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Lorenz HP, Hedrick MH, Chang J, Mehrara BJ, Longaker MT. The impact of biomolecular medicine and tissue engineering on plastic surgery in the 21st century. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 105:2467-81. [PMID: 10845305 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-200006000-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H P Lorenz
- Division of Plastic Surgery at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, 90095-1665, USA.
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52
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Bradley JP, Shahinian H, Levine JP, Rowe N, Longaker MT. Growth restriction of cranial sutures in the fetal lamb causes deformational changes, not craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 105:2416-23. [PMID: 10845296 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-200006000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Newborns with in utero cranial vault molding can present with severe forms of plagiocephaly. Intrauterine constraint has been proposed as one cause for craniosynostosis. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate whether rigid plate fixation across a fetal cranial suture, representing a severe form of growth restriction in utero, would lead to cranial suture fusion in a fetal lamb model. Six fetal lambs at 85 to 95 days gestation (term = 145 days) underwent laparotomy, hysterotomy, fetal coronal scalp incision, and miniplate screw fixation across the right coronal suture in utero. Two unoperated twins and four unoperated age-matched lambs were used as controls (n = 12). Animals were killed at both 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. Fetal head analysis consisted of gross examination, photography, basilar and lateral radiographs, and three-dimensional computed tomographic scans. Cranial suture analysis consisted of imaging by computed tomographic scan (axial and sagittal cuts) and histology of experimentally plated coronal sutures, contralateral nonplated coronal sutures and twin control coronal sutures. Gross examination, radiographs, and three-dimensional computed tomographic analysis of heads with cranial suture plating showed ipsilateral forehead flattening, contralateral forehead bossing, superiorly displaced ipsilateral orbital rim, anterolateral projection of ipsilateral malar eminence, and anterior position of the ipsilateral ear point compared with the contralateral side of the same animal and normal controls. There was no change in nasal root, chin point, or predentition occlusal plane. Although analysis of the plated coronal sutures by computed tomographic scans showed diminished width or even stenosis, the histology revealed narrowed but patent experimental coronal sutures at 4 and 8 weeks. Contralateral, nonplated coronal sutures were not only patent, but widened compared with normal control sutures. This finding may have represented compensatory changes in the contralateral coronal suture caused by growth restriction at the plated suture. These data demonstrate that intrauterine growth restriction across a cranial suture caused by compression plate fixation resulted in deformational skull changes, not craniosynostosis. In addition, these data strongly support a role for in utero positional molding secondary to growth restriction in the maternal pelvis as a cause for nonsynostotic plagiocephaly seen in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Bradley
- Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016, USA
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53
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Lemonnier J, Delannoy P, Hott M, Lomri A, Modrowski D, Marie PJ. The Ser252Trp fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR-2) mutation induces PKC-independent downregulation of FGFR-2 associated with premature calvaria osteoblast differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2000; 256:158-67. [PMID: 10739663 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.4820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that the Apert Ser252Trp fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR-2) mutation causes premature osteoblast differentiation and increased subperiosteal calvaria bone matrix formation. To gain further insight into the cellular mechanisms involved in these effects, we examined the effects of the mutation on the expression of FGFRs in relation to cell proliferation and differentiation markers in vivo and in vitro, and we analyzed the underlying signaling pathways in mutant cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of the Apert calvaria suture showed that the Ser252Trp FGFR-2 mutation increased type 1 collagen, osteocalcin, and osteopontin expression in preosteoblasts compared to normal, whereas cell growth was not affected. The premature osteoblast differentiation induced by the mutation was associated with lower than normal FGFR-2 immunolabeling, whereas FGFR-1 and FGFR-3 levels were not decreased. Immunocytochemical analysis in osteoblasts isolated from Apert coronal suture showed that the Ser252Trp mutation induced constitutive downregulation of FGFR-2 in mutant cells. Western blot analysis of FGFRs in immortalized mutant osteoblastic cells confirmed that the mutation induced FGFR-2 downregulation. FGFR-2 mRNA levels were not altered in mutant cells, indicating that FGFR-2 downregulation resulted from receptor internalization rather than from changes in receptor mRNA. The signaling pathway involved in FGFR-2 downregulation was studied using specific inhibitors of FGF signaling molecules. The selective PKC inhibitor calphostin C markedly reduced FGFR-2 protein levels in mutant cells, in contrast to the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB 203580 or the Erk 1,2 MAP kinase inhibitor PD-98059, showing that PKC is involved in FGFR-2 regulation, but not in FGFR-2 downregulation in mutant cells. The results indicate that the premature osteoblast differentiation induced by the FGFR-2 Ser252Trp mutation is associated with a PKC-independent downregulation of FGFR-2 in human calvaria cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lemonnier
- Unit 349 INSERM Affiliated to CNRS, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
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54
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Montero A, Okada Y, Tomita M, Ito M, Tsurukami H, Nakamura T, Doetschman T, Coffin JD, Hurley MM. Disruption of the fibroblast growth factor-2 gene results in decreased bone mass and bone formation. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:1085-93. [PMID: 10772653 PMCID: PMC300831 DOI: 10.1172/jci8641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/1999] [Accepted: 02/24/2000] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), an important modulator of cartilage and bone growth and differentiation, is expressed and regulated in osteoblastic cells. To investigate the role of FGF-2 in bone, we examined mice with a disruption of the Fgf2 gene. Measurement of trabecular bone architecture of the femoral metaphysis of Fgf2(+/+) and Fgf2(-/-) adult mice by micro-CT revealed that the platelike trabecular structures were markedly reduced and many of the connecting rods of trabecular bone were lost in the Fgf2(-/-) mice. Dynamic histomorphometry confirmed a significant decrease in trabecular bone volume, mineral apposition, and bone formation rates. In addition, there was a profound decreased mineralization of bone marrow stromal cultures from Fgf2(-/-) mice. This study provides strong evidence that FGF-2 helps determine bone mass as well as bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Montero
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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55
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Schweitzer DN, Graham JM, Lachman RS, Jabs EW, Okajima K, Przylepa KA, Shanske A, Chen K, Neidich JA, Wilcox WR. Subtle radiographic findings of achondroplasia in patients with Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans due to an Ala391Glu substitution in FGFR3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20010101)98:1<75::aid-ajmg1010>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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56
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Suzuki A, Palmer G, Bonjour JP, Caverzasio J. Stimulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport and signaling mechanisms induced by basic fibroblast growth factor in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15:95-102. [PMID: 10646118 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.1.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Physiological and pathological observations indicate that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is an important regulator of osteoblastic cell differentiation and in particular of cranial ossification. Experimental evidence suggests that inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport could be an important function of bone matrix calcification. In the present study, we address the influence of bFGF on Pi transport activity in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells derived from mouse calvaria. The results indicate that bFGF is a potent and selective stimulator of sodium-dependent Pi transport in these cells. The change in Pi transport activity induced by bFGF depends on transcription and translation and corresponds to a change in the maximum velocity of the Pi transport system (Vmax). These observations suggest that enhanced Pi transport activity in response to bFGF may result from insertion of newly synthesized Pi transporters into the plasma membrane. A selective inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase, SU5402, blunted the stimulation of Pi transport induced by bFGF. It also prevented the increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation induced by bFGF, including phosphorylation of FGFR-1, FGFR-2, phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma), and Shc as well as the recruitment of the Grb2/Sos signaling complex. In addition, bFGF-induced the activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38, effects that were prevented by SU5402. Both the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor calphostin C and PKC down-regulation suppressed the stimulatory effect of bFGF on Pi transport. Selective inhibitors of ERK and p38 MAP kinases slightly reduced this cellular response with a significant effect observed with the highest concentration of the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that bFGF selectively stimulates Pi transport in calvaria-derived osteoblastic cells. The main signaling mechanism responsible for this effect involves tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma and activation of PKC, with a possible contribution of the p38 MAP kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
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57
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Mulliken JB, Steinberger D, Kunze S, Müller U. Molecular diagnosis of bilateral coronal synostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 104:1603-15. [PMID: 10541159 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-199911000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The authors performed a prospective study evaluating molecular diagnosis in patients with bilateral coronal synostosis. The patients were divided into two groups: (1) those clinically classified as having Apert, Crouzon, or Pfeiffer syndrome and (2) those clinically unclassified and labeled as having brachycephaly. Blood samples were drawn for genomic DNA analysis from 57 patients from 1995 to 1997. Polymerase chain reactions were performed using primers flanking exons in FGFR 1, 2, and 3. Each exon was screened for mutations using single-strand confirmation polymorphism, and mutations were identified by DNA sequencing. Mutations in FGFR2 or FGFR3 were found in all patients (n = 38) assigned a phenotypic (eponymous) diagnosis. All Apert syndrome patients (n = 13) carried one of the two known point mutations in exon 7 of FGFR2 (Ser252Trp and Pro253Arg). Twenty-five patients were diagnosed as having either Crouzon or Pfeiffer syndrome. Five patients with Crouzon syndrome of variable severity had mutations in exon 7 of FGFR2. Fifteen patients (12 with Crouzon, 3 with Pfeiffer) had a mutation in exon 9 of FGFR2, many of which involved loss or gain of a cysteine residue. A wide phenotypic range was observed in patients with identical mutations, including those involving cysteine. Two patients labeled as having Crouzon syndrome had the Pro250Arg mutation in exon 7 of FGFR3. All three patients with the crouzonoid phenotype and acanthosis nigricans had the same mutation in exon 10 of FGFR3 (Ala391Glu). This is a distinct disorder, characterized by jugular foraminal stenosis, Chiari I anomaly, and intracranial venous hypertension. Mutations were found in 14 of 19 clinically unclassifiable patients. Three mutations were in exon 9, and one was in the donor splice site of intron 9 on FGFR2. The most common mutation discovered in this group was Pro250Arg in exon 7 of FGFR3. These patients (n = 10) had either bilateral or unilateral coronal synostosis, minimal midfacial hypoplasia with class I or class II occlusion, and minor brachysyndactyly. No mutations in FGFR 1, 2, or 3 were detected in five patients with nonspecific brachycephaly. In conclusion, a molecular diagnosis was possible in all patients (n = 38) given a phenotypic (eponymous) diagnosis. Different phenotypes observed with identical mutations probably resulted from modulation by their genetic background. A molecular diagnosis was made in 74 percent of the 19 unclassified patients in this series; all mutations were in FGFR2 or FGFR3. Our data and those of other investigators suggest that we should begin integrating molecular diagnosis with phenotypic diagnosis of craniosynostoses in studies of natural history and dysmorphology and in analyses of surgical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Mulliken
- Division of Plastic Surgery and the Craniofacial Centre at Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02115, USA. ,harvard.edu
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58
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Everett ET, Britto DA, Ward RE, Hartsfield JK. A novel FGFR2 gene mutation in Crouzon syndrome associated with apparent nonpenetrance. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1999; 36:533-41. [PMID: 10574673 DOI: 10.1597/1545-1569_1999_036_0533_anfgmi_2.3.co_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether specific mutations within the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene that are associated with Crouzon syndrome can be present in an individual who had been assumed to be "clinically normal." METHODS Most mutations responsible for Crouzon syndrome occur in exons IIIa (U) or IIIc (B) of the FGFR2 gene, which facilitates allelotyping using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated mutation analysis. Once a specific mutation was identified in the index case, remaining affected family members and "clinically normal" first-degree relatives were analyzed in order to correlate genotype with phenotype. RESULTS A novel missense mutation--a G to T transversion--involving the first base of codon 362 was identified in all Crouzon syndrome-affected family members and in one "clinically normal"-appearing parent following DNA sequencing of exon B of the FGFR2 gene and specific BstNI restriction fragment length polymorphism. Pattern profile analysis demonstrated a consistent collection of abnormal cephalometric measurements in the Crouzon-affected family members and, to a lesser degree, in the "clinically normal" parent. CONCLUSION We have identified a novel missense mutation in the FGFR2 gene that predicts an Ala362Ser substitution shared by all family members affected by Crouzon syndrome and by a "clinically normal"-appearing father. These data support nonpenetrance of Crouzon syndrome when the diagnosis is based on clear clinical findings. Only through cephalometry was there an indication of minimal expression of Crouzon syndrome in the "clinically normal"-appearing father.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Everett
- Department of Oral Facial Development, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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59
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Filvaroff E, Erlebacher A, Ye J, Gitelman SE, Lotz J, Heillman M, Derynck R. Inhibition of TGF-beta receptor signaling in osteoblasts leads to decreased bone remodeling and increased trabecular bone mass. Development 1999; 126:4267-79. [PMID: 10477295 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.19.4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is abundant in bone matrix and has been shown to regulate the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro. To explore the role of endogenous TGF-(beta) in osteoblast function in vivo, we have inhibited osteoblastic responsiveness to TGF-beta in transgenic mice by expressing a cytoplasmically truncated type II TGF-beta receptor from the osteocalcin promoter. These transgenic mice develop an age-dependent increase in trabecular bone mass, which progresses up to the age of 6 months, due to an imbalance between bone formation and resorption during bone remodeling. Since the rate of osteoblastic bone formation was not altered, their increased trabecular bone mass is likely due to decreased bone resorption by osteoclasts. Accordingly, direct evidence of reduced osteoclast activity was found in transgenic mouse skulls, which had less cavitation and fewer mature osteoclasts relative to skulls of wild-type mice. These bone remodeling defects resulted in altered biomechanical properties. The femurs of transgenic mice were tougher, and their vertebral bodies were stiffer and stronger than those of wild-type mice. Lastly, osteocyte density was decreased in transgenic mice, suggesting that TGF-beta signaling in osteoblasts is required for normal osteoblast differentiation in vivo. Our results demonstrate that endogenous TGF-beta acts directly on osteoblasts to regulate bone remodeling, structure and biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Filvaroff
- Department of Growth, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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60
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Cohen MM, MacLean RE. Should syndromes be defined phenotypically or molecularly? Resolution of the dilemma. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 86:203-4. [PMID: 10482865 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990917)86:3<203::aid-ajmg1>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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61
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Abstract
The recent explosion in our understanding of developmental biology and genetics has enhanced our understanding of craniofacial biology. While it is not possible to summarize all new developments in craniofacial research, this article will review three areas: fetal models and surgery for craniofacial disorders, the biology of distraction osteogenesis, and the molecular mechanisms of cranial suture fusion. Numerous models of craniofacial disorders have been described, including small, short gestation and large, long gestation. The benefits and shortcomings of each are discussed. In addition, we discuss recent studies investigating the molecular mechanisms of mandibular distraction osteogenesis. Finally, we present a review of recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms of craniosynostosis, with particular emphasis on the biology of programmed cranial suture fusion in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Mehrara
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Repair, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016, USA
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62
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Michael Cohen M. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: molecular biology and new hypotheses. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0901-5027(99)80142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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63
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64
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65
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Abstract
This article reviews syndrome classification; types of anomalies and their interrelations; syndrome delineation; birth prevalence; nomenclature; molecular delineation; and phenotype/genotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Cohen
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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66
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Abstract
This article reviews previous research on the craniofacial development in Apert and Crouzon syndromes and adds new roentgencephalometric information. It is concluded that craniofacial development in the two syndromes is not the same. Marked differences were found in the calvaria, cranial base, orbit, maxilla, zygoma, incisal occlusion, and soft tissue profile. In general, abnormal craniofacial morphology was more severe in Apert syndrome than in Crouzon syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kreiborg
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Clinical Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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67
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Mehrara BJ, Mackool RJ, McCarthy JG, Gittes GK, Longaker MT. Immunolocalization of basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 and receptor-2 in rat cranial sutures. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 102:1805-17; discussion 1818-20. [PMID: 9810974 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-199811000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a common disorder with an unknown etiology. Recent genetic mapping studies have demonstrated a strong linkage between several familial craniosynostotic syndromes and mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGF-R1) and 2 (FGF-R2). The purpose of this experiment was to investigate by immunohistochemistry the protein production of these receptors as well as of their most prevalent ligand, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), before, during, and after sutural fusion in rat cranial sutures. The posterior frontal (normally fuses between postnatal days 12 and 22) and sagittal (remains patent) sutures of embryonic day 20 and neonatal days 6, 12, 17, 22, and 62 (n = 3 per group) were harvested, fixed, and decalcified. Five-micrometer sections were stained with polyclonal antibodies against bFGF, FGF-R1, and FGF-R2, and patterns of immunohistochemical staining were assessed by independent reviewers. Our results indicate that increased bFGF production correlates temporally with suture fusion, with increased staining of the dura underneath the fusing suture prior to fusion followed by increased staining within osteoblasts and sutural cells during fusion. FGF-R1 and, to a lesser extent FGF-R2 immunostaining revealed a different pattern of localization with increased immunostaining within the patent sagittal suture at these time points. These results implicate bFGF in the regulation of sutural fusion and may imply autoregulatory mechanisms in fibroblast growth factor receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Mehrara
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery at the New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
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68
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69
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Gripp KW, Stolle CA, McDonald-McGinn DM, Markowitz RI, Bartlett SP, Katowitz JA, Muenke M, Zackai EH. Phenotype of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 Ser351Cys mutation: Pfeiffer syndrome type III. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1998; 78:356-60. [PMID: 9714439 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980724)78:4<356::aid-ajmg10>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We present a patient with pansynostosis, hydrocephalus, seizures, extreme proptosis with luxation of the eyes out of the lids, apnea and airway obstruction, intestinal non-rotation, and severe developmental delay. His skeletal abnormalities include bilateral elbow ankylosis, radial head dislocation, and unilateral broad and deviated first toe. The phenotype of this patient is consistent with that previously reported in Pfeiffer syndrome type III, but is unusual for the lack of broad thumbs. Our patient most closely resembles the case described by Kerr et al. [1996: Am J Med Genet 66:138-143] as Pfeiffer syndrome type III with normal thumbs. Mutations in the genes for fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) 1 and 2 have previously been seen in patients with Pfeiffer syndrome type I. The mutation identified in our patient, Ser351Cys in FGFR2, represents the first reported cause of Pfeiffer syndrome type III. An identical mutation was described once previously by Pulleyn et al., in a patient whose brief clinical description included cloverleaf skull, significant developmental delay, and normal hands and feet [Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 4: 283-291, 1996]. In our patient, previously performed single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis failed to detect a band shift; the mutation was identified only after independent sequence analysis.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Acrocephalosyndactylia/diagnostic imaging
- Acrocephalosyndactylia/genetics
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Cysteine/genetics
- Elbow/abnormalities
- Elbow/diagnostic imaging
- Eye Abnormalities/genetics
- Foot Deformities, Congenital/diagnostic imaging
- Foot Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/diagnostic imaging
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Phenotype
- Point Mutation
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Radiography
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Serine/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Wheelchairs
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Gripp
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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70
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Graham JM, Braddock SR, Mortier GR, Lachman R, Van Dop C, Jabs EW. Syndrome of coronal craniosynostosis with brachydactyly and carpal/tarsal coalition due to Pro250Arg mutation in FGFR3 gene. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1998; 77:322-9. [PMID: 9600744 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980526)77:4<322::aid-ajmg14>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a unique Pro250Arg point mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) was reported in 61 individuals with coronal craniosynostosis from 20 unrelated families [Muenke et al. (1997): Am J Hum Genet 60:555-564]. The discovery of this apparently common mutation has resulted in the definition of a recognizable syndrome, through analysis of subtle clinical findings in families who were previously thought to have a variety of other craniosynostosis syndromes. Previous diagnoses in some of these families have included Jackson-Weiss, Saethre-Chotzen, and Pfeiffer syndromes, as well as Adelaide-type craniosynostosis and brachydactyly-craniosynostosis syndrome [Adès et al. (1994): Am J Med Genet 51:121-130; von Gernet et al. (1996): Am J Med Genet 63:177-184; Reardon et al. (1997): J Med Genet 34:632-636; Bellus et al. (1996): Nat Genet 14:174-176; Hollaway et al. (1995): Hum Mol Genet 4:681-683; Glass et al. (1994): Clin Dysmorphol 3:215-223]. There appears to be a need to further delineate the phenotype associated with this common mutation in FGFR3. We compare the clinical characteristics of previously reported cases of this unique Pro250Arg mutation with those of two additional families and suggest that this syndrome with a unique mutational basis be designated coronal craniosynostosis with brachydactyly and carpal/tarsal coalition due to Pro250Arg mutation in FGFR3 gene, to emphasize the distinctive findings which may be present even in the absence of coronal craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Graham
- Medical Genetics Birth Defects Center, Ahmanson Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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71
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Debiais F, Hott M, Graulet AM, Marie PJ. The effects of fibroblast growth factor-2 on human neonatal calvaria osteoblastic cells are differentiation stage specific. J Bone Miner Res 1998; 13:645-54. [PMID: 9556064 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.4.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) appear to play an important role in human cranial osteogenesis. We therefore investigated the effects of recombinant human FGF-2 (rhFGF-2) on human calvaria (HC) osteoblastic cells. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that confluent HC cells express both FGF receptors -1 and -2. In short-term culture, rhFGF-2 (0.1-100 ng/ml, 2-5 days) increased HC cell growth and decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and type I collagen (ColI) synthesis, as evaluated by P1CP levels. When HC cells were induced to differentiate in long-term culture in the presence of 50 microg/ml ascorbic acid and 3 mM phosphate, HC cells initially proliferated, then ALP activity and ColI synthesis decreased and calcium content in the extracellular matrix increased. Continuous treatment with rhFGF-2 (50 ng/ml) for 1-28 days, or a transient rhFGF-2 treatment for 1-7 days, slightly increased DNA synthesis at 7 days, whereas a late treatment for 8-28 days had no effect on cell growth. The continuous and transient treatments with rhFGF-2 decreased ALP activity, ColI synthesis, and matrix mineralization. This was associated with a transient fall in osteocalcin (OC) production at 7 days. In contrast, the late rhFGF-2 treatment for 8-28 days only slightly inhibited ALP activity and increased matrix mineralization. In addition, both continuous and late treatments with rhFGF-2 increased OC production in more mature cells at 3-4 weeks of culture. We also found that the early and late treatments with rhFGF-2 had opposite effects on transforming growth factor beta2 production in proliferating cells and more mature cells. The results show that rhFGF-2 slightly stimulates cell growth and reduces the expression of osteoblast markers in less mature cells, whereas it induces OC production and matrix mineralization in more mature cells, indicating that the effects of FGF-2 are differentiation stage specific and that FGF-2 may modulate HC osteogenesis by acting at distinct stages of cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Debiais
- INSERM Unit 349, Cell and Molecular Biology of Bone and Cartilage, and Department of Radioimmunology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Gorlin
- Department of Oral Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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