51
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Basaran R, Gundogan D, Senol M, Bozdogan C, Gezen F, Sav A. THE EXPRESSION OF STEM CELL MARKERS (CD133, NESTIN, OCT4, SOX2) IN INVASIVE PITUITARY ADENOMAS. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA-BUCHAREST 2020; 16:303-310. [PMID: 33363651 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2020.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The pituitary gland serves as the center of the endocrine system. Stem cells are typically found in a specialized microenvironment of the tissue, called the niche, which regulates their maintenance, self-renewal, fate determination, and reaction to external influences. The aim of this study is to elucidate the role of stem cells in the initiation, invasion, and progression of pituitary adenomas. Materials and methods All specimens were collected between January 2007 and April 2015. Radiological classification (invasiveness) for all cases was performed according to the Wilson-Hardy classification system. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to all specimens for CD133, Oct4, Sox2 and nestin. Results The study included 48 patients. Of 48 patients, 17 (35.4%) were male and 31 (64.6%) were female. Mean age is 47.10±14.14 (17-86 yrs.). According to the Wilson-Hardy classification system, 27 (56.3%) were non-invasive adenomas. There was no statistical significance between the expression of pituitary stem cell markers (CD133, OCT4, SOX2, nestin) and invasiveness. Conclusion All stem cell markers are stained extensively in pituitary adenomas, except for SOX2 which was stained weakly. However, there is no effect of stem cells on invasiveness of pituitary adenomas because we cannot find a difference of the staining level between invasive and non-invasive adenomas. Nestin was stained extensively in functional adenomas, especially for GH, PRL, and gonadotropin secreting adenomas. SOX2 was stained extensively for ACTH-secreting adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Basaran
- University of Medical Sciences, Sancaktepe Education and Research Hospital - Dept. of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - D Gundogan
- Istanbul Surgery Hospital - Dept. of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Senol
- Erzurum Bolge Education and Research Hospital - Dept. of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C Bozdogan
- Aydin State Hospital - Neurosurgery, Aydin, Turkey
| | - F Gezen
- Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine - Dept. of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Sav
- Yeditepe University - Pathology, Istanbul, Turkey
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52
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A review of predictive, prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for brain tumours: towards personalised and targeted cancer therapy. JOURNAL OF RADIOTHERAPY IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s1460396919000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Brain tumours are relatively rare disease but present a large medical challenge as there is currently no method for early detection of the tumour and are typically not diagnosed until patients have progressed to symptomatic stage which significantly decreases chances of survival and also minimises treatment efficacy. However, if brain cancers can be diagnosed at early stages and also if clinicians have the potential to prospectively identify patients likely to respond to specific treatments, then there is a very high potential to increase patients’ treatment efficacy and survival. In recent years, there have been several investigations to identify biomarkers for brain cancer risk assessment, early detection and diagnosis, the likelihood of identifying which group of patients will benefit from a particular treatment and monitoring patient response to treatment.Materials and methods:This paper reports on a review of 21 current clinical and emerging biomarkers used in risk assessment, screening for early detection and diagnosis, and monitoring the response of treatment of brain cancers.Conclusion:Understanding biomarkers, molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways can potentially lead to personalised and targeted treatment via therapeutic targeting of specific genetic aberrant pathways which play key roles in malignant brain tumour formation. The future holds promising for the use of biomarker analysis as a major factor for personalised and targeted brain cancer treatment, since biomarkers have the potential to measure early disease detection and diagnosis, the risk of disease development and progression, improved patient stratification for various treatment paradigms, provide accurate information of patient response to a specific treatment and inform clinicians about the likely outcome of a brain cancer diagnosis independent of the treatment received.
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Yu W, Ren X, Hu C, Tan Y, Shui Y, Chen Z, Zhang L, Peng J, Wei Q. Glioma SOX2 expression decreased after adjuvant therapy. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1087. [PMID: 31718604 PMCID: PMC6849258 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SOX2 is regarded as an important marker in stem cell. The change of SOX2 expression after adjuvant therapy in high grade glioma (HGG) remains unknown so far. Few patients with recurrent glioma have opportunity to undergo operation once again, so the recurrent glioma samples are scarce. This study tries to analyze SOX2 expression in paired primary and recurrent HGG, aims to better understand the transformation law of SOX2 after adjuvant therapy in HGG. METHODS Twenty-four recurrent HGG patients who undergone a second resection were included. 16 patients received adjuvant therapy, the remaining 8 patients didn't receive any adjuvant therapy at all. The protein expression of SOX2 in paired primary and recurrent HGG was tested by immunohistochemistry. The statistical analysis was conducted by IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0. RESULTS In primary HGG, SOX2 expression of 3 + , 2 + , 1+ and 0+ were seen in 20 (83.3%), 1 (4.2%), 1 (4.2%) and 2 cases (8.3%), respectively. The expression of SOX2 was decreased in recurrent HGG compared to the paired primary sample (p = 0.001). The decrease of SOX2 was often seen in patients received chemotherapy, radiotherapy or both (p = 0.003). Patients with SOX2 high expression in primary glioma had a longer median PFS than those with SOX2 low expression with marginal statistic significance (12.7 vs. 5.4 months, p = 0.083). For cases with SOX2 high expression in the primary glioma, those had SOX2 low expression after recurrence seemed to have worse prognosis as compared to patients with stable SOX2 high expression (PFS: 10.4 vs. 14.9 months, p = 0.036; OS: 27.0 vs 49.5 months, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study comparing the protein expression of SOX2 in recurrent HGG and its paired primary tumor. SOX2 high expression is common in brain HGG, a tendency of decreased SOX2 expression in recurrent gliomas was evidenced. Lower SOX2 expression was seen in those patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Patients with low SOX2 expression in primary HGG usually have poorer prognosis, those with SOX2 expression decreased in recurrent HGG had worse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Institute (Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), Zhejiang University Cancer Institute, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiu Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Institute (Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), Zhejiang University Cancer Institute, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiu Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Quhua Hospital, Quzhou, 324000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinuo Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Shui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zexin Chen
- Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics for statistical analysis, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Institute (Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), Zhejiang University Cancer Institute, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaping Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Institute (Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), Zhejiang University Cancer Institute, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qichun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China. .,Cancer Institute (Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), Zhejiang University Cancer Institute, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China.
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Novak D, Hüser L, Elton JJ, Umansky V, Altevogt P, Utikal J. SOX2 in development and cancer biology. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:74-82. [PMID: 31412296 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX2 is essential for embryonic development and plays a crucial role in maintaining the stemness of embryonic cells and various adult stem cell populations. On the other hand, dysregulation of SOX2 expression is associated with a multitude of cancer types and it has been shown that SOX2 positively affects cancer cell traits such as the capacity to proliferate, migrate, invade and metastasize. Moreover, there is growing evidence that SOX2 mediates resistance towards established cancer therapies and that it is expressed in cancer stem cells. These findings indicate that studying the role of SOX2 in the context of cancer progression could lead to the development of new therapeutic options. In this review, the current knowledge about the role of SOX2 in development, maintenance of stemness, cancer progression and the resistance towards cancer therapies is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laura Hüser
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jonathan J Elton
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Altevogt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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55
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Chaudhary S, Islam Z, Mishra V, Rawat S, Ashraf GM, Kolatkar PR. Sox2: A Regulatory Factor in Tumorigenesis and Metastasis. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:495-504. [PMID: 30907312 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190325102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Sox2 plays an important role in various phases of embryonic development, including cell fate and differentiation. These key regulatory functions are facilitated by binding to specific DNA sequences in combination with partner proteins to exert their effects. Recently, overexpression and gene amplification of Sox2 has been associated with tumor aggression and metastasis in various cancer types, including breast, prostate, lung, ovarian and colon cancer. All the different roles for Sox2 involve complicated regulatory networks consisting of protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions. Their involvement in the EMT modulation is possibly enabled by Wnt/ β-catenin and other signaling pathways. There are number of in vivo models which show Sox2 association with increased cancer aggressiveness, resistance to chemo-radiation therapy and decreased survival rate suggesting Sox2 as a therapeutic target. This review will focus on the different roles for Sox2 in metastasis and tumorigenesis. We will also review the mechanism of action underlying the cooperative Sox2- DNA/partner factors binding where Sox2 can be potentially explored for a therapeutic opportunity to treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeyaul Islam
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vijaya Mishra
- RASA Life science Informatics, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sakshi Rawat
- RASA Life science Informatics, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prasanna R Kolatkar
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
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Altered transcriptional regulatory proteins in glioblastoma and YBX1 as a potential regulator of tumor invasion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10986. [PMID: 31358880 PMCID: PMC6662741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied differentially regulated nuclear proteome of the clinical tissue specimens of glioblastoma (GBM, WHO Grade IV) and lower grades of gliomas (Grade II and III) using high resolution mass spectrometry- based quantitative proteomics approach. The results showed altered expression of many regulatory proteins from the nucleus such as DNA binding proteins, transcription and post transcriptional processing factors and also included enrichment of nuclear proteins that are targets of granzyme signaling – an immune surveillance pathway. Protein - protein interaction network analysis using integrated proteomics and transcriptomics data of transcription factors and proteins for cell invasion process (drawn from another GBM dataset) revealed YBX1, a ubiquitous RNA and DNA-binding protein and a transcription factor, as a key interactor of major cell invasion-associated proteins from GBM. To verify the regulatory link between them, the co-expression of YBX1 and six of the interacting proteins (EGFR, MAPK1, CD44, SOX2, TNC and MMP13) involved in cell invasion network was examined by immunohistochemistry on tissue micro arrays. Our analysis suggests YBX1 as a potential regulator of these key molecules involved in tumor invasion and thus as a promising target for development of new therapeutic strategies for GBM.
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57
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Global DNA Methylation Patterns in Human Gliomas and Their Interplay with Other Epigenetic Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143478. [PMID: 31311166 PMCID: PMC6678179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, several international consortia have been established to unveil the molecular background of human cancers including gliomas. As a result, a huge outbreak of new genetic and epigenetic data appeared. It was not only shown that gliomas share some specific DNA sequence aberrations, but they also present common alterations of chromatin. Many researchers have reported specific epigenetic features, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications being involved in tumor pathobiology. Unlike mutations in DNA, epigenetic changes are more global in nature. Moreover, many studies have shown an interplay between different types of epigenetic changes. Alterations in DNA methylation in gliomas are one of the best described epigenetic changes underlying human pathology. In the following work, we present the state of knowledge about global DNA methylation patterns in gliomas and their interplay with histone modifications that may affect transcription factor binding, global gene expression and chromatin conformation. Apart from summarizing the impact of global DNA methylation on glioma pathobiology, we provide an extract of key mechanisms of DNA methylation machinery.
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Kumar P, Mistri TK. Transcription factors in SOX family: Potent regulators for cancer initiation and development in the human body. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:105-113. [PMID: 31288067 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) have a key role in controlling the gene regulatory network that sustains explicit cell states in humans. However, an uncontrolled regulation of these genes potentially results in a wide range of diseases, including cancer. Genes of the SOX family are indeed crucial as deregulation of SOX family TFs can potentially lead to changes in cell fate as well as irregular cell growth. SOX TFs are a conserved group of transcriptional regulators that mediate DNA binding through a highly conserved high-mobility group (HMG) domain. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that cell fate and differentiation in major developmental processes are controlled by SOX TFs. Besides; numerous reports indicate that both up- and down-regulation of SOX TFs may induce cancer progression. In this review, we discuss the involvement of key TFs of SOX family in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasann Kumar
- The Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India; The Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mistri
- The Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India; The Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India.
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Javaeed A, Ghauri SK. Metastatic potential and prognostic significance of SOX2: A meta-analysis. World J Clin Oncol 2019; 10:234-246. [PMID: 31367532 PMCID: PMC6657218 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v10.i6.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SOX2 is a regulator of pluripotent cellular transcription, yet it has been recently integrated in cancer biology. The present study provides an analytic insight into the correlation of SOX2 overexpression with cancer metastasis and patient survival.
AIM To investigate the association of SOX2 overexpression with metastasis and its implication in the prognosis of cancer patients.
METHODS A meta-analysis was conducted including studies that compared the association of low or high SOX2 expression with lymph node metastasis (LNM) and/or distant metastasis (DM). The following data were additionally extracted: survival, including the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), and prevalence of high and low SOX2 expression. Odds ratios (commonly known as ORs) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to investigate the association between SOX2 expression and LNM and DM, while hazard ratios (commonly known as HRs) and 95%CIs were applied to evaluate the prognostic markers.
RESULTS In a total of 2643 patients (60.88% males), the pooled prevalence of SOX2 overexpression was 46.22% (95%CI: 39.07%-53.38%) in different types of cancer. SOX2 overexpression significantly correlated with DM (OR = 1.79, 95%CI: 1.20-3.25, P < 0.008) compared to low SOX2 expression. In subgroups analyses, a high SOX2 expression was associated with LNM in cancers of the lung, breast, and colon and associated with DM in hepatic, head and neck, and colon cancers. SOX2 overexpression was also associated with a shorter OS (HR = 1.65, 95%CI: 1.34-2.04, P < 0.001) and DFS (HR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.14-2.08, P = 0.005).
CONCLUSION A remarkable role of SOX2 overexpression was observed in cancer biology and metastasis. However, many questions in the regulatory pathways need to be addressed to reveal as many functional aspects as possible to tailor new targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslaan Javaeed
- Department of Pathology, Poonch Medical College, Azad Kashmir, Rawalakot 1235, Pakistan
| | - Sanniya Khan Ghauri
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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Li X, Qi S, Ma D, Fan J, Wang J. Long non-coding RNA BLACAT1 promotes the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells via Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:4703-4708. [PMID: 31086604 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are hypothesized to regulate numerous biological behaviors in human cancers. The present study aimed to explore the roles of lncRNA bladder cancer associated transcript 1 (BLACAT1) in glioma. The expression of BLACAT1 in glioma tissues and cell lines was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, wound healing assay and Transwell invasion assay were used to explore the roles of BLACAT1 in glioma cells. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were used to determine the BLACAT1 molecular mechanism. The findings demonstrated that lncRNA BLACAT1 was overexpressed in glioma tissues and cell lines. High BLACAT1 expression was correlated with high tumor grade in glioma patients. Functional assays determined that BLACAT1 promoted glioma cell proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro. In addition, it was demonstrated that BLACAT1 activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In conclusion, BLACAT1 may serve as an oncogenic lncRNA in glioma progression via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Therefore, BLACAT1 may be a novel therapeutic target for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiushan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056002, P.R. China
| | - Shujing Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056002, P.R. China
| | - Dongzhou Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056002, P.R. China
| | - Jinbiao Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056002, P.R. China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056002, P.R. China
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Abdelrahman AE, Ibrahim HM, Elsebai EA, Ismail EI, Elmesallamy W. The clinicopathological significance of CD133 and Sox2 in astrocytic glioma. Cancer Biomark 2019; 23:391-403. [PMID: 30248046 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-181460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment strategies of astrocytoma have not changed considerably due to the restricted appreciation of its biology. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the expression of the stem cell-related proteins (CD133 and Sox2) and their prognostic value in astrocytic glioma. METHODS The immunohistochemical expression of CD133 and Sox2 in 40 patients with an astrocytic glioma of different grades was studied. The recorded data on the overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and the response to the therapeutic protocol were collected and lastly analyzed. RESULTS CD133 expression was observed in 87.5% of the cases, while positive Sox2 expression was found in all the studied cases. There was a significant association of CD133 expression with the histological grade and the tumor size (p< 0.001). A significant association of Sox2 with the histological grade and the tumor size was noted (p= 0.004, p= 0.006 respectively). Up-regulation of both CD133 and Sox2 had a significant association with poor clinical response to the therapy (p< 0.001 for each). Shorter OS and PFS were related to CD133 and Sox2 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Astrocytoma with CD133 and Sox2 overexpression had an unfavorable prognosis and poor clinical response to the current therapeutic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza E Abdelrahman
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hanaa M Ibrahim
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman A Elsebai
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman I Ismail
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wael Elmesallamy
- Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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The role of SOX family members in solid tumours and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:122-153. [PMID: 30914279 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a heavy burden for humans across the world with high morbidity and mortality. Transcription factors including sex determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) proteins are thought to be involved in the regulation of specific biological processes. The deregulation of gene expression programs can lead to cancer development. Here, we review the role of the SOX family in breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, thyroid cancer, brain tumours, gastrointestinal and lung tumours as well as the entailing therapeutic implications. The SOX family consists of more than 20 members that mediate DNA binding by the HMG domain and have regulatory functions in development, cell-fate decision, and differentiation. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5, SOX8, SOX9, and SOX18 are up-regulated in different cancer types and have been found to be associated with poor prognosis, while the up-regulation of SOX11 and SOX30 appears to be favourable for the outcome in other cancer types. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5 and other SOX members are involved in tumorigenesis, e.g. SOX2 is markedly up-regulated in chemotherapy resistant cells. The SoxF family (SOX7, SOX17, SOX18) plays an important role in angio- and lymphangiogenesis, with SOX18 seemingly being an attractive target for anti-angiogenic therapy and the treatment of metastatic disease in cancer. In summary, SOX transcription factors play an important role in cancer progression, including tumorigenesis, changes in the tumour microenvironment, and metastasis. Certain SOX proteins are potential molecular markers for cancer prognosis and putative potential therapeutic targets, but further investigations are required to understand their physiological functions.
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AKT drives SOX2 overexpression and cancer cell stemness in esophageal cancer by protecting SOX2 from UBR5-mediated degradation. Oncogene 2019; 38:5250-5264. [PMID: 30894683 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a transcription factor critical for embryonic and adult stem cell self-renewal and function, SOX2 gene amplification has been recognized as a driving factor for various cancers including esophageal cancer. SOX2 overexpression occurs more broadly in cancer than gene amplification, but the mechanism is poorly understood. Here we showed that in esophageal cancer cell lines the levels of SOX2 proteins are not directly correlated to the copy numbers of SOX2 genes and are strongly influenced by proteostasis. We showed that AKT is a major determinant for SOX2 overexpression and does so by protecting SOX2 from ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation. We identified UBR5 as a major ubiquitin E3 ligase that induces SOX2 degradation through ubiquitinating SOX2 at lysine 115. Phosphorylation of SOX2 at threonine 116 by AKT inhibits the interaction of UBR5 with SOX2 and thus stabilizes SOX2. We provided evidence that AKT inhibitor can effectively downregulate SOX2 and suppress esopheageal cancer cell proliferation and stemness. Taken together, our study provides new insight into the mechanism of SOX2 overexpression in cancer and evidence for targeting AKT as a potential therapeutic strategy for SOX2-positive cancers.
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Bioinformatics Analysis Makes Revelation to Potential Properties on Regulation and Functions of Human Sox2. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:693-706. [PMID: 30712195 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2) is a transcription factor that is essential for maintaining self-renewal or pluripotency of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. The expression and distribution of Sox2 in tumor tissues have been extensively recorded, which are related to the progression and metastasis of tumor. However, a complete mechanistic understanding of Sox2 regulation and function remains to be studied. Herein, we show new potential properties of Sox2 regulation and functions from bioinformatics analysis. We use numerous algorithms to characterize the Sox2 gene promoter elements and the Sox2 protein structure, physio-chemical, localization properties and its evolutionary relationships. The expression of Sox2 is regulated by a diverse set of transcription factors and associated with the levels of methylation of CpG Islands in promoters. The structural properties of Sox2 indicate that Sox2 expresses as a stem cell marker in a variety of stem cells. Sox2 together with other transcription factors or proteins regulate the expression of downstream target genes, which makes a great difference to the biological function of stem cells. Not only stem cells, Sox2 also play an important role in tumor cells. In conclusion, this information from bioinformatics analysis will help to understand Sox2 regulation and functions better in future attempts.
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Abstract
From stem cells, to the cancer stem cell hypothesis and intratumoral heterogeneity, the following introductory chapter on brain tumor stem cells explores the history of normal and cancerous stem cells, and their implication in the current model of brain tumor development. The origins of stem cells date back to the 1960s, when they were first described as cells capable of self-renewal, extensive proliferation, and differentiation. Since then, many advances have been made and adult stem cells are now known to be present in a very wide variety of tissues. Neural stem cells were subsequently discovered 30 years later, which was shortly followed by the discovery of cancer stem cells in leukemia and in brain tumors over the next decade, effectively enabling a new understanding of cancer. Since then, many markers including CD133, brain cancer stem cells have been implicated in a variety of phenomena including intratumoral heterogeneity on the genomic, cellular, and functional levels, tumor initiation, chemotherapy-resistance, radiation-resistance, and are believed to be ultimately responsible for tumor relapse. Understanding this small and rare population of cells could be the key to solving the great enigma that is cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Yelle
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Bakhshinyan
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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66
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Schaefer T, Ramadoss A, Leu S, Tintignac L, Tostado C, Bink A, Schürch C, Müller J, Schärer J, Moffa G, Demougin P, Moes S, Stippich C, Falbo S, Neddersen H, Bucher H, Frank S, Jenö P, Lengerke C, Ritz MF, Mariani L, Boulay JL. Regulation of glioma cell invasion by 3q26 gene products PIK3CA, SOX2 and OPA1. Brain Pathol 2018; 29:336-350. [PMID: 30403311 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas progress by invading neighboring brain tissue to promote postoperative relapse. Transcription factor SOX2 is highly expressed in invasive gliomas and maps to chromosome region 3q26 together with the genes for PI3K/AKT signaling activator PIK3CA and effector molecules of mitochondria fusion and cell invasion, MFN1 and OPA1. Gene copy number analysis at 3q26 from 129 glioma patient biopsies revealed mutually exclusive SOX2 amplifications (26%) and OPA1 losses (19%). Both forced SOX2 expression and OPA1 inactivation increased LN319 glioma cell invasion in vitro and promoted cell dispersion in vivo in xenotransplanted D. rerio embryos. While PI3 kinase activity sustained SOX2 expression, pharmacological PI3K/AKT pathway inhibition decreased invasion and resulted in SOX2 nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation in an mTORC1-independent manner. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter gene assays together demonstrated that SOX2 trans-activates PIK3CA and OPA1. Thus, SOX2 activates PI3K/AKT signaling in a positive feedback loop, while OPA1 deletion is interpreted to counteract OPA1 trans-activation. Remarkably, neuroimaging of human gliomas with high SOX2 or low OPA1 genomic imbalances revealed significantly larger necrotic tumor zone volumes, corresponding to higher invasive capacities of tumors, while autologous necrotic cells are capable of inducing higher invasion in SOX2 overexpressing or OPA1 knocked-down relative to parental LN319. We thus propose necrosis volume as a surrogate marker for the assessment of glioma invasive potential. Whereas glioma invasion is activated by a PI3K/AKT-SOX2 loop, it is reduced by a cryptic invasion suppressor SOX2-OPA1 pathway. Thus, PI3K/AKT-SOX2 and mitochondria fission represent connected signaling networks regulating glioma invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Schaefer
- Stem Cells and Hematopoiesis Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Archana Ramadoss
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Severina Leu
- Neurosurgery Clinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Tintignac
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristobal Tostado
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Bink
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinic for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schürch
- Stem Cells and Hematopoiesis Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Müller
- Stem Cells and Hematopoiesis Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Schärer
- Stem Cells and Hematopoiesis Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giusi Moffa
- Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Demougin
- Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suzette Moes
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Stippich
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinic for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simona Falbo
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heike Neddersen
- Neurosurgery Clinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heiner Bucher
- Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Frank
- Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Jenö
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Lengerke
- Stem Cells and Hematopoiesis Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Françoise Ritz
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Mariani
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Neurosurgery Clinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Boulay
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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67
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Li ZR, Jiang Y, Hu JZ, Chen Y, Liu QZ. SOX2 knockdown inhibits the migration and invasion of basal cell carcinoma cells by targeting the SRPK1-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:1617-1625. [PMID: 30675221 PMCID: PMC6341784 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of human skin cancer, which is driven by the aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling. Previous evidence indicated that sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) is associated with the tumor metastasis. However, the expression and role of SOX2 in BCC remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to analyze the possible mechanism of SOX2 in the progression of BCC. The levels of SOX2 in BCC cells were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Transwell assays were also used to determine the migration and invasion of BCC cells. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence were used for analyzing the role of SOX2 knockdown in the serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1)-mediated phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway in BCC cells. The results demonstrated that SOX2 is overexpressed in BCC tissues and cells. In addition, SOX2 knockdown inhibited the migration and invasion of BCC cells, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progress of BCC cells. It was also observed that SOX2 knockdown decreased SRPK1 expression, which further led to the downregulation of PI3K and AKT expression levels in BCC cells. Furthermore, SRPK1 transfection or PI3K/AKT pathway activation abolished the inhibitory effects of SOX2 knockdown on the migration, invasion and EMT progress of BCC cells. In conclusion, these results indicated that SOX2 may potentially serve as a target for BCC therapy by targeting the SRPK1-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Ran Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Zhong Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Institute, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Quan-Zhong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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68
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PHF20L1 antagonizes SOX2 proteolysis triggered by the MLL1/WDR5 complexes. J Transl Med 2018; 98:1627-1641. [PMID: 30089852 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional factor SOX2 regulates stem cell pluripotency, cell differentiation and tumorigenesis. As a key factor, the expression of SOX2 is tightly regulated at transcriptional and post-translational levels. However, the underlying mechanism of SOX2 protein stability remains to be elucidated. Here we show that the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase MLL1/WDR5 complexes physically interact with SOX2 and evoke SOX2 proteolysis, possibly through methylation on a potential site lysine 42 (K42). Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing of the components of the MLL1/WDR5 complexes WDR5, MLL1, RBBP5, and ASH2L lead to the accumulation of SOX2, while forced expression of WDR5 promotes SOX2 ubiquitination and proteolysis. Conversely, PHD finger protein 20-like protein 1 (PHF20L1) associates with SOX2, antagonizes SOX2 ubiquitination and the sequential degradation induced by the MLL1/WDR5 complexes. RNA interferences of PHF20L1 promote the degradation of SOX2, while forced expression of PHF20L1 stabilizes SOX2. Co-silencing of MLL1/WDR5 components and PHF20L1 preclude degradation of SOX2 induced by knockdown of PHF20L1. Moreover, co-expression of PHF20L1 and WDR5 prevent ubiquitination of SOX2 triggered by WDR5 over-expression. However, SOX2 mutant K42R is non-sensitive to the MLL1/WDR5 complexes or PHF20L1. In addition, PHF20L1 may regulate the stability of SOX2 through its malignant brain tumor (MBT) domain, since the degradation of SOX2 is accelerated by UNC1215 and UNC669, inhibitors that bind to the MBT domain. Furthermore, abundant expression of SOX2 is highly correlated to immature ovarian teratoma. Loss of PHF20L1 weakened the tumor initiation ability of PA-1 cells while ablation of MLL1 promoted the growth of tumors. Thus, our studies reveal an antagonistic mechanism by which the protein stability of SOX2 is regulated by the MLL1/WDR5 complexes and PHF20L1, possibly through methylation of SOX2 protein, and provide a novel perspective on SOX2-positive cancer treatment.
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69
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Cancer-associated fibroblasts suppress SOX2-induced dysplasia in a lung squamous cancer coculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11671-E11680. [PMID: 30487219 PMCID: PMC6294935 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803718115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor−stroma interactions play a critical role in regulating tumorigenesis. However, how these interactions contribute to changes in tissue architecture and cell polarity observed during tumor development is unclear. Here we report a 3D coculture system that recapitulates key phenotypic changes during the progression of lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC) as well as the dynamic interactions between LUSC cells and components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Our data suggest that two major components of TME, including the extracellular matrix and cancer-associated fibroblasts, could override cell intrinsic oncogenic changes in determining the disease phenotype in the context of LUSC. These findings may have broad implications for LUSC biology as well as the design of future therapies. Tumorigenesis depends on intricate interactions between genetically altered tumor cells and their surrounding microenvironment. While oncogenic drivers in lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC) have been described, the role of stroma in modulating tissue architecture, particularly cell polarity, remains unclear. Here, we report the establishment of a 3D coculture system of LUSC epithelial cells with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and extracellular matrix that together capture key components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Single LUSC epithelial cells develop into acinar-like structures with 0.02% efficiency, and addition of CAFs provides proper tumor−stromal interactions within an appropriate 3D architectural context. Using this model, we recapitulate key pathological changes during tumorigenesis, from hyperplasia to dysplasia and eventually invasion, in malignant LUSC spheroids that undergo phenotypic switching in response to cell intrinsic and extrinsic changes. Overexpression of SOX2 is sufficient to mediate the transition from hyperplasia to dysplasia in LUSC spheroids, while the presence of CAFs makes them invasive. Unexpectedly, CAFs suppress the activity of high SOX2 levels, restore hyperplasia, and enhance the formation of acinar-like structures. Taken together, these observations suggest that stromal factors can override cell intrinsic oncogenic changes in determining the disease phenotype, thus providing fundamental evidence for the existence of dynamic reciprocity between the nucleus and the TME of LUSC.
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70
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Birch JL, Strathdee K, Gilmour L, Vallatos A, McDonald L, Kouzeli A, Vasan R, Qaisi AH, Croft DR, Crighton D, Gill K, Gray CH, Konczal J, Mezna M, McArthur D, Schüttelkopf AW, McConnell P, Sime M, Holmes WM, Bower J, McKinnon HJ, Drysdale M, Olson MF, Chalmers AJ. A Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of MRCK Prevents Radiation-Driven Invasion in Glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6509-6522. [PMID: 30279244 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and incurable primary brain tumor that causes severe neurologic, cognitive, and psychologic symptoms. Symptoms are caused and exacerbated by the infiltrative properties of GBM cells, which enable them to pervade the healthy brain and disrupt normal function. Recent research has indicated that although radiotherapy (RT) remains the most effective component of multimodality therapy for patients with GBM, it can provoke a more infiltrative phenotype in GBM cells that survive treatment. Here, we demonstrate an essential role of the actin-myosin regulatory kinase myotonic dystrophy kinase-related CDC42-binding kinase (MRCK) in mediating the proinvasive effects of radiation. MRCK-mediated invasion occurred via downstream signaling to effector molecules MYPT1 and MLC2. MRCK was activated by clinically relevant doses per fraction of radiation, and this activation was concomitant with an increase in GBM cell motility and invasion. Furthermore, ablation of MRCK activity either by RNAi or by inhibition with the novel small-molecule inhibitor BDP-9066 prevented radiation-driven increases in motility both in vitro and in a clinically relevant orthotopic xenograft model of GBM. Crucially, treatment with BDP-9066 in combination with RT significantly increased survival in this model and markedly reduced infiltration of the contralateral cerebral hemisphere.Significance: An effective new strategy for the treatment of glioblastoma uses a novel, anti-invasive chemotherapeutic to prevent infiltration of the normal brain by glioblastoma cells.Cancer Res; 78(22); 6509-22. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Birch
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Karen Strathdee
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley Gilmour
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Antoine Vallatos
- Glasgow Experimental MRI Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura McDonald
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ariadni Kouzeli
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richa Vasan
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel R Croft
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Crighton
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Gill
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher H Gray
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Konczal
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mokdad Mezna
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan McArthur
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander W Schüttelkopf
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia McConnell
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mairi Sime
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William M Holmes
- Glasgow Experimental MRI Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Bower
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Heather J McKinnon
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Drysdale
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F Olson
- CRUK Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Chalmers
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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71
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Liu Z, Kuang W, Zhou Q, Zhang Y. TGF-β1 secreted by M2 phenotype macrophages enhances the stemness and migration of glioma cells via the SMAD2/3 signalling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3395-3403. [PMID: 30320350 PMCID: PMC6202079 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive correlation between the number of M2 phenotype TAMs (M2-TAMs) and tumour development suggests a supportive role of M2-TAMs in glioma progression. In the present study, the molecular link between glioma cells and M2-TAMs was investigated and it was demonstrated that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) secreted by M2-TAMs is key in facilitating the stemness and migration of glioma cells. Cluster of differentiation (CD)133 and CD44, markers for the M2 phenotype, were assessed by western blotting. A sphere formation assay and trans-well assay were applied to test the stemness and migration abilities of glioma cells following co-cultured with M2-TAMs. Stemness markers CD133 and CD44, epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated markers and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD)2/3 and sex determining region Y-box 4/2 (SOX4/2) levels were also evaluated by western blotting. A xenograft tumor mouse model was used to demonstrate the tumor forming ability of glioma cells. The results showed that the U251 glioma cells co-cultured with M2-TAMs exhibited high level of sphere formation, stemness and migration ability. Recombinant TGF-β1 protein treatment was able to achieve the same effects on U251 cells, whereas a TGF-β pathway inhibitor reversed the stemness and migration abilities of the glioma cells induced by M2-TAMs. It was also demonstrated that TGF-β1 secreted by M2-TAMs upregulated the phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 and the expression of SOX4/2 in glioma cells. In a mouse xenograft model, solid tumours formed by U251 cells co-cultured with M2-TAMs or pre-treated with TGF-β1 were larger in size and had a higher growth rate. Taken together, results of the present study demonstrated that M2-TAMs promoted the stemness and migration abilities of glioma cells by secreting TGF-β1, which activated the SMAD2/3 pathway and induced the expression of SOX4 and SOX2. These results highlight the mechanism by which M2-TAMs and glioma interact and demonstrate potential therapeutic strategies for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Weilu Kuang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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72
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Khan IN, Ullah N, Hussein D, Saini KS. Current and emerging biomarkers in tumors of the central nervous system: Possible diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic applications. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 52:85-102. [PMID: 28774835 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishaq N Khan
- PK-Neurooncology Research Group, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan.
| | - Deema Hussein
- Neurooncology Translational Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kulvinder S Saini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh 173101, India.
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73
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Lv K, Chen Z, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Liu L. Selective enrichment of CD133 +/SOX2 + glioblastoma stem cells via adherent culture. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:4567-4576. [PMID: 30197675 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the brain tumors are malignant with an extremely poor survival rate. Recent progress in identifying cancer stem cells (CSCs) within the brain tumors is starting to revolutionize our understanding in the imitation and progression of tumors as well as relapse and the development of therapeutic strategies. Suspension spheroid body culture paradigm is a routine method in enriching CSCs. While, it was reported recently that CSCs within the brain tumor may also be enriched through adherent monolayer culture with optimized properties. In the present study, 18 surgically resected brain tumors were used for analyzing the feasibility of adherent enrichment of CSCs. The results indicated that 50% of glioblastomas were able to generate adherent CSCs, which were uniformly positive for Sox2, CD133, GFAP and Nestin. However, adherent culture paradigm failed to yield CSCs in secondary brain tumors, including neurocytomas, ependymomas, germ cell tumors or low-grade astrocytomas, which is most likely due to a lack of CD133+/Sox2+ cells within the original biopsies. Therefore, it was concluded that the adherent culture paradigm may serve as a reliable method in enriching brain CSCs, but this method is more suitable for enriching CD133+/Sox2+ CSCs in glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lv
- Neurosurgical Department, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Institute of Translational Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Institute of Translational Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Quanbin Zhang
- Neurosurgical Department, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Institute of Translational Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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74
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PR-LncRNA signature regulates glioma cell activity through expression of SOX factors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12746. [PMID: 30143669 PMCID: PMC6109087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have emerged as a relevant class of genome regulators involved in a broad range of biological processes and with important roles in tumor initiation and malignant progression. We have previously identified a p53-regulated tumor suppressor signature of LncRNAs (PR-LncRNAs) in colorectal cancer. Our aim was to identify the expression and function of this signature in gliomas. We found that the expression of the four PR-LncRNAs tested was high in human low-grade glioma samples and diminished with increasing grade of disease, being the lowest in glioblastoma samples. Functional assays demonstrated that PR-LncRNA silencing increased glioma cell proliferation and oncosphere formation. Mechanistically, we found an inverse correlation between PR-LncRNA expression and SOX1, SOX2 and SOX9 stem cell factors in human glioma biopsies and in glioma cells in vitro. Moreover, knock-down of SOX activity abolished the effect of PR-LncRNA silencing in glioma cell activity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the expression and function of PR-LncRNAs are significantly altered in gliomagenesis and that their activity is mediated by SOX factors. These results may provide important insights into the mechanisms responsible for glioblastoma pathogenesis.
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75
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SOX2 recruits KLF4 to regulate nasopharyngeal carcinoma proliferation via PI3K/AKT signaling. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:61. [PMID: 30108202 PMCID: PMC6092437 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX2 is a transcription factor that contributes to transcription modification and cancer, but the mechanism by which SOX2 regulates nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell proliferation is not well understood. Here, we identify a SOX2 signaling pathway that facilitates nasopharyngeal carcinoma, where it is upregulated. SOX2 expression was associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient survival. SOX2 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, and tumorigenesis in an subcutaneous mouse xenograft model system. Six hundred and ninety-nine candidate SOX2 downstream dysregulated genes were identified in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through cDNA microarray analysis. SOX2 recruited the nuclear transcription factor KLF4 to bind to the PIK3CA promoter upregulate PIK3CA expression, acting to enhance PI3K/AKT signaling and tumorigenesis by upregulating PIK3CA expression. Besides, overexpressing activated AKT or PIK3CA rescued the growth inhibition of cells due to SOX2 knockdown. Together, our study suggest that SOX2 exhibits oncogenic properties and may be a reliable molecular biomarker in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Targeting SOX2 might be a promising treatment strategy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment.
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76
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Moreno M, Pedrosa L, Paré L, Pineda E, Bejarano L, Martínez J, Balasubramaniyan V, Ezhilarasan R, Kallarackal N, Kim SH, Wang J, Audia A, Conroy S, Marin M, Ribalta T, Pujol T, Herreros A, Tortosa A, Mira H, Alonso MM, Gómez-Manzano C, Graus F, Sulman EP, Piao X, Nakano I, Prat A, Bhat KP, de la Iglesia N. GPR56/ADGRG1 Inhibits Mesenchymal Differentiation and Radioresistance in Glioblastoma. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2183-2197. [PMID: 29166609 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A mesenchymal transition occurs both during the natural evolution of glioblastoma (GBM) and in response to therapy. Here, we report that the adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR56/ADGRG1, inhibits GBM mesenchymal differentiation and radioresistance. GPR56 is enriched in proneural and classical GBMs and is lost during their transition toward a mesenchymal subtype. GPR56 loss of function promotes mesenchymal differentiation and radioresistance of glioma initiating cells both in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, a low GPR56-associated signature is prognostic of a poor outcome in GBM patients even within non-G-CIMP GBMs. Mechanistically, we reveal GPR56 as an inhibitor of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, thereby providing the rationale by which this receptor prevents mesenchymal differentiation and radioresistance. A pan-cancer analysis suggests that GPR56 might be an inhibitor of the mesenchymal transition across multiple tumor types beyond GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moreno
- Glioma and Neural Stem Cell Group, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leire Pedrosa
- Glioma and Neural Stem Cell Group, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Team, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Paré
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Team, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estela Pineda
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Team, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leire Bejarano
- Glioma and Neural Stem Cell Group, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Martínez
- Department of Basic Nursing, Universitat de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ravesanker Ezhilarasan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Naveen Kallarackal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sung-Hak Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Alessandra Audia
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Siobhan Conroy
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mercedes Marin
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Team, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Ribalta
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Human and Experimental Functional Oncomorphology, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Pujol
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Herreros
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Avelina Tortosa
- Department of Basic Nursing, Universitat de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helena Mira
- Stem Cells and Aging Unit, Biomedicine Institute of València (IBV), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Marta M Alonso
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; The Health Research Institute of Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Foundation for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Candelaria Gómez-Manzano
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Francesc Graus
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erik P Sulman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Aleix Prat
- Glioma and Neural Stem Cell Group, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Team, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Krishna P Bhat
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Núria de la Iglesia
- Glioma and Neural Stem Cell Group, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Team, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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77
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Alamir H, Alomari M, Salwati AAA, Saka M, Bangash M, Baeesa S, Alghamdi F, Carracedo A, Schulten HJ, Chaudhary A, Abuzenadah A, Hussein D. In situ characterization of stem cells-like biomarkers in meningiomas. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:77. [PMID: 29849507 PMCID: PMC5970464 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meningioma cancer stem cells (MCSCs) contribute to tumor aggressiveness and drug resistance. Successful therapies developed for inoperable, recurrent, or metastatic tumors must target these cells and restrict their contribution to tumor progression. Unfortunately, the identity of MCSCs remains elusive, and MSCSs’ in situ spatial distribution, heterogeneity, and relationship with tumor grade, remain unclear. Methods Seven tumors classified as grade II or grade III, including one case of metastatic grade III, and eight grade I meningioma tumors, were analyzed for combinations of ten stem cell (SC)-related markers using immunofluorescence of consecutive sections. The correlation of expression for all markers were investigated. Three dimensional spatial distribution of markers were qualitatively analyzed using a grid, designed as a repository of information for positive staining. All statistical analyses were completed using Statistical Analysis Software Package. Results The patterns of expression for SC-related markers were determined in the context of two dimensional distribution and cellular features. All markers could be detected in all tumors, however, Frizzled 9 and GFAP had differential expression in grade II/III compared with grade I meningioma tissues. Correlation analysis showed significant relationships between the expression of GFAP and CD133 as well as SSEA4 and Vimentin. Data from three dimensional analysis showed a complex distribution of SC markers, with increased gene hetero-expression being associated with grade II/III tumors. Sub regions that showed multiple co-staining of markers including CD133, Frizzled 9, GFAP, Vimentin, and SSEA4, but not necessarily the proliferation marker Ki67, were highly associated with grade II/III meningiomas. Conclusion The distribution and level of expression of CSCs markers in meningiomas are variable and show hetero-expression patterns that have a complex spatial nature, particularly in grade II/III meningiomas. Thus, results strongly support the notion of heterogeneous populations of CSCs, even in grade I meningiomas, and call for the use of multiple markers for the accurate identification of individual CSC subgroups. Such identification will lead to practical clinical diagnostic protocols that can quantitate CSCs, predict tumor recurrence, assist in guiding treatment selection for inoperable tumors, and improve follow up of therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-018-0571-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanin Alamir
- 1Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alomari
- 2King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulla Ahmed A Salwati
- 2King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Saka
- 2King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bangash
- 3Division of Neurosurgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Baeesa
- 3Division of Neurosurgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alghamdi
- 4Pathology Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Angel Carracedo
- 5Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine-SERGAS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,6Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hans-Juergen Schulten
- 6Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeel Chaudhary
- 1Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,6Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,7Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Abuzenadah
- 1Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,2King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,7Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Deema Hussein
- 2King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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78
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Migration/Invasion of Malignant Gliomas and Implications for Therapeutic Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041115. [PMID: 29642503 PMCID: PMC5979613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are among cancers with the poorest prognosis, indicated by their association with tumors of high-level morbidity and mortality. Gliomas, the most common primary CNS tumors that arise from neuroglial stem or progenitor cells, have estimated annual incidence of 6.6 per 100,000 individuals in the USA, and 3.5 per 100,000 individuals in Taiwan. Tumor invasion and metastasis are the major contributors to the deaths in cancer patients. Therapeutic goals including cancer stem cells (CSC), phenotypic shifts, EZH2/AXL/TGF-β axis activation, miRNAs and exosomes are relevant to GBM metastasis to develop novel targeted therapeutics for GBM and other brain cancers. Herein, we highlight tumor metastasis in our understanding of gliomas, and illustrate novel exosome therapeutic approaches in glioma, thereby paving the way towards innovative therapies in neuro-oncology.
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79
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Wuebben EL, Rizzino A. The dark side of SOX2: cancer - a comprehensive overview. Oncotarget 2018; 8:44917-44943. [PMID: 28388544 PMCID: PMC5546531 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pluripotency-associated transcription factor SOX2 is essential during mammalian embryogenesis and later in life, but SOX2 expression can also be highly detrimental. Over the past 10 years, SOX2 has been shown to be expressed in at least 25 different cancers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the roles of SOX2 in cancer and focuses on two broad topics. The first delves into the expression and function of SOX2 in cancer focusing on the connection between SOX2 levels and tumor grade as well as patient survival. As part of this discussion, we address the developing connection between SOX2 expression and tumor drug resistance. We also call attention to an under-appreciated property of SOX2, its levels in actively proliferating tumor cells appear to be optimized to maximize tumor growth - too little or too much SOX2 dramatically alters tumor growth. The second topic of this review focuses on the exquisite array of molecular mechanisms that control the expression and transcriptional activity of SOX2. In addition to its complex regulation at the transcriptional level, SOX2 expression and activity are controlled carefully by microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and post-translational modifications. In the Conclusion and Future Perspectives section, we point out that there are still important unanswered questions. Addressing these questions is expected to lead to new insights into the functions of SOX2 in cancer, which will help design novels strategies for more effectively treating some of the most deadly cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Wuebben
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Angie Rizzino
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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80
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Carrasco-Garcia E, Moreno-Cugnon L, Garcia I, Borras C, Revuelta M, Izeta A, Lopez-Lluch G, de Pancorbo MM, Vergara I, Vina J, Matheu A. SOX2 expression diminishes with ageing in several tissues in mice and humans. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 177:30-36. [PMID: 29574045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SOX2 (Sex-determining region Y box 2) is a transcription factor expressed in several foetal and adult tissues and its deregulated activity has been linked to chronic diseases associated with ageing. Nevertheless, the level of SOX2 expression in aged individuals at the tissue level has not previously been examined. In this work, we show that SOX2 expression decreases significantly in the brain with ageing, in both humans and rodents. The administration of resveratrol for 6 months in mice partly attenuated this reduction. We also identified an age-related decline in SOX2 mRNA and protein expression in several other organs, namely, the lung, heart, kidney, spleen and liver. Moreover, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from elderly expressed lower levels of SOX2 than those from young individuals. Mechanistically, SOX2 expression inversely correlates with p16Ink4a levels. Together, these data show a widespread decrease in SOX2 with age, suggesting that the decline in SOX2 expression might be used as a biomarker of ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Carrasco-Garcia
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; CIBERfes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leire Moreno-Cugnon
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Idoia Garcia
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; CIBERfes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Borras
- FRESHAGE Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miren Revuelta
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Izeta
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Guillermo Lopez-Lluch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology (CABD), Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Marian M de Pancorbo
- BIOMICs Research Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Itziar Vergara
- Primary Care Research Unit Gipuzkoa, Osakidetza, Kronikgune, Health Research in Chronic Diseases and Aging Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jose Vina
- FRESHAGE Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; CIBERfes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; CIBERfes, Madrid, Spain.
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81
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Longevity-Related Gene Transcriptomic Signature in Glioblastoma Multiforme. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8753063. [PMID: 29849920 PMCID: PMC5914091 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8753063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) (grade IV astrocytoma) has been assumed to be the most fatal type of glioma with low survival and high recurrence rates, even after prompt surgical removal and aggressive courses of treatment. Transcriptional reprogramming to stem cell-like state could explain some of the deregulated molecular signatures in GBM disease. The present study aimed to quantify the expression profiling of longevity-related transcriptional factors SOX2, OCT3/4, and NANOG to evaluate their diagnostic and performance values in high-grade gliomas. Forty-four specimens were obtained from glioblastoma patients (10 females and 34 males). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied for relative gene expression quantification. In silico network analysis was executed. NANOG and OCT3/4 mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated while that of SOX2 was upregulated in cancer compared to noncancer tissues. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed high diagnostic performance of NANOG and OCT3/4 than SOX2. However, the aberrant expressions of the genes studied were not associated with the prognostic variables in the current population. In conclusion, the current study highlighted the aberrant expression of certain longevity-associated transcription factors in glioblastoma multiforme which may direct the attention towards new strategies in the treatment of such lethal disease.
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82
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Yang SH, Li S, Lu G, Xue H, Kim DH, Zhu JJ, Liu Y. Metformin treatment reduces temozolomide resistance of glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:78787-78803. [PMID: 27791206 PMCID: PMC5346677 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that metformin acts synergistically with temozolomide (TMZ) to inhibit proliferation of glioma cells including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). However, the molecular mechanism underlying how metformin exerts its anti-cancer effects remains elusive. We used a combined experimental and bioinformatics approach to identify genes and complex regulatory/signal transduction networks that are involved in restoring TMZ sensitivity of GBM cells after metformin treatment. First, we established TMZ resistant GBM cell lines and found that the resistant cells regained TMZ sensitivity after metformin treatment. We further identified that metformin down-regulates SOX2 expression in TMZ-resistant glioma cells, reduces neurosphere formation capacity of glioblastoma cells, and inhibits GBM xenograft growth in vivo. Finally, the global gene expression profiling data reveals that multiple pathways are involved in metformin treatment related gene expression changes, including fatty acid metabolism and RNA binding and splicing pathways. Our work provided insight of the mechanisms on potential synergistic effects of TMZ and metformin in the treatment of glioblastoma, which will in turn yield potentially translational value for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ho Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, South Korea.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shenglan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guangrong Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Haipeng Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dong H Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jay-Jiguang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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83
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Chung JH, Jung HR, Jung AR, Lee YC, Kong M, Lee JS, Eun YG. SOX2 activation predicts prognosis in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1677. [PMID: 29374236 PMCID: PMC5785960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20086-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX2 copy number and mRNA expression were analysed to examine the clinical significance of SOX2 activation in HNSCC. Gene expression signatures reflecting SOX2 activation were identified in an HNSCC cohort. Patients with HNSCC were classified into two subgroups according to the gene expression signature: SOX2-high and SOX2-low. The clinical significance of SOX2 activation was further validated in two independent cohorts. Moreover, clinical significance of SOX2 activation in response to radiotherapy was assessed in patients with HNSCC. The relationship between SOX2 activation and radiotherapy was validated in an in vitro experiment. Patients in the SOX2-high subgroup had a better prognosis than patients in the SOX2-low subgroup in all three patient cohorts. Results of multivariate regression analysis showed that SOX2 signature was an independent predictor of the overall survival of patients with HNSCC (hazard ratio, 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.92; P = 0.01). Interestingly, SOX2 activation was a predictor of therapy outcomes in patients receiving radiotherapy. Moreover, SOX2 overexpression enhanced the effect of radiotherapy in HNSCC cell lines. SOX2 activation is associated with improved prognosis of patients with HNSCC and might be used to predict which patients might benefit from radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Chung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae Rim Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ah Ra Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Chan Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moonkyoo Kong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Young-Gyu Eun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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84
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Zhang C, Hoang N, Leng F, Saxena L, Lee L, Alejo S, Qi D, Khal A, Sun H, Lu F, Zhang H. LSD1 demethylase and the methyl-binding protein PHF20L1 prevent SET7 methyltransferase-dependent proteolysis of the stem-cell protein SOX2. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3663-3674. [PMID: 29358331 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pluripotency-controlling stem-cell protein SRY-box 2 (SOX2) plays a pivotal role in maintaining the self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells and also of teratocarcinoma or embryonic carcinoma cells. SOX2 is monomethylated at lysine 119 (Lys-119) in mouse embryonic stem cells by the SET7 methyltransferase, and this methylation triggers ubiquitin-dependent SOX2 proteolysis. However, the molecular regulators and mechanisms controlling SET7-induced SOX2 proteolysis are unknown. Here, we report that in human ovarian teratocarcinoma PA-1 cells, methylation-dependent SOX2 proteolysis is dynamically regulated by the LSD1 lysine demethylase and a methyl-binding protein, PHD finger protein 20-like 1 (PHF20L1). We found that LSD1 not only removes the methyl group from monomethylated Lys-117 (equivalent to Lys-119 in mouse SOX2), but it also demethylates monomethylated Lys-42 in SOX2, a reaction that SET7 also regulated and that also triggered SOX2 proteolysis. Our studies further revealed that PHF20L1 binds both monomethylated Lys-42 and Lys-117 in SOX2 and thereby prevents SOX2 proteolysis. Down-regulation of either LSD1 or PHF20L1 promoted SOX2 proteolysis, which was prevented by SET7 inactivation in both PA-1 and mouse embryonic stem cells. Our studies also disclosed that LSD1 and PHF20L1 normally regulate the growth of pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells and PA-1 cells by preventing methylation-dependent SOX2 proteolysis. In conclusion, our findings reveal an important mechanism by which the stability of the pluripotency-controlling stem-cell protein SOX2 is dynamically regulated by the activities of SET7, LSD1, and PHF20L1 in pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Zhang
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154 and.,the Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Nam Hoang
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154 and
| | - Feng Leng
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154 and.,the Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lovely Saxena
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154 and
| | - Logan Lee
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154 and
| | - Salvador Alejo
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154 and
| | - Dandan Qi
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154 and.,the Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Anthony Khal
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154 and
| | - Hong Sun
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154 and
| | - Fei Lu
- the Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154 and
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85
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SOX2-silenced squamous cell carcinoma: a highly malignant form of esophageal cancer with SOX2 promoter hypermethylation. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:83-92. [PMID: 28862264 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study originally aimed to investigate whether the overexpression of SOX2 is associated with the poor prognosis of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. However, we unexpectedly found that esophageal squamous cell carcinomas completely lacking SOX2 expression showed distinct pathologic features and highly aggressive clinical courses. The study cohort consisted of 113 consecutive patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent surgical resection without neoadjuvant therapy. Immunostaining on tissue microarrays and whole sections revealed that 8/113 (7%) cases were entirely negative for this transcriptional factor. SOX2-negative cancers were histologically less differentiated (P=0.002) and showed higher pT and pStages (P=0.003 and 0.007, respectively) than SOX2-positive cases. A remarkable finding was widespread lymphatic infiltration distant from the primary invasive focus, which was observed in 4 SOX2-negative cancers (50%), but none of the SOX2-positive cases. All separate dysplastic lesions observed in SOX2-negative cases were also SOX2-negative. The negative expression of SOX2 appeared to be an independent poor prognostic factor (OR=7.05, 95% CI=1.27-39.0). No mutations were identified in the coding or non-coding regions of SOX2. Fluorescent in situ hybridization did not show any copy-number variations in this gene. Since the SOX2 promoter contains an extensive CpG island, SOX2-negative cases underwent methylation-specific PCR, which disclosed promoter hypermethylation in all cases. In conclusion, SOX2-silenced squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus appear to be a minor, but distinct form of malignancy characterized by extensive lymphatic invasion, a poor prognosis, and potential association with multiple SOX2-negative neoplastic lesions. The hypermethylation of the promoter region is seemingly a critical epigenetic event leading to SOX2 silencing.
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86
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Abstract
DNA methylation is a dynamic epigenetic mark that characterizes different cellular developmental stages, including tissue-specific profiles. This CpG dinucleotide modification cooperates in the regulation of the output of the cellular genetic content, in both healthy and pathological conditions. According to endogenous and exogenous stimuli, DNA methylation is involved in gene transcription, alternative splicing, imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, and control of transposable elements. When these dinucleotides are organized in dense regions are called CpG islands (CGIs), being commonly known as transcriptional regulatory regions frequently associated with the promoter region of several genes. In cancer, promoter DNA hypermethylation events sustained the mechanistic hypothesis of epigenetic transcriptional silencing of an increasing number of tumor suppressor genes. CGI hypomethylation-mediated reactivation of oncogenes was also documented in several cancer types. In this chapter, we aim to summarize the functional consequences of the differential DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotides in cancer, focused in CGIs. Interestingly, cancer methylome is being recently explored, looking for biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and predictors of drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto J Ferreira
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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87
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Bakhshinyan D, Adile AA, Qazi MA, Singh M, Kameda-Smith MM, Yelle N, Chokshi C, Venugopal C, Singh SK. Introduction to Cancer Stem Cells: Past, Present, and Future. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1692:1-16. [PMID: 28986882 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7401-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) hypothesis postulates the existence of a small population of cancer cells with intrinsic properties allowing for resistance to conventional radiochemotherapy regiments and increased metastatic potential. Clinically, the aggressive nature of CSCs has been shown to correlate with increased tumor recurrence, metastatic spread, and overall poor patient outcome across multiple cancer subtypes. Traditionally, isolation of CSCs has been achieved through utilization of cell surface markers, while the functional differences between CSCs and remaining tumor cells have been described through proliferation, differentiation, and limiting dilution assays. The generated insights into CSC biology have further highlighted the importance of studying intratumoral heterogeneity through advanced functional assays, including CRISPR-Cas9 screens in the search of novel targeted therapies. In this chapter, we review the discovery and characterization of cancer stem cells populations within several major cancer subtypes, recent developments of novel assays used in studying therapy resistant tumor cells, as well as recent developments in therapies targeted at cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bakhshinyan
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Ashley A Adile
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Maleeha A Qazi
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Mohini Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Michelle M Kameda-Smith
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Nick Yelle
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Chirayu Chokshi
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Sheila K Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
- Michael DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, MDCL 5027, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
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88
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Wuebben EL, Wilder PJ, Cox JL, Grunkemeyer JA, Caffrey T, Hollingsworth MA, Rizzino A. SOX2 functions as a molecular rheostat to control the growth, tumorigenicity and drug responses of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:34890-906. [PMID: 27145457 PMCID: PMC5085197 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly deadly malignancy. Expression of the stem cell transcription factor SOX2 increases during progression of PDAC. Knockdown of SOX2 in PDAC cell lines decreases growth in vitro; whereas, stable overexpression of SOX2 in one PDAC cell line reportedly increases growth in vitro. Here, we reexamined the role of SOX2 in PDAC cells, because inducible SOX2 overexpression in other tumor cell types inhibits growth. In this study, four PDAC cell lines were engineered for inducible overexpression of SOX2 or inducible knockdown of SOX2. Remarkably, inducible overexpression of SOX2 in PDAC cells inhibits growth in vitro and reduces tumorigenicity. Additionally, inducible knockdown of SOX2 in PDAC cells reduces growth in vitro and in vivo. Thus, growth and tumorigenicity of PDAC cells is highly dependent on the expression of optimal levels of SOX2 – a hallmark of molecular rheostats. We also determined that SOX2 alters the responses of PDAC cells to drugs used in PDAC clinical trials. Increasing SOX2 reduces growth inhibition mediated by MEK and AKT inhibitors; whereas knockdown of SOX2 further reduces growth when PDAC cells are treated with these inhibitors. Thus, targeting SOX2, or its mode of action, could improve the treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Wuebben
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, USA
| | - Phillip J Wilder
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, USA
| | - Jesse L Cox
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, USA
| | - James A Grunkemeyer
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, USA
| | - Thomas Caffrey
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, USA
| | - Angie Rizzino
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5870, USA
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89
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Molecular Determinants of Malignant Brain Cancers: From Intracellular Alterations to Invasion Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122774. [PMID: 29261132 PMCID: PMC5751372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma cells invade the surrounding brain parenchyma, by migrating along the blood vessels, thus promoting cancer growth. The biological bases of these activities are grounded in profound alterations of the metabolism and the structural organization of the cells, which consequently acquire the ability to modify the surrounding microenvironment, by altering the extracellular matrix and affecting the properties of the other cells present in the brain, such as normal glial-, endothelial- and immune-cells. Most of the effects on the surrounding environment are probably exerted through the release of a variety of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain many different classes of molecules, from genetic material to defined species of lipids and enzymes. EV-associated molecules can be either released into the extracellular matrix (ECM) and/or transferred to neighboring cells: as a consequence, both deep modifications of the recipient cell phenotype and digestion of ECM components are obtained, thus causing cancer propagation, as well as a general brain dysfunction. In this review, we first analyze the main intracellular and extracellular transformations required for glioma cell invasion into the brain parenchyma; then we discuss how these events may be attributed, at least in part, to EVs that, like the pawns of a dramatic chess game with cancer, open the way to the tumor cells themselves.
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90
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Ahmadi-Beni R, Khoshnevisan A. An overview of crucial genes involved in stemness of glioblastoma multiforme. NEUROCHEM J+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971241704002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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91
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Tatè R, Zona E, De Cicco R, Trotta V, Urciuoli M, Morelli A, Baiano S, Carnuccio R, Fuggetta MP, Morelli F. Simvastatin inhibits the expression of stemness-related genes and the metastatic invasion of human cancer cells via destruction of the cytoskeleton. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1851-1859. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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92
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Masoudi MS, Mehrabian E, Mirzaei H. MiR-21: A key player in glioblastoma pathogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1285-1290. [PMID: 28727188 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is one of common cancers worldwide which has high rate among various populations. Despite serious efforts worldwide, GBM remains a deadly disease which is associated with poor prognosis. Multiple lines evidence indicated that deregulation of a variety of cellular and molecular pathways are related with GBM pathogenesis. Among of various targets involved in GBM pathogenesis, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been emerged as targets which deregulation of them are related with various stages of GBM. These molecules are small non-coding RNAs which could affect on a variety of cellular and molecular pathways involved in GBM. It has been showed that deregulation of them are associated with initiation and progression of GBM. MiR-21 is one of important miRNAs involved in GBM pathogenesis. A large number studies indicated that this miRNA could affect on a variety of cellular and molecular pathways such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3), RECK, and TIMP3. Exosomes are one of important players in GBM pathogenesis. Among of various exosomes, exosomal miR-21 may has key roles in GBM pathogenesis. These findings indicated that miR-21 has critical roles in GBM pathogenesis and could be used as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for GBM patients. Here, we summarized the roles of miR-21 and exosomal miR-21 in GBM pathogenesis. Moreover, we highlighted utilization of miR-21 as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadegh Masoudi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroendoscopy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences & Trauma Research Center of Aja University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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93
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Dong H, Hao X, Cui B, Guo M. MiR-429 suppresses glioblastoma multiforme by targeting SOX2. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:260-268. [PMID: 28749077 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that miR-429 plays an important role in the development and progression of tumour. However, the role of miR-429 in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains largely unknown. The present study is designed to investigate the function of miR-429 in GBM and to explore the molecular mechanism underlying its function. The expression level of miR-429 was detected in GBM tissues and cell lines by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effect of overexpression of miR-429 on in vitro cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion was examined. Western blot analysis was used to detect the influence of miR-429 on the expression of target gene, and Pearson analysis was used to calculate the correlation between the expression of targets gene and the miR-429 in GBM tissues. Our study shows that miR-429 is downregulated in GBM tissues compared with noncancerous tissues (P < .01). In addition, the expression of miR-429 in GBM cell lines is also significantly lower (P < .01). Enforced expression of miR-429 inhibits GBM cells proliferation, induces apoptosis and suppresses invasion and leads to the downregulation of the SOX2 protein. Moreover, the expression level of miR-429 in GBM tissues shows inverse relationship with the expression level of SOX2 protein. Our findings suggest that miR-429 represents a potential tumour-suppressive miRNA and plays an important role in GBM progression by directly targeting SOX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixiao Dong
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuzhen Hao
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Benliang Cui
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Meiling Guo
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
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94
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Vasquez JC, Huttner A, Zhang L, Marks A, Chan A, Baehring JM, Kahle KT, Dhodapkar KM. SOX2 immunity and tissue resident memory in children and young adults with glioma. J Neurooncol 2017. [PMID: 28620836 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Therapies targeting immune checkpoints are effective in tumors with a high mutation burden that express multiple neo-antigens. However, glial tumors including those seen in children carry fewer mutations and there is an unmet need to identify new antigenic targets of anti-tumor immunity. SOX2 is an embryonal stem cell antigen implicated in the biology of glioma initiating cells. Expression of SOX2 by pediatric glial tumors and the capacity of the immune system in these patients to recognize SOX2 has not been previously studied. We examined the expression of SOX2 on archived paraffin-embedded tissue from pediatric glial tumors. The presence of T-cell immunity to SOX2 was examined in both blood and tumor-infiltrating T-cells in children and young adults with glioma. The nature of tumor-infiltrating immune cells was analyzed with a 37-marker panel using single-cell mass cytometry. SOX2 is expressed by tumor cells but not surrounding normal tissue in pediatric gliomas of all grades. T-cells against this antigen can be detected in blood and tumor tissue in glioma patients. Glial tumors are enriched for CD8/CD4 T-cells with tissue resident memory (TRM; CD45RO+, CD69+, CCR7-) phenotype, which co-express multiple inhibitory checkpoints including PD-1, PD-L1 and TIGIT. Tumors also contain natural killer cells with reduced expression of lytic granzyme. Our data demonstrate immunogenicity of SOX2, which is specifically overexpressed on pediatric glial tumor cells. Harnessing tumor immunity in glioma will likely require the combined targeting of multiple inhibitory checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Vasquez
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, LMP 2073, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Anita Huttner
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Asher Marks
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, LMP 2073, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Amy Chan
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Kavita M Dhodapkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, LMP 2073, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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95
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Wuputra K, Lin CS, Tsai MH, Ku CC, Lin WH, Yang YH, Kuo KK, Yokoyama KK. Cancer cell reprogramming to identify the genes competent for generating liver cancer stem cells. Inflamm Regen 2017; 37:15. [PMID: 29259714 PMCID: PMC5725927 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-017-0041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis postulates that cancer originates from the malignant transformation of stem/progenitor cells and is considered to apply to many cancers, including liver cancer. Identification that CSCs are responsible for drug resistance, metastasis, and secondary tumor appearance suggests that these populations are novel obligatory targets for the treatment of cancer. Here, we describe our new method for identifying potential CSC candidates. The reprogramming of cancer cells via induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology is a novel therapy for the treatment and for the study of CSC-related genes. This technology has advantages for studying the interactions between CSC-related genes and the cancer niche microenvironment. This technology may also provide a useful platform for studying the genes involved in the generation of CSCs before and after reprogramming, and for elucidating the mechanisms underlying cancer initiation and progression. The present review summarizes the current understanding of transcription factors involved in the generation of liver CSCs from liver cancer cell-derived iPSCs and how these contribute to oncogenesis, and discusses the modeling of liver cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 805 Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ho Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Ya-Han Yang
- Center of Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- Center of Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Kazunari K. Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
- Center of Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
- Faculty of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, 763-2193 Japan
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96
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Abstract
Glioblastoma remains the most common and deadliest type of brain tumor and contains a population of self-renewing, highly tumorigenic glioma stem cells (GSCs), which contributes to tumor initiation and treatment resistance. Developmental programs participating in tissue development and homeostasis re-emerge in GSCs, supporting the development and progression of glioblastoma. SOX1 plays an important role in neural development and neural progenitor pool maintenance. Its impact on glioblastoma remains largely unknown. In this study, we have found that high levels of SOX1 observed in a subset of patients correlate with lower overall survival. At the cellular level, SOX1 expression is elevated in patient-derived GSCs and it is also higher in oncosphere culture compared to differentiation conditions in conventional glioblastoma cell lines. Moreover, genetic inhibition of SOX1 in patient-derived GSCs and conventional cell lines decreases self-renewal and proliferative capacity in vitro and tumor initiation and growth in vivo. Contrarily, SOX1 over-expression moderately promotes self-renewal and proliferation in GSCs. These functions seem to be independent of its activity as Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulator. In summary, these results identify a functional role for SOX1 in regulating glioma cell heterogeneity and plasticity, and suggest SOX1 as a potential target in the GSC population in glioblastoma.
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97
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Bulstrode H, Johnstone E, Marques-Torrejon MA, Ferguson KM, Bressan RB, Blin C, Grant V, Gogolok S, Gangoso E, Gagrica S, Ender C, Fotaki V, Sproul D, Bertone P, Pollard SM. Elevated FOXG1 and SOX2 in glioblastoma enforces neural stem cell identity through transcriptional control of cell cycle and epigenetic regulators. Genes Dev 2017; 31:757-773. [PMID: 28465359 PMCID: PMC5435889 DOI: 10.1101/gad.293027.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor driven by cells with hallmarks of neural stem (NS) cells. GBM stem cells frequently express high levels of the transcription factors FOXG1 and SOX2. Here we show that increased expression of these factors restricts astrocyte differentiation and can trigger dedifferentiation to a proliferative NS cell state. Transcriptional targets include cell cycle and epigenetic regulators (e.g., Foxo3, Plk1, Mycn, Dnmt1, Dnmt3b, and Tet3). Foxo3 is a critical repressed downstream effector that is controlled via a conserved FOXG1/SOX2-bound cis-regulatory element. Foxo3 loss, combined with exposure to the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine, enforces astrocyte dedifferentiation. DNA methylation profiling in differentiating astrocytes identifies changes at multiple polycomb targets, including the promoter of Foxo3 In patient-derived GBM stem cells, CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of FOXG1 does not impact proliferation in vitro; however, upon transplantation in vivo, FOXG1-null cells display increased astrocyte differentiation and up-regulate FOXO3. In contrast, SOX2 ablation attenuates proliferation, and mutant cells cannot be expanded in vitro. Thus, FOXG1 and SOX2 operate in complementary but distinct roles to fuel unconstrained self-renewal in GBM stem cells via transcriptional control of core cell cycle and epigenetic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Bulstrode
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan Johnstone
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Angeles Marques-Torrejon
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty M Ferguson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Raul Bardini Bressan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Blin
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Vivien Grant
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Gogolok
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Ester Gangoso
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Sladjana Gagrica
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Ender
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Vassiliki Fotaki
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Sproul
- MRC Human Genetics Unit
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bertone
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Steven M Pollard
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
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98
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Liu L, Michowski W, Inuzuka H, Shimizu K, Nihira NT, Chick JM, Li N, Geng Y, Meng AY, Ordureau A, Kołodziejczyk A, Ligon KL, Bronson RT, Polyak K, Harper JW, Gygi SP, Wei W, Sicinski P. G1 cyclins link proliferation, pluripotency and differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:177-188. [PMID: 28192421 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Progression of mammalian cells through the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle is driven by the D-type and E-type cyclins. According to the current models, at least one of these cyclin families must be present to allow cell proliferation. Here, we show that several cell types can proliferate in the absence of all G1 cyclins. However, following ablation of G1 cyclins, embryonic stem (ES) cells attenuated their pluripotent characteristics, with the majority of cells acquiring the trophectodermal cell fate. We established that G1 cyclins, together with their associated cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), phosphorylate and stabilize the core pluripotency factors Nanog, Sox2 and Oct4. Treatment of murine ES cells, patient-derived glioblastoma tumour-initiating cells, or triple-negative breast cancer cells with a CDK inhibitor strongly decreased Sox2 and Oct4 levels. Our findings suggest that CDK inhibition might represent an attractive therapeutic strategy by targeting glioblastoma tumour-initiating cells, which depend on Sox2 to maintain their tumorigenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Wojciech Michowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kouhei Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Naoe Taira Nihira
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Joel M Chick
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Alice Y Meng
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Alban Ordureau
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Aleksandra Kołodziejczyk
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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99
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Yi Y, Hsieh IY, Huang X, Li J, Zhao W. Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells: Characteristics, Microenvironment, and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:477. [PMID: 28003805 PMCID: PMC5141588 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), grade IV astrocytoma, is the most fatal malignant primary brain tumor. GBM contains functional subsets of cells called glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs), which are radioresistant and chemoresistant and eventually lead to tumor recurrence. Recent studies showed that GSCs reside in particular tumor niches that are necessary to support their behavior. To successfully eradicate GBM growth and recurrence, new strategies selectively targeting GSCs and/or their microenvironmental niche should be designed. In this regard, here we focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms that govern these GSC properties and on understanding the mechanism of the microenvironmental signals within the tumor mass. Moreover, to overcome the blood–brain barrier, which represents a critical limitation of GBM treatments, a new drug delivery system should be developed. Nanoparticles can be easily modified by different methods to facilitate delivery efficiency of chemotherapeutics, to enhance the accumulation within the tumors, and to promote the capacity for targeting the GSCs. Therefore, nanotechnology has become the most promising approach to GSC-targeting therapy. Additionally, we discussed the future of nanotechnology-based targeted therapy and point out the disadvantages that should be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yi
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - I-Yun Hsieh
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojia Huang
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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100
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Garros-Regulez L, Garcia I, Carrasco-Garcia E, Lantero A, Aldaz P, Moreno-Cugnon L, Arrizabalaga O, Undabeitia J, Torres-Bayona S, Villanua J, Ruiz I, Egaña L, Sampron N, Matheu A. Targeting SOX2 as a Therapeutic Strategy in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2016; 6:222. [PMID: 27822457 PMCID: PMC5075570 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant brain cancer in adults. Current therapy consisting of surgery followed by radiation and temozolomide has a moderate success rate and the tumor reappears. Among the features that a cancer cell must have to survive the therapeutic treatment and reconstitute the tumor is the ability of self-renewal. Therefore, it is vital to identify the molecular mechanisms that regulate this activity. Sex-determining region Y (SRY)-box 2 (SOX2) is a transcription factor whose activity has been associated with the maintenance of the undifferentiated state of cancer stem cells in several tissues, including the brain. Several groups have detected increased SOX2 levels in biopsies of glioblastoma patients, with the highest levels associated with poor outcome. Therefore, SOX2 silencing might be a novel therapeutic approach to combat cancer and particularly brain tumors. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about SOX2 in glioblastoma and recapitulate several strategies that have recently been described targeting SOX2 in this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Garros-Regulez
- Cellular Oncology Group, Department of Oncology, Biodonostia Institute , San Sebastian , Spain
| | - Idoia Garcia
- Cellular Oncology Group, Department of Oncology, Biodonostia Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; IKERBASQUE Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Aquilino Lantero
- Opioid Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Paula Aldaz
- Cellular Oncology Group, Department of Oncology, Biodonostia Institute , San Sebastian , Spain
| | - Leire Moreno-Cugnon
- Cellular Oncology Group, Department of Oncology, Biodonostia Institute , San Sebastian , Spain
| | - Olatz Arrizabalaga
- Cellular Oncology Group, Department of Oncology, Biodonostia Institute , San Sebastian , Spain
| | - Jose Undabeitia
- Neuro-Oncology Committee, Donostia Hospital , San Sebastian , Spain
| | | | - Jorge Villanua
- Cellular Oncology Group, Department of Oncology, Biodonostia Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; Neuro-Oncology Committee, Donostia Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Irune Ruiz
- Cellular Oncology Group, Department of Oncology, Biodonostia Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; Neuro-Oncology Committee, Donostia Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Larraitz Egaña
- Cellular Oncology Group, Department of Oncology, Biodonostia Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; Neuro-Oncology Committee, Donostia Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nicolas Sampron
- Cellular Oncology Group, Department of Oncology, Biodonostia Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; Neuro-Oncology Committee, Donostia Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology Group, Department of Oncology, Biodonostia Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; IKERBASQUE Foundation, Bilbao, Spain; Neuro-Oncology Committee, Donostia Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
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