa S. Agonist-promoted ubiquitination differentially regulates receptor trafficking of endothelin type A and type B receptors. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35283-95. [PMID: 25381251 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.544171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two types of G protein-coupled receptors for endothelin-1 (ET-1), ET type A receptor (ETAR) and ETBR, closely resemble each other, but upon ET-1 stimulation, they follow totally different intracellular trafficking pathways; ETAR is recycled back to plasma membrane, whereas ETBR is targeted to lysosome for degradation. However, the mechanisms for such different fates are unknown. Here we demonstrated that ETBR but not ETAR was ubiquitinated on the cell surface following ET-1 stimulation and that ETBR was internalized and degraded in lysosome more rapidly than ETAR. The mutant ETBR (designated "5KR mutant") in which 5 lysine residues in the C-tail were substituted to arginine was not ubiquitinated, and its rates of internalization and degradation after ET-1 stimulation became slower, being comparable with those of ETAR. Confocal microscopic study showed that following ET-1 stimulation, ETAR and 5KR mutant of ETBR were co-localized mainly with Rab11, a marker of recycling endosome, whereas ETBR was co-localized with Rab7, a marker of late endosome/lysosome. In the 5KR mutant, ET-1-induced ERK phosphorylation and an increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration upon repetitive ET-1 stimulation were larger. A series of ETBR mutants (designated "4KR mutant"), in which either one of 5 arginine residues of the 5KR mutant was reverted to lysine, were normally ubiquitinated, internalized, and degraded, with ERK phosphorylation being normalized. These results demonstrate that agonist-induced ubiquitination at either lysine residue in the C-tail of ETBR but not ETAR switches intracellular trafficking from recycling to plasma membrane to targeting to lysosome, causing decreases in the cell surface level of ETBR and intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Terada
- From the Departments of Cellular Pharmacology and
| | | | - Yoichiro Fujioka
- Cell Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | | | - Prabha Nepal
- From the Departments of Cellular Pharmacology and
| | | | - Sarita Karki
- From the Departments of Cellular Pharmacology and
| | | | | | | | - Yosuke Mai
- From the Departments of Cellular Pharmacology and
| | - Yusuke Ohba
- Cell Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Soichi Miwa
- From the Departments of Cellular Pharmacology and
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Abstract
The classic piebald mutation in the endothelin receptor type B (Ednrb) gene was found on rolling Nagoya genetic background (PROD-s/s) mice with white coat spotting. To examine whether genetic background influenced the phenotype in the piebald mutant mice, we generated a congenic strain (B6.PROD-s/s), produced by repeated backcrosses to the C57BL/6J (B6) strain. Although B6.PROD-s/s mice showed white coat spotting, 7% of B6.PROD-s/s mice died between 2 and 5 weeks after birth due to megacolon. The PROD-s/s, s/s and Japanese fancy mouse 1 (JF1) strains, which also have piebald mutations on different genetic backgrounds with B6, showed only pigmentation defects without megacolon. In expression analyses, rectums of B6.PROD-s/s
with megacolon mice showed ~5% of the level of Ednrb gene expression versus B6 mice. In histological analyses, aganglionosis was detected in the rectum of megacolon animals. The aganglionic rectum was thought to lead to severe constipation and intestinal blockage, resulting in megacolon. We also observed an abnormal intestinal flora, including a marked increase in Bacteroidaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae and a marked decrease in Lactobacillus and Clostridiales, likely inducing endotoxin production and a failure of the mucosal barrier system, leading ultimately to death. These results indicate that the genetic background plays a key role in the development of enteric ganglion neurons, controlled by the Ednrb gene, and that B6 has modifier gene (s) regarding aganglionosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Fukushima
- Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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77
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Rosenberger C, Fähling M. Selective endothelin inhibition in diabetic nephropathy: is it the icing on the cake? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 212:1-4. [PMID: 24947550 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Rosenberger
- Institute of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - M. Fähling
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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78
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Olgun N, Arita Y, Hanna M, Murthy A, Tristan S, Peltier M, Hanna N. Carbon monoxide attenuates bacteria-induced Endothelin-1 expression in second trimester placental explants. Placenta 2014; 35:351-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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79
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Endothelin-1 activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 via transactivation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor in rat L6 myoblasts. Life Sci 2014; 104:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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80
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Sakai S, Shimojo N, Kimura T, Tajiri K, Maruyama H, Homma S, Kuga K, Mizutani T, Aonuma K, Miyauchi T. Involvement of peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 in the inhibitory effect of fluvastatin on endothelin-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Life Sci 2014; 102:98-104. [PMID: 24657892 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac hypertrophy is elicited by endothelin (ET)-1 as well as other neurohumoral factors, hemodynamic overload, and oxidative stress; HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) were shown to inhibit cardiac hypertrophy partly via the anti-oxidative stress. One of their common intracellular pathways is the phosphorylation cascade of MEK signaling. Pin1 specifically isomerizes the phosphorylated protein with Ser/Thr-Pro bonds and regulates their activity through conformational changes. There is no report whether the Pin1 activation contributes to ET-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and whether the Pin1 inactivation contributes to the inhibitory effect of statins. The aim of this study was to reveal these questions. MAIN METHODS We assessed neonatal rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy using ET-1 and fluvastatin by the cell surface area, ANP mRNA expression, JNK and c-Jun phosphorylation, and [(3)H]-leucine incorporation. KEY FINDINGS Fluvastatin inhibited ET-1-induced increase in the cell surface area, ANP expression, and [(3)H]-leucine incorporation; and it suppressed the signaling cascade from JNK to c-Jun. The phosphorylated Pin1 level, an inactive form, was decreased by ET-1; however, it reached basal level by fluvastatin. Furthermore, Pin1 overexpression clearly elicited cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, which was inhibited by fluvastatin. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report that ET-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is mediated through the Pin1 activation and that the inhibitory effect of fluvastatin on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy would partly be attributed to the suppression of the Pin1 function. This study firstly suggests that Pin1 determines the size of hypertrophied cardiomyocyte by regulating the activity of phosphorylated molecules and that statins exert their pleiotropic effects partly via Pin1 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sakai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Nobutake Shimojo
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Taizo Kimura
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuko Tajiri
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Maruyama
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoshi Homma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kuga
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Taro Mizutani
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Aonuma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyauchi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Division of Life Science Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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81
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Calcitonin gene-related peptide protects the myocardium from ischemia induced by endothelin-1: intravital microscopic observation and (31)P-MR spectroscopic studies. Life Sci 2014; 118:248-54. [PMID: 24607775 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator neuropeptide. We investigated the ameliorating effect of CGRP in myocardial ischemia induced by endothelin-1 (ET-1), with special emphasis on myocardial microvascular hemodynamics and levels of energy-related metabolites. MAIN METHODS The Langendorff preparations of rat isolated heart were perfused at a constant flow rate. Microvascular blood flow was also visualized in the anterior epicardium of the left ventricle by means of an intravital fluorescence microscope system. Energy-related metabolite contents in the myocardium were measured by means of (31)P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS). KEY FINDINGS Intracoronary bolus injections of CGRP caused dose-dependent decreases in coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) in the hearts exposed to ET-1 (30 pmol). The vasodilator potency of CGRP was about 10,000-fold greater than that of nitroglycerin and 1,000-fold greater than that of isobutylmethylxanthine. Vasodilation of the small-sized arterioles (10-40 μm in diameter) in response to CGRP (100 pmol) was confirmed by direct microscopic observation. After ET-1 (30 pmol) plus vehicle administration, high energy phosphates (phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP) were markedly reduced (p<0.05). CGRP administration significantly (p<0.05) attenuated the anaerobic changes in the myocardium (decrease in PCr) and macrohemodynamic alterations (increase in CPP, decrease in dP/dt etc.) induced by ET-1. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that CGRP effectively confers hemodynamic and metabolic protections to isolated beating hearts against ET-1-induced myocardial ischemia.
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