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Exogenous Cripto-1 Suppresses Self-Renewal of Cancer Stem Cell Model. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113345. [PMID: 30373174 PMCID: PMC6274844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cripto-1 is a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored signaling protein of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-Cripto-1-FRL1-Cryptic (CFC) family and plays a significant role in the early developmental stages and in the different types of cancer cells, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and tumor angiogenesis. Previously, we have developed cancer stem cells (miPS-LLCcm) from mouse iPSCs by culturing them in the presence of conditioned medium of Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) cells for four weeks. Nodal and Cripto-1 were confirmed to be expressed in miPS-LLCcm cells by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (rt-qPCR) implying that Cr-1 was required in maintaining stemness. To investigate the biological effect of adding exogenous soluble CR-1 to the cancer stem cells, we have prepared a C-terminally truncated soluble form of recombinant human CR-1 protein (rhsfCR-1), in which the GPI anchored moiety was removed by substitution of a stop codon through site-directed mutagenesis. rhsfCR-1 effectively suppressed the proliferation and sphere forming ability of miPS-LLCcm cells in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 0 to 5 µg/mL, due to the suppression of Nodal-Cripto-1/ALK4/Smad2 signaling pathway. Frequency of sphere-forming cells was dropped from 1/40 to 1/69 by rhsfCR-1 at 1 µg/mL. Moreover, rhsfCR-1 in the range of 0 to 1 µg/mL also limited the differentiation of miPS-LLCcm cells into vascular endothelial cells probably due to the suppression of self-renewal, which should reduce the number of cells with stemness property. As demonstrated by a soluble form of exogenous Cripto-1 in this study, the efficient blockade would be an attractive way to study Cripto-1 dependent cancer stem cell properties for therapeutic application.
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52
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Hirashima K, Yue F, Kobayashi M, Uchida Y, Nakamura S, Tomotsune D, Matsumoto K, Takizawa-Shirasawa S, Yokoyama T, Kanno H, Sasaki K. Cell biological profiling of reprogrammed cancer stem cell-like colon cancer cells maintained in culture. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:697-707. [PMID: 30284085 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are specific targets for therapeutic applications, but the rarity of CSCs within tumors makes the isolation of CSCs difficult. To overcome these problems, we generated CSCs in vitro using established reprogramming techniques. We transduced four previously established reprogramming factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and L-myc, into the colon cancer cell lines LoVo and OUMS-23, and investigated the biological characteristics of these lines. Tra-1-60+ cells were obtained from reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-like colonies and showed CSC properties, including colony formation, maintenance of colonies by repeated passages, and feeder cell dependency, as well as increased expressions of CSC markers such as CD133 and ALDH1. The CSC-like cells showed increased chemoresistance to 5-fluorouracil and elevated tumorigenicity upon transplantation into kidneys of immune-deficient mice. These tumors shifted to a poorly differentiated stage with many atypical cells, cytoplasmic mucin, and focal papillary components, with demonstrated dedifferentiation. The principal component analysis from DNA microarrays showed that though both cell lines moved to iPS cells after reprogramming, they were not completely identical to iPS cells. Significantly elevated gene expression of Decorin and CD90 was observed in CSC-like cells. Together, these results show that reprogramming of cancer cells produced not pluripotent stem cells but CSC-like cells, and these findings will provide biological information about genuine CSCs and help establish new CSC-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Hirashima
- Department of Anatomy and Organ Technology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Fengming Yue
- Department of Anatomy and Organ Technology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuriko Uchida
- Department of Anatomy and Organ Technology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakamura
- Department of Anatomy and Organ Technology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Daihachiro Tomotsune
- Department of Anatomy and Organ Technology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ken Matsumoto
- Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1075-2 Hokunanmoro, Yuki, Ibaraki, 307-0036, Japan
| | | | - Tadayuki Yokoyama
- Bourbon Corporation, 4-2-14 Matsunami, Kashiwazaki, Niigata, 945-8611, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanno
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Katsunori Sasaki
- Department of Anatomy and Organ Technology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
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53
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Xu N, Li X, Watanabe M, Ueki H, Hu H, Li N, Araki M, Wada K, Xu A, Liu C, Nasu Y, Huang P. Induction of cells with prostate cancer stem-like properties from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells via conditioned medium. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:1624-1632. [PMID: 30210930 PMCID: PMC6129491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) that closely correlated with tumor growth, metastasis, provide a plausible explanation for chemoresistance and cancer relapse. CSCs are usually isolated and enriched from carcinoma cells, which is inconvenient, low-efficient, and even unreliable. Here, we converted mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs) into prostate cancer stem-like cells with carcinoma microenvironment following exposure to conditioned medium (CM) derived from RM9, a mouse prostate cancer cell line. These transformed cells, termed as miPS-RM9CM, displayed CSCs properties, including spheroids morphology and expression of both stemness genes and cancer stem cells surface markers, such as Oct3/4, Sox2, Nanog, Klf-4, c-Myc, CD44, and CD133. In addition, in vivo transplantation experiment was performed to confirm the tumorigenicity. Furthermore, we used the model to assess conventional chemotherapeutic agent, docetaxel. The results showed that miPS-RM9CM cells exhibited increased resistance to docetaxel, however, high susceptibility to the cancer cell stemness inhibitor I (BBI-608). Our current study demonstrates that CM from cultured RM9 cells play a crucial role in the determination of cell fate from miPSCs to cancer stem-like cells and provide a potentially valuable system for the study of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naijin Xu
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama, Japan
| | - Xiezhao Li
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Masami Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama, Japan
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University HospitalOkayama, Japan
| | - Hideo Ueki
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama, Japan
| | - Hao Hu
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical CenterGuangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical CenterGuangzhou, China
| | - Motoo Araki
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama, Japan
| | - Koichiro Wada
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama, Japan
| | - Abai Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yasutomo Nasu
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama, Japan
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University HospitalOkayama, Japan
- Okayama Medical Innovation Center, Okayama UniversityOkayama, Japan
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama, Japan
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Okayama Medical Innovation Center, Okayama UniversityOkayama, Japan
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54
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Regeneration of cervical reserve cell-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): A new approach to finding targets for cervical cancer stem cell treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40935-40945. [PMID: 28402962 PMCID: PMC5522215 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical reserve cells are epithelial progenitor cells that are pathologically evident as the origin of cervical cancer. Thus, investigating the characteristics of cervical reserve cells could yield insight into the features of cervical cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this study, we established a method for the regeneration of cervical reserve cell-like properties from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and named these cells induced reserve cell-like cells (iRCs). Approximately 70% of iRCs were positive for the reserve cell markers p63, CK5 and CK8. iRCs also expressed the SC junction markers CK7, AGR2, CD63, MMP7 and GDA. While iRCs expressed neither ERα nor ERβ, they expressed CA125. These data indicated that iRCs possessed characteristics of cervical epithelial progenitor cells. iRCs secreted higher levels of several inflammatory cytokines such as macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) and C-X-C motif ligand 10 (CXCL-10) compared with normal cervical epithelial cells. iRCs also expressed human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G), which is an important cell-surface antigen for immune tolerance and carcinogenesis. Together with the fact that cervical CSCs can originate from reserve cells, our data suggested that iRCs were potent immune modulators that might favor cervical cancer cell survival. In conclusion, by generating reserve cell-like properties from iPSCs, we provide a new approach that may yield new insight into cervical cancer stem cells and help find new oncogenic targets.
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55
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Oo AKK, Calle AS, Nair N, Mahmud H, Vaidyanath A, Yamauchi J, Khayrani AC, Du J, Alam MJ, Seno A, Mizutani A, Murakami H, Iwasaki Y, Chen L, Kasai T, Seno M. Up-Regulation of PI 3-Kinases and the Activation of PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway in Cancer Stem-Like Cells Through DNA Hypomethylation Mediated by the Cancer Microenvironment. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:653-663. [PMID: 29621663 PMCID: PMC6054593 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have succeeded in converting induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into cancer stem cells (CSCs) by treating the iPSCs with conditioned medium of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. The converted CSCs, named miPS-LLCcm cells, exhibited the self-renewal, differentiation potential, and potential to form malignant tumors with metastasis. In this study, we further characterized miPS-LLCcm cells both in vivo and in vitro. The tumors formed by subcutaneous injection showed the structures with pathophysiological features consisting of undifferentiated and malignant phenotypes generally found in adenocarcinoma. Metastasis in the lung was also observed as nodule structures. Excising from the tumors, primary cultured cells from the tumor and the nodule showed self-renewal, differentiation potential as well as tumor forming ability, which are the essential characters of CSCs. We then characterized the epigenetic regulation occurring in the CSCs. By comparing the DNA methylation level of CG rich regions, the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were evaluated in all stages of CSCs when compared with the parental iPSCs. In DMRs, hypomethylation was found superior to hypermethylation in the miPS-LLCcm cells and its derivatives. The hypo- and hypermethylated genes were used to nominate KEGG pathways related with CSC. As a result, several categories were defined in the KEGG pathways from which most related with cancers, significant and high expression of components was PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Simultaneously, the AKT activation was also confirmed in the CSCs. The PI3K-Akt signaling pathway should be an important pathway for the CSCs established by the treatment with conditioned medium of LLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Ko Ko Oo
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Mandalay Technological University, Mandalay, Myanmar.
| | - Anna Sanchez Calle
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Neha Nair
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hafizah Mahmud
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Arun Vaidyanath
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Junya Yamauchi
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Aprilliana Cahya Khayrani
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Md Jahangir Alam
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akifumi Mizutani
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murakami
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Iwasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, Tianjin 300100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tomonari Kasai
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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56
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Iron depletion is a novel therapeutic strategy to target cancer stem cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98405-98416. [PMID: 29228699 PMCID: PMC5716739 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate iron levels are essential for human health. However, iron overload can act as catalyst for the formation of free radicals, which may cause cancer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which maintain the hallmark stem cell characteristics of self-renewal and differentiation capacity, have been proposed as a driving force of tumorigenesis and metastases. In the present study, we investigated the role of iron in the proliferation and stemness of CSCs, using the miPS-LLCcm cell model. Although the anti-cancer agents fluorouracil and cisplatin suppressed the proliferation of miPS-LLCcm cells, these drugs did not alter the expression of stemness markers, including Nanog, SOX2, c-Myc, Oct3/4 and Klf4. In contrast, iron depletion by the iron chelators deferasirox and deferoxamine suppressed the proliferation of miPS-LLCcm cells and the expression of stemness markers. In an allograft model, deferasirox inhibited the growth of miPS-LLCcm implants, which was associated with decreased expression of Nanog and Sox2. Altogether, iron appears to be crucial for the proliferation and maintenance of stemness of CSCs, and iron depletion may be a novel therapeutic strategy to target CSCs.
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57
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Zhang D, Wu X, Liu X, Cai C, Zeng G, Rohozinski J, Zhang Y, Wei G, He D. Piwil2-transfected human fibroblasts are cancer stem cell-like and genetically unstable. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12259-12271. [PMID: 28103575 PMCID: PMC5355342 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis are considered to be vital for cancer initiation, maintenance, infiltration, metastasis and recurrence after anti-cancer therapy. Here we report the generation of a novel cell line by reprogramming child foreskin fibroblast with the full length apoptosis inhibitor gene PIWIL2. The fibroblasts transfected with PIWIL2 expressed the stem cell markers OCT-4, NANOG, SOX-2, KLF-4 and C-MYC; endoderm marker AFP and GATA6; mesoderm markers ACTA2 and BRACHYURY; and ectoderm markers NESTIN and TUBB3. The karyotype was found to be hyperdiploid. The PIWIL2 transfected fibroblast cells grew into tumorous masses within 5 weeks of subcutaneous injection into adult nude mice. Although the injected cell expressed markers for all three germlines, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, they did not form teratomas in vivo. This study indicates that the PIWIL2 gene could play a key role in cancer induction and maintenance. This method for generating induced tumorigenic cells (ITGC) provides a new research tool to study oncogenesis that in turn may lead to a better understanding of cancer etiology and the development of novel anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deying Zhang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Chunhong Cai
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Guangping Zeng
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jan Rohozinski
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103, USA
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Dawei He
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
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Nair N, Calle AS, Zahra MH, Prieto-Vila M, Oo AKK, Hurley L, Vaidyanath A, Seno A, Masuda J, Iwasaki Y, Tanaka H, Kasai T, Seno M. A cancer stem cell model as the point of origin of cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumor microenvironment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6838. [PMID: 28754894 PMCID: PMC5533745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the most prominent cell types in the stromal compartment of the tumor microenvironment. CAFs support multiple aspects of cancer progression, including tumor initiation, invasion, and metastasis. The heterogeneous nature of the stromal microenvironment is attributed to the multiple sources from which the cells in this compartment originate. The present study provides the first evidence that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are one of the key sources of CAFs in the tumor niche. We generated CSC-like cells by treating mouse induced pluripotent stem cells with conditioned medium from breast cancer cell lines. The resulting cell population expressed both CSC and pluripotency markers, and the sphere-forming CSC-like cells formed subcutaneous tumors in nude mice. Intriguingly, these CSC-like cells always formed heterogeneous populations surrounded by myofibroblast-like cells. Based on this observation, we hypothesized that CSCs could be the source of the CAFs that support tumor maintenance and survival. To address this hypothesis, we induced the differentiation of spheres and purified the myofibroblast-like cells. The resulting cells exhibited a CAF-like phenotype, suggesting that they had differentiated into the subpopulations of cells that support CSC self-renewal. These findings provide novel insights into the dynamic interplay between various microenvironmental factors and CAFs in the CSC niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Nair
- Nano-biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Anna Sanchez Calle
- Nano-biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Maram Hussein Zahra
- Menoufia University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Shebin El-Koom, 32511, Egypt
| | - Marta Prieto-Vila
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Aung Ko Ko Oo
- Nano-biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Laura Hurley
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 110E Warren Avenue, Suite 2215, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Arun Vaidyanath
- Nano-biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Nano-biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Junko Masuda
- Nano-biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Iwasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiromi Tanaka
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut Street, IB-130, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Tomonari Kasai
- Nano-biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Nano-biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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59
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Ishida R, Koyanagi-Aoi M, Oshima N, Kakeji Y, Aoi T. The Tissue-Reconstructing Ability of Colon CSCs Is Enhanced by FK506 and Suppressed by GSK3 Inhibition. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1455-1466. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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60
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Vankelecom H, Roose H. The Stem Cell Connection of Pituitary Tumors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:339. [PMID: 29255445 PMCID: PMC5722833 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors in the pituitary gland are typically benign but cause serious morbidity due to compression of neighboring structures and hormonal disruptions. Overall, therapy efficiency remains suboptimal with negative impact on health and comfort of life, including considerable risk of therapy resistance and tumor recurrence. To date, little is known on the pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Stem cells may represent important forces in this process. The pituitary tumors may contain a driving tumor stem cell population while the resident tissue stem cells may be directly or indirectly linked to tumor development and growth. Here, we will briefly summarize recent studies that afforded a glance behind the scenes of this stem cell connection. A better knowledge of the mechanisms underlying pituitary tumorigenesis is essential to identify more efficacious treatment modalities and improve clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Hugo Vankelecom,
| | - Heleen Roose
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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61
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Calle AS, Nair N, Oo AK, Prieto-Vila M, Koga M, Khayrani AC, Hussein M, Hurley L, Vaidyanath A, Seno A, Iwasaki Y, Calle M, Kasai T, Seno M. A new PDAC mouse model originated from iPSCs-converted pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCcm). Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:2799-2815. [PMID: 28042501 PMCID: PMC5199755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most representative form of pancreatic cancers. PDAC solid tumours are constituted of heterogeneous populations of cells including cancer stem cells (CSCs), differentiated cancer cells, desmoplastic stroma and immune cells. The identification and consequent isolation of pancreatic CSCs facilitated the generation of genetically engineered murine models. Nonetheless, the current models may not be representative for the spontaneous tumour occurrence. In the present study, we show the generation of a novel pancreatic iPSC-converted cancer stem cell lines (CSCcm) as a cutting-edge model for the study of PDAC. The CSCcm lines were achieved only by the influence of pancreatic cancer cell lines conditioned medium and were not subjected to any genetic manipulation. The xenografts tumours from CSCcm lines displayed histopathological features of ADM, PanIN and PDAC lesions. Further molecular characterization from RNA-sequencing analysis highlighted primary culture cell lines (1st CSCcm) as potential candidates to represent the pancreatic CSCs and indicated the establishment of the pancreatic cancer molecular pattern in their subsequent progenies 2nd CSCcm and 3rd CSCcm. In addition, preliminary RNA-seq SNPs analysis showed that the distinct CSCcm lines did not harbour single point mutations for the oncogene Kras codon 12 or 13. Therefore, PDAC-CSCcm model may provide new insights about the actual occurrence of the pancreatic cancer leading to develop different approaches to target CSCs and abrogate the progression of this fatidic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sanchez Calle
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Neha Nair
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Aung KoKo Oo
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Marta Prieto-Vila
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Megumi Koga
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Apriliana Cahya Khayrani
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Maram Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia UniversityShebin El-Koam 32511, Egypt
| | - Laura Hurley
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Wayne State University10 E Warren, Avenue, Suite 2215, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Arun Vaidyanath
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Iwasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Malu Calle
- Department of Systems Biology, University of VicVic, Barcelona 08500, Spain
| | - Tomonari Kasai
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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62
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Câmara DAD, Mambelli LI, Porcacchia AS, Kerkis I. Advances and Challenges on Cancer Cells Reprogramming Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Technologies. J Cancer 2016; 7:2296-2303. [PMID: 27994667 PMCID: PMC5166540 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells transformation into a normal state or into a cancer cell population which is less tumorigenic than the initial one is a challenge that has been discussed during last decades and it is still far to be solved. Due to the highly heterogeneous nature of cancer cells, such transformation involves many genetic and epigenetic factors which are specific for each type of tumor. Different methods of cancer cells reprogramming have been established and can represent a possibility to obtain less tumorigenic or even normal cells. These methods are quite complex, thus a simple and efficient method of reprogramming is still required. As soon as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) technology, which allowed to reprogram terminally differentiated cells into embryonic stem cells (ESC)-like, was developed, the method strongly attracted the attention of researches, opening new perspectives for stem cell (SC) personalized therapies and offering a powerful in vitro model for drug screening. This technology is also used to reprogram cancer cells, thus providing a modern platform to study cancer-related genes and the interaction between these genes and the cell environment before and after reprogramming, in order to elucidate the mechanisms of cancer initiation and progression. The present review summarizes recent advances on cancer cells reprogramming using iPSC technology and shows the progress achieved in such field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Aparecida Dias Câmara
- Laboratory of Genetics, Butantan Institute
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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63
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Yue F, Hirashima K, Tomotsune D, Takizawa-Shirasawa S, Yokoyama T, Sasaki K. Reprogramming of retinoblastoma cancer cells into cancer stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:549-555. [PMID: 27856246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in pediatric patients. It develops rapidly in the retina and can be fatal if not treated promptly. It has been proposed that a small population of cancer cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), initiate tumorigenesis from immature tissue stem cells or progenitor cells. Reprogramming technology, which can convert mature cells into pluripotent stem cells (iPS), provides the possibility of transducing malignant cancer cells back to CSCs, a type of early stage of cancer. We herein took advantage of reprogramming technology to induce CSCs from retinoblastoma cancer cells. In the present study, the 4 Yamanaka transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc, were transduced into retinoblastoma cells (Rbc51). iPS-like colonies were observed 15 days after transduction and showed significantly enhanced CSC properties. The gene and protein expression levels of pluripotent stem cell markers (Tra-1-60, Oct4, Nanog) and cancer stem cell markers (CD133, CD44) were up-regulated in transduced Rbc51 cells compared to control cells. Moreover, iPS-like CSCs could be sorted using the Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) method. A sphere formation assay demonstrated spheroid formation in transduced Rbc51 cells cultured in serum free media, and these spheroids could be differentiated into Pax6-, Nestin-positive neural progenitors and rhodopsin- and recoverin-positive mature retinal cells. The cell viability after 5-Fu exposure was higher in transduced Rbc51 cells. In conclusion, CSCs were generated from retinoblastoma cancer cells using reprogramming technology. Our novel method can generate CSCs, the study of which can lead to better understanding of cancer-specific initiation, cancer epigenetics, and the overlapping mechanisms of cancer development and pluripotent stem cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Yue
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Kanji Hirashima
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Daihachiro Tomotsune
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University Matsumoto, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | | | - Tadayuki Yokoyama
- Bourbon Corporation, 4-2-14 Matsunami, Kashiwazaki, Niigata 945-8611, Japan
| | - Katsunori Sasaki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; Department of Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University Matsumoto, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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64
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S Franco S, Szczesna K, Iliou MS, Al-Qahtani M, Mobasheri A, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A. In vitro models of cancer stem cells and clinical applications. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:738. [PMID: 27766946 PMCID: PMC5073996 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells, stem cells and cancer stem cells have for a long time played a significant role in the biomedical sciences. Though cancer therapy is more effective than it was a few years ago, the truth is that still none of the current non-surgical treatments can cure cancer effectively. The reason could be due to the subpopulation called “cancer stem cells” (CSCs), being defined as those cells within a tumour that have properties of stem cells: self-renewal and the ability for differentiation into multiple cell types that occur in tumours. The phenomenon of CSCs is based on their resistance to many of the current cancer therapies, which results in tumour relapse. Although further investigation regarding CSCs is still needed, there is already evidence that these cells may play an important role in the prognosis of cancer, progression and therapeutic strategy. Therefore, long-term patient survival may depend on the elimination of CSCs. Consequently, isolation of pure CSC populations or reprogramming of cancer cells into CSCs, from cancer cell lines or primary tumours, would be a useful tool to gain an in-depth knowledge about heterogeneity and plasticity of CSC phenotypes and therefore carcinogenesis. Herein, we will discuss current CSC models, methods used to characterize CSCs, candidate markers, characteristic signalling pathways and clinical applications of CSCs. Some examples of CSC-specific treatments that are currently in early clinical phases will also be presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Franco
- Szent István University, Gödöllö, Hungary.,Biotalentum Ltd., Gödöllö, Hungary
| | | | - Maria S Iliou
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammed Al-Qahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | | | - András Dinnyés
- Szent István University, Gödöllö, Hungary. .,Biotalentum Ltd., Gödöllö, Hungary. .,Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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65
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Prieto-Vila M, Yan T, Calle AS, Nair N, Hurley L, Kasai T, Kakuta H, Masuda J, Murakami H, Mizutani A, Seno M. iPSC-derived cancer stem cells provide a model of tumor vasculature. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:1906-1921. [PMID: 27725898 PMCID: PMC5043102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To grow beyond a size of approximately 1-2 mm3, tumor cells activate many processes to develop blood vasculature. Growing evidences indicate that the formation of the tumor vascular network is very complex, and is not restricted to angiogenesis. Cancer cell-derived tumor vasculatures have been recently described. Among them, endothelial differentiation of tumor cells have been directly related to cancer stem cells, which are cells within a tumor that possess the capacity to self-renew, and to exhibit multipotential heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells. Vasculogenic mimicry has been described to be formed by cancer cells expressing stemness markers. Thus, cancer stem cells have been proposed to contribute to vasculogenic mimicry, though its relation is yet to be clarified. Here, we analyzed the tumor vasculature by using a model of mouse cancer stem cells, miPS-LLCcm cells, which we have previously established from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells and we introduced the DsRed gene in miPS-LLCcm to trace them in vivo. Various features of vasculature were evaluated in ovo, in vitro, and in vivo. The tumors formed in allograft nude mice exhibited angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. In those tumors, along with penetrated host endothelial vessels, we detected endothelial differentiation from cancer stem cells and formation of vasculogenic mimicry. The angiogenic factors such as VEGF-A and FGF2 were expressed predominantly in the cancer stem cells subpopulation of miPS-LLCcm cells. Our results suggested that cancer stem cells play key roles in not only the recruitment of host endothelial vessels into tumor, but also in maturation of endothelial linage of cancer stem cell's progenies. Furthermore, the undifferentiated subpopulation of the miPS-LLCcm participates directly in the vasculogenic mimicry formation. Collectively, we show that miPS-LLCcm cells have advantages to further study tumor vasculature and to develop novel targeting strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Prieto-Vila
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ting Yan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University56# Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Anna Sanchez Calle
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Neha Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Laura Hurley
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, School of medicine, Wayne State University10 E Warren Avenue, Suite 2215, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Tomonari Kasai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Laboratory of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical sciences, Okayama University1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Junko Masuda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murakami
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akifumi Mizutani
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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66
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Seno A, Kasai T, Ikeda M, Vaidyanath A, Masuda J, Mizutani A, Murakami H, Ishikawa T, Seno M. Characterization of Gene Expression Patterns among Artificially Developed Cancer Stem Cells Using Spherical Self-Organizing Map. Cancer Inform 2016; 15:163-78. [PMID: 27559294 PMCID: PMC4988459 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s39839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed gene expression microarray analysis coupled with spherical self-organizing map (sSOM) for artificially developed cancer stem cells (CSCs). The CSCs were developed from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with the conditioned media of cancer cell lines, whereas the CSCs were induced from primary cell culture of human cancer tissues with defined factors (OCT3/4, SOX2, and KLF4). These cells commonly expressed human embryonic stem cell (hESC)/hiPSC-specific genes (POU5F1, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28, and SALL4) at a level equivalent to those of control hiPSC 201B7. The sSOM with unsupervised method demonstrated that the CSCs could be divided into three groups based on their culture conditions and original cancer tissues. Furthermore, with supervised method, sSOM nominated TMED9, RNASE1, NGFR, ST3GAL1, TNS4, BTG2, SLC16A3, CD177, CES1, GDF15, STMN2, FAM20A, NPPB, CD99, MYL7, PRSS23, AHNAK, and LOC152573 genes commonly upregulating among the CSCs compared to hiPSC, suggesting the gene signature of the CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Seno
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomonari Kasai
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Arun Vaidyanath
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junko Masuda
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akifumi Mizutani
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murakami
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ishikawa
- Cell Biology, Core Facilities for Research and Innovative Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.; Central Animal Division, Fundamental Innovative Oncology Core Center, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Department of Medical Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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67
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Oikawa T. Cancer Stem cells and their cellular origins in primary liver and biliary tract cancers. Hepatology 2016; 64:645-51. [PMID: 26849406 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver and biliary tract cancers are highly aggressive, are heterogeneous in their phenotypic traits, and result in clinical outcomes that are difficult to manage. Cancers have subpopulations of cells termed "cancer stem cells" (CSCs) that share common intrinsic signaling pathways for self-renewal and differentiation with normal stem cells. These CSCs likely have the potential to evolve over time and to give rise to new genetically and functionally diverse subclones by accumulating genetic mutations. Extrinsic signaling from the tumor microenvironment, including the CSC niche, has been implicated in tumor initiation/progression and heterogeneity through dynamic crosstalk. CSCs have become recognized as pivotal sources of tumor initiation/progression, relapse/metastasis, and chemoresistance. CONCLUSION The origins of CSCs are hypothesized to derive from the transformation of normal stem/progenitors and/or from the reprogramming of adult cells that converts them to stem/progenitor traits; however, the precise mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. (Hepatology 2016;64:645-651).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunekazu Oikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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68
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Kurebayashi H, Goi T, Shimada M, Tagai N, Naruse T, Nakazawa T, Kimura Y, Hirono Y, Yamaguchi A. Prokineticin 2 (PROK2) is an important factor for angiogenesis in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26242-51. [PMID: 26317645 PMCID: PMC4694898 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Prokineticin 2 (PROK2) is correlated with indispensable in maintaining the homeostasis of healthy human tissues. Herein, we examined the role of PROK2 in human colorectal cancer. After total RNA extraction from 6 colorectal cancer cell lines, we examined the expression of PROK2 mRNA. For investigating angiogenesis and tumor growth in mice, the PROK2 gene was transfected into colorectal cancer cell lines having low PROK2 mRNA expression. In addition, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into colorectal cancer cell lines having high PROK2 mRNA expression for investigation of angiogenesis and tumor growth in mice. From 6 colorectal cancer cell lines studied, PROK2 mRNA expression was increased in 3 cell lines. When the PROK2 gene was transfected into the colorectal cancer cell line with low PROK2 mRNA expression, angiogenesis and tumor growth in mice increased significantly compared to the cell line with the control vector. When PROK2 siRNA was transfected into colorectal cancer cell lines with high PROK2 mRNA expression, angiogenesis and tumor growth in mice were suppressed significantly compared to the cell line with siRNA (control). This is the first report of the association of PROK2 as an angiogenic growth factor in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takanori Goi
- Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
| | - Michiaki Shimada
- Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Tagai
- Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
| | - Takayuki Naruse
- Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
| | | | - Youhei Kimura
- Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
| | - Yasuo Hirono
- Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
| | - Akio Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
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69
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Laplane L, Beke A, Vainchenker W, Solary E. Concise Review: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as New Model Systems in Oncology. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2887-92. [PMID: 26179060 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The demonstration that pluripotent stem cells could be generated by somatic cell reprogramming led to wonder if these so-called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells would extend our investigation capabilities in the cancer research field. The first iPS cells derived from cancer cells have now revealed the benefits and potential pitfalls of this new model. iPS cells appear to be an innovative approach to decipher the steps of cell transformation as well as to screen the activity and toxicity of anticancer drugs. A better understanding of the impact of reprogramming on cancer cell-specific features as well as improvements in culture conditions to integrate the role of the microenvironment in their behavior may strengthen the epistemic interest of iPS cells as model systems in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Laplane
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR1170, Villejuif, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France.,Université Paris I-Panthéon Sorbonne, Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques, Paris, France
| | - Allan Beke
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR1170, Villejuif, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - William Vainchenker
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR1170, Villejuif, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Eric Solary
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR1170, Villejuif, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
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70
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Tortorella SM, Royce SG, Licciardi PV, Karagiannis TC. Dietary Sulforaphane in Cancer Chemoprevention: The Role of Epigenetic Regulation and HDAC Inhibition. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1382-424. [PMID: 25364882 PMCID: PMC4432495 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Sulforaphane, produced by the hydrolytic conversion of glucoraphanin after ingestion of cruciferous vegetables, particularly broccoli and broccoli sprouts, has been extensively studied due to its apparent health-promoting properties in disease and limited toxicity in normal tissue. Recent Studies: Recent identification of a sub-population of tumor cells with stem cell-like self-renewal capacity that may be responsible for relapse, metastasis, and resistance, as a potential target of the dietary compound, may be an important aspect of sulforaphane chemoprevention. Evidence also suggests that sulforaphane may target the epigenetic alterations observed in specific cancers, reversing aberrant changes in gene transcription through mechanisms of histone deacetylase inhibition, global demethylation, and microRNA modulation. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we discuss the biochemical and biological properties of sulforaphane with a particular emphasis on the anticancer properties of the dietary compound. Sulforaphane possesses the capacity to intervene in multistage carcinogenesis through the modulation and/or regulation of important cellular mechanisms. The inhibition of phase I enzymes that are responsible for the activation of pro-carcinogens, and the induction of phase II enzymes that are critical in mutagen elimination are well-characterized chemopreventive properties. Furthermore, sulforaphane mediates a number of anticancer pathways, including the activation of apoptosis, induction of cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of NFκB. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further characterization of the chemopreventive properties of sulforaphane and its capacity to be selectively toxic to malignant cells are warranted to potentially establish the clinical utility of the dietary compound as an anti-cancer compound alone, and in combination with clinically relevant therapeutic and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Tortorella
- 1 Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct , Melbourne, Australia
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71
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Santos Franco S, Raveh-Amit H, Kobolák J, Alqahtani MH, Mobasheri A, Dinnyes A. The crossroads between cancer stem cells and aging. BMC Cancer 2015; 15 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 25708542 PMCID: PMC4331724 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-15-s1-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis suggests that only a subpopulation of cells within a tumour is responsible for the initiation and progression of neoplasia. The original and best evidence for the existence of CSCs came from advances in the field of haematological malignancies. Thus far, putative CSCs have been isolated from various solid and non-solid tumours and shown to possess self-renewal, differentiation, and cancer regeneration properties. Although research in the field is progressing extremely fast, proof of concept for the CSC hypothesis is still lacking and key questions remain unanswered, e.g. the cell of origin for these cells. Nevertheless, it is undisputed that neoplastic transformation is associated with genetic and epigenetic alterations of normal cells, and a better understanding of these complex processes is of utmost importance for developing new anti-cancer therapies. In the present review, we discuss the CSC hypothesis with special emphasis on age-associated alterations that govern carcinogenesis, at least in some types of tumours. We present evidence from the scientific literature for age-related genetic and epigenetic alterations leading to cancer and discuss the main challenges in the field.
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Kakar SS, Ratajczak MZ, Powell KS, Moghadamfalahi M, Miller DM, Batra SK, Singh SK. Withaferin a alone and in combination with cisplatin suppresses growth and metastasis of ovarian cancer by targeting putative cancer stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107596. [PMID: 25264898 PMCID: PMC4180068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the treatment for ovarian cancer entails cytoreductive surgery followed by chemotherapy, mainly, carboplatin combined with paclitaxel. Although this regimen is initially effective in a high percentage of cases, unfortunately within few months of initial treatment, tumor relapse occurs because of platinum-resistance. This is attributed to chemo-resistance of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Herein we show for the first time that withaferin A (WFA), a bioactive compound isolated from the plant Withania somnifera, when used alone or in combination with cisplatin (CIS) targets putative CSCs. Treatment of nude mice bearing orthotopic ovarian tumors generated by injecting human ovarian epithelial cancer cell line (A2780) with WFA and cisplatin (WFA) alone or in combination resulted in a 70 to 80% reduction in tumor growth and complete inhibition of metastasis to other organs compared to untreated controls. Histochemical and Western blot analysis of the tumors revealed that inclusion of WFA (2 mg/kg) resulted in a highly significant elimination of cells expressing CSC markers - CD44, CD24, CD34, CD117 and Oct4 and downregulation of Notch1, Hes1 and Hey1 genes. In contrast treatment of mice with CIS alone (6 mg/kg) had opposite effect on those cells. Increase in cells expressing CSC markers and Notch1 signaling pathway in tumors exposed to CIS may explain recurrence of cancer in patients treated with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Since, WFA alone or in combination with CIS eliminates putative CSCs, we conclude that WFA in combination with CIS may present more efficacious therapy for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sham S. Kakar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mariusz Z. Ratajczak
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Karen S. Powell
- Research Resources Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Mana Moghadamfalahi
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Donald M. Miller
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sanjay K. Singh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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The multifaceted role of the embryonic gene Cripto-1 in cancer, stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 29:51-8. [PMID: 25153355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cripto-1 (CR-1)/Teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor1 (TDGF-1) is a cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked glycoprotein that can function either in cis (autocrine) or in trans (paracrine). The cell membrane cis form is found in lipid rafts and endosomes while the trans acting form lacking the GPI anchor is soluble. As a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)/Cripto-1-FRL-1-Cryptic (CFC) family, CR-1 functions as an obligatory co-receptor for the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family members, Nodal and growth and differentiation factors 1 and 3 (GDF1/3) by activating Alk4/Alk7 signaling pathways that involve Smads 2, 3 and 4. In addition, CR-1 can activate non-Smad-dependent signaling elements such as PI3K, Akt and MAPK. Both of these pathways depend upon the 78kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78). Finally, CR-1 can facilitate signaling through the canonical Wnt/β-catenin and Notch/Cbf-1 pathways by functioning as a chaperone protein for LRP5/6 and Notch, respectively. CR-1 is essential for early embryonic development and maintains embryonic stem cell pluripotentiality. CR-1 performs an essential role in the etiology and progression of several types of human tumors where it is expressed in a population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this context, CR-1 can significantly enhance tumor cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis. Collectively, these facts suggest that CR-1 may be an attractive target in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of several types of human cancer.
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Oshima N, Yamada Y, Nagayama S, Kawada K, Hasegawa S, Okabe H, Sakai Y, Aoi T. Induction of cancer stem cell properties in colon cancer cells by defined factors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101735. [PMID: 25006808 PMCID: PMC4090165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to be responsible for the dismal prognosis of cancer patients. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the acquisition and maintenance of CSC properties in cancer cells because of their rarity in clinical samples. We herein induced CSC properties in cancer cells using defined factors. We retrovirally introduced a set of defined factors (OCT3/4, SOX2 and KLF4) into human colon cancer cells, followed by culture with conventional serum-containing medium, not human embryonic stem cell medium. We then evaluated the CSC properties in the cells. The colon cancer cells transduced with the three factors showed significantly enhanced CSC properties in terms of the marker gene expression, sphere formation, chemoresistance and tumorigenicity. We designated the cells with CSC properties induced by the factors, a subset of the transduced cells, as induced CSCs (iCSCs). Moreover, we established a novel technology to isolate and collect the iCSCs based on the differences in the degree of the dye-effluxing activity enhancement. The xenografts derived from our iCSCs were not teratomas. Notably, in contrast to the tumors from the parental cancer cells, the iCSC-based tumors mimicked actual human colon cancer tissues in terms of their immunohistological findings, which showed colonic lineage differentiation. In addition, we confirmed that the phenotypes of our iCSCs were reproducible in serial transplantation experiments. By introducing defined factors, we generated iCSCs with lineage specificity directly from cancer cells, not via an induced pluripotent stem cell state. The novel method enables us to obtain abundant materials of CSCs that not only have enhanced tumorigenicity, but also the ability to differentiate to recapitulate a specific type of cancer tissues. Our method can be of great value to fully understand CSCs and develop new therapies targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobu Oshima
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Fundamental Cell Technology, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagayama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology Center, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suguru Hasegawa
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okabe
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoi
- Department of Fundamental Cell Technology, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of iPS cell Applications, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Yan T, Mizutani A, Chen L, Takaki M, Hiramoto Y, Matsuda S, Shigehiro T, Kasai T, Kudoh T, Murakami H, Masuda J, Hendrix MJC, Strizzi L, Salomon DS, Fu L, Seno M. Characterization of cancer stem-like cells derived from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells transformed by tumor-derived extracellular vesicles. J Cancer 2014; 5:572-84. [PMID: 25057308 PMCID: PMC4107233 DOI: 10.7150/jca.8865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that cancer niche can perform an active role in the regulation of tumor cell maintenance and progression through extracellular vesicles-based intercellular communication. However, it has not been reported whether this vesicle-mediated communication affects the malignant transformation of normal stem cells/progenitors. We have previously reported that the conditioned medium derived from the mouse Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) cell line can convert mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs) into cancer stem cells (CSCs), indicating that normal stem cells when placed in an aberrant microenvironment can give rise to functionally active CSCs. Here, we focused on the contribution of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tEVs) that are secreted from LLC cells to induce the transformation of miPSCs into CSCs. We isolated tEVs from the conditioned medium of LLC cells, and then the differentiating miPSCs were exposed to tEVs for 4 weeks. The resultant tEV treated cells (miPS-LLCev) expressed Nanog and Oct3/4 proteins comparable to miPSCs. The frequency of sphere formation of the miPS-LLCev cells in suspension culture indicated that the self-renewal capacity of the miPS-LLCev cells was significant. When the miPS-LLCev cells were subcutaneously transplanted into Balb/c nude mice, malignant liposarcomas with extensive angiogenesis developed. miPS-LLCevPT and miPS-LLCevDT, the cells established from primary site and disseminated liposarcomas, respectively, showed their capacities to self-renew and differentiate into adipocytes and endothelial cells. Moreover, we confirmed the secondary liposarcoma development when these cells were transplanted. Taken together, these results indicate that miPS-LLCev cells possess CSC properties. Thus, our current study provides the first evidence that tEVs have the potential to induce CSC properties in normal tissue stem cells/progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yan
- 1. Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akifumi Mizutani
- 1. Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ling Chen
- 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, No. 156, Sanmalu, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Mai Takaki
- 1. Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Hiramoto
- 1. Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- 1. Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Shigehiro
- 1. Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tomonari Kasai
- 1. Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kudoh
- 1. Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murakami
- 1. Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Junko Masuda
- 1. Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mary J C Hendrix
- 3. Lurie Children's Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 2300 Children's Plaza, Box 222, Chicago, IL 60614-3394, USA
| | - Luigi Strizzi
- 3. Lurie Children's Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 2300 Children's Plaza, Box 222, Chicago, IL 60614-3394, USA
| | - David S Salomon
- 4. Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 2702, USA
| | - Li Fu
- 5. State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Masaharu Seno
- 1. Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Kasai T, Chen L, Mizutani A, Kudoh T, Murakami H, Fu L, Seno M. Cancer stem cells converted from pluripotent stem cells and the cancerous niche. J Stem Cells Regen Med 2014. [PMID: 25075155 PMCID: PMC4112272 DOI: 10.46582/jsrm.1001002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the cancer stem cells are considered to be significantly responsible for growth, metastasis, invasion and recurrence of all cancer. Cancer stem cells are typically characterized by continuous proliferation and self-renewal as well as by differentiation potential, while stem cells are considered to differentiate into tissue- specific phenotype of mature cells under the influence of micro-environment. Cancer stem cells should be traced to the stem cells under the influence of a micro-environment, which induces malignant tumors. In this review, we propose this micro-environment as a ‘cancerous niche’ and discuss its importance on the formation and maintenance of cancer stem cells with the recent experimental results to establish cancer stem cell models from induced pluripotent stem cells. These models of cancer stem cell will provide the great advantages in cancer research and its therapeutic applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kasai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - L Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics , Tianjin, China
| | - Az Mizutani
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - T Kudoh
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - H Murakami
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - L Fu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research laboratory of Cancer Hospital , Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - M Seno
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Yu L, Zhou L, Wu S, Gong X, Feng Z, Ma L, Zhu B, Yao N, Wang D, Dong H. Clinicopathological significance of cancer stem cells marked by CD133 and KAI1/CD82 expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2014; 12:118. [PMID: 24758564 PMCID: PMC4012248 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Presently, CD133 is one of the hottest markers to characterize cancer stem cells and KAI1/CD82 is reported as an important marker for the metastasis and prognosis of many cancers. The purpose of our study is to explore the relationship between cancer stem cells (CSCs) marked by CD133 and KAI1/CD82 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Methods Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect the expression of CD133 and KAI1/CD82 in 83 archival surgical specimens of human LSCC and 83 cases of normal laryngeal tissues. Results In LSCC, positive rates of 49.4% and 41.0% were obtained for CD133 and KAI1/CD82, respectively. The expression of CD133 in LSCC tissues was significantly higher than that in normal tissues (P < 0.001), and the expression of CD133 was positively associated with pTNM stage (P = 0.005), pathological grade (P = 0.001), and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001). The reduced expression of KAI1/CD82 was present in LSCC tissues. The positive rate of KAI1/CD82 expression was negatively correlated with pTNM stage (P = 0.014), pathological grade (P < 0.001), and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.007). A correlation analysis showed that there was a negative relationship between the expression of CD133 and KAI1/CD82 protein in LSCC tissues (P < 0.001). By Kaplan-Meier analysis, the expression of CD133 was negatively correlated with overall survival (OS) (log-rank = 40.949, P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS) (log-rank = 39.307, P < 0.001) time of LSCC. The expression of KAI1/CD82 was positively correlated with OS (log-rank = 40.279, P < 0.001) and DFS (log-rank = 39.271, P < 0.001) time of LSCC. Cox regression analysis: the expression of CD133 and KAI1/CD82, and pTNM stages were independent prognostic factors of LSCC (P < 0.05). Conclusions Thus the detection of CD133 and KAI1/CD82 proteins may be used as a potential indicator of LSCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shiwu Wu
- Department of Pathology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, 800 Zhihuai Ave, Longzihu, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
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Mirakhori F, Zeynali B, Salekdeh GH, Baharvand H. Induced Neural Lineage Cells as Repair Kits: So Close, Yet So Far Away. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:728-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Mirakhori
- School of Biology, College of Science; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
| | - Bahman Zeynali
- School of Biology, College of Science; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology; University of Science and Culture, ACECR; Tehran Iran
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79
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House CD, Hernandez L, Annunziata CM. Recent technological advances in using mouse models to study ovarian cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:26. [PMID: 24592355 PMCID: PMC3923136 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serous epithelial ovarian cancer (SEOC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer in the United States with disease recurrence being the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of SEOC, the survival rate for women with this disease has remained relatively unchanged in the last two decades. Preclinical mouse models of ovarian cancer, including xenograft, syngeneic, and genetically engineered mice, have been developed to provide a mechanism for studying the development and progression of SEOC. Such models strive to increase our understanding of the etiology and dissemination of ovarian cancer in order to overcome barriers to early detection and resistance to standard chemotherapy. Although there is not a single model that is most suitable for studying ovarian cancer, improvements have led to current models that more closely mimic human disease in their genotype and phenotype. Other advances in the field, such as live animal imaging techniques, allow effective monitoring of the microenvironment and therapeutic efficacy. New and improved preclinical mouse models, combined with technological advances to study such models, will undoubtedly render success of future human clinical trials for patients with SEOC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lidia Hernandez
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD , USA
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80
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Zhang DM, Li JJ, Yan P, Hu JT. Establishment and identification of induced pluripotent stem cells in liver cancer patients. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7:253-6. [PMID: 24507670 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To induce pluripotent stem (IPS) cells from fibrocytes that are separated from liver cancer patients. METHODS The fibrocytes were reprogrammed to IPS cells by lentiviral vector, stained and identified by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The IPS cells were successfully established from fibrocytes after infection, and IPS cell clones formed in round shape under a microscopy. The induction rate was 0.013%±0.007%. No tumor formed at the back of nude mice within 8 weeks after the inoculation of cell clones. However, tetatoma appeared in nude mice within 1 week after IPS inoculation. A few tumors formed in nude mice within 4 weeks after the inoculation of cell clones. However, subcutaneous tumors formed within 1 week after IPS inoculation. The induced IPS cells showed three germ layers in tetatoma. Nanog and OCT4 in the induced IPS cells showed hypomethylation. SSEA-A, TRA-1-6-, TRA-1-81 and Nanog were highly expressed in the induced IPS cells, indicating the IPS cells possessed the similar ability as the stem cells. CONCLUSIONS The IPS cells of liver cancer patients can be established effectively from fibrocytes and can be cultured stably in vitro, which provides an approach for the treatment of intermediate or advanced stage liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ming Zhang
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Jian-Ting Hu
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
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Chen L, Mizutani A, Kasai T, Yan T, Jin G, Vaidyanath A, El-Aarag BYA, Liu Y, Kudoh T, Salomon DS, Fu L, Seno M. Mouse induced pluripotent stem cell microenvironment generates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in mouse Lewis lung cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:80-88. [PMID: 24482741 PMCID: PMC3902235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells may be a powerful tool in regenerative medicine, but their potential tumorigenicity is a significant challenge for the clinical use of iPS cells. Previously, we succeeded in converting miPS cells into cancer stem cells (CSCs) under the conditions of tumor microenvironment. Both stem cells and tumor cells are profoundly influenced by bi-directional communication with their respective microenvironment, which dictates cell fate determination and behavior. The microenvironment derived from iPS cells has not been well studied. In this paper, we have investigated the effects of secreted factors from Nanog-mouse iPS (miPS) cells on mouse Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells that are found in the conditioned media. The results demonstrated that miPS cells secrete factors that can convert the epithelia phenotype of LLC cells to a mesenchymal phenotype, and that can promote tumorigenisity, migration and invasion. Furthermore, LLC cells that have been exposed to miPS conditioned medium became resistant to apoptosis. These various biological effects suggest that the miPS microenvironment contain factors that can promote an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through an active Snail-MMP axis or by suppressing differentiation in LLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Medical and Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama UniversityOkayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology ObstetricsTianjin 300100, People’s Republic of China
- Japan Society for The Promotion of ScienceTokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Akifumi Mizutani
- Department of Medical and Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama UniversityOkayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tomonari Kasai
- Department of Medical and Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama UniversityOkayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ting Yan
- Department of Medical and Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama UniversityOkayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Guoliang Jin
- Department of Medical and Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama UniversityOkayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Arun Vaidyanath
- Department of Medical and Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama UniversityOkayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Bishoy YA El-Aarag
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Specialty, Faculty of Science, Menofia UniversityEgypt
| | - Yixin Liu
- Japan Society for The Promotion of ScienceTokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kudoh
- Department of Medical and Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama UniversityOkayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - David S Salomon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Bldg 560, Room 12-67, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthFrederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin 300060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Department of Medical and Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama UniversityOkayama 700-8530, Japan
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Matsuda S, Yan T, Mizutani A, Sota T, Hiramoto Y, Prieto-Vila M, Chen L, Satoh A, Kudoh T, Kasai T, Murakami H, Fu L, Salomon DS, Seno M. Cancer stem cells maintain a hierarchy of differentiation by creating their niche. Int J Cancer 2013; 135:27-36. [PMID: 24323788 PMCID: PMC4276292 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The self-renewal and differentiation properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs) are regulated and maintained by the CSC niche. However, the mechanism of this maintenance, especially the maintenance contributed by differentiated cancer cells, remains to be fully elucidated. Recently, we have established a model of CSCs, miPS-LLCcm, from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs). In vitro cultured miPS-LLCcm cells were autonomously balanced with stem-like cells and differentiated cells including vascular endothelial cells. Under these conditions, the CSC properties appeared to be stable in the presence of the factor(s) secreted by the differentiated cells. The factor(s) activated Notch signaling and promoted self-renewal of CSCs. In addition, the secreted factor(s) appeared to regulate the differentiation lineage of CSCs. Our results indicate that the differentiated progenies of CSCs containing vascular endothelium play important roles for regulating the CSC's properties. Therefore, miPS-LLCcm cells create their own in vitro niche to maintain themselves in the hierarchy of differentiating CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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83
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Single-cell clones of liver cancer stem cells have the potential of differentiating into different types of tumor cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e857. [PMID: 24136221 PMCID: PMC3824650 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are believed to be a promising target for cancer therapy because these cells are responsible for tumor development, maintenance and chemotherapy resistance. Finding out the critical factors regulating CSC fate is the key for target therapy of CSCs. Just as normal stem cells are regulated by their microenvironment (niche), CSCs are also regulated by cells in the tumor microenvironment. However, whether various tumor microenvironments can induce CSCs to differentiate into different cancer cells is not clear. Here, we show that single-cell-cloned CSCs, accidentally obtained from a human liver cancer microvascular endothelial cells, express classic stem cell markers, genes associated with self-renewal and pluripotent factors and possess colony-forming ability in vitro and the ability of serial transplantation in vivo. The single-cell-cloned CSCs treated with the different tumor cell/tissue-derived conditioned culture medium, which is a mimic of carcinoma microenvironment, could differentiate into corresponding tumor cells and express specific markers of the respective type of tumor cells at the gene, protein and cell levels, respectively. Interestingly, this multilineage differentiation potential of single-cell-cloned liver CSCs sharply declined after the specific knockdown of octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4) alone, even though they were under the same induction conditions (carcinoma microenvironments). These data support the hypothesis that single-cell-cloned liver CSCs have the potential of differentiating into different types of tumor cells, and the tumor microenvironment does play a crucial role in deciding differentiation directions. Simultaneously, Oct4 in CSCs is indispensable in this process. These factors are promising targets for liver CSC-specific therapy.
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84
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Seiler D, Zheng J, Liu G, Wang S, Yamashiro J, Reiter RE, Huang J, Zeng G. Enrichment of putative prostate cancer stem cells after androgen deprivation: upregulation of pluripotency transactivators concurs with resistance to androgen deprivation in LNCaP cell lines. Prostate 2013; 73:1378-90. [PMID: 23728788 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer stem cells (PCSC) offer theoretical explanations to many clinical and biological behaviors of the disease in human. In contrast to approaches of using side populations and cell-surface markers to isolate and characterize the putative PCSC, we hypothesize that androgen deprivation leads to functional enrichment of putative PCSC. METHODS AND RESULTS Human prostate cancer lines LNCaP, LAPC4 and LAPC9 were depleted of androgen in cell cultures and in castrated SCID mice. The resultant androgen deprivation-resistant or castration-resistant populations, in particular in LNCaP and its derivative cell lines, displayed increased expression of pluripotency transactivators and significantly higher tumorigenicity. Individual tumor cell clones were isolated from castration-resistant bulk cultures of LNCaP (CR-LNCaP) and tested for tumorigenicity in male SCID mice under limiting dilution conditions. As few as 200 cells were able to form spheres in vitro, and generate tumors with similar growth kinetics as 10(6) LNCaP or 10(4) CR-LNCaP cells in vivo. These putative PCSC were CD44(+) /CD24(-) and lack the expression of prostate lineage proteins. When transplanted into the prostate of an intact male SCID mouse, these putative PCSC seemed to show limited differentiation into Ck5(+) , Ck8(+) , Ck5(+) /Ck8(+) , and AR(+) cells. On the other hand, stable transduction of LNCaP with retrovirus encoding Sox2 led to androgen-deprivation resistant growth and down-regulation of major prostate lineage gene products in vitro. CONCLUSION Concurrence of overexpression of pluripotency transactivators and resistance to androgen deprivation supported the role of putative PCSC in the emergence of prostate cancer resistant to androgen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Seiler
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1738, USA
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85
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Yan M, Li H, Zhu M, Zhao F, Zhang L, Chen T, Jiang G, Xie H, Cui Y, Yao M, Li J. G protein-coupled receptor 87 (GPR87) promotes the growth and metastasis of CD133⁺ cancer stem-like cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61056. [PMID: 23593389 PMCID: PMC3622685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent disease worldwide, and the majority of HCC-related deaths occur due to local invasion and distant metastasis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation of cancer cells that have been hypothesized to be responsible for metastatic disease. Recently, we and others have identified a CSC population from human HCC cell lines and xenograft tumors characterized by their expression of CD133. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which CD133+ cancer stem-like cells mediate HCC metastasis have not been sufficiently analyzed. Here, we have sorted HCC cells using CD133 as a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and demonstrated that the CD133+ HCC cells not only possess greater migratory and invasive capacity in vitro but are also endowed with enhanced metastatic capacity in vivo and in human HCC specimens when compared to CD133− HCC cells. Gene expression analysis of the CD133+ and CD133− cells of the HCC line SMMC-7721 revealed that G protein-coupled receptor 87 (GPR87) is highly expressed in CD133+ HCC cells. In this study, we explored the role of GPR87 in the regulation of CD133 expression. We demonstrated that the overexpression of GPR87 up-regulated CD133 expression, promoted CSC-associated migratory and invasive properties in vitro, and increased tumor initiation in vivo. Conversely, silencing of GPR87 expression reduced the levels of CD133 expression. Conclusion: GPR87 promotes the growth and metastasis of CD133+ cancer stem-like cells, and our findings may reveal new targets for HCC prevention or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaoxin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Taoyang Chen
- Qi Dong Liver Cancer Institute, Qi Dong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guoping Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Cancer Institute of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Ming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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86
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Mooney BM, Raof NA, Li Y, Xie Y. Convergent mechanisms in pluripotent stem cells and cancer: Implications for stem cell engineering. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:408-19. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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87
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Induction of cells with cancer stem cell properties from nontumorigenic human mammary epithelial cells by defined reprogramming factors. Oncogene 2013; 33:643-52. [PMID: 23318426 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small and elusive population of undifferentiated cancer cells within tumors that drive tumor growth and recurrence, are believed to resemble normal stem cells. Although surrogate markers have been identified and compelling CSC theoretical models abound, actual proof for the existence of CSCs can only be had retrospectively. Hence, great store has come to be placed in isolating CSCs from cancers for in-depth analysis. On the other hand, although induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine, concern exists over the inadvertent co-transplantation of partially or undifferentiated stem cells with tumorigenic capacity. Here we demonstrate that the introduction of defined reprogramming factors (OCT4, SOX2, Klf4 and c-Myc) into MCF-10A nontumorigenic mammary epithelial cells, followed by partial differentiation, transforms the bulk of cells into tumorigenic CD44(+)/CD24(low) cells with CSC properties, termed here as induced CSC-like-10A or iCSCL-10A cells. These reprogrammed cells display a malignant phenotype in culture and form tumors of multiple lineages when injected into immunocompromised mice. Compared with other transformed cell lines, cultured iCSCL-10A cells exhibit increased resistance to the chemotherapeutic compounds, Taxol and Actinomycin D, but higher susceptibility to the CSC-selective agent Salinomycin and the Pin1 inhibitor Juglone. Restored expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a abrogated the CSC properties of iCSCL-10A cells, by inducing cellular senescence. This study provides some insight into the potential oncogenicity that may arise via cellular reprogramming, and could represent a valuable in vitro model for studying the phenotypic traits of CSCs per se.
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88
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Privette Vinnedge LM, Kappes F, Nassar N, Wells SI. Stacking the DEK: from chromatin topology to cancer stem cells. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:51-66. [PMID: 23255114 PMCID: PMC3570517 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are essential for development and tissue maintenance and display molecular markers and functions distinct from those of differentiated cell types in a given tissue. Malignant cells that exhibit stem cell-like activities have been detected in many types of cancers and have been implicated in cancer recurrence and drug resistance. Normal stem cells and cancer stem cells have striking commonalities, including shared cell surface markers and signal transduction pathways responsible for regulating quiescence vs. proliferation, self-renewal, pluripotency and differentiation. As the search continues for markers that distinguish between stem cells, progenitor cells and cancer stem cells, growing evidence suggests that a unique chromatin-associated protein called DEK may confer stem cell-like qualities. Here, we briefly describe current knowledge regarding stem and progenitor cells. We then focus on new findings that implicate DEK as a regulator of stem and progenitor cell qualities, potentially through its unusual functions in the regulation of local or global chromatin organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Privette Vinnedge
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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89
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Pandian GN, Sugiyama H. Strategies to modulate heritable epigenetic defects in cellular machinery: lessons from nature. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 6:1-24. [PMID: 24275784 PMCID: PMC3816674 DOI: 10.3390/ph6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural epigenetic processes precisely orchestrate the intricate gene network by expressing and suppressing genes at the right place and time, thereby playing an essential role in maintaining the cellular homeostasis. Environment-mediated alteration of this natural epigenomic pattern causes abnormal cell behavior and shifts the cell from the normal to a diseased state, leading to certain cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Unlike heritable diseases that are caused by the irreversible mutations in DNA, epigenetic errors can be reversed. Inheritance of epigenetic memory is also a major concern in the clinical translation of the Nobel Prize-winning discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell technology. Consequently, there is an increasing interest in the development of novel epigenetic switch-based therapeutic strategies that could potentially restore the heritable changes in epigenetically inherited disorders. Here we give a comprehensive overview of epigenetic inheritance and suggest the prospects of therapeutic gene modulation using epigenetic-based drugs, in particular histone deacetylase inhibitors. This review suggests that there is a need to develop therapeutic strategies that effectively mimic the natural environment and include the ways to modulate the gene expression at both the genetic and epigenetic levels. The development of tailor-made small molecules that could epigenetically alter DNA in a sequence-specific manner is a promising approach for restoring defects in an altered epigenome and may offer a sustainable solution to some unresolved clinical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh N Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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90
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Nagata S, Hirano K, Kanemori M, Sun LT, Tada T. Self-renewal and pluripotency acquired through somatic reprogramming to human cancer stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48699. [PMID: 23144933 PMCID: PMC3493587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are reprogrammed by transient expression of transcription factors in somatic cells. Approximately 1% of somatic cells can be reprogrammed into iPSCs, while the remaining somatic cells are differentially reprogrammed. Here, we established induced pluripotent cancer stem-like cells (iCSCs) as self-renewing pluripotent cell clones. Stable iCSC lines were established from unstable induced epithelial stem cell (iESC) lines through re-plating followed by embryoid body formation and serial transplantation. iCSCs shared the expression of pluripotent marker genes with iPSCs, except for REX1 and LIN28, while exhibited the expression of somatic marker genes EMP1 and PPARγ. iESCs and iCSCs could generate teratomas with high efficiency by implantation into immunodeficient mice. The second iCSCs isolated from dissociated cells of teratoma from the first iCSCs were stably maintained, showing a gene expression profile similar to the first iCSCs. In the first and second iCSCs, transgene-derived Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc were expressed. Comparative global gene expression analyses demonstrated that the first iCSCs were similar to iESCs, and clearly different from human iPSCs and somatic cells. In iCSCs, gene expression kinetics of the core pluripotency factor and the Myc-related factor were pluripotent type, whereas the polycomb complex factor was somatic type. These findings indicate that pluripotent tumorigenicity can be conferred on somatic cells through up-regulation of the core pluripotency and Myc-related factors, prior to establishment of the iPSC molecular network by full reprogramming through down-regulation of the polycomb complex factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Nagata
- Department of Stem Cell Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kunio Hirano
- Department of Stem Cell Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michele Kanemori
- Department of Stem Cell Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Liang-Tso Sun
- Department of Stem Cell Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Tada
- Department of Stem Cell Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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91
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Pandian GN, Nakano Y, Sato S, Morinaga H, Bando T, Nagase H, Sugiyama H. A synthetic small molecule for rapid induction of multiple pluripotency genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2012; 2:544. [PMID: 22848790 PMCID: PMC3408130 DOI: 10.1038/srep00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming involves profound alterations in genome-wide gene expression that is precisely controlled by a hypothetical epigenetic code. Small molecules have been shown to artificially induce epigenetic modifications in a sequence independent manner. Recently, we showed that specific DNA binding hairpin pyrrole-imidazole polyamides (PIPs) could be conjugated with chromatin modifying histone deacetylase inhibitors like SAHA to epigenetically activate certain pluripotent genes in mouse fibroblasts. In our steadfast progress to improve the efficiency of SAHA-PIPs, we identified a novel compound termed, δ that could dramatically induce the endogenous expression of Oct-3/4 and Nanog. Genome-wide gene analysis suggests that in just 24 h and at nM concentration, δ induced multiple pluripotency-associated genes including Rex1 and Cdh1 by more than ten-fold. δ treated MEFs also rapidly overcame the rate-limiting step of epithelial transition in cellular reprogramming by switching “” the complex transcriptional gene network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh N Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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