51
|
Dons E, Temmerman P, Van Poppel M, Bellemans T, Wets G, Int Panis L. Street characteristics and traffic factors determining road users' exposure to black carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 447:72-9. [PMID: 23376518 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Many studies nowadays make the effort of determining personal exposure rather than estimating exposure at the residential address only. While intra-urban air pollution can be modeled quite easily using interpolation methods, estimating exposure in transport is more challenging. The aim of this study is to investigate which factors determine black carbon (BC) concentrations in transport microenvironments. Therefore personal exposure measurements are carried out using portable aethalometers, trip diaries and GPS devices. More than 1500 trips, both by active modes and by motorized transport, are evaluated in Flanders, Belgium. GPS coordinates are assigned to road segments to allow BC concentrations to be linked with trip and road characteristics (trip duration, degree of urbanization, road type, traffic intensity, travel speed and road speed). Average BC concentrations on highways (10.7μg/m(3)) are comparable to concentrations on urban roads (9.6μg/m(3)), but levels are significantly higher than concentrations on rural roads (6.1μg/m(3)). Highways yield higher BC exposures for motorists compared to exposure on major roads and local roads. Overall BC concentrations are elevated at lower speeds (<30km/h) and at speeds above 80km/h, in accordance to vehicle emission functions. Driving on roads with low traffic intensities resulted in lower exposures than driving on roads with higher traffic intensities (from 5.6μg/m(3) for roads with less than 500veh/h, up to 12μg/m(3) for roads with over 2500veh/h). Traffic intensity proved to be the major explanatory variable for in-vehicle BC exposure, together with timing of the trip and urbanization. For cyclists and pedestrians the range in BC exposure is smaller and models are less predictive; for active modes exposure seems to be influenced by timing and degree of urbanization only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evi Dons
- VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Devi JJ, Gupta T, Jat R, Tripathi SN. Measurement of personal and integrated exposure to particulate matter and co-pollutant gases: a panel study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1632-1648. [PMID: 22965544 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposure measurement can serve as an effective tool to understand the effect of exposure to air pollutants. Alternatively, exposure assessment using pollutant concentrations in different microenvironments and accurate time-activity information for the subjects can provide good information regarding human integrated exposure. A panel of 18 healthy students of Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur in the age group of 18 to 30 years participated in the personal exposure measurements for particulate matter, CO, NO(2) and VOC during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons. Overall, 432 h person exposure data was collected in this study. The major sources of particulate and gaseous co-pollutants were identified. These directly obtained personal exposure values were then compared to the indirectly estimated integrated exposure values. Personal and integrated exposures gave statistically similar results. Through this study, we have shown that integrated exposure values could closely estimate the personal exposure values for particulate matter that can significantly reduce time and cost involved in personal exposure studies. The lung parameters for all the subjects measured during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons showed statistically significant reduction during pre-monsoon. This was attributed to the high levels of coarse particles during pre-monsoon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Jai Devi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Patel MM, Chillrud SN, Deepti KC, Ross JM, Kinney PL. Traffic-related air pollutants and exhaled markers of airway inflammation and oxidative stress in New York City adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 121:71-78. [PMID: 23177171 PMCID: PMC3577992 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposures to ambient diesel exhaust particles have been associated with respiratory symptoms and asthma exacerbations in children; however, epidemiologic evidence linking short-term exposure to ambient diesel exhaust particles with airway inflammation is limited. We conducted a panel study with asthmatic and nonasthmatic adolescents to characterize associations between ambient diesel exhaust particle exposures and exhaled biological markers of airway inflammation and oxidative stress. Over four weeks, exhaled breath condensate was collected twice a week from 18 asthmatics and 18 nonasthmatics (ages 14-19 years) attending two New York City schools and analyzed for pH and 8-isoprostane as indicators of airway inflammation and oxidative stress, respectively. Air concentrations of black carbon, a diesel exhaust particle indicator, were measured outside schools. Air measurements of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and fine particulate matter were obtained for the closest central monitoring sites. Relationships between ambient pollutants and exhaled biomarkers were characterized using mixed effects models. Among all subjects, increases in 1- to 5-day averages of black carbon were associated with decreases in exhaled breath condensate pH, indicating increased airway inflammation, and increases in 8-isoprostane, indicating increased oxidative stress. Increases in 1- to 5-day averages of nitrogen dioxide were associated with increases in 8-isoprostane. Ozone and fine particulate matter were inconsistently associated with exhaled biomarkers. Associations did not differ between asthmatics and nonasthmatics. The findings indicate that short-term exposure to traffic-related air pollutants may increase airway inflammation and/or oxidative stress in urban youth and provide mechanistic support for associations documented between traffic-related pollutant exposures and respiratory morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molini M. Patel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St, New York, NY, 10032, U.S.A
| | - Steven N. Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Comer Building, Rm 201, Palisades, NY, 10964, U.S.A
| | - KC Deepti
- West Harlem Environmental Action, Inc., 271 West 125 Street, Suite 308, New York, NY, 10027, U.S.A
| | - James M. Ross
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Comer Building, Rm 201, Palisades, NY, 10964, U.S.A
| | - Patrick L. Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St, New York, NY, 10032, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Li Y, Nie J, Beyea J, Rudra CB, Browne RW, Bonner MR, Mu L, Trevisan M, Freudenheim JL. Exposure to traffic emissions: associations with biomarkers of antioxidant status and oxidative damage. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 121:31-8. [PMID: 23140610 PMCID: PMC3578064 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress has been implicated as a possible mechanism for adverse health effects associated with traffic emissions. We examined the association of an estimate of traffic emissions with blood biomarkers of antioxidant capacity (glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity) and oxidative damage (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS)) among 1810 healthy women, randomly selected from Erie and Niagara Counties in Western New York. METHODS A geographic traffic emission and meteorological dispersion model was used to estimate annual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure from traffic emissions for each woman based on her residence at the time of study. Associations of traffic-related PAH exposure with measures of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity were examined in multiple regression analyses with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS Higher traffic-related PAH exposure was associated with decreased glutathione and increased glutathione peroxidase. Stronger associations between traffic-related PAH exposure and levels of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase were suggested among nonsmoking women without secondhand smoke exposure, especially among premenopausal nonsmoking women. Associations were also stronger for measurements made in warmer months. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that PAHs or other components of traffic emissions may impact anti-oxidative capacity among healthy women, particularly premenopausal non-smokers without secondhand smoke exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Jan Beyea
- Consulting in the Public Interest, Lambertville, NJ
| | | | - Richard W. Browne
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Matthew R. Bonner
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Lina Mu
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Maurizio Trevisan
- Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City College of New York, New York, NY
| | - Jo L. Freudenheim
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Jung KH, Hsu SI, Yan B, Moors K, Chillrud SN, Ross J, Wang S, Perzanowski MS, Kinney PL, Whyatt RM, Perera F, Miller RL. Childhood exposure to fine particulate matter and black carbon and the development of new wheeze between ages 5 and 7 in an urban prospective cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 45:44-50. [PMID: 22572116 PMCID: PMC3366055 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While exposures to urban fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and soot-black carbon (soot-BC) have been associated with asthma exacerbations, there is limited evidence on whether these pollutants are associated with the new development of asthma or allergy among young inner city children. We hypothesized that childhood exposure to PM(2.5) and the soot-BC component would be associated with the report of new wheeze and development of seroatopy in an inner city birth cohort. METHODS As part of the research being conducted by the Columbia Center of Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH) birth cohort study in New York City, two-week integrated residential monitoring of PM(2.5), soot-BC (based on a multi-wavelength integrating sphere method), and modified absorption coefficient (Abs*; based on the smoke stain reflectometer) was conducted between October 2005 and May 2011 for 408 children at ages 5-6 years old. Residential monitoring was repeated 6 months later (n=262) to capture seasonal variability. New wheeze was identified through the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaires during up to 3 years of follow-up and compared to a reference group that reported never wheeze, remitted wheeze, or persistent wheeze. Specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E against cockroach, mouse, cat, and dust mite and total IgE levels was measured in sera at ages 5 and 7 years. RESULTS PM(2.5), soot-BC, and Abs* measured at the first visit were correlated moderately with those at the second visit (Pearson r>0.44). Using logistic regression models, a positive association between PM(2.5) and new wheeze was found with adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence intervals] of 1.51 [1.05-2.16] per interquartile range (IQR). Positive but non-significant association was found between the development of new wheeze and soot-BC and (OR 1.40 [0.96-2.05]), and Abs* (OR 1.57 [0.91-2.68]); Significantly positive associations were found between air pollutant measurements and new wheeze when restricting to those participants with repeat home indoor measurements 6 months apart. Associations between pollutants and IgE levels were not detected. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that childhood exposure to indoor air pollution, much of which penetrated readily from outdoor sources, may contribute to the development of wheeze symptoms among children ages 5 to 7 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwa Jung
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine , Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E, 630 W. 168 St. New York, New York 10032
| | - Shao-I Hsu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine , Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E, 630 W. 168 St. New York, New York 10032
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Rt, 9W Palisades, New York 10964
| | - Kathleen Moors
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine , Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E, 630 W. 168 St. New York, New York 10032
| | - Steven N. Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Rt, 9W Palisades, New York 10964
| | - James Ross
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Rt, 9W Palisades, New York 10964
| | - Shuang Wang
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave., B-1 New York, New York 10032
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St. New York, New York 10032
| | - Matthew S. Perzanowski
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave., B-1 New York, New York 10032
| | - Patrick L. Kinney
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave., B-1 New York, New York 10032
| | - Robin M. Whyatt
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave., B-1 New York, New York 10032
| | - Frederica Perera
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave., B-1 New York, New York 10032
| | - Rachel L. Miller
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine , Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E, 630 W. 168 St. New York, New York 10032
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave., B-1 New York, New York 10032
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 St. New York, New York 10032
- Corresponding author: Rachel L. Miller, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University College Physicians and Surgeons, New York New York 10032, Tel: 212-305-7759, Fax: 212-305-2277,
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
de Oliveira BFA, Ignotti E, Artaxo P, do Nascimento Saldiva PH, Junger WL, Hacon S. Risk assessment of PM(2.5) to child residents in Brazilian Amazon region with biofuel production. Environ Health 2012; 11:64. [PMID: 22978271 PMCID: PMC3465199 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-11-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to fine fractions of particulate matter (PM(2.5)) is associated with increased hospital admissions and mortality for respiratory and cardiovascular disease in children and the elderly. This study aims to estimate the toxicological risk of PM(2.5) from biomass burning in children and adolescents between the age of 6 and 14 in Tangará da Serra, a municipality of Subequatorial Brazilian Amazon. METHODS Risk assessment methodology was applied to estimate the risk quotient in two scenarios of exposure according to local seasonality. The potential dose of PM(2.5) was estimated using the Monte Carlo simulation, stratifying the population by age, gender, asthma and Body Mass Index (BMI). RESULTS Male asthmatic children under the age of 8 at normal body rate had the highest risk quotient among the subgroups. The general potential average dose of PM(2.5) was 1.95 μg/kg.day (95% CI: 1.62 - 2.27) during the dry scenario and 0.32 μg/kg.day (95% CI: 0.29 - 0.34) in the rainy scenario. During the dry season, children and adolescents showed a toxicological risk to PM(2.5) of 2.07 μg/kg.day (95% CI: 1.85 - 2 .30). CONCLUSIONS Children and adolescents living in the Subequatorial Brazilian Amazon region were exposed to high levels of PM(2.5) resulting in toxicological risk for this multi-pollutant. The toxicological risk quotients of children in this region were comparable or higher to children living in metropolitan regions with PM(2.5) air pollution above the recommended limits to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fátima Alves de Oliveira
- Public Health and Environment Post-graduation, National School of Public Health at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliane Ignotti
- Department of Nursing, State University of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Institute of Public Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sandra Hacon
- Public Health and Environment Post-graduation, National School of Public Health at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Bottino CJ, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman KP, Oken E, Redline S, Gold D, Schwartz J, Melly SJ, Koutrakis P, Gillman MW, Taveras EM. The association of urbanicity with infant sleep duration. Health Place 2012; 18:1000-5. [PMID: 22795497 PMCID: PMC3732783 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Short sleep duration is associated with multiple adverse child outcomes. We examined associations of the built environment with infant sleep duration among 1226 participants in a pre-birth cohort. From residential addresses, we used a geographic information system to determine urbanicity, population density, and closeness to major roadways. The main outcome was mother's report of her infant's average daily sleep duration at 1 year of age. We ranked urbanicity and population density as quintiles, categorized distance to major roads into 8 categories, and used linear regression adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics, smoking during pregnancy, gestational age, fetal growth, and television viewing at 1 year. In this sample, mean (SD) sleep duration at age 1 year was 12.8 (1.6)h/day. In multivariable adjusted analyses, children living in the highest quintile of urbanicity slept -19.2 min/day (95% CI:-37.0, -1.50) less than those living in the lowest quintile. Neither population density nor closeness to major roadways was associated with infant sleep duration after multivariable adjustment. Our findings suggest that living in more urban environments may be associated with reduced infant sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Ken P. Kleinman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Emily Oken
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Diane Gold
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Steven J. Melly
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew W. Gillman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Elsie M. Taveras
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Makra L, Matyasovszky I, Bálint B. Association of allergic asthma emergency room visits with the main biological and chemical air pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 432:288-96. [PMID: 22750174 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Joint effect of biological (pollen) and chemical air pollutants on asthma emergency room (ER) visits was analyzed for Szeged region of Southern Hungary. Our database of a nine-year period (1999-2007) includes daily number of asthma emergency room (ER) visits, and daily mean concentrations of CO, PM(10), NO, NO(2), O(3) and SO(2), furthermore two pollen variables (Ambrosia and total pollen excluding Ambrosia), as well. The analysis was performed for ER visits of asthma bronchiale using two age groups (adults and the elderly) of males and females for three seasons. Factor analysis was performed in order to clarify the relative importance of the pollutant variables affecting asthma ER visits. Asthma ER visits denote notably stronger associations with the pollutants in adult male than in adult female patients both for the pollen season of Ambrosia and the pollen-free season. Furthermore, adults are substantially more sensitive to severe asthma attack than the elderly for the season of total pollen excluding Ambrosia pollen. The joint effect of the chemical and pollen variables is the highest for the asthma ER cases in the pollen season of Ambrosia, basically due to the extra impact of the total pollen excluding Ambrosia pollen and partly due to Ambrosia pollen. A nonparametric regression technique was applied to discriminate between events of ER visit-no ER visit using pollen and chemical pollutants as explaining variables. Based on multiple correlations, the strongest relationships between ER visits and pollutants are observed during the pollen-free season. The elderly group with asthma bronchiale is characterized by weaker relationships between ER visits and pollutants compared to adults. Ratio of the number of correct decisions on the events of ER visit-no ER visit is lowest for the season of total pollen excluding Ambrosia pollen. Otherwise, similar conclusions hold as those received by multiple correlations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- László Makra
- Department of Climatology and Landscape Ecology, University of Szeged, HU-6701 Szeged, P.O.B. 653, Hungary.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Cornell AG, Chillrud SN, Mellins RB, Acosta LM, Miller RL, Quinn JW, Yan B, Divjan A, Olmedo OE, Lopez-Pintado S, Kinney PL, Perera FP, Jacobson JS, Goldstein IF, Rundle AG, Perzanowski MS. Domestic airborne black carbon and exhaled nitric oxide in children in NYC. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2012; 22:258-66. [PMID: 22377682 PMCID: PMC3685864 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Differential exposure to combustion by-products and allergens may partially explain the marked disparity in asthma prevalence (3-18%) among New York City neighborhoods. Subclinical changes in airway inflammation can be measured by fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). FeNO could be used to test independent effects of these environmental exposures on airway inflammation. Seven- and eight-year-old children from neighborhoods with lower (range 3-9%, n=119) and higher (range 11-18%, n=121) asthma prevalence participated in an asthma case-control study. During home visits, FeNO was measured, and samples of bed dust (allergens) and air (black carbon; BC) were collected. Neighborhood built-environment characteristics were assessed for the 500 m surrounding participants' homes. Airborne BC concentrations in homes correlated with neighborhood asthma prevalence (P<0.001) and neighborhood densities of truck routes (P<0.001) and buildings burning residual oil (P<0.001). FeNO concentrations were higher among asthmatics with than in those without frequent wheeze (≥4 times/year) (P=0.002). FeNO concentrations correlated with domestic BC among children without seroatopy (P=0.012) and with dust mite allergen among children with seroatopy (P=0.020). The association between airborne BC in homes and both neighborhood asthma prevalence and FeNO suggest that further public health interventions on truck emissions standards and residual oil use are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G. Cornell
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Steven N. Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Robert B. Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Luis M. Acosta
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Rachel L. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - James W. Quinn
- Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY
| | - Adnan Divjan
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Omar E. Olmedo
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Sara Lopez-Pintado
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Patrick L. Kinney
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Frederica P. Perera
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Judith S. Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Inge F. Goldstein
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Andrew G. Rundle
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Matthew S. Perzanowski
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epidemiologic investigation has associated traffic-related air pollution with adverse human health outcomes. The capacity of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), a major emission source air pollution particle, to initiate an airway inflammation has subsequently been investigated. We review the recent controlled human exposures to diesel exhaust and DEPs, and summarize the investigations into the associations between this emission source air pollution particle and airway inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS Using bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial biopsies, and sputum collection, studies have demonstrated inflammation in the airways of healthy individuals after exposure to diesel exhaust and DEPs. This inflammation has included neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes. Elevated expression and concentrations of inflammatory mediators have similarly been observed in the respiratory tract after diesel exhaust and DEP exposure. An increased sensitivity of asthmatic individuals to the proinflammatory effects of DEPs has not been confirmed. SUMMARY Inflammation after diesel exhaust and DEP exposure is evident at higher concentrations only; there appears to be a threshold dose for DEPs approximating 300 μg/m. The lack of a biological response to DEPs at lower concentrations may reflect a contribution of gaseous constituents or interactions between DEPs and gaseous air pollutants to the human inflammatory response and function loss.
Collapse
|
61
|
Tong Z, Wang Y, Patel M, Kinney P, Chrillrud S, Zhang KM. Modeling spatial variations of black carbon particles in an urban highway-building environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:312-9. [PMID: 22084971 PMCID: PMC3258341 DOI: 10.1021/es201938v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Highway-building environments are prevalent in metropolitan areas. This paper presents our findings in investigating pollutant transport in a highway-building environment by combing field measurement and numerical simulations. We employ and improve the Comprehensive Turbulent Aerosol Dynamics and Gas Chemistry (CTAG) model to simulate the spatial variations of black carbon (BC) concentrations near highway I-87 and an urban school in the South Bronx, New York. The results of CTAG simulations are evaluated against and agree adequately with the measurements of wind speed, wind directions, and BC concentrations. Our analysis suggests that the BC concentration at the measurement point of the urban school could decrease by 43-54% if roadside buildings were absent. Furthermore, we characterize two generalized conditions in a highway-building environment, i.e., highway-building canyon and highway viaduct-building. The former refers to the canyon between solid highway embankment and roadside buildings, where the spatial profiles of BC depend on the equivalent canyon aspect ratio and flow recirculation. The latter refers to the area between a highway viaduct (i.e., elevated highway with open space underneath) and roadside buildings, where strong flow recirculation is absent and the spatial profiles of BC are determined by the relative heights of the highway and buildings. The two configurations may occur at different locations or in the same location with different wind directions when highway geometry is complex. Our study demonstrates the importance of incorporating highway-building interaction into the assessment of human exposure to near-road air pollution. It also calls for active roles of building and highway designs in mitigating near-road exposure of urban population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheming Tong
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Molini Patel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Patrick Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Steven Chrillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - K. Max Zhang
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Patel MM, Quinn JW, Jung KH, Hoepner L, Diaz D, Perzanowski M, Rundle A, Kinney PL, Perera FP, Miller RL. Traffic density and stationary sources of air pollution associated with wheeze, asthma, and immunoglobulin E from birth to age 5 years among New York City children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:1222-9. [PMID: 21855059 PMCID: PMC3210909 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposures to ambient air traffic-related pollutants and their sources have been associated with respiratory and asthma morbidity in children. However, longitudinal investigation of the effects of traffic-related exposures during early childhood is limited. We examined associations of residential proximity and density of traffic and stationary sources of air pollution with wheeze, asthma, and immunoglobulin (Ig) E among New York City children between birth and age 5 years. Subjects included 593 Dominican and African American participants from the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health cohort. Prenatally, through age 5 years, residential and respiratory health data were collected every 3-6 months. At ages 2, 3, and 5 years, serum IgE was measured. Spatial data on the proximity and density of roadways and built environment were collected for a 250 m buffer around subjects' homes. Associations of wheeze, asthma, total IgE, and allergen-specific IgE with prenatal, earlier childhood, and concurrent exposures to air pollution sources were analyzed using generalized estimating equations or logistic regression. In repeated measures analyses, concurrent residential density of four-way intersections was associated significantly with wheeze (odds ratio: 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01, 1.57). Age 1 exposures also were associated with wheeze at subsequent ages. Concurrent proximity to highway was associated more strongly with total IgE (ratio of the geometric mean levels: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.42) than were prenatal or earlier childhood exposures. Positive associations also were observed between percent commercial building area and asthma, wheeze, and IgE and between proximity to stationary sources of air pollution and asthma. Longitudinal investigation suggests that among Dominican and African American children living in Northern Manhattan and South Bronx during ages 0-5 years, residence in neighborhoods with high density of traffic and industrial facilities may contribute to chronic respiratory morbidity, and concurrent, prenatal, and earlier childhood exposures may be important. These findings may have broad implications for other urban populations that commonly have high asthma prevalence and exposure to a high density of traffic and stationary air pollution sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molini M. Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, PH8E, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W. 168 St, New York, NY 10032, U.S.A
| | - James W. Quinn
- The Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy, Columbia University, 420 W. 118 St, New York, NY 10027, U.S.A
| | - Kyung Hwa Jung
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, PH8E, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W. 168 St, New York, NY 10032, U.S.A
| | - Lori Hoepner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St, New York, NY 10032, U.S.A
| | - Diurka Diaz
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St, New York, NY 10032, U.S.A
| | - Matthew Perzanowski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St, New York, NY 10032, U.S.A
| | - Andrew Rundle
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St, New York, NY 10032, U.S.A
| | - Patrick L. Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St, New York, NY 10032, U.S.A
| | - Frederica P. Perera
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St, New York, NY 10032, U.S.A
| | - Rachel L. Miller
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, PH8E, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W. 168 St, New York, NY 10032, U.S.A
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St, New York, NY 10032, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, PH8E, 630 W. 168 St, New York, NY 10032, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2011; 23:492-7. [PMID: 21750430 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e3283496fc1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
64
|
Patel H, Eo S, Kwon S. Effects of diesel particulate matters on inflammatory responses in static and dynamic culture of human alveolar epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2010; 200:124-31. [PMID: 21094226 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diesel particulate matter (DPM) possesses the potential to induce acute and chronic health issues upon occupational and daily exposure. Many recent studies have focused on understanding molecular mechanisms to depict DPM's side effects inside the lung using static in vitro cell culture models. These studies have provided abundant fundamental information on DPM's adverse effects on cellular responses, but these systems were limited by the absence of dynamic nature to access relevant cellular responses and functionality. We hypothesized that the exposure of DPM under dynamic environment may affect the levels of cellular inflammation and reactive oxygen species, which may be different from those under static environments. In this study, we used the dynamic cell growth condition to mimic mechanically dynamic environment similar to the normal breathing in vivo. We also used high (20, 10, and 5 ppm) and low (3, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 ppm) ranges of DPM exposure to mimic different levels of exposure, respectively. Following 24-, 48-, and 72-h exposure of DPM, Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-reactive protein (CRP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and total amount of protein were analyzed. Our results demonstrated the distinct differences in the profiles of inflammatory mediators (IL-8, CRP, and ROS) between the static and dynamic cell growth conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemang Patel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|