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Riera-Escamilla A, Enguita-Marruedo A, Moreno-Mendoza D, Chianese C, Sleddens-Linkels E, Contini E, Benelli M, Natali A, Colpi GM, Ruiz-Castañé E, Maggi M, Baarends WM, Krausz C. Sequencing of a ‘mouse azoospermia’ gene panel in azoospermic men: identification of RNF212 and STAG3 mutations as novel genetic causes of meiotic arrest. Hum Reprod 2019; 34:978-988. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION
What is the diagnostic potential of next generation sequencing (NGS) based on a ‘mouse azoospermia’ gene panel in human non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA)?
SUMMARY ANSWER
The diagnostic performance of sequencing a gene panel based on genes associated with mouse azoospermia was relatively successful in idiopathic NOA patients and allowed the discovery of two novel genes involved in NOA due to meiotic arrest.
WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
NOA is a largely heterogeneous clinical entity, which includes different histological pictures. In a large proportion of NOA, the aetiology remains unknown (idiopathic NOA) and yet, unknown genetic factors are likely to play be involved. The mouse is the most broadly used mammalian model for studying human disease because of its usefulness for genetic manipulation and its genetic and physiological similarities to man. Mouse azoospermia models are available in the Mouse Genome Informatics database (MGI: http://www.informatics.jax.org/).
STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
The first step was to design of a ‘mouse azoospermia’ gene panel through the consultation of MGI. The second step was NGS analysis of 175 genes in a group of highly selected NOA patients (n = 33). The third step was characterization of the discovered gene defects in human testis tissue, through meiotic studies using surplus testicular biopsy material from the carriers of the RNF212 and STAG3 pathogenic variants. The final step was RNF212 and STAG3 expression analysis in a collection of testis biopsies.
PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
From a total of 1300 infertile patients, 33 idiopathic NOA patients were analysed in this study, including 31 unrelated men and 2 brothers from a consanguineous family. The testis histology of the 31 unrelated NOA patients was as follows: 20 Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS), 11 spermatogenic arrest (6 spermatogonial arrest and 5 spermatocytic arrest). The two brothers were affected by spermatocytic arrest. DNA extracted from blood was used for NGS on Illumina NextSeq500 platform. Generated sequence data was filtered for rare and potentially pathogenic variants. Functional studies in surplus testicular tissue from the carriers included the investigation of meiotic entry, XY body formation and metaphases by performing fluorescent immunohistochemical staining and immunocytochemistry. mRNA expression analysis through RT-qPCR of RNF212 and STAG3 was carried out in a collection of testis biopsies with different histology.
MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Our approach was relatively successful, leading to the genetic diagnosis of one sporadic NOA patient and two NOA brothers. This relatively high diagnostic performance is likely to be related to the stringent patient selection criteria i.e. all known causes of azoospermia were excluded and to the relatively high number of patients with rare testis histology (spermatocytic arrest). All three mutation carriers presented meiotic arrest, leading to the genetic diagnosis of three out of seven cases with this specific testicular phenotype. For the first time, we report biallelic variants in STAG3, in one sporadic patient, and a homozygous RNF212 variant, in the two brothers, as the genetic cause of NOA. Meiotic studies allowed the detection of the functional consequences of the mutations and provided information on the role of STAG3 and RNF212 in human male meiosis.
LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
All genes, with the exception of 5 out of 175, included in the panel cause azoospermia in mice only in the homozygous or hemizygous state. Consequently, apart from the five known dominant genes, heterozygous variants (except compound heterozygosity) in the remaining genes were not taken into consideration as causes of NOA. We identified the genetic cause in approximately half of the patients with spermatocytic arrest. The low number of analysed patients can be considered as a limitation, but it is a very rare testis phenotype. Due to the low frequency of this specific phenotype among infertile men, our finding may be considered of low clinical impact. However, at an individual level, it does have relevance for prognostic purposes prior testicular sperm extraction.
WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Our study represents an additional step towards elucidating the genetic bases of early spermatogenic failure, since we discovered two new genes involved in human male meiotic arrest. We propose the inclusion of RNF212 and STAG3 in a future male infertility diagnostic gene panel. Based on the associated testis phenotype, the identification of pathogenic mutations in these genes also confers a negative predictive value for testicular sperm retrieval. Our meiotic studies provide novel insights into the role of these proteins in human male meiosis. Mutations in STAG3 were first described as a cause of female infertility and ovarian cancer, and Rnf212 knock out in mice leads to male and female infertility. Hence, our results stimulate further research on shared genetic factors causing infertility in both sexes and indicate that genetic counselling should involve not only male but also female relatives of NOA patients.
STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Health Instituto Carlos III-FIS (grant number: FIS/FEDER-PI14/01250; PI17/01822) awarded to CK and AR-E, and by the European Commission, Reproductive Biology Early Research Training (REPROTRAIN, EU-FP7-PEOPLE-2011-ITN289880), awarded to CK, WB, and AE-M. The authors have no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Riera-Escamilla
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Enguita-Marruedo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Moreno-Mendoza
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - C Chianese
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, Centre of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - E Sleddens-Linkels
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Contini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative neoplasms (CRIMM), AOU Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Benelli
- Bioinformatics Unit, Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy
| | - A Natali
- Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - G M Colpi
- Department of Andrology and IVF, San Carlo Clinic, Paderno-Dugnano/Milano, Italy
| | - E Ruiz-Castañé
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, Centre of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - W M Baarends
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Krausz
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, Centre of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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52
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Bhattacharyya T, Walker M, Powers NR, Brunton C, Fine AD, Petkov PM, Handel MA. Prdm9 and Meiotic Cohesin Proteins Cooperatively Promote DNA Double-Strand Break Formation in Mammalian Spermatocytes. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1002-1018.e7. [PMID: 30853435 PMCID: PMC6544150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Meiotic recombination is required for correct segregation of chromosomes to gametes and to generate genetic diversity. In mice and humans, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are initiated by SPO11 at recombination hotspots activated by PRDM9-catalyzed histone modifications on open chromatin. However, the DSB-initiating and repair proteins are associated with a linear proteinaceous scaffold called the chromosome axis, the core of which is composed of cohesin proteins. STAG3 is a stromalin subunit common to all meiosis-specific cohesin complexes. Mutations of meiotic cohesin proteins, especially STAG3, perturb both axis formation and recombination in the mouse, prompting determination of how the processes are mechanistically related. Protein interaction and genetic analyses revealed that PRDM9 interacts with STAG3 and REC8 in cooperative relationships that promote normal levels of meiotic DSBs at recombination hotspots in spermatocytes. The efficacy of the Prdm9-Stag3 genetic interaction in promoting DSB formation depends on PRDM9-mediated histone methyltransferase activity. Moreover, STAG3 deficiency has a major effect on DSB number even in the absence of PRDM9, showing that its role is not restricted to canonical PRDM9-activated hotspots. STAG3 and REC8 promote axis localization of the DSB-promoting proteins HORMAD1, IHO1, and MEI4, as well as SPO11 activity. These results establish that PRDM9 and axis-associated cohesin complexes together coordinate and facilitate meiotic recombination by recruiting key proteins for initiation of DSBs, thereby associating activated hotspots with DSB-initiating complexes on the axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alexander D Fine
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Mary Ann Handel
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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53
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Abstract
The evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes has occurred independently many times in different lineages. The differentiation of sex chromosomes leads to dramatic changes in sequence composition and function and guides the evolutionary trajectory and utilization of genes in pivotal sex determination and reproduction roles. In addition, meiotic recombination and pairing mechanisms are key in orchestrating the resultant impact, retention and maintenance of heteromorphic sex chromosomes, as the resulting exposure of unpaired DNA at meiosis triggers ancient repair and checkpoint pathways. In this review, we summarize the different ways in which sex chromosome systems are organized at meiosis, how pairing is affected, and differences in unpaired DNA responses. We hypothesize that lineage specific differences in meiotic organization is not only a consequence of sex chromosome evolution, but that the establishment of epigenetic changes on sex chromosomes contributes toward their evolutionary conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasman Daish
- Comparative Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Frank Grützner
- Comparative Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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54
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West AMV, Rosenberg SC, Ur SN, Lehmer MK, Ye Q, Hagemann G, Caballero I, Usón I, MacQueen AJ, Herzog F, Corbett KD. A conserved filamentous assembly underlies the structure of the meiotic chromosome axis. eLife 2019; 8:e40372. [PMID: 30657449 PMCID: PMC6349405 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The meiotic chromosome axis plays key roles in meiotic chromosome organization and recombination, yet the underlying protein components of this structure are highly diverged. Here, we show that 'axis core proteins' from budding yeast (Red1), mammals (SYCP2/SYCP3), and plants (ASY3/ASY4) are evolutionarily related and play equivalent roles in chromosome axis assembly. We first identify 'closure motifs' in each complex that recruit meiotic HORMADs, the master regulators of meiotic recombination. We next find that axis core proteins form homotetrameric (Red1) or heterotetrameric (SYCP2:SYCP3 and ASY3:ASY4) coiled-coil assemblies that further oligomerize into micron-length filaments. Thus, the meiotic chromosome axis core in fungi, mammals, and plants shares a common molecular architecture, and likely also plays conserved roles in meiotic chromosome axis assembly and recombination control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan MV West
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate ProgramUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Scott C Rosenberg
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Sarah N Ur
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate ProgramUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Madison K Lehmer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Qiaozhen Ye
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Götz Hagemann
- Gene Center and Department of BiochemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Iracema Caballero
- Crystallographic MethodsInstitute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Isabel Usón
- Crystallographic MethodsInstitute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Amy J MacQueen
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryWesleyan UniversityMiddletownUnited States
| | - Franz Herzog
- Gene Center and Department of BiochemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Kevin D Corbett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer ResearchLa JollaUnited States
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55
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Dunne OM, Davies OR. Molecular structure of human synaptonemal complex protein SYCE1. Chromosoma 2019; 128:223-236. [PMID: 30607510 PMCID: PMC6823292 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-018-00688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The reduction in chromosome number during meiosis is essential for the production of haploid germ cells and thereby fertility. To achieve this, homologous chromosomes are first synapsed together by a protein assembly, the synaptonemal complex (SC), which permits genetic exchange by crossing over and the subsequent accurate segregation of homologues. The mammalian SC is formed of a zipper-like array of SYCP1 molecules that bind together homologous chromosomes through self-assembly in the midline that is structurally supported by the central element. The SC central element contains five proteins—SYCE1, SYCE3, SIX6OS1, and SYCE2-TEX12—that permit SYCP1 assembly to extend along the chromosome length to achieve full synapsis. Here, we report the structure of human SYCE1 through solution biophysical methods including multi-angle light scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering. The structural core of SYCE1 is formed by amino acids 25–179, within the N-terminal half of the protein, which mediates SYCE1 dimerization. This α-helical core adopts a curved coiled-coil structure of 20-nm length in which the two chains are arranged in an anti-parallel configuration. This structure is retained within full-length SYCE1, in which long C-termini adopt extended conformations to achieve an elongated molecule of over 50 nm in length. The SYCE1 structure is compatible with it functioning as a physical strut that tethers other components to achieve structural stability of the SC central element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla M Dunne
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Owen R Davies
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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56
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Ishiguro K. The cohesin complex in mammalian meiosis. Genes Cells 2019; 24:6-30. [PMID: 30479058 PMCID: PMC7379579 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin is an evolutionary conserved multi-protein complex that plays a pivotal role in chromosome dynamics. It plays a role both in sister chromatid cohesion and in establishing higher order chromosome architecture, in somatic and germ cells. Notably, the cohesin complex in meiosis differs from that in mitosis. In mammalian meiosis, distinct types of cohesin complexes are produced by altering the combination of meiosis-specific subunits. The meiosis-specific subunits endow the cohesin complex with specific functions for numerous meiosis-associated chromosomal events, such as chromosome axis formation, homologue association, meiotic recombination and centromeric cohesion for sister kinetochore geometry. This review mainly focuses on the cohesin complex in mammalian meiosis, pointing out the differences in its roles from those in mitosis. Further, common and divergent aspects of the meiosis-specific cohesin complex between mammals and other organisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei‐ichiro Ishiguro
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and GeneticsKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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57
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Ali EI, Loidl J, Howard-Till RA. A streamlined cohesin apparatus is sufficient for mitosis and meiosis in the protist Tetrahymena. Chromosoma 2018; 127:421-435. [PMID: 29948142 PMCID: PMC6208729 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-018-0673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand its diverse functions, we have studied cohesin in the evolutionarily distant ciliate model organism Tetrahymena thermophila. In this binucleate cell, the heritable germline genome is maintained separately from the transcriptionally active somatic genome. In a previous study, we showed that a minimal cohesin complex in Tetrahymena consisted of homologs of Smc1, Smc3, and Rec8, which are present only in the germline nucleus, where they are needed for normal chromosome segregation as well as meiotic DNA repair. In this study, we confirm that a putative homolog of Scc3 is a member of this complex. In the absence of Scc3, Smc1 and Rec8 fail to localize to germline nuclei, Rec8 is hypo-phosphorylated, and cells show phenotypes similar to depletion of Smc1 and Rec8. We also identify a homolog of Scc2, which in other organisms is part of a heterodimeric complex (Scc2/Scc4) that helps load cohesin onto chromatin. In Tetrahymena, Scc2 interacts with Rec8 and Scc3, and its absence causes defects in mitotic and meiotic divisions. Scc2 is not required for chromosomal association of cohesin, but Rec8 is hypo-phosphorylated in its absence. Moreover, we did not identify a homolog of the cohesin loader Scc4, and no evidence was found of auxiliary factors, such as Eco1, Pds5, or WAPL. We propose that in Tetrahymena, a single, minimal cohesin complex performs all necessary functions for germline mitosis and meiosis, but is dispensable for transcription regulation and chromatin organization of the somatic genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine I Ali
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Loidl
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rachel A Howard-Till
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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58
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Hwang G, Verver DE, Handel MA, Hamer G, Jordan PW. Depletion of SMC5/6 sensitizes male germ cells to DNA damage. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:3003-3016. [PMID: 30281394 PMCID: PMC6333175 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-07-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural maintenance of chromosomes complex SMC5/6 is thought to be essential for DNA repair and chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. To determine the requirements of the SMC5/6 complex during mouse spermatogenesis we combined a conditional knockout allele for Smc5, with four germ cell–specific Cre-recombinase transgenes, Ddx4-Cre, Stra8-Cre, Spo11-Cre, and Hspa2-Cre, to mutate Smc5 in spermatogonia, in spermatocytes before meiotic entry, during early meiotic stages, and during midmeiotic stages, respectively. Conditional mutation of Smc5 resulted in destabilization of the SMC5/6 complex. Despite this, we observed only mild defects in spermatogenesis. Mutation of Smc5 mediated by Ddx4-Cre and Stra8-Cre resulted in partial loss of preleptotene spermatocytes; however, spermatogenesis progresses and mice are fertile. Mutation of Smc5 via Spo11-Cre or Hspa2-Cre did not result in detectable defects of spermatogenesis. Upon exposure to gamma irradiation or etoposide treatment, each conditional Smc5 mutant demonstrated an increase in the number of enlarged round spermatids with multiple acrosomes and supernumerary chromosome content. We propose that the SMC5/6 complex is not acutely required for premeiotic DNA replication and meiotic progression during mouse spermatogenesis; however, when germ cells are challenged by exogenous DNA damage, the SMC5/6 complex ensures genome integrity, and thus, fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - D E Verver
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M A Handel
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
| | - G Hamer
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P W Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
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59
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Wolf PG, Cuba Ramos A, Kenzel J, Neumann B, Stemmann O. Studying meiotic cohesin in somatic cells reveals that Rec8-containing cohesin requires Stag3 to function and is regulated by Wapl and sororin. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs212100. [PMID: 29724914 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.212100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA-embracing, ring-shaped multiprotein complex cohesin mediates sister chromatid cohesion and is stepwise displaced in mitosis by Wapl and separase (also known as ESPL1) to facilitate anaphase. Proper regulation of chromosome cohesion throughout meiosis is critical for preventing formation of aneuploid gametes, which are associated with trisomies and infertility in humans. Studying cohesion in meiocytes is complicated by their difficult experimental amenability and the absence of cohesin turnover. Here, we use cultured somatic cells to unravel fundamental aspects of meiotic cohesin. When expressed in Hek293 cells, the kleisin Rec8 displays no affinity for the peripheral cohesin subunits Stag1 or Stag2 and remains cytoplasmic. However, co-expression of Stag3 is sufficient for Rec8 to enter the nucleus, load onto chromatin, and functionally replace its mitotic counterpart Scc1 (also known as RAD21) during sister chromatid cohesion and dissolution. Rec8-Stag3 cohesin physically interacts with Pds5, Wapl and sororin (also known as CDCA5). Importantly, Rec8-Stag3 cohesin is shown to be susceptible to Wapl-dependent ring opening and sororin-mediated protection. These findings exemplify that our model system is suitable to rapidly generate testable predictions for important unresolved issues of meiotic cohesion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Wolf
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexander Cuba Ramos
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Julia Kenzel
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Brigitte Neumann
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Olaf Stemmann
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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60
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Bothun AM, Gao Y, Takai Y, Ishihara O, Seki H, Karger B, Tilly JL, Woods DC. Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of the Human Ovary from Early to Mid-Gestation Reveals Protein Expression Dynamics of Oogenesis and Folliculogenesis. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:723-735. [PMID: 29631484 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo gene networks involved in coordinating human fetal ovarian development remain obscure. In this study, quantitative mass spectrometry was conducted on ovarian tissue collected at key stages during the first two trimesters of human gestational development, confirming the expression profiling data using immunofluorescence, as well as in vitro modeling with human oogonial stem cells (OSCs) and human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). A total of 3,837 proteins were identified in samples spanning developmental days 47-137. Bioinformatics clustering and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified DNA mismatch repair and base excision repair as major pathways upregulated during this time. In addition, MAEL and TEX11, two key meiosis-related proteins, were identified as highly expressed during the developmental window associated with fetal oogenesis. These findings were confirmed and extended using in vitro differentiation of OSCs into in vitro derived oocytes and of ESCs into primordial germ cell-like cells and oocyte-like cells, as models. In conclusion, the global protein expression profiling data generated by this study have provided novel insights into human fetal ovarian development in vivo and will serve as a valuable new resource for future studies of the signaling pathways used to orchestrate human oogenesis and folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha M Bothun
- 1 Department of Biology, Laboratory for Aging and Infertility Research, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yuanwei Gao
- 2 Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, The Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yasushi Takai
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University , Saitama, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishihara
- 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical University , Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seki
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University , Saitama, Japan
| | - Barry Karger
- 2 Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, The Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan L Tilly
- 1 Department of Biology, Laboratory for Aging and Infertility Research, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dori C Woods
- 1 Department of Biology, Laboratory for Aging and Infertility Research, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
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61
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Hwang GH, Hopkins JL, Jordan PW. Chromatin Spread Preparations for the Analysis of Mouse Oocyte Progression from Prophase to Metaphase II. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29553540 DOI: 10.3791/56736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin spread techniques have been widely used to assess the dynamic localization of various proteins during gametogenesis, particularly for spermatogenesis. These techniques allow for visualization of protein and DNA localization patterns during meiotic events such as homologous chromosome pairing, synapsis and DNA repair. While a few protocols have been described in the literature, general chromatin spread techniques using mammalian prophase oocytes are limited and difficult due to the timing of meiosis initiation in fetal ovaries. In comparison, prophase spermatocytes can be collected from juvenile male mice with higher yields without the need for microdissection. However, it is difficult to obtain a pure synchronized population of cells at specific stages due to the heterogeneity of meiotic and post-meiotic germ cell populations in the juvenile and adult testis. For later stages of meiosis, it is advantageous to assess oocytes undergoing meiosis I (MI) or meiosis II (MII), because groups of mature oocytes can be collected from adult female mice and stimulated to resume meiosis in culture. Here, methods for meiotic chromatin spread preparations using oocytes dissected from fetal, neonatal and adult ovaries are described with accompanying video demonstrations. Chromosome missegregation events in mammalian oocytes are frequent, particularly during MI. These techniques can be used to assess and characterize the effects of different mutations or environmental exposures during various stages of oogenesis. As there are distinct differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis, the techniques described within are invaluable to increase our understanding of mammalian oogenesis and the sexually dimorphic features of chromosome and protein dynamics during meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Jessica L Hopkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Philip W Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health;
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62
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Biswas U, Stevense M, Jessberger R. SMC1α Substitutes for Many Meiotic Functions of SMC1β but Cannot Protect Telomeres from Damage. Curr Biol 2018; 28:249-261.e4. [PMID: 29337080 PMCID: PMC5788747 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cohesin complex is built upon the SMC1/SMC3 heterodimer, and mammalian meiocytes feature two variants of SMC1 named SMC1α and SMC1β. It is unclear why these two SMC1 variants have evolved. To determine unique versus redundant functions of SMC1β, we asked which of the known functions of SMC1β can be fulfilled by SMC1α. Smc1α was expressed under control of the Smc1β promoter in either wild-type or SMC1β-deficient mice. No effect was seen in the former. However, several major phenotypes of SMC1β-deficient spermatocytes were rescued by SMC1α. We observed extended development before apoptosis and restoration of axial element and synaptonemal complex lengths, chromosome synapsis, sex body formation, processing of DNA double-strand breaks, and formation of MLH1 recombination foci. This supports the concept that the quantity rather than the specific quality of cohesin complexes is decisive for meiotic chromosome architecture. It also suggests plasticity in complex composition, because to replace SMC1β in many functions, SMC1α has to more extensively associate with other cohesins. The cells did not complete meiosis but died to the latest at the pachytene-to-diplotene transition. Telomere aberrations known from Smc1β−/− mice persisted, and DNA damage response and repair proteins accumulated there regardless of expression of SMC1α. Thus, whereas SMC1α can substitute for SMC1β in many functions, the protection of telomere integrity requires SMC1β. SMC1α can substitute for SMC1β in many meiotic functions Key for many meiotic functions is the quantity of cohesin, not the specific type Telomere integrity can be preserved only by SMC1β In the absence of SMC1β, a DNA damage response is triggered at telomeres
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddipta Biswas
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michelle Stevense
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rolf Jessberger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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63
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Yu CH, Xie T, Zhang RP, A ZC. Association of the common SNPs in RNF212, STAG3 and RFX2 gene with male infertility with azoospermia in Chinese population. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017; 221:109-112. [PMID: 29277047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the association between the SNP rs4045481 in RNF212 gene, rs1050482 and rs11531577 in STAG3 gene as well as rs2288846 in RFX2 gene and male infertility with azoospermia in Chinese population. STUDY DESIGN Two hundreds and twenty infertile patients with azoospermia and 248 fertile men were recruited in the present study. The four SNPs investigated were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. The differences in allelic and genotypic frequencies between patients and controls were evaluated by chi-square test. RESULTS No significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies of SNP rs1050482 and rs11531577 in STAG3 gene as well as rs2288846 in RFX2 gene between patients with azoospermia and controls were observed. However, the frequencies of allele C(43.6% vs. 34.1%, P = 0.003, OR = 1.498, 95% CI 1.150-1.192) and genotype CC (24.6% vs. 12.0%, P = 0.001, OR = 2.346, 95% CI 1.448-3.858) were significantly higher in patients with azoospermia than those in controls at the rs4045481 locus in RNF212 gene. CONCULUSION The polymorphism of SNP rs4045481 in RNF212 gene might be associated with azoospermia and genotype CC of this SNP may be a risk factor of azoospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-He Yu
- College of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China; Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Ting Xie
- College of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Ruo-Peng Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Zhou-Cun A
- College of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China; Department of Genetics, College of Agriculture and Biology, Dali University, Dali, 671003, China.
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64
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Wallqvist A, Wang H, Zavaljevski N, Memišević V, Kwon K, Pieper R, Rajagopala SV, Reifman J. Mechanisms of action of Coxiella burnetii effectors inferred from host-pathogen protein interactions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188071. [PMID: 29176882 PMCID: PMC5703456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate Gram-negative intracellular pathogen and the etiological agent of Q fever. Successful infection requires a functional Type IV secretion system, which translocates more than 100 effector proteins into the host cytosol to establish the infection, restructure the intracellular host environment, and create a parasitophorous vacuole where the replicating bacteria reside. We used yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening of 33 selected C. burnetii effectors against whole genome human and murine proteome libraries to generate a map of potential host-pathogen protein-protein interactions (PPIs). We detected 273 unique interactions between 20 pathogen and 247 human proteins, and 157 between 17 pathogen and 137 murine proteins. We used orthology to combine the data and create a single host-pathogen interaction network containing 415 unique interactions between 25 C. burnetii and 363 human proteins. We further performed complementary pairwise Y2H testing of 43 out of 91 C. burnetii-human interactions involving five pathogen proteins. We used the combined data to 1) perform enrichment analyses of target host cellular processes and pathways, 2) examine effectors with known infection phenotypes, and 3) infer potential mechanisms of action for four effectors with uncharacterized functions. The host-pathogen interaction profiles supported known Coxiella phenotypes, such as adapting cell morphology through cytoskeletal re-arrangements, protein processing and trafficking, organelle generation, cholesterol processing, innate immune modulation, and interactions with the ubiquitin and proteasome pathways. The generated dataset of PPIs-the largest collection of unbiased Coxiella host-pathogen interactions to date-represents a rich source of information with respect to secreted pathogen effector proteins and their interactions with human host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nela Zavaljevski
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vesna Memišević
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keehwan Kwon
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rembert Pieper
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Jaques Reifman
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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65
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Zhang J, Han F. Centromere pairing precedes meiotic chromosome pairing in plants. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1197-1202. [PMID: 28755295 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized eukaryotic cell division, in which diploid cells undergo a single round of DNA replication and two rounds of nuclear division to produce haploid gametes. In most eukaryotes, the core events of meiotic prophase I are chromosomal pairing, synapsis and recombination. To ensure accurate chromosomal segregation, homologs have to identify and align along each other at the onset of meiosis. Although much progress has been made in elucidating meiotic processes, information on the mechanisms underlying chromosome pairing is limited in contrast to the meiotic recombination and synapsis events. Recent research in many organisms indicated that centromere interactions during early meiotic prophase facilitate homologous chromosome pairing, and functional centromere is a prerequisite for centromere pairing such as in maize. Here, we summarize the recent achievements of chromosome pairing research on plants and other organisms, and outline centromere interactions, nuclear chromosome orientation, and meiotic cohesin, as main determinants of chromosome pairing in early meiotic prophase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fangpu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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66
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Qin N, Wang C, Lu Q, Ma Z, Dai J, Ma H, Jin G, Shen H, Hu Z. Systematic identification of long non-coding RNAs with cancer-testis expression patterns in 14 cancer types. Oncotarget 2017; 8:94769-94779. [PMID: 29212265 PMCID: PMC5706911 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-testis (CT) genes are a group of genes that are potential targets of immunotherapy and candidate epi-drivers participating in the development of cancers. Previous studies mainly focused on protein-coding genes, neglecting long non-coding RNAs with the same expression patterns. In this study, we performed a systematic investigation of cancer-testis long non-coding RNAs (CT-lncRNAs) with multiple independent open-access databases.We identified 1,325 extremely highly expressed CT-lncRNAs (EECT-lncRNAs) in 14 cancer types. Functional annotation revealed that CT-lncRNAs reactivated in cancers could promote genome instability and the malignant potential of cancers. We observed a mutually exclusive pattern of EECT-lncRNA activation and mutation in known oncogenes, suggesting their potential role as drivers of cancer that complement known mut-driver genes. Additionally, we provided evidence that testis-specific regulatory elements and promoter hypo-methylation may be EECT-lncRNA activation mechanisms, and EECT-lncRNAs may regulate CT gene reactivation. Taken together, our study puts forth a new hypothesis in the research field of CT genes, whereby CT-lncRNAs/EECT-lncRNAs play important roles in the progression and maintenance of tumorigenesis, expanding candidate CT epi-driver genes from coding genes to non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211116, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zijian Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Juncheng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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Capalbo A, Hoffmann ER, Cimadomo D, Maria Ubaldi F, Rienzi L. Human female meiosis revised: new insights into the mechanisms of chromosome segregation and aneuploidies from advanced genomics and time-lapse imaging. Hum Reprod Update 2017; 23:706-722. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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68
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He WB, Banerjee S, Meng LL, Du J, Gong F, Huang H, Zhang XX, Wang YY, Lu GX, Lin G, Tan YQ. Whole-exome sequencing identifies a homozygous donor splice-site mutation in STAG3 that causes primary ovarian insufficiency. Clin Genet 2017; 93:340-344. [PMID: 28393351 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is the depletion or loss of normal ovarian function, which cause infertility in women before the age of 40 years. Two homozygous germline truncation mutations in STAG3 gene had been reported to causes POI in consanguineous families. Here, we aimed to identify the genetic cause of POI in 2 affected sisters manifested with primary amenorrhea and partial development of secondary sexual characters with normal range of height of a consanguineous Han Chinese family. Whole-exome and Sanger sequencing identified a homozygous donor splice-site mutation (NM_012447.2: c.1573+5G>A) in the STAG3 gene. RT-PCR revealed that the mutation causes loss of wild-type donor splice-site which leads to aberrant splicing of STAG3 mRNA and consecutive formation of STAG3 alternative transcript (p.Leu490Thrfs*10) . This is the first report of splice-site mutation of STAG3 gene causes POI in 2 Han Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-B He
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - S Banerjee
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - L-L Meng
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - J Du
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - F Gong
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - H Huang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - X-X Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-Y Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - G-X Lu
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - G Lin
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-Q Tan
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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69
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Casey AE, Daish TJ, Barbero JL, Grützner F. Differential cohesin loading marks paired and unpaired regions of platypus sex chromosomes at prophase I. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4217. [PMID: 28652620 PMCID: PMC5484699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesins are vital for chromosome organisation during meiosis and mitosis. In addition to the important function in sister chromatid cohesion, these complexes play key roles in meiotic recombination, DSB repair, homologous chromosome pairing and segregation. Egg-laying mammals (monotremes) feature an unusually complex sex chromosome system, which raises fundamental questions about organisation and segregation during meiosis. We discovered a dynamic and differential accumulation of cohesins on sex chromosomes during platypus prophase I and specific reorganisation of the sex chromosome complex around a large nucleolar body. Detailed analysis revealed a differential loading of SMC3 on the chromatin and chromosomal axis of XY shared regions compared with the chromatin and chromosomal axes of asynapsed X and Y regions during prophase I. At late prophase I, SMC3 accumulation is lost from both the chromatin and chromosome axes of the asynaptic regions of the chain and resolves into subnuclear compartments. This is the first report detailing unpaired DNA specific SMC3 accumulation during meiosis in any species and allows speculation on roles for cohesin in monotreme sex chromosome organisation and segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Casey
- The Robinson Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tasman J Daish
- The Robinson Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jose Luis Barbero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CSIC)/Ramiro de Maeztu, 9 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Grützner
- The Robinson Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
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70
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Köhler S, Wojcik M, Xu K, Dernburg AF. Superresolution microscopy reveals the three-dimensional organization of meiotic chromosome axes in intact Caenorhabditis elegans tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4734-E4743. [PMID: 28559338 PMCID: PMC5474826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702312114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When cells enter meiosis, their chromosomes reorganize as linear arrays of chromatin loops anchored to a central axis. Meiotic chromosome axes form a platform for the assembly of the synaptonemal complex (SC) and play central roles in other meiotic processes, including homologous pairing, recombination, and chromosome segregation. However, little is known about the 3D organization of components within the axes, which include cohesin complexes and additional meiosis-specific proteins. Here, we investigate the molecular organization of meiotic chromosome axes in Caenorhabditis elegans through STORM (stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy) and PALM (photo-activated localization microscopy) superresolution imaging of intact germ-line tissue. By tagging one axis protein (HIM-3) with a photoconvertible fluorescent protein, we established a spatial reference for other components, which were localized using antibodies against epitope tags inserted by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Using 3D averaging, we determined the position of all known components within synapsed chromosome axes to high spatial precision in three dimensions. We find that meiosis-specific HORMA domain proteins span a gap between cohesin complexes and the central region of the SC, consistent with their essential roles in SC assembly. Our data further suggest that the two different meiotic cohesin complexes are distinctly arranged within the axes: Although cohesin complexes containing the kleisin REC-8 protrude above and below the plane defined by the SC, complexes containing COH-3 or -4 kleisins form a central core, which may physically separate sister chromatids. This organization may help to explain the role of the chromosome axes in promoting interhomolog repair of meiotic double-strand breaks by inhibiting intersister repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Köhler
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Michal Wojcik
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220;
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Division of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Abby F Dernburg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
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71
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Jin WN, Shi SXY, Li Z, Li M, Wood K, Gonzales RJ, Liu Q. Depletion of microglia exacerbates postischemic inflammation and brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2224-2236. [PMID: 28273719 PMCID: PMC5444553 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17694185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain ischemia elicits microglial activation and microglia survival depend on signaling through colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). Although depletion of microglia has been linked to worse stroke outcomes, it remains unclear to what extent and by what mechanisms activated microglia influence ischemia-induced inflammation and injury in the brain. Using a mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, we demonstrated that depletion of microglia via administration of the dual CSF1R/c-Kit inhibitor PLX3397 exacerbates neurodeficits and brain infarction. Depletion of microglia augmented the production of inflammatory mediators, leukocyte infiltration, and cell death during brain ischemia. Of note, microglial depletion-induced exacerbation of stroke severity did not solely depend on lymphocytes and monocytes. Importantly, depletion of microglia dramatically augmented the production of inflammatory mediators by astrocytes after brain ischemia . In vitro studies reveal that microglia restricted ischemia-induced astrocyte response and provided neuroprotective effects. Our findings suggest that neuroprotective effects of microglia may result, in part, from its inhibitory action on astrocyte response after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Na Jin
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Samuel Xiang-Yu Shi
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Minshu Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kristofer Wood
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Rayna J Gonzales
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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72
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Jordan PW, Eyster C, Chen J, Pezza RJ, Rankin S. Sororin is enriched at the central region of synapsed meiotic chromosomes. Chromosome Res 2017; 25:115-128. [PMID: 28050734 PMCID: PMC5441961 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-016-9542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During meiotic prophase, cohesin complexes mediate cohesion between sister chromatids and promote pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes. Precisely how the activity of cohesin is controlled to promote these events is not fully understood. In metazoans, cohesion establishment between sister chromatids during mitotic divisions is accompanied by recruitment of the cohesion-stabilizing protein Sororin. During somatic cell division cycles, Sororin is recruited in response to DNA replication-dependent modification of the cohesin complex by ESCO acetyltransferases. How Sororin is recruited and acts in meiosis is less clear. Here, we have surveyed the chromosomal localization of Sororin and its relationship to the meiotic cohesins and other chromatin modifiers with the objective of determining how Sororin contributes to meiotic chromosome dynamics. We show that Sororin localizes to the cores of meiotic chromosomes in a manner that is dependent on synapsis and the synaptonemal complex protein SYCP1. In contrast, cohesin, with which Sororin interacts in mitotic cells, shows axial enrichment on meiotic chromosomes even in the absence of synapsis between homologs. Using high-resolution microscopy, we show that Sororin is localized to the central region of the synaptonemal complex. These results indicate that Sororin regulation during meiosis is distinct from its regulation in mitotic cells and may suggest that it interacts with a distinctly different partner to ensure proper chromosome dynamics in meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Jordan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Craig Eyster
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jingrong Chen
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Roberto J Pezza
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Susannah Rankin
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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73
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Hwang G, Sun F, O'Brien M, Eppig JJ, Handel MA, Jordan PW. SMC5/6 is required for the formation of segregation-competent bivalent chromosomes during meiosis I in mouse oocytes. Development 2017; 144:1648-1660. [PMID: 28302748 PMCID: PMC5450844 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
SMC complexes include three major classes: cohesin, condensin and SMC5/6. However, the localization pattern and genetic requirements for the SMC5/6 complex during mammalian oogenesis have not previously been examined. In mouse oocytes, the SMC5/6 complex is enriched at the pericentromeric heterochromatin, and also localizes along chromosome arms during meiosis. The infertility phenotypes of females with a Zp3-Cre-driven conditional knockout (cKO) of Smc5 demonstrated that maternally expressed SMC5 protein is essential for early embryogenesis. Interestingly, protein levels of SMC5/6 complex components in oocytes decline as wild-type females age. When SMC5/6 complexes were completely absent in oocytes during meiotic resumption, homologous chromosomes failed to segregate accurately during meiosis I. Despite what appears to be an inability to resolve concatenation between chromosomes during meiosis, localization of topoisomerase IIα to bivalents was not affected; however, localization of condensin along the chromosome axes was perturbed. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the SMC5/6 complex is essential for the formation of segregation-competent bivalents during meiosis I, and findings suggest that age-dependent depletion of the SMC5/6 complex in oocytes could contribute to increased incidence of oocyte aneuploidy and spontaneous abortion in aging females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fengyun Sun
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | | | - John J Eppig
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | | | - Philip W Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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74
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Ahn J, Park YJ, Chen P, Lee TJ, Jeon YJ, Croce CM, Suh Y, Hwang S, Kwon WS, Pang MG, Kim CH, Lee SS, Lee K. Comparative expression profiling of testis-enriched genes regulated during the development of spermatogonial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175787. [PMID: 28414809 PMCID: PMC5393594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The testis has been identified as the organ in which a large number of tissue-enriched genes are present. However, a large portion of transcripts related to each stage or cell type in the testis still remains unknown. In this study, databases combined with confirmatory measurements were used to investigate testis-enriched genes, localization in the testis, developmental regulation, gene expression profiles of testicular disease, and signaling pathways. Our comparative analysis of GEO DataSets showed that 24 genes are predominantly expressed in testis. Cellular locations of 15 testis-enriched proteins in human testis have been identified and most of them were located in spermatocytes and round spermatids. Real-time PCR revealed that expressions of these 15 genes are significantly increased during testis development. Also, an analysis of GEO DataSets indicated that expressions of these 15 genes were significantly decreased in teratozoospermic patients and polyubiquitin knockout mice, suggesting their involvement in normal testis development. Pathway analysis revealed that most of those 15 genes are implicated in various sperm-related cell processes and disease conditions. This approach provides effective strategies for discovering novel testis-enriched genes and their expression patterns, paving the way for future characterization of their functions regarding infertility and providing new biomarkers for specific stages of spematogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Ahn
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yoo-Jin Park
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology/Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paula Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Young-Jun Jeon
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Carlo M. Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yeunsu Suh
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Seongsoo Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Sung Kwon
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Geol Pang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Suk Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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75
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Zhang M, Dai X, Sun Y, Lu Y, Zhou C, Miao Y, Wang Y, Xiong B. Stag3 regulates microtubule stability to maintain euploidy during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:1593-1602. [PMID: 27906670 PMCID: PMC5352080 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stag3, a meiosis-specific subunit of cohesin complex, has been demonstrated to function in both male and female reproductive systems in mammals. However, its roles during oocyte meiotic maturation have not been fully defined. In the present study, we report that Stag3 uniquely accumulates on the spindle apparatus and colocalizes with microtubule fibers during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. Depletion of Stag3 by gene-targeting morpholino disrupts normal spindle assembly and chromosome alignment in oocytes. We also find that depletion of Stag3 reduces the acetylated level of tubulin and microtubule resistance to microtubule depolymerizing drug, suggesting that Stag3 is required for microtubule stability. Consistent with these observations, kinetochore-microtubule attachment, an important mechanism controlling chromosome alignment, is severely impaired in Stag3-depleted oocytes, resultantly causing the significantly increased incidence of aneuploid eggs. Collectively, our data reveal that Stag3 is a novel regulator of microtubule dynamics to ensure euploidy during moue oocyte meiotic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianqun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoxin Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yalu Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yajuan Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changyin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yilong Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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76
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Biswas U, Hempel K, Llano E, Pendas A, Jessberger R. Distinct Roles of Meiosis-Specific Cohesin Complexes in Mammalian Spermatogenesis. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006389. [PMID: 27792785 PMCID: PMC5085059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian meiocytes feature four meiosis-specific cohesin proteins in addition to ubiquitous ones, but the roles of the individual cohesin complexes are incompletely understood. To decipher the functions of the two meiosis-specific kleisins, REC8 or RAD21L, together with the only meiosis-specific SMC protein SMC1β, we generated Smc1β-/-Rec8-/- and Smc1β-/-Rad21L-/- mouse mutants. Analysis of spermatocyte chromosomes revealed that besides SMC1β complexes, SMC1α/RAD21 and to a small extent SMC1α/REC8 contribute to chromosome axis length. Removal of SMC1β and RAD21L almost completely abolishes all chromosome axes. The sex chromosomes do not pair in single or double mutants, and autosomal synapsis is impaired in all mutants. Super resolution microscopy revealed synapsis-associated SYCP1 aberrantly deposited between sister chromatids and on single chromatids in Smc1β-/-Rad21L-/- cells. All mutants show telomere length reduction and structural disruptions, while wild-type telomeres feature a circular TRF2 structure reminiscent of t-loops. There is no loss of centromeric cohesion in both double mutants at leptonema/early zygonema, indicating that, at least in the mutant backgrounds, an SMC1α/RAD21 complex provides centromeric cohesion at this early stage. Thus, in early prophase I the most prominent roles of the meiosis-specific cohesins are in axis-related features such as axis length, synapsis and telomere integrity rather than centromeric cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddipta Biswas
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kai Hempel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elena Llano
- Centro de Investigacion del Cancer (CSIC-USAL), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Pendas
- Centro de Investigacion del Cancer (CSIC-USAL), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rolf Jessberger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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77
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Fu C, Begum K, Jordan PW, He Y, Overbeek PA. Dearth and Delayed Maturation of Testicular Germ Cells in Fanconi Anemia E Mutant Male Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159800. [PMID: 27486799 PMCID: PMC4972424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After using a self-inactivating lentivirus for non-targeted insertional mutagenesis in mice, we identified a transgenic family with a recessive mutation that resulted in reduced fertility in homozygous transgenic mice. The lentiviral integration site was amplified by inverse PCR. Sequencing revealed that integration had occurred in intron 8 of the mouse Fance gene, which encodes the Fanconi anemia E (Fance) protein. Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins play pivotal roles in cellular responses to DNA damage and Fance acts as a molecular bridge between the FA core complex and Fancd2. To investigate the reduced fertility in the mutant males, we analyzed postnatal development of testicular germ cells. At one week after birth, most tubules in the mutant testes contained few or no germ cells. Over the next 2–3 weeks, germ cells accumulated in a limited number of tubules, so that some tubules contained germ cells around the full periphery of the tubule. Once sufficient numbers of germ cells had accumulated, they began to undergo the later stages of spermatogenesis. Immunoassays revealed that the Fancd2 protein accumulated around the periphery of the nucleus in normal developing spermatocytes, but we did not detect a similar localization of Fancd2 in the Fance mutant testes. Our assays indicate that although Fance mutant males are germ cell deficient at birth, the extant germ cells can proliferate and, if they reach a threshold density, can differentiate into mature sperm. Analogous to previous studies of FA genes in mice, our results show that the Fance protein plays an important, but not absolutely essential, role in the initial developmental expansion of the male germ line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Khurshida Begum
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, United States of America
| | - Philip W. Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
| | - Yan He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Paul A. Overbeek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, United States of America
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78
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Gyuricza MR, Manheimer KB, Apte V, Krishnan B, Joyce EF, McKee BD, McKim KS. Dynamic and Stable Cohesins Regulate Synaptonemal Complex Assembly and Chromosome Segregation. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1688-1698. [PMID: 27291057 PMCID: PMC4942336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of the synaptonemal complex (SC) in Drosophila depends on two independent pathways defined by the chromosome axis proteins C(2)M and ORD. Because C(2)M encodes a Kleisin-like protein and ORD is required for sister-chromatid cohesion, we tested the hypothesis that these two SC assembly pathways depend on two cohesin complexes. Through single- and double-mutant analysis to study the mitotic cohesion proteins Stromalin (SA) and Nipped-B (SCC2) in meiosis, we provide evidence that there are at least two meiosis-specific cohesin complexes. One complex depends on C(2)M, SA, and Nipped-B. Despite the presence of mitotic cohesins SA and Nipped-B, this pathway has only a minor role in meiotic sister-centromere cohesion and is primarily required for homolog interactions. C(2)M is continuously incorporated into pachytene chromosomes even though SC assembly is complete. In contrast, the second complex, which depends on meiosis-specific proteins SOLO, SUNN, and ORD is required for sister-chromatid cohesion, localizes to the centromeres and is not incorporated during prophase. Our results show that the two cohesin complexes have unique functions and are regulated differently. Multiple cohesin complexes may provide the diversity of activities required by the meiotic cell. For example, a dynamic complex may allow the chromosomes to regulate meiotic recombination, and a stable complex may be required for sister-chromatid cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes R Gyuricza
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Kathryn B Manheimer
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Vandana Apte
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Badri Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Eric F Joyce
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Bruce D McKee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Kim S McKim
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
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79
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Ward A, Hopkins J, Mckay M, Murray S, Jordan PW. Genetic Interactions Between the Meiosis-Specific Cohesin Components, STAG3, REC8, and RAD21L. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2016; 6:1713-24. [PMID: 27172213 PMCID: PMC4889667 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.029462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin is an essential structural component of chromosomes that ensures accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. Previous studies have shown that there are cohesin complexes specific to meiosis, required to mediate homologous chromosome pairing, synapsis, recombination, and segregation. Meiosis-specific cohesin complexes consist of two structural maintenance of chromosomes proteins (SMC1α/SMC1β and SMC3), an α-kleisin protein (RAD21, RAD21L, or REC8), and a stromal antigen protein (STAG1, 2, or 3). STAG3 is exclusively expressed during meiosis, and is the predominant STAG protein component of cohesin complexes in primary spermatocytes from mouse, interacting directly with each α-kleisin subunit. REC8 and RAD21L are also meiosis-specific cohesin components. Stag3 mutant spermatocytes arrest in early prophase ("zygotene-like" stage), displaying failed homolog synapsis and persistent DNA damage, as a result of unstable loading of cohesin onto the chromosome axes. Interestingly, Rec8, Rad21L double mutants resulted in an earlier "leptotene-like" arrest, accompanied by complete absence of STAG3 loading. To assess genetic interactions between STAG3 and α-kleisin subunits RAD21L and REC8, our lab generated Stag3, Rad21L, and Stag3, Rec8 double knockout mice, and compared them to the Rec8, Rad21L double mutant. These double mutants are phenotypically distinct from one another, and more severe than each single knockout mutant with regards to chromosome axis formation, cohesin loading, and sister chromatid cohesion. The Stag3, Rad21L, and Stag3, Rec8 double mutants both progress further into prophase I than the Rec8, Rad21L double mutant. Our genetic analysis demonstrates that cohesins containing STAG3 and REC8 are the main complex required for centromeric cohesion, and RAD21L cohesins are required for normal clustering of pericentromeric heterochromatin. Furthermore, the STAG3/REC8 and STAG3/RAD21L cohesins are the primary cohesins required for axis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayobami Ward
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jessica Hopkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | | | | | - Philip W Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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80
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Agostinho A, Manneberg O, van Schendel R, Hernández-Hernández A, Kouznetsova A, Blom H, Brismar H, Höög C. High density of REC8 constrains sister chromatid axes and prevents illegitimate synaptonemal complex formation. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:901-13. [PMID: 27170622 PMCID: PMC5278604 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During meiosis, cohesin complexes mediate sister chromatid cohesion (SCC), synaptonemal complex (SC) assembly and synapsis. Here, using super-resolution microscopy, we imaged sister chromatid axes in mouse meiocytes that have normal or reduced levels of cohesin complexes, assessing the relationship between localization of cohesin complexes, SCC and SC formation. We show that REC8 foci are separated from each other by a distance smaller than 15% of the total chromosome axis length in wild-type meiocytes. Reduced levels of cohesin complexes result in a local separation of sister chromatid axial elements (LSAEs), as well as illegitimate SC formation at these sites. REC8 but not RAD21 or RAD21L cohesin complexes flank sites of LSAEs, whereas RAD21 and RAD21L appear predominantly along the separated sister-chromatid axes. Based on these observations and a quantitative distribution analysis of REC8 along sister chromatid axes, we propose that the high density of randomly distributed REC8 cohesin complexes promotes SCC and prevents illegitimate SC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Agostinho
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Otto Manneberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Robin van Schendel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna Kouznetsova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Blom
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Brismar
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Christer Höög
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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81
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Weinberg-Shukron A, Renbaum P, Kalifa R, Zeligson S, Ben-Neriah Z, Dreifuss A, Abu-Rayyan A, Maatuk N, Fardian N, Rekler D, Kanaan M, Samson AO, Levy-Lahad E, Gerlitz O, Zangen D. A mutation in the nucleoporin-107 gene causes XX gonadal dysgenesis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4295-304. [PMID: 26485283 DOI: 10.1172/jci83553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian development and maintenance are poorly understood; however, diseases that affect these processes can offer insights into the underlying mechanisms. XX female gonadal dysgenesis (XX-GD) is a rare, genetically heterogeneous disorder that is characterized by underdeveloped, dysfunctional ovaries, with subsequent lack of spontaneous pubertal development, primary amenorrhea, uterine hypoplasia, and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Here, we report an extended consanguineous family of Palestinian origin, in which 4 females exhibited XX-GD. Using homozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing, we identified a recessive missense mutation in nucleoporin-107 (NUP107, c.1339G>A, p.D447N). This mutation segregated with the XX-GD phenotype and was not present in available databases or in 150 healthy ethnically matched controls. NUP107 is a component of the nuclear pore complex, and the NUP107-associated protein SEH1 is required for oogenesis in Drosophila. In Drosophila, Nup107 knockdown in somatic gonadal cells resulted in female sterility, whereas males were fully fertile. Transgenic rescue of Drosophila females bearing the Nup107D364N mutation, which corresponds to the human NUP107 (p.D447N), resulted in almost complete sterility, with a marked reduction in progeny, morphologically aberrant eggshells, and disintegrating egg chambers, indicating defective oogenesis. These results indicate a pivotal role for NUP107 in ovarian development and suggest that nucleoporin defects may play a role in milder and more common conditions such as premature ovarian failure.
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82
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MacLennan M, Crichton JH, Playfoot CJ, Adams IR. Oocyte development, meiosis and aneuploidy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 45:68-76. [PMID: 26454098 PMCID: PMC4828587 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis is one of the defining events in gametogenesis. Male and female germ cells both undergo one round of meiotic cell division during their development in order to reduce the ploidy of the gametes, and thereby maintain the ploidy of the species after fertilisation. However, there are some aspects of meiosis in the female germline, such as the prolonged arrest in dictyate, that appear to predispose oocytes to missegregate their chromosomes and transmit aneuploidies to the next generation. These maternally-derived aneuploidies are particularly problematic in humans where they are major contributors to miscarriage, age-related infertility, and the high incidence of Down's syndrome in human conceptions. This review will discuss how events that occur in foetal oocyte development and during the oocytes' prolonged dictyate arrest can influence meiotic chromosome segregation and the incidence of aneuploidy in adult oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie MacLennan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - James H Crichton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Christopher J Playfoot
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Ian R Adams
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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83
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Sun X, Huang L, Markowitz TE, Blitzblau HG, Chen D, Klein F, Hochwagen A. Transcription dynamically patterns the meiotic chromosome-axis interface. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26258962 PMCID: PMC4530585 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic chromosomes are highly compacted yet remain transcriptionally active. To understand how chromosome folding accommodates transcription, we investigated the assembly of the axial element, the proteinaceous structure that compacts meiotic chromosomes and promotes recombination and fertility. We found that the axial element proteins of budding yeast are flexibly anchored to chromatin by the ring-like cohesin complex. The ubiquitous presence of cohesin at sites of convergent transcription provides well-dispersed points for axis attachment and thus chromosome compaction. Axis protein enrichment at these sites directly correlates with the propensity for recombination initiation nearby. A separate modulating mechanism that requires the conserved axial-element component Hop1 biases axis protein binding towards small chromosomes. Importantly, axis anchoring by cohesin is adjustable and readily displaced in the direction of transcription by the transcriptional machinery. We propose that such robust but flexible tethering allows the axial element to promote recombination while easily adapting to changes in chromosome activity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07424.001 Chromosomes are long molecules of DNA that represent the genetic material of an organism. In most animal cells, chromosomes are found in pairs; with one inherited from the mother and the other from the father. Sex cells—egg cells and sperm—contain half the normal number of chromosomes, so that when they fuse, the resulting single-celled embryo inherits the full set. When sex cells are being produced, a ring made from a protein called cohesin encircles each pair of chromosomes and holds them together until they are ready to be separated. The paired chromosomes also swap sections of DNA via a process called recombination. Structures, referred to as axial elements, compact the chromosomes in each pair and bring them in close contact so that recombination can take place. In the sexually reproducing baker's yeast, axial elements contain three main proteins: cohesin, Hop1, and Red1, but it remains unclear how the entire structure is anchored to the underlying chromosomes. Furthermore, the genes encoded within the DNA of the compacted chromosomes remain active, but it is also not clear how this is possible. This is because the compacted structure would be expected to prevent the molecular machinery that expresses genes from accessing the DNA. Sun, Huang et al. have now studied this process in budding yeast cells by using a method called ChIP-seq to determine where cohesin and the Hop1 and Red1 proteins are found along the chromosomes. The experiments showed that cohesin, Hop1, and Red1 are enriched in regions between two genes that run in the opposite directions to each other. Sun, Huang et al. also observed that cohesin recruits Red1, which in turn, recruits Hop1, and that all three proteins physically interact with one another. These findings imply that it is cohesin that anchors the axial elements to the underlying chromosomes. Further experiments showed that cohesin slides along chromosomes towards areas where genes are active. This suggests that cohesin provides a robust, but flexible, link between the axial elements and the chromosomes. This flexibility would enable recombination and gene expression to continue in compacted chromosomes. A loss of flexibility may be one of the reasons why mutations in cohesin components of the axial element cause infertility in men and condition called premature ovarian failure in women. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07424.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoji Sun
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Lingzhi Huang
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | | | | | - Doris Chen
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Franz Klein
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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Rankin S. Complex elaboration: making sense of meiotic cohesin dynamics. FEBS J 2015; 282:2426-43. [PMID: 25895170 PMCID: PMC4490075 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In mitotically dividing cells, the cohesin complex tethers sister chromatids, the products of DNA replication, together from the time they are generated during S phase until anaphase. Cohesion between sister chromatids ensures accurate chromosome segregation, and promotes normal gene regulation and certain kinds of DNA repair. In somatic cells, the core cohesin complex is composed of four subunits: Smc1, Smc3, Rad21 and an SA subunit. During meiotic cell divisions meiosis-specific isoforms of several of the cohesin subunits are also expressed and incorporated into distinct meiotic cohesin complexes. The relative contributions of these meiosis-specific forms of cohesin to chromosome dynamics during meiotic progression have not been fully worked out. However, the localization of these proteins during chromosome pairing and synapsis, and their unique loss-of-function phenotypes, suggest non-overlapping roles in controlling meiotic chromosome behavior. Many of the proteins that regulate cohesin function during mitosis also appear to regulate cohesin during meiosis. Here we review how cohesin contributes to meiotic chromosome dynamics, and explore similarities and differences between cohesin regulation during the mitotic cell cycle and meiotic progression. A deeper understanding of the regulation and function of cohesin in meiosis will provide important new insights into how the cohesin complex is able to promote distinct kinds of chromosome interactions under diverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Rankin
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
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85
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Phadnis N, Cipak L, Polakova S, Hyppa RW, Cipakova I, Anrather D, Karvaiova L, Mechtler K, Smith GR, Gregan J. Casein Kinase 1 and Phosphorylation of Cohesin Subunit Rec11 (SA3) Promote Meiotic Recombination through Linear Element Formation. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005225. [PMID: 25993311 PMCID: PMC4439085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper meiotic chromosome segregation, essential for sexual reproduction, requires timely formation and removal of sister chromatid cohesion and crossing-over between homologs. Early in meiosis cohesins hold sisters together and also promote formation of DNA double-strand breaks, obligate precursors to crossovers. Later, cohesin cleavage allows chromosome segregation. We show that in fission yeast redundant casein kinase 1 homologs, Hhp1 and Hhp2, previously shown to regulate segregation via phosphorylation of the Rec8 cohesin subunit, are also required for high-level meiotic DNA breakage and recombination. Unexpectedly, these kinases also mediate phosphorylation of a different meiosis-specific cohesin subunit Rec11. This phosphorylation in turn leads to loading of linear element proteins Rec10 and Rec27, related to synaptonemal complex proteins of other species, and thereby promotes DNA breakage and recombination. Our results provide novel insights into the regulation of chromosomal features required for crossing-over and successful reproduction. The mammalian functional homolog of Rec11 (STAG3) is also phosphorylated during meiosis and appears to be required for fertility, indicating wide conservation of the meiotic events reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Phadnis
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lubos Cipak
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Polakova
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Randy W. Hyppa
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ingrid Cipakova
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Lucia Karvaiova
- Department of Genetics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald R. Smith
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Juraj Gregan
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
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86
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Nuclear localization of PRDM9 and its role in meiotic chromatin modifications and homologous synapsis. Chromosoma 2015; 124:397-415. [PMID: 25894966 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-015-0511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Developmental progress of germ cells through meiotic phases is closely tied to ongoing meiotic recombination. In mammals, recombination preferentially occurs in genomic regions known as hotspots; the protein that activates these hotspots is PRDM9, containing a genetically variable zinc finger (ZNF) domain and a PR-SET domain with histone H3K4 trimethyltransferase activity. PRDM9 is required for fertility in mice, but little is known about its localization and developmental dynamics. Application of spermatogenic stage-specific markers demonstrates that PRDM9 accumulates in male germ cell nuclei at pre-leptonema to early leptonema but is no longer detectable in nuclei by late zygonema. By the pachytene stage, PRDM9-dependent histone H3K4 trimethyl marks on hotspots also disappear. PRDM9 localizes to nuclei concurrently with the deposition of meiotic cohesin complexes, but is not required for incorporation of cohesin complex proteins into chromosomal axial elements, or accumulation of normal numbers of RAD51 foci on meiotic chromatin by late zygonema. Germ cells lacking PRDM9 exhibit inefficient homology recognition and synapsis, with aberrant repair of meiotic DNA double-strand breaks and transcriptional abnormalities characteristic of meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin. Together, these results on the developmental time course for nuclear localization of PRDM9 establish its direct window of function and demonstrate the independence of chromosome axial element formation from the concurrent PRDM9-mediated activation of recombination hotspots.
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Link J, Jahn D, Alsheimer M. Structural and functional adaptations of the mammalian nuclear envelope to meet the meiotic requirements. Nucleus 2015; 6:93-101. [PMID: 25674669 PMCID: PMC4615672 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2015.1004941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies in the past years provided definite evidence that the nuclear envelope is much more than just a simple barrier. It rather constitutes a multifunctional platform combining structural and dynamic features to fulfill many fundamental functions such as chromatin organization, regulation of transcription, signaling, but also structural duties like maintaining general nuclear architecture and shape. One additional and, without doubt, highly impressive aspect is the recently identified key function of selected nuclear envelope components in driving meiotic chromosome dynamics, which in turn is essential for accurate recombination and segregation of the homologous chromosomes. Here, we summarize the recent work identifying new key players in meiotic telomere attachment and movement and discuss the latest advances in our understanding of the actual function of the meiotic nuclear envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Link
- a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology ; Biocenter University Würzburg ; Würzburg , Germany
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88
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Caburet
- Institut Jacques Monod, oncologie moléculaire et pathologies ovariennes, UMR7592, CNRS et université Paris Diderot, bâtiment Buffon, 15, rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Éric Vilain
- Center for gender-based biology, Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen school of medicine, UCLA Gonda center, room 5506, 695 Charles Young drive south, CA 90095 Los Angeles, États-Unis
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Sakuno T, Watanabe Y. Phosphorylation of cohesin Rec11/SA3 by casein kinase 1 promotes homologous recombination by assembling the meiotic chromosome axis. Dev Cell 2015; 32:220-30. [PMID: 25579976 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In meiosis, cohesin is required for sister chromatid cohesion, as well as meiotic chromosome axis assembly and recombination. However, mechanisms underlying the multifunctional nature of cohesin remain elusive. Here, we show that fission yeast casein kinase 1 (CK1) plays a crucial role in assembling the meiotic chromosome axis (so-called linear element: LinE) and promoting recombination. An in vitro phosphorylation screening assay identified meiotic cohesin subunit Rec11/SA3 as an excellent substrate of CK1. The phosphorylation of Rec11 by CK1 mediates the interaction with the Rec10/Red1/SCP2 axis component, a key step in meiotic chromosome axis assembly, and is dispensable for sister chromatid cohesion. Crucially, the expression of Rec11-Rec10 fusion protein nearly completely bypasses the requirement for CK1 or cohesin phosphorylation for LinE assembly and recombination. This study uncovers a central mechanism of the cohesin-dependent assembly of the meiotic chromosome axis and recombination apparatus that acts independently of sister chromatid cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sakuno
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Watanabe
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
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90
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Vaiman D. Reproductive performance: at the cross-road of genetics, technologies and environment. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 27:1-13. [DOI: 10.1071/rd14316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction depends on a negotiation between the sexes at the level of the cells (gametes), tissue (trophectoderm of the blastocyst and endometrium in the uterus) and organisms (to allow sexual intercourse). This review evaluates new questions linked to sexual reproduction in the biosphere in the context of the 21st century, in light of current knowledge in genetics and epigenetics. It presents the challenge of ‘forcing reproductive efficiency’ using ineffective gametes, or despite other fertility problems, through medically assisted reproduction and presents the reproductive challenge of high production farm animals, which are in a situation of chronically negative energy balance. It also analyses the situation created by the release of endocrine disruptors into the environment and discusses the possible transgenerational consequences of environmental modifications linked to these compounds.
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