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Ecological niche modeling of Aedes mosquito vectors of chikungunya virus in southeastern Senegal. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:255. [PMID: 29673389 PMCID: PMC5907742 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) originated in a sylvatic cycle of transmission between non-human animal hosts and vector mosquitoes in the forests of Africa. Subsequently the virus jumped out of this ancestral cycle into a human-endemic transmission cycle vectored by anthropophilic mosquitoes. Sylvatic CHIKV cycles persist in Africa and continue to spill over into humans, creating the potential for new CHIKV strains to enter human-endemic transmission. To mitigate such spillover, it is first necessary to delineate the distributions of the sylvatic mosquito vectors of CHIKV, to identify the environmental factors that shape these distributions, and to determine the association of mosquito presence with key drivers of virus spillover, including mosquito and CHIKV abundance. We therefore modeled the distribution of seven CHIKV mosquito vectors over two sequential rainy seasons in Kédougou, Senegal using Maxent. Methods Mosquito data were collected in fifty sites distributed in five land cover classes across the study area. Environmental data representing land cover, topographic, and climatic factors were included in the models. Models were compared and evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) statistics. The correlation of model outputs with abundance of individual mosquito species as well as CHIKV-positive mosquito pools was tested. Results Fourteen models were produced and evaluated; the environmental variables most strongly associated with mosquito distributions were distance to large patches of forest, landscape patch size, rainfall, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Seven models were positively correlated with mosquito abundance and one (Aedes taylori) was consistently, positively correlated with CHIKV-positive mosquito pools. Eight models predicted high relative occurrence rates of mosquitoes near the villages of Tenkoto and Ngary, the areas with the highest frequency of CHIKV-positive mosquito pools. Conclusions Of the environmental factors considered here, landscape fragmentation and configuration had the strongest influence on mosquito distributions. Of the mosquito species modeled, the distribution of Ae. taylori correlated most strongly with abundance of CHIKV, suggesting that presence of this species will be a useful predictor of sylvatic CHIKV presence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2832-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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52
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Evans HC, Elliot SL, Barreto RW. Entomopathogenic fungi and their potential for the management of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Americas. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:206-214. [PMID: 29412361 PMCID: PMC5804314 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical biological control has been used extensively for the management of exotic weeds and agricultural pests, but never for alien insect vectors of medical importance. This simple but elegant control strategy involves the introduction of coevolved natural enemies from the centre of origin of the target alien species. Aedes aegypti - the primary vector of the dengue, yellow fever and Zika flaviviruses - is just such an invasive alien in the Americas where it arrived accidentally from its West African home during the slave trade. Here, we introduce the concept of exploiting entomopathogenic fungi from Africa for the classical biological control of Ae. aegypti in the Americas. Fungal pathogens attacking arthropods are ubiquitous in tropical forests and are important components in the natural balance of arthropod populations. They can produce a range of specialised spore forms, as well as inducing a variety of bizarre behaviours in their hosts, in order to maximise infection. The fungal groups recorded as specialised pathogens of mosquito hosts worldwide are described and discussed. We opine that similar fungal pathogens will be found attacking and manipulating Ae. aegypti in African forests and that these could be employed for an economic, environmentally-safe and long-term solution to the flavivirus pandemics in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Evans
- Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, Egham, Surrey, UK.,Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Entomologia, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Simon L Elliot
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Entomologia, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Robert W Barreto
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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53
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Althouse BM, Guerbois M, Cummings DAT, Diop OM, Faye O, Faye A, Diallo D, Sadio BD, Sow A, Faye O, Sall AA, Diallo M, Benefit B, Simons E, Watts DM, Weaver SC, Hanley KA. Role of monkeys in the sylvatic cycle of chikungunya virus in Senegal. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29535306 PMCID: PMC5849707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses spillover into humans either as a one-step jump from a reservoir host species into humans or as a two-step jump from the reservoir to an amplification host species and thence to humans. Little is known about arbovirus transmission dynamics in reservoir and amplification hosts. Here we elucidate the role of monkeys in the sylvatic, enzootic cycle of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the region around Kédougou, Senegal. Over 3 years, 737 monkeys were captured, aged using anthropometry and dentition, and tested for exposure to CHIKV by detection of neutralizing antibodies. Infant monkeys were positive for CHIKV even when the virus was not detected in a concurrent survey of mosquitoes and when population immunity was too high for monkeys alone to support continuous transmission. We conclude that monkeys in this region serve as amplification hosts of CHIKV. Additional efforts are needed to identify other hosts capable of supporting continuous circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Althouse
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, 98005, WA, USA. .,Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, 98105, WA, USA. .,Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 88003, NM, USA.
| | - Mathilde Guerbois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, TX, USA
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32608, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oumar Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Brenda Benefit
- Department of Anthropology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 88003, NM, USA
| | - Evan Simons
- Department of Anthropology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 88003, NM, USA
| | - Douglas M Watts
- Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, 79968, TX, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, TX, USA
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 88003, NM, USA
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54
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An overview of mosquito vectors of Zika virus. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:646-660. [PMID: 29481868 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito-borne arbovirus Zika virus (ZIKV, Flavivirus, Flaviviridae), has caused an outbreak impressive by its magnitude and rapid spread. First detected in Uganda in Africa in 1947, from where it spread to Asia in the 1960s, it emerged in 2007 on the Yap Island in Micronesia and hit most islands in the Pacific region in 2013. Subsequently, ZIKV was detected in the Caribbean, and Central and South America in 2015, and reached North America in 2016. Although ZIKV infections are in general asymptomatic or causing mild self-limiting illness, severe symptoms have been described including neurological disorders and microcephaly in newborns. To face such an alarming health situation, WHO has declared Zika as an emerging global health threat. This review summarizes the literature on the main vectors of ZIKV (sylvatic and urban) across all the five continents with special focus on vector competence studies.
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55
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Weetman D, Kamgang B, Badolo A, Moyes CL, Shearer FM, Coulibaly M, Pinto J, Lambrechts L, McCall PJ. Aedes Mosquitoes and Aedes-Borne Arboviruses in Africa: Current and Future Threats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15020220. [PMID: 29382107 PMCID: PMC5858289 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Zika crisis drew attention to the long-overlooked problem of arboviruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes in Africa. Yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and Zika are poorly controlled in Africa and often go unrecognized. However, to combat these diseases, both in Africa and worldwide, it is crucial that this situation changes. Here, we review available data on the distribution of each disease in Africa, their Aedes vectors, transmission potential, and challenges and opportunities for Aedes control. Data on disease and vector ranges are sparse, and consequently maps of risk are uncertain. Issues such as genetic and ecological diversity, and opportunities for integration with malaria control, are primarily African; others such as ever-increasing urbanization, insecticide resistance and lack of evidence for most control-interventions reflect problems throughout the tropics. We identify key knowledge gaps and future research areas, and in particular, highlight the need to improve knowledge of the distributions of disease and major vectors, insecticide resistance, and to develop specific plans and capacity for arboviral disease surveillance, prevention and outbreak responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé PO Box 13501, Cameroon.
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), Université Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso.
| | - Catherine L Moyes
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Freya M Shearer
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Mamadou Coulibaly
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali.
| | - João Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Louis Lambrechts
- Insect-Virus Interactions, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Philip J McCall
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
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Agha SB, Tchouassi DP, Bastos ADS, Sang R. Dengue and yellow fever virus vectors: seasonal abundance, diversity and resting preferences in three Kenyan cities. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:628. [PMID: 29284522 PMCID: PMC5747025 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2598-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transmission patterns of dengue (DENV) and yellow fever (YFV) viruses, especially in urban settings, are influenced by Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquito abundance and behavior. Despite recurrent dengue outbreaks on the Kenyan coast, these parameters remain poorly defined in this and other areas of contrasting dengue endemicity in Kenya. In assessing the transmission risk of DENV/YFV in three Kenyan cities, we determined adult abundance and resting habits of potential Aedes (Stegomyia) vectors in Kilifi (dengue-outbreak prone), and Nairobi and Kisumu (no dengue outbreaks reported). In addition, mosquito diversity, an important consideration for changing mosquito-borne disease dynamics, was compared. METHODS Between October 2014 and June 2016, host-seeking adult mosquitoes were sampled using CO2-baited BG-Sentinel traps (12 traps daily) placed in vegetation around homesteads, across study sites in the three major cities. Also, indoor and outdoor resting mosquitoes were sampled using Prokopack aspirators. Three samplings, each of five consecutive days, were conducted during the long-rains, short-rains and dry season for each city. Inter-city and seasonal variation in mosquito abundance and diversity was evaluated using general linear models while mosquito-resting preference (indoors vs outdoors) was compared using Chi-square test. RESULTS Aedes aegypti, which comprised 60% (n = 7772) of the total 12,937 host-seeking mosquitoes collected, had comparable numbers in Kisumu (45.2%, n = 3513) and Kilifi (37.7%, n = 2932), both being significantly higher than Nairobi (17.1%, n = 1327). Aedes aegypti abundance was significantly lower in the short-rains and dry season relative to the long-rains (P < 0.0001). Aedes bromeliae, which occurred in low numbers, did not differ significantly between seasons or cities. Mosquito diversity was highest during the long-rains and in Nairobi. Only 10% (n = 43) of the 450 houses aspirated were found positive for resting Ae. aegypti, with overall low captures in all areas. Aedes aegypti densities were comparable indoors/outdoors in Kilifi; but with higher densities outdoors than indoors in Kisumu and Nairobi. CONCLUSIONS The presence and abundance of Ae. aegypti near human habitations and dwellings, especially in Kilifi/Kisumu, is suggestive of increased DENV transmission risk due to higher prospects of human vector contact. Despite low abundance of Ae. bromeliae suggestive of low YFV transmission risk, its proximity to human habitation as well as the observed diversity of potential YFV vectors should be of public health concern and monitored closely for targeted control. The largely outdoor resting behavior for Ae. aegypti provides insights for targeted adult vector control especially during emergency outbreak situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila B Agha
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag 20, Hatfield, 0083, South Africa.
| | - David P Tchouassi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Armanda D S Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag 20, Hatfield, 0083, South Africa
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Arbovirus/Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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Carrasco-Hernandez R, Jácome R, López Vidal Y, Ponce de León S. Are RNA Viruses Candidate Agents for the Next Global Pandemic? A Review. ILAR J 2017; 58:343-358. [PMID: 28985316 PMCID: PMC7108571 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic RNA viruses are potentially the most important group involved in zoonotic disease transmission, and they represent a challenge for global disease control. Their biological diversity and rapid adaptive rates have proved to be difficult to overcome and to anticipate by modern medical technology. Also, the anthropogenic change of natural ecosystems and the continuous population growth are driving increased rates of interspecies contacts and the interchange of pathogens that can develop into global pandemics. The combination of molecular, epidemiological, and ecological knowledge of RNA viruses is therefore essential towards the proper control of these emergent pathogens. This review outlines, throughout different levels of complexity, the problems posed by RNA viral diseases, covering some of the molecular mechanisms allowing them to adapt to new host species-and to novel pharmaceutical developments-up to the known ecological processes involved in zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Carrasco-Hernandez
- R. Carrasco-Hernandez, PhD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Microbiome Laboratory in the Postgraduate Division of the Faculty of Medicine at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX
| | - Rodrigo Jácome
- Rodrigo Jácome, MD, PhD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Microbiome Laboratory in the Postgraduate Division of the Faculty of Medicine at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX
| | - Yolanda López Vidal
- Yolanda López-Vidal, MD, PhD, is an associate professor “C” and is responsible for the Program of Microbial Molecular Immunology in the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of the Faculty of Medicine at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX
| | - Samuel Ponce de León
- Samuel Ponce-de-León, MD, MSc, is an associate professor “C”, is responsible for the Microbiome Laboratory and Coordinator of the University Program for Health Research of the Faculty of Medicine at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX
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58
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Wasik D, Mulchandani A, Yates MV. Point-of-Use Nanobiosensor for Detection of Dengue Virus NS1 Antigen in AdultAedes aegypti: A Potential Tool for Improved Dengue Surveillance. Anal Chem 2017; 90:679-684. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wasik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and §Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Department of Environmental Sciences, ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and §Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Marylynn V. Yates
- Department of Environmental Sciences, ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and §Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Effect of land-use changes on the abundance, distribution, and host-seeking behavior of Aedes arbovirus vectors in oil palm-dominated landscapes, southeastern Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189082. [PMID: 29216248 PMCID: PMC5720743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying priority areas for vector control is of considerable public health relevance. Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) spread by Aedes mosquitoes are (re)emerging in many parts of the tropics, partially explained by changes in agricultural land-use. We explored the effects of land-use changes on the abundance, distribution, and host-seeking behavior of Aedes mosquitoes along a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance in oil palm-dominated landscapes in southeastern Côte d’Ivoire. Methodology Between January and December 2014, eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of Aedes mosquitoes were sampled in four types of macrohabitats (rainforest, polyculture, oil palm monoculture, and rural housing areas), using standard procedures (bamboo-ovitraps, metallic-ovitraps, larval surveys, and human-baited double-net traps). Immature stages were reared and adult mosquitoes identified at species level. Principal findings A total of 28,276 Aedes specimens belonging to 11 species were collected. No Aedes-positive microhabitat and only four specimens of Ae. aegypti were found in oil palm monoculture. The highest abundance of Aedes mosquitoes (60.9%) was found in polyculture, while the highest species richness (11 species) was observed in rainforest. Ae. aegypti was the predominant Aedes species, and exhibited high anthropophilic behavior inflicting 93.0% of total biting to humans. The biting rate of Aedes mosquitoes was 34.6 and 7.2-fold higher in polyculture and rural housing areas, respectively, compared to rainforest. Three species (Ae. aegypti, Ae. dendrophilus, and Ae. vittatus) bit humans in polyculture and rural housing areas, with respective biting rates of 21.48 and 4.48 females/person/day. Unexpectedly, all three species were also feeding during darkness. Aedes females showed bimodal daily feeding cycles with peaks at around 08:00 a.m. and 05:00 p.m. Host-seeking activities were interrupted between 11:00 a.m. and 02:00 p.m. in rural housing areas, while no such interruption was observed in polyculture. Some rainforest-dwelling Aedes species displayed little preference to feed on humans. Conclusions In southeastern Côte d’Ivoire, the agricultural land-use/land-cover changes due to the conversion of rainforest into oil palm monocultures influence the abundance, distribution, and host-seeking behaviors of anthropophagic and non-anthropophagic Aedes vectors. As a result, there is higher risk of humans to arbovirus transmission in polyculture and rural housing areas. There is a need for integrated vector management, including landscape epidemiology and ecotope-based vector control.
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60
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Sow A, Faye O, Diallo M, Diallo D, Chen R, Faye O, Diagne CT, Guerbois M, Weidmann M, Ndiaye Y, Senghor CS, Faye A, Diop OM, Sadio B, Ndiaye O, Watts D, Hanley KA, Dia AT, Malvy D, Weaver SC, Sall AA. Chikungunya Outbreak in Kedougou, Southeastern Senegal in 2009-2010. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 5:ofx259. [PMID: 29354659 PMCID: PMC5767945 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Senegal, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which is an emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus, circulates in a sylvatic and urban/domestic cycle and has caused sporadic human cases and epidemics since 1960s. However, the real impact of the CHIKV sylvatic cycle in humans and mechanisms underlying its emergence still remains unknown. Methodology One thousand four hundred nine suspect cases of CHIKV infection, recruited from 5 health facilities located in Kedougou region, south-eastern Senegal, between May 2009 to March 2010, together with 866 serum samples collected from schoolchildren from 4 elementary schools in May and November 2009 from Kedougou were screened for anti-CHIKV immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibodies and, when appropriate, for viral nucleic acid by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR) and virus isolation. In addition, mosquitoes collected in the same area from May 2009 to January 2010 were tested for CHIKV by rPCR and by virus isolation, and 116 monkeys sera collected from March 2010 to May 2010 were tested for anti-CHIKV IgM and neutralizing antibodies. Results The main clinical manifestations of the CHIKV suspect cases were headache, myalgia, and arthralgia. Evidence for CHIKV infection was observed in 1.4% (20 of 1409) of patients among suspect cases. No significant difference was observed among age or sex groups. In addition, 25 (2.9%) students had evidence of CHIKV infection in November 2009. Chikungunya virus was detected in 42 pools of mosquitoes, mainly from Aedes furcifer, and 83% of monkeys sampled were seropositive. Conclusions Our findings further documented that CHIKV is maintained in a sylvatic transmission cycle among monkeys and Aedes mosquitoes in Kedougou, and humans become infected by exposure to the virus in the forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdourahmane Sow
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Senegal.,Institut Santé et Développement, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.,INSERM 1219, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Oumar Faye
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Senegal
| | | | - Diawo Diallo
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Medical Entomology Unit, Senegal
| | - Rubing Chen
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Senegal
| | | | - Mathilde Guerbois
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Bakary Sadio
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Senegal
| | - Oumar Ndiaye
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Senegal
| | | | | | - Anta T Dia
- Institut Santé et Développement, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Senegal
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Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitos in tropical and subtropical regions across the
world. After decades of sporadic outbreaks, it re-emerged in Africa, Asia, India
Ocean and America suddenly, causing major regional epidemics recently and becoming a
notable global health problem. Infection by CHIKV results in a spectrum of clinical
diseases including an acute self-limiting febrile illness in most individuals, a
chronic phase of recurrent join pain in a proportion of patients, and long-term
arthralgia for months to years for the unfortunate few. No specific anti-viral drugs
or licensed vaccines for CHIKV are available so far. A better understanding of
virus-host interactions is essential for the development of therapeutics and
vaccines. To this end, we reviewed the existing knowledge on CHIKV’s epidemiology,
clinical presentation, molecular virology, diagnostic approaches, host immune
response, vaccine development, and available animal models. Such a comprehensive
overview, we believe, will shed lights on the promises and challenges in CHIKV
vaccine development.
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62
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Vignuzzi M, Higgs S. The Bridges and Blockades to Evolutionary Convergence on the Road to Predicting Chikungunya Virus Evolution. Annu Rev Virol 2017; 4:181-200. [PMID: 28961411 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus, first isolated in the 1950s, has since reemerged to cause several epidemics and millions of infections throughout the world. What was once blurred and confused with dengue virus in both diagnosis and name has since become one of the best-characterized arboviral diseases. In this review, we cover the history of this virus, its evolution into distinct genotypes and lineages, and, most notably, the convergent evolution observed in recent years. We highlight research that reveals to what extent convergent evolution, and its inherent predictability, may occur and what genetic or environmental factors may hinder it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vignuzzi
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France;
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Biosecurity Research Institute and Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;
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63
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Eastwood G, Sang RC, Guerbois M, Taracha ELN, Weaver SC. Enzootic Circulation of Chikungunya Virus in East Africa: Serological Evidence in Non-human Kenyan Primates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1399-1404. [PMID: 29016323 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a globally emerging pathogen causing debilitating arthralgia and fever in humans. First identified in Tanzania (1953), this mosquito-borne alphavirus received little further attention until a 2004 re-emergence in Kenya from an unknown source. This outbreak subsequently spread to the Indian Ocean, with adaptation for transmission by a new urban vector. Under the hypothesis that sylvatic progenitor cycles of CHIKV exist in Kenya (as reported in West Africa, between non-human primates (NHPs) and arboreal Aedes spp. mosquitoes), we pursued evidence of enzootic transmission and human spillover events. We initially screened 252 archived NHP sera from Kenya using plaque reduction neutralization tests. Given an overall CHIKV seroprevalence of 13.1% (marginally higher in western Kenya), we sought more recent NHP samples during 2014 from sites in Kakamega County, sampling wild blue monkeys, olive baboons, and red-tailed monkeys (N = 33). We also sampled 34 yellow baboons near Kwale, coastal Kenya. Overall, CHIKV seropositivity in 2014 was 13.4% (9/67). Antibodies reactive against closely related o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) occurred; however, neutralization titers were too low to conclude ONNV exposure. Seroprevalence for the flavivirus dengue was also detected (28%), mostly near Kwale, suggesting possible spillback from humans to baboons. CHIKV antibodies in some juvenile and subadult NHPs suggested recent circulation. We conclude that CHIKV is circulating in western Kenya, despite the 2004 human outbreaks only being reported coastally. Further work to understand the enzootic ecology of CHIKV in east Africa is needed to identify sites of human spillover contact where urban transmission may be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Eastwood
- Centre for Viral Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Rosemary C Sang
- Centre for Viral Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Matilde Guerbois
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Burkett-Cadena ND, Vittor AY. Deforestation and vector-borne disease: Forest conversion favors important mosquito vectors of human pathogens. Basic Appl Ecol 2017; 26:101-110. [PMID: 34290566 DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of vector-borne diseases accounts for more than 17% of infectious diseases in humans. Rapid global expansion of previously obscure pathogens, such as Zika and chikungunya viruses in recent years highlights the importance of understanding how anthropogenic changes influence emergence and spillover of vector-borne diseases. Deforestation has been identified as one anthropogenic change that influences vector-borne disease prevalence, although contrasting pictures of the effects of deforestation on vector-borne disease transmission have been reported. These conflicting findings are likely attributable to the inherent complexity of vector-borne disease systems, which involve diverse groups of vectors, hosts and pathogens, depending on geography. The current study represents a quantitative exploration of the link between deforestation and mosquitoes, the most important common constituents of vector-borne disease systems. Analysis of data compiled from published field studies for 87 mosquito species from 12 countries revealed that about half of the species (52.9%) were associated with deforested habitats. Of these species that are favored by deforestation, a much larger percentage (56.5%) are confirmed vectors of human pathogens, compared to those negatively impacted by deforestation (27.5%). Moreover, species that serve as vectors of multiple human pathogens were all favored by deforestation, including Anopheles bancroftii, Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles farauti, Anopheles funestus s.l., Anopheles gambiae s.l., Anopheles subpictus, Aedes aegypti, Aedes vigilax, Culex annulirostris, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Our quantitative analysis of vector and non-vector species, demonstrates that the net effect of deforestation favors mosquitoes that serve as vectors of human disease, while the obverse holds true for non-vectors species. These results begin to unify our understanding of the relationship between deforestation and vector mosquitoes, an important step in quantifying how land use change, specifically deforestation, affects human risk of vector-borne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Y Vittor
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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65
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Guedes DRD, Gomes ETB, Paiva MHS, de Melo-Santos MAV, Alves J, Gómez LF, Ayres CFJ. Circulation of DENV2 and DENV4 in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes from Praia, Santiago Island, Cabo Verde. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2017; 17:3966735. [PMID: 28973490 PMCID: PMC5570100 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses, such as Dengue (DENV), Chikungunya (CHIKV), and Zika (ZIKV), pose a challenge to public health, due to their worldwide distribution and large-scale outbreaks. Dengue fever is currently one of the most important diseases and it is caused by four serotypes of DENV and is mainly transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. It is estimated that 50-100 million cases are reported every year worldwide. More recently, CHIKV and ZIKV, which are also transmitted by Ae. aegypti, have caused epidemics in countries in the Caribbean region, the Pacific region, and Americas. Cabo Verde faced its first dengue outbreak in 2009, with more than 21,000 reported cases and four registered deaths. The epidemic was caused by DENV-3 transmitted by Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. In addition, the country faced a Zika outbreak with more than 7,500 notified cases from October 2015 to May 2016. In the present study, we conducted a survey in mosquito samples to detect arboviruses circulating in the local vector population. Collections were performed from November 2014 to January 2015, in the City of Praia, the capital of Cabo Verde, using aspirators and BG-sentinel traps. Samples were examined by multiplex Reverse Transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A total of 161 Ae. aegypti adult females were analyzed (34 pools) and from these samples, eight pools were found positive for DENV-2 and DENV-4. Our results revealed a very high natural infection rate in the vector population and showed two different serotypes co-circulating in the island that differ from the one detected in the 2009 outbreak in Cabo Verde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duschinka R. D. Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IAM/FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife PE. 50670-420, Brazil (; ; ; )
| | - Elisete T. B. Gomes
- Universidade Jean Piaget (UniPiaget), Praia, Caixa Postal 775, Cabo Verde (; )
| | - Marcelo H. S. Paiva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IAM/FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife PE. 50670-420, Brazil (; ; ; )
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste - Rodovia BR-104, km 59 - Nova Caruaru, Caruaru – PE. 55002-970, Brazil
| | - Maria A. V. de Melo-Santos
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IAM/FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife PE. 50670-420, Brazil (; ; ; )
| | - Joana Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública/Ministério da Saúde de Cabo Verde. Largo do Desastre da Assistência, CP-719 Praia, Cabo Verde ()
| | - Lara F. Gómez
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste - Rodovia BR-104, km 59 - Nova Caruaru, Caruaru – PE. 55002-970, Brazil
| | - Constância F. J. Ayres
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IAM/FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife PE. 50670-420, Brazil (; ; ; )
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66
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Victor OA, Adekunle AJ, Tahiru IK, David OO. Influence of Meteorological Variables on Diversity and Abundance of Mosquito Vectors in Two Livestock Farms in Ibadan, Nigeria: Public Health Implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7:70-78. [PMID: 28845206 PMCID: PMC5570447 DOI: 10.5376/jmr.2017.07.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine mosquito vector diversity and abundance in two livestock farms with previous history of arboviral activities in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. The influence of weather on mosquito populations was also studied. Adult mosquitoes were collected weekly in two proximate University of Ibadan livestock farms from March 2015 to February 2016 using CO2 baited CDC light trap and human landing collection methods. Mosquitoes were identified to species using morphological keys. Relationships and interaction of temperature, relative humidity, rainfall patterns and mosquito abundance were analysed using GENSTAT 4th edition. Among 6,195 adult mosquitoes collected, 16 species belonging to 5 genera were morphologically identified. Culex quinquefasciatus constituted the most abundant mosquito, representing 46.49% of all mosquitoes encountered. High abundance in mosquito population was noted in periods succeeding months with heavy rainfall, this is when arbovirus transmission risk is highest. A positive correlation was observed between relative humidity and abundance of Mansonia mosquitoes. This study shows the effect of weather on natural populations of mosquito vectors. The diverse mosquito species capable of transmitting arboviruses from animal reservoirs to human and animals in livestock farms and its environment in Ibadan, Nigeria was also revealed. There is need for intensive vector control strategies targeted at reducing mosquito populations and ultimately prevention of disease outbreaks.
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67
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Bob NS, Bâ H, Fall G, Ishagh E, Diallo MY, Sow A, Sembene PM, Faye O, El Kouri B, Sidi ML, Sall AA. Detection of the Northeastern African Rift Valley Fever Virus Lineage During the 2015 Outbreak in Mauritania. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017. [PMID: 28638845 PMCID: PMC5473438 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute viral anthropozoonosis that causes epizootics and epidemics among livestock population and humans. Multiple emergences and reemergences of the virus have occurred in Mauritania over the last decade. This article describes the outbreak that occurred in 2015 in Mauritania and reports the results of serological and molecular investigations of blood samples collected from suspected RVF patients. Methods An RVF outbreak was reported from 14 September to 26 November 2015 in Mauritania. Overall, 184 suspected cases from different localities were identified by 26 health facilities. Blood samples were collected and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at the Institut Pasteur de Dakar (IPD). Sequencing of partial genomes and phylogenetic analyses were performed on RT-PCR–positive samples. As part of routine surveillance at IPD, samples were also screened for dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses by ELISA and RT-PCR. Results Of the 184 suspected cases, there were 57 confirmed cases and 12 deaths. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences indicated an emergence of a virus that originated from Northeastern Africa. Our results show co-circulation of other arboviruses in Mauritania—dengue, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, and West Nile viruses. Conclusion The Northeastern Africa lineage of RVF was responsible for the outbreak in Mauritania in 2015. Co-circulation of multiples arboviruses was detected. This calls for systematic differential diagnosis and highlights the need to strengthen arbovirus surveillance in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndeye Sakha Bob
- Pole of Virology, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Pasteur Institute of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Hampâté Bâ
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Diagnostics Unit, National Institute of Public Health Research, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Gamou Fall
- Pole of Virology, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Pasteur Institute of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Elkhalil Ishagh
- Department of Epidemiological Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Nouakchott
| | - Mamadou Y Diallo
- Health Securities and Emergency, World Health Organization,Mauritania
| | - Abdourahmane Sow
- Pole of Virology, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Pasteur Institute of Dakar, Senegal.,West African Health Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Fasso
| | | | - Ousmane Faye
- Pole of Virology, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Pasteur Institute of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Brahim El Kouri
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Diagnostics Unit, National Institute of Public Health Research, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Lemine Sidi
- Direction of Diseases Control, Ministry of Health, Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Nouakchott
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- Pole of Virology, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Pasteur Institute of Dakar, Senegal
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68
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Diallo M, Dia I, Diallo D, Diagne CT, Ba Y, Yactayo S. Perspectives and Challenges in Entomological Risk Assessment and Vector Control of Chikungunya. J Infect Dis 2017; 214:S459-S465. [PMID: 27920174 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is primarily spread by the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquito vectors. Because there is no licensed vaccine for CHIKV, identifying ways to reduce or eliminate mosquito populations is the most effective strategy to immediately halt transmission to man. Strategies to assess the entomological risk and to control the vector are absolutely crucial to demolishing the rise of CHIKV. This review provides perspectives in entomological risk assessment and vector control, challenges for both, and gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed through rigorous research and multidisciplinary collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawlouth Diallo
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Senegal
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Senegal
| | | | - Yamar Ba
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Senegal
| | - Sergio Yactayo
- Control of Epidemic Diseases, Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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69
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Diagne MM, Faye M, Faye O, Sow A, Balique F, Sembène M, Granjon L, Handschumacher P, Faye O, Diallo M, Sall AA. Emergence of Wesselsbron virus among black rat and humans in Eastern Senegal in 2013. One Health 2017; 3:23-28. [PMID: 28616499 PMCID: PMC5454166 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wesselsbron disease is a neglected mosquito transmitted Flavivirus infection that causes abortions and has teratogenic effects on sheep and cattle in Africa. Human can also be infected. The detection of human or animal cases is complicated by the non-specific symptoms close to Rift Valley Fever (RVF) in domestic livestock species or Dengue like syndrome in humans. Then, these detections are usually made during RVF investigations in sheep. These domestic animals should take a role in the life cycle of the virus but some evidences of Wesselsbron virus (WSLV) presence in wild animals suggest that the latter may be involved in the virus maintenance in nature. However, the reservoir status of wild vertebrate in general and rodents particularly for WSLV is only based on an isolation from a Cape short-eared gerbil in southern Africa. Most of WSLV isolations are from southern parts of Africa even if it has been found in western and central Africa or Madagascar. In Senegal, there are serological evidences of WSLV circulation in human since the 1970s and some isolations, the last one of which dates back in 1992. Despite the detection of the virus on mosquitoes until the 2000s in different parts of the country, no new human case has been noted. In this paper, we report the WSLV re-emergence in eastern Senegal in 2013 with 2 human cases and its first isolation from a black rat Rattus rattus. Sequencing analyses show the circulation of the same strain between these humans and the commensal rodent. The putative impact on WSLV transmission to human populations could be more important if the reservoir status of the black rat is confirmed. Focused survey in human populations, specific entomological and mammalogical investigations would permit a better understanding of the life cycle of the virus and its impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa M. Diagne
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Martin Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Oumar Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | | | - Mbacké Sembène
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
- IRD CBGP, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France
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70
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Impact of simultaneous exposure to arboviruses on infection and transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15412. [PMID: 28524874 PMCID: PMC5454532 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of both chikungunya and Zika viruses in the Americas has significantly expanded their distribution and has thus increased the possibility that individuals may become infected by more than one Aedes aegypti-borne virus at a time. Recent clinical data support an increase in the frequency of coinfection in human patients, raising the likelihood that mosquitoes could be exposed to multiple arboviruses during one feeding episode. The impact of coinfection on the ability of relevant vector species to transmit any of these viruses (that is, their vector competence) has not been determined. Thus, we here expose Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to chikungunya, dengue-2 or Zika viruses, both individually and as double and triple infections. Our results show that these mosquitoes can be infected with and can transmit all combinations of these viruses simultaneously. Importantly, infection, dissemination and transmission rates in mosquitoes are only mildly affected by coinfection. Several mosquito-transmitted viruses cocirculate in the Americas, but the potential for co-transmission is unknown. Here, Rückert et al. show that Aedes aegypti mosquitos have the potential to co-transmit chikungunya, dengue and Zika viruses and that coinfection does not overall affect dissemination or transmission rates.
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71
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Silva LA, Dermody TS. Chikungunya virus: epidemiology, replication, disease mechanisms, and prospective intervention strategies. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:737-749. [PMID: 28248203 PMCID: PMC5330729 DOI: 10.1172/jci84417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a reemerging arbovirus, causes a crippling musculoskeletal inflammatory disease in humans characterized by fever, polyarthralgia, myalgia, rash, and headache. CHIKV is transmitted by Aedes species of mosquitoes and is capable of an epidemic, urban transmission cycle with high rates of infection. Since 2004, CHIKV has spread to new areas, causing disease on a global scale, and the potential for CHIKV epidemics remains high. Although CHIKV has caused millions of cases of disease and significant economic burden in affected areas, no licensed vaccines or antiviral therapies are available. In this Review, we describe CHIKV epidemiology, replication cycle, pathogenesis and host immune responses, and prospects for effective vaccines and highlight important questions for future research.
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72
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Evans MV, Dallas TA, Han BA, Murdock CC, Drake JM. Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors. eLife 2017; 6:e22053. [PMID: 28244371 PMCID: PMC5342824 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika is an emerging virus whose rapid spread is of great public health concern. Knowledge about transmission remains incomplete, especially concerning potential transmission in geographic areas in which it has not yet been introduced. To identify unknown vectors of Zika, we developed a data-driven model linking vector species and the Zika virus via vector-virus trait combinations that confer a propensity toward associations in an ecological network connecting flaviviruses and their mosquito vectors. Our model predicts that thirty-five species may be able to transmit the virus, seven of which are found in the continental United States, including Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens. We suggest that empirical studies prioritize these species to confirm predictions of vector competence, enabling the correct identification of populations at risk for transmission within the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle V Evans
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Tad A Dallas
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Barbara A Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, United States
| | - Courtney C Murdock
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- Center for Tropical Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - John M Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
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Mayer SV, Tesh RB, Vasilakis N. The emergence of arthropod-borne viral diseases: A global prospective on dengue, chikungunya and zika fevers. Acta Trop 2017; 166:155-163. [PMID: 27876643 PMCID: PMC5203945 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) present a substantial threat to human and animal health worldwide. Arboviruses can cause a variety of clinical presentations that range from mild to life threatening symptoms. Many arboviruses are present in nature through two distinct cycles, the urban and sylvatic cycle that are maintained in complex biological cycles. In this review we briefly discuss the factors driving the emergence of arboviruses, such as the anthropogenic aspects of unrestrained human population growth, economic expansion and globalization. Also the important aspects of viruses and vectors in the occurrence of arboviruses epidemics. The focus of this review will be on dengue, zika and chikungunya viruses, particularly because these viruses are currently causing a negative impact on public health and economic damage around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra V Mayer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, USA; Center for Tropical Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, USA; Center for Tropical Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA.
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74
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Zahouli JBZ, Utzinger J, Adja MA, Müller P, Malone D, Tano Y, Koudou BG. Oviposition ecology and species composition of Aedes spp. and Aedes aegypti dynamics in variously urbanized settings in arbovirus foci in southeastern Côte d'Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:523. [PMID: 27682270 PMCID: PMC5041276 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes mosquito-transmitted outbreaks of dengue and yellow fever have been reported from rural and urban parts of Côte d'Ivoire. The present study aimed at assessing Aedes spp. oviposition ecology in variously urbanized settings within arbovirus foci in southeastern Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS Aedes spp. eggs were sampled using a standard ovitrap method from January 2013 to April 2014 in different ecosystems of rural, suburban and urban areas. Emerged larvae were reared until the adult stage for species identification. RESULTS Aedes spp. oviposition ecology significantly varied from rural-to-urban areas and according to the ecozones and the seasons. Species richness of Aedes spp. gradually decreased from rural (eight species) to suburban (three species) and urban (one species) areas. Conversely, emerged adult Aedes spp. mean numbers were higher in the urban (1.97 Aedes/ovitrap/week), followed by the suburban (1.44 Aedes/ovitrap/week) and rural (0.89 Aedes/ovitrap/week) areas. Aedes aegypti was the only species in the urban setting (100 %), and was also the predominant species in suburban (85.5 %) and rural (63.3 %) areas. The highest Ae. aegypti mean number was observed in the urban (1.97 Ae. aegypti/ovitrap/week), followed by the suburban (1.20 Ae. aegypti/ovitrap/week) and rural (0.57 Ae. aegypti/ovitrap/week) areas. Aedes africanus (9.4 %), Ae. dendrophilus (8.0 %), Ae. metallicus (1.3 %) in the rural, and Ae. vittatus (6.5 %) and Ae. metallicus (1.2 %) in the suburban areas each represented more than 1 % of the total Aedes fauna. In all areas, Aedes species richness and abundance were higher in the peridomestic zones and during the rainy season, with stronger variations in species richness in the rural and in abundance in the urban areas. Besides, the highest Culex quinquefasciatus abundance was found in the urban areas, while Eretmapodites chrysogaster was restricted to the rural areas. CONCLUSIONS Urbanization correlates with a substantially higher abundance in Aedes mosquitoes and a regression of the Aedes wild species towards a unique presence of Ae. aegypti in urban areas. Aedes wild species serve as bridge vectors of arboviruses in rural areas, while Ae. aegypti amplifies arbovirus transmission in urban areas. Our results have important ramifications for dengue and yellow fever vector control and surveillance strategies in arbovirus foci in southeastern Côte d'Ivoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien B Z Zahouli
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maurice A Adja
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Pie Müller
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Malone
- Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yao Tano
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Université Nangui-Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Université Nangui-Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Filariasis Programme Support Unit from Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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75
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Tsetsarkin KA, Chen R, Weaver SC. Interspecies transmission and chikungunya virus emergence. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 16:143-150. [PMID: 26986235 PMCID: PMC4824623 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes severe, debilitating, often chronic arthralgia with high attack rates, resulting in severe morbidity and economic costs to affected communities. Since its first well-documented emergence in Asia in the 1950s, CHIKV has infected millions and, since 2007, has spread widely, probably via viremic travelers, to initiate urban transmission in Europe, the South Pacific, and the Americas. Some spread has been facilitated by adaptive envelope glycoprotein substitutions that enhance transmission by the new vector, Aedes albopictus. Although epistatic constraints may prevent the impact of these mutations in Asian strains now circulating in the Americas, as well as in African CHIKV strains imported into Brazil last year, these constraints could eventually be overcome over time to increase the transmission by A. albopictus in rural and temperate regions. Another major determinant of CHIKV endemic stability in the Americas will be its ability to spill back into an enzootic cycle involving sylvatic vectors and nonhuman primates, an opportunity exploited by yellow fever virus but apparently not by dengue viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A Tsetsarkin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rubing Chen
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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76
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Sow A, Loucoubar C, Diallo D, Faye O, Ndiaye Y, Senghor CS, Dia AT, Faye O, Weaver SC, Diallo M, Malvy D, Sall AA. Concurrent malaria and arbovirus infections in Kedougou, southeastern Senegal. Malar J 2016; 15:47. [PMID: 26821709 PMCID: PMC4730666 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is one of the leading causes of acute febrile illness (AFI) in Africa. With the advent of malaria rapid diagnostic tests, misdiagnosis and co-morbidity with other diseases has been highlighted by an increasing number of studies. Although arboviral infections and malaria are both vector-borne diseases and often have an overlapping geographic distribution in sub-Saharan Africa, information about their incidence rates and concurrent infections is scarce. Methods From July 2009 to March 2013 patients from seven healthcare facilities of the Kedougou region presenting with AFI were enrolled and tested for malaria and arboviral infections, i.e., yellow fever (YFV), West Nile (WNV), dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV), Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHFV), Zika (ZIKV), and Rift Valley fever viruses (RVFV). Malaria parasite infections were investigated using thick blood smear (TBS) and rapid diagnostics tests (RDT) while arbovirus infections were tested by IgM antibody detection (ELISA) and RT-PCR assays. Data analysis of single or concurrent malaria and arbovirus was performed using R software. Results A total of 13,845 patients, including 7387 with malaria and 41 with acute arbovirus infections (12 YFV, nine ZIKV, 16 CHIKV, three DENV, and one RVFV) were enrolled. Among the arbovirus-infected patients, 48.7 % (20/41) were co-infected with malaria parasites at the following frequencies: CHIKV 18.7 % (3/16), YFV 58.3 % (7/12), ZIKV 88.9 % (8/9), DENV 33.3 % (1/3), and RVF 100 % (1/1). Fever ≥40 °C was the only sign or symptom significantly associated with dual malaria parasite/arbovirus infection. Conclusions Concurrent malaria parasite and arbovirus infections were detected in the Kedougou region from 2009 to 2013 and need to be further documented, including among asymptomatic individuals, to assess its epidemiological and clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdourahmane Sow
- Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal. .,Institut Santé et développement (ISED), Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal. .,Institut de Santé Publique d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED), Centre de recherche INSERM U897 Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Cheikh Loucoubar
- Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Oumar Faye
- Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | | | | | - Anta Tal Dia
- Institut Santé et développement (ISED), Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Denis Malvy
- Institut de Santé Publique d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED), Centre de recherche INSERM U897 Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
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Bosco-Lauth AM, Nemeth NM, Kohler DJ, Bowen RA. Viremia in North American Mammals and Birds After Experimental Infection with Chikungunya Viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 94:504-6. [PMID: 26666699 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus, which is known to cause severe disease only in humans. To investigate its potential zoonotic host range and evaluate reservoir competence among these hosts, experimental infections were performed on individuals from nine avian and 12 mammalian species representing both domestic and wild animals common to North America. Hamsters and inbred mice have previously been shown to develop viremia after inoculation with CHIKV and were used as positive controls for infection. Aside from big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), none of the mammals or birds developed detectable viremia or overt clinical disease. However, most mammals and a smaller proportion of birds developed neutralizing antibody responses to CHIKV. On the basis of these results, it seems unlikely that CHIKV poses a significant health threat to most domestic animals or wildlife and that the species examined do not likely contribute to natural transmission cycles. Additional studies should further evaluate bats and wild rodents as potential reservoir hosts for CHIKV transmission during human epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Bosco-Lauth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Nicole M Nemeth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Dennis J Kohler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Richard A Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, Colorado
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78
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Diagne CT, Diallo D, Faye O, Ba Y, Faye O, Gaye A, Dia I, Faye O, Weaver SC, Sall AA, Diallo M. Potential of selected Senegalese Aedes spp. mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit Zika virus. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:492. [PMID: 26527535 PMCID: PMC4629289 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV; genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae) is an emerging virus of medical importance maintained in a zoonotic cycle between arboreal Aedes spp. mosquitoes and nonhuman primates in African and Asian forests. Serological evidence and virus isolations have demonstrated widespread distribution of the virus in Senegal. Several mosquito species have been found naturally infected by ZIKV but little is known about their vector competence. METHODS We assessed the vector competence of Ae. aegypti from Kedougou and Dakar, Ae. unilineatus, Ae. vittatus and Ae. luteocephalus from Kedougou in Senegal for 6 ZIKV strains using experimental oral infection. Fully engorged female mosquitoes were maintained in an environmental chamber set at 27 ± 1 °C and 80 ± 5% Relative humidity. At day 5, 10 and 15 days post infection (dpi), individual mosquito saliva, legs/wings and bodies were tested for the presence of ZIKV genome using real time RT-PCR to estimate the infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. RESULTS All the species tested were infected by all viral strains but only Ae. vittatus and Ae. luteocephalus were potentially capable of transmitting ZIKV after 15 dpi with 20 and 50% of mosquitoes, respectively, delivering epidemic (HD 78788) and prototype (MR 766) ZIKV strains in saliva. CONCLUSION All the species tested here were susceptible to oral infection of ZIKV but only a low proportion of Ae. vittatus and Ae. luteocephalus had the viral genome in their saliva and thus the potential to transmit the virus. Further investigations are needed on the vector competence of other species associated with ZIKV for better understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of this virus in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220,, Dakar, Senegal.
- Département de Biologie Animale, Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220,, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Oumar Faye
- Unité des Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220,, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Yamar Ba
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220,, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Unité des Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220,, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Alioune Gaye
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220,, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220,, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Département de Biologie Animale, Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-0610, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-0610, USA.
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- Unité des Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220,, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220,, Dakar, Senegal.
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Weaver SC, Forrester NL. Chikungunya: Evolutionary history and recent epidemic spread. Antiviral Res 2015; 120:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zouache K, Failloux AB. Insect-pathogen interactions: contribution of viral adaptation to the emergence of vector-borne diseases, the example of chikungunya. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 10:14-21. [PMID: 29588001 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence or re-emergence of vector borne diseases represents a major public health problem. In general, therapeutic or prophylactic treatments along with vaccines are missing or inefficient, emphasizing the need for increased control of vector populations. Understanding the interactions of human pathogens with their insect vectors will aid us in our understanding of viral emergence and the dynamics of these events. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that typically causes incapacitating arthralgia, rash, and fever. It is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti and secondarily by Aedes albopictus. Since its emergence in 2004, CHIKV has continued to spread globally due in large part to an enhanced transmission of the virus by the vector Ae. albopictus. Ae. albopictus-adaptive mutations modulated by epistatic interactions have modified CHIKV transmission and thus the global spread and dynamics of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Zouache
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France.
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81
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Landscape ecology and epidemiology of malaria associated with rubber plantations in Thailand: integrated approaches to malaria ecotoping. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2015; 2015:909106. [PMID: 25838822 PMCID: PMC4370114 DOI: 10.1155/2015/909106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The agricultural land use changes that are human-induced changes in agroforestry ecosystems and in physical environmental conditions contribute substantially to the potential risks for malaria transmission in receptive areas. Due to the pattern and extent of land use change, the risks or negatively ecosystemic outcomes are the results of the dynamics of malaria transmission, the susceptibility of human populations, and the geographical distribution of malaria vectors. This review focused basically on what are the potential effects of agricultural land use change as a result of the expansion of rubber plantations in Thailand and how significant the ecotopes of malaria-associated rubber plantations (MRP) are. More profoundly, this review synthesized the novel concepts and perspectives on applied landscape ecology and epidemiology of malaria, as well as approaches to determine the degree to which an MRP ecotope as fundamental landscape scale can establish malaria infection pocket(s). Malaria ecotoping encompasses the integrated approaches and tools applied to or used in modeling malaria transmission. The scalability of MRP ecotope depends upon its unique landscape structure as it is geographically associated with the infestation or reinfestation of Anopheles vectors, along with the attributes that are epidemiologically linked with the infections. The MRP ecotope can be depicted as the hotspot such that malaria transmission is modeled upon the MRP factors underlying human settlements and movement activities, health behaviors, land use/land cover change, malaria vector population dynamics, and agrienvironmental and climatic conditions. The systemic and uniform approaches to malaria ecotoping underpin the stratification of the potential risks for malaria transmission by making use of remotely sensed satellite imagery or landscape aerial photography using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), global positioning systems (GPS), and geographical information systems (GIS).
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Diallo D, Sall AA, Diagne CT, Faye O, Faye O, Ba Y, Hanley KA, Buenemann M, Weaver SC, Diallo M. Zika virus emergence in mosquitoes in southeastern Senegal, 2011. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109442. [PMID: 25310102 PMCID: PMC4195678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV; genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae) is maintained in a zoonotic cycle between arboreal Aedes spp. mosquitoes and nonhuman primates in African and Asian forests. Spillover into humans has been documented in both regions and the virus is currently responsible for a large outbreak in French Polynesia. ZIKV amplifications are frequent in southeastern Senegal but little is known about their seasonal and spatial dynamics. The aim of this paper is to describe the spatio-temporal patterns of the 2011 ZIKV amplification in southeastern Senegal. METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS Mosquitoes were collected monthly from April to December 2011 except during July. Each evening from 18:00 to 21:00 hrs landing collections were performed by teams of 3 persons working simultaneously in forest (canopy and ground), savannah, agriculture, village (indoor and outdoor) and barren land cover sites. Mosquitoes were tested for virus infection by virus isolation and RT-PCR. ZIKV was detected in 31 of the 1,700 mosquito pools (11,247 mosquitoes) tested: Ae. furcifer (5), Ae. luteocephalus (5), Ae. africanus (5), Ae. vittatus (3), Ae. taylori, Ae. dalzieli, Ae. hirsutus and Ae. metallicus (2 each) and Ae. aegypti, Ae. unilinaetus, Ma. uniformis, Cx. perfuscus and An. coustani (1 pool each) collected in June (3), September (10), October (11), November (6) and December (1). ZIKV was detected from mosquitoes collected in all land cover classes except indoor locations within villages. The virus was detected in only one of the ten villages investigated. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This ZIKV amplification was widespread in the Kédougou area, involved several mosquito species as probable vectors, and encompassed all investigated land cover classes except indoor locations within villages. Aedes furcifer males and Aedes vittatus were found infected within a village, thus these species are probably involved in the transmission of Zika virus to humans in this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diawo Diallo
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
- * E-mail:
| | - Amadou A. Sall
- Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh T. Diagne
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Oumar Faye
- Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Yamar Ba
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Michaela Buenemann
- Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
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Diagne CT, Faye O, Guerbois M, Knight R, Diallo D, Faye O, Ba Y, Dia I, Faye O, Weaver SC, Sall AA, Diallo M. Vector competence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes vittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Senegal and Cape Verde archipelago for West African lineages of chikungunya virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:635-41. [PMID: 25002293 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the risk of emergence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in West Africa, vector competence of wild-type, urban, and non-urban Aedes aegypti and Ae. vittatus from Senegal and Cape Verde for CHIKV was investigated. Mosquitoes were fed orally with CHIKV isolates from mosquitoes (ArD30237), bats (CS13-288), and humans (HD180738). After 5, 10, and 15 days of incubation following an infectious blood meal, presence of CHIKV RNA was determined in bodies, legs/wings, and saliva using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Aedes vittatus showed high susceptibility (50-100%) and early dissemination and transmission of all CHIKV strains tested. Aedes aegypti exhibited infection rates ranging from 0% to 50%. Aedes aegypti from Cape Verde and Kedougou, but not those from Dakar, showed the potential to transmit CHIKV in saliva. Analysis of biology and competence showed relatively high infective survival rates for Ae. vittatus and Ae. aegypti from Cape Verde, suggesting their efficient vector capacity in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheikh T Diagne
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oumar Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mathilde Guerbois
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Rachel Knight
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Yamar Ba
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou A Sall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
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Diallo D, Sall AA, Diagne CT, Faye O, Hanley KA, Buenemann M, Ba Y, Faye O, Weaver SC, Diallo M. Patterns of a sylvatic yellow fever virus amplification in southeastern Senegal, 2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 90:1003-13. [PMID: 24615140 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
During the wet season of 2010, yellow fever virus (YFV) was detected in field-collected mosquitoes in the Kédougou region in southeastern Senegal. During this outbreak, we studied the association of the abundance of YFV-infected mosquitoes and land cover features to try and understand the dynamics of YFV transmission within the region. In total, 41,234 mosquito females were collected and tested for virus infection in 5,152 pools. YFV was detected in 67 pools; species including Aedes furcifer (52.2% of the infected pools), Ae. luteocephalus (31.3% of the infected pools), Ae. taylori (6.0% of the infected pools) and six other species (10.4% of the infected pools) captured in September (13.4%), October (70.1%), and November (16.4%). Spatially, YFV was detected from mosquitoes collected in all land cover classes but mainly, forest canopies (49.2%). Human infection is likely mediated by Ae. furcifer, the only species found infected with YFV within villages. Villages containing YFV-infected mosquitoes were significantly closer to large forests (> 2 ha) than villages in which no infected mosquitoes were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diawo Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Amadou A Sall
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Cheikh T Diagne
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Oumar Faye
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Michaela Buenemann
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yamar Ba
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Escadafal C, Faye O, Sall AA, Faye O, Weidmann M, Strohmeier O, von Stetten F, Drexler J, Eberhard M, Niedrig M, Patel P. Rapid molecular assays for the detection of yellow fever virus in low-resource settings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2730. [PMID: 24603874 PMCID: PMC3945292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellow fever (YF) is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. The causative agent, the yellow fever virus (YFV), is found in tropical and subtropical areas of South America and Africa. Although a vaccine is available since the 1930s, YF still causes thousands of deaths and several outbreaks have recently occurred in Africa. Therefore, rapid and reliable diagnostic methods easy to perform in low-resources settings could have a major impact on early detection of outbreaks and implementation of appropriate response strategies such as vaccination and/or vector control. METHODOLOGY The aim of this study was to develop a YFV nucleic acid detection method applicable in outbreak investigations and surveillance studies in low-resource and field settings. The method should be simple, robust, rapid and reliable. Therefore, we adopted an isothermal approach and developed a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay which can be performed with a small portable instrument and easy-to-use lyophilized reagents. The assay was developed in three different formats (real-time with or without microfluidic semi-automated system and lateral-flow assay) to evaluate their application for different purposes. Analytical specificity and sensitivity were evaluated with a wide panel of viruses and serial dilutions of YFV RNA. Mosquito pools and spiked human plasma samples were also tested for assay validation. Finally, real-time RPA in portable format was tested under field conditions in Senegal. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The assay was able to detect 20 different YFV strains and demonstrated no cross-reactions with closely related viruses. The RPA assay proved to be a robust, portable method with a low detection limit (<21 genome equivalent copies per reaction) and rapid processing time (<20 min). Results from real-time RPA field testing were comparable to results obtained in the laboratory, thus confirming our method is suitable for YFV detection in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Escadafal
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Oumar Faye
- Department of Arboviruses, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- Department of Arboviruses, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Department of Arboviruses, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- Department of Virology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Strohmeier
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- HSG-IMIT – Institut für Mikro- und Informationstechnik, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix von Stetten
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- HSG-IMIT – Institut für Mikro- und Informationstechnik, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Niedrig
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pranav Patel
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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86
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Faye O, Faye O, Diallo D, Diallo M, Weidmann M, Sall AA. Quantitative real-time PCR detection of Zika virus and evaluation with field-caught mosquitoes. Virol J 2013; 10:311. [PMID: 24148652 PMCID: PMC4016539 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito borne flavivirus is a pathogen affecting humans in Asia and Africa. ZIKV infection diagnosis relies on serology-which is challenging due to cross-reactions with other flaviviruses and/or absence or low titer of IgM and IgG antibodies at early phase of infection- virus isolation, which is labor intensive, time consuming and requires appropriate containment. Therefore, real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) is an appealing option as a rapid, sensitive and specific method for detection of ZIKV in the early stage of infection. So far, only one rRT-PCR assay has been described in the context of the outbreak in Micronesia in 2007. In this study, we described a one step rRT-PCR for ZIKV which can detect a wider genetic diversity of ZIKV isolates from Asia and Africa. RESULTS The NS5 protein coding regions of African ZIKV isolates were sequenced and aligned with representative flaviviruses sequences from GenBank to design primers and probe from conserved regions. The analytical sensitivity of the assay was evaluated to be 32 genome-equivalents and 0.05 plaque forming unit (pfu). The assay was shown to detect 37 ZIKV isolates covering a wide geographic in Africa and Asia over 36 years but none of the 31 other flaviviruses tested showing high analytical specificity. The rRT-PCR could be performed in less than 3 hours. This method was used successfully to detect ZIKV strains from field-caught mosquitoes. CONCLUSION We have developed a rapid, sensitive and specific rRT-PCR for detection of ZIKV. This assay is a useful tool for detection of ZIKV infection in regions where a number of other clinically indistinguishable arboviruses like dengue or chikungunya co-circulate. Further studies are needed to validate this assay in clinical positive samples collected during acute ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- Unité des Arbovirus et virus de fièvres hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal.
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Hanley KA, Monath TP, Weaver SC, Rossi SL, Richman RL, Vasilakis N. Fever versus fever: the role of host and vector susceptibility and interspecific competition in shaping the current and future distributions of the sylvatic cycles of dengue virus and yellow fever virus. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 19:292-311. [PMID: 23523817 PMCID: PMC3749261 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two different species of flaviviruses, dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV), that originated in sylvatic cycles maintained in non-human primates and forest-dwelling mosquitoes have emerged repeatedly into sustained human-to-human transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Sylvatic cycles of both viruses remain active, and where the two viruses overlap in West Africa they utilize similar suites of monkeys and Aedes mosquitoes. These extensive similarities render the differences in the biogeography and epidemiology of the two viruses all the more striking. First, the sylvatic cycle of YFV originated in Africa and was introduced into the New World, probably as a result of the slave trade, but is absent in Asia; in contrast, sylvatic DENV likely originated in Asia and has spread to Africa but not to the New World. Second, while sylvatic YFV can emerge into extensive urban outbreaks in humans, these invariably die out, whereas four different types of DENV have established human transmission cycles that are ecologically and evolutionarily distinct from their sylvatic ancestors. Finally, transmission of YFV among humans has been documented only in Africa and the Americas, whereas DENV is transmitted among humans across most of the range of competent Aedes vectors, which in the last decade has included every continent save Antarctica. This review summarizes current understanding of sylvatic transmission cycles of YFV and DENV, considers possible explanations for their disjunct distributions, and speculates on the potential consequences of future establishment of a sylvatic cycle of DENV in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | | | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610
| | - Rebecca L. Richman
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
- Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610
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Coffey LL, Forrester N, Tsetsarkin K, Vasilakis N, Weaver SC. Factors shaping the adaptive landscape for arboviruses: implications for the emergence of disease. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:155-76. [PMID: 23374123 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many examples of the emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases involve the adaptation of zoonotic viruses to new amplification hosts or to humans themselves. These include several instances of simple mutational adaptations, often to hosts closely related to the natural reservoirs. However, based on theoretical grounds, arthropod-borne viruses, or arboviruses, may face several challenges for adaptation to new hosts. Here, we review recent findings regarding adaptive evolution of arboviruses and its impact on disease emergence. We focus on the zoonotic alphaviruses Venezuelan equine encephalitis and chikungunya viruses, which have undergone adaptive evolution that mediated recent outbreaks of disease, as well as the flaviviruses dengue and West Nile viruses, which have emerged via less dramatic adaptive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lark L Coffey
- Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
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Diallo D, Chen R, Diagne CT, Ba Y, Dia I, Sall AA, Weaver SC, Diallo M. Bloodfeeding patterns of sylvatic arbovirus vectors in southeastern Senegal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 107:200-3. [PMID: 23423342 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trs095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue (DENV), yellow fever (YFV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses circulate in sylvatic, enzootic transmission cycles in southeastern Senegal, but understanding of the vector-host interactions involved is limited. METHODS The vertebrate hosts of several potential mosquito vectors of the three viruses were identified by PCR amplification and sequencing portions of the cytochrome b gene from bloodmeals of mosquitoes collected in Kedougou, Senegal, June 2010-January 2011. RESULTS We identified the sources of 65 bloodmeals of 82 engorged mosquitoes. Aedes taylori was the only species that fed on monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus and Papio papio). The majority of the avian-derived bloodmeals were from the Western Plantain-eater (Crinifer piscator). CONCLUSION These findings corroborate the importance of Ae. taylori and African monkeys in the sylvatic cycles of YFV, DENV and CHIKV and suggest the possible involvement of other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diawo Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal
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Diallo D, Diagne CT, Hanley KA, Sall AA, Buenemann M, Ba Y, Dia I, Weaver SC, Diallo M. Larval ecology of mosquitoes in sylvatic arbovirus foci in southeastern Senegal. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:286. [PMID: 23216815 PMCID: PMC3543325 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although adult mosquito vectors of sylvatic arbovirus [yellow fever (YFV), dengue-2 (DENV-2) and chikungunya (CHIKV)] have been studied for the past 40 years in southeastern Senegal, data are still lacking on the ecology of larval mosquitoes in this area. In this study, we investigated the larval habitats of mosquitoes and characterized their seasonal and spatial dynamics in arbovirus foci. Methods We searched for wet microhabitats, classified in 9 categories, in five land cover classes (agriculture, forest, savannah, barren and village) from June, 2010 to January, 2011. Mosquito immatures were sampled monthly in up to 30 microhabitats of each category per land cover and bred until adult stage for determination. Results No wet microhabitats were found in the agricultural sites; in the remaining land covers immature stages of 35 mosquito species in 7 genera were sampled from 9 microhabitats (tree holes, fresh fruit husks, decaying fruit husks, puddles, bamboo holes, discarded containers, tires, rock holes and storage containers). The most abundant species was Aedes aegypti formosus, representing 30.2% of the collections, followed by 12 species, representing each more than 1% of the total, among them the arbovirus vectors Ae. vittatus (7.9%), Ae. luteocephalus (5.7%), Ae. taylori (5.0%), and Ae. furcifer (1.3%). Aedes aegypti, Cx. nebulosus, Cx. perfuscus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Er. chrysogster and Ae. vittatus were the only common species collected from all land covers. Aedes furcifer and Ae. taylori were collected in fresh fruit husks and tree holes. Species richness and dominance varied significantly in land covers and microhabitats. Positive associations were found mainly between Ae. furcifer, Ae. taylori and Ae. luteocephalus. A high proportion of potential enzootic vectors that are not anthropophilic were found in the larval mosquito fauna. Conclusions In southeastern Senegal, Ae. furcifer and Ae. taylori larvae showed a more limited distribution among both land cover and microhabitat types than the other common species. Uniquely among vector species, Ae. aegypti formosus larvae occurred at the highest frequency in villages. Finally, a high proportion of the potential non-anthropophilic vectors were represented in the larval mosquito fauna, suggesting the existence of unidentified sylvatic arbovirus cycles in southeastern Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diawo Diallo
- Unité d'entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal.
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