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VanElzakker MB, Dahlgren MK, Davis FC, Dubois S, Shin LM. From Pavlov to PTSD: the extinction of conditioned fear in rodents, humans, and anxiety disorders. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 113:3-18. [PMID: 24321650 PMCID: PMC4156287 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 100 years ago, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to use a neutral cue to predict a biologically relevant event: after repeated predictive pairings, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to anticipate food at the sound of a bell, which caused them to salivate. Like sustenance, danger is biologically relevant, and neutral cues can take on great salience when they predict a threat to survival. In anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this type of conditioned fear fails to extinguish, and reminders of traumatic events can cause pathological conditioned fear responses for decades after danger has passed. In this review, we use fear conditioning and extinction studies to draw a direct line from Pavlov to PTSD and other anxiety disorders. We explain how rodent studies have informed neuroimaging studies of healthy humans and humans with PTSD. We describe several genes that have been linked to both PTSD and fear conditioning and extinction and explain how abnormalities in fear conditioning or extinction may reflect a general biomarker of anxiety disorders. Finally, we explore drug and neuromodulation treatments that may enhance therapeutic extinction in anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B VanElzakker
- Tufts University Psychology, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - M Kathryn Dahlgren
- Tufts University Psychology, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - F Caroline Davis
- Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Stacey Dubois
- Tufts University Psychology, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Lisa M Shin
- Tufts University Psychology, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Moser DA, Aue T, Suardi F, Kutlikova H, Cordero MI, Rossignol AS, Favez N, Rusconi Serpa S, Schechter DS. Violence-related PTSD and neural activation when seeing emotionally charged male-female interactions. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:645-53. [PMID: 25062841 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that involves impaired regulation of the fear response to traumatic reminders. This study tested how women with male-perpetrated interpersonal violence-related PTSD (IPV-PTSD) differed in their brain activation from healthy controls (HC) when exposed to scenes of male-female interaction of differing emotional content. Sixteen women with symptoms of IPV-PTSD and 19 HC participated in this study. During magnetic resonance imaging, participants watched a stimulus protocol of 23 different 20 s silent epochs of male-female interactions taken from feature films, which were neutral, menacing or prosocial. IPV-PTSD participants compared with HC showed (i) greater dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activation in response to menacing vs prosocial scenes and (ii) greater anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right hippocampus activation and lower ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) activty in response to emotional vs neutral scenes. The fact that IPV-PTSD participants compared with HC showed lower activity of the ventral ACC during emotionally charged scenes regardless of the valence of the scenes suggests that impaired social perception among IPV-PTSD patients transcends menacing contexts and generalizes to a wider variety of emotionally charged male-female interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik A Moser
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Aue
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Suardi
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hana Kutlikova
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria I Cordero
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ana Sancho Rossignol
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Favez
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Rusconi Serpa
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel S Schechter
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Lissek S, Glaubitz B, Uengoer M, Tegenthoff M. Hippocampal activation during extinction learning predicts occurrence of the renewal effect in extinction recall. Neuroimage 2013; 81:131-143. [PMID: 23684875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The renewal effect describes the reoccurrence of a previously extinguished response in situations where the context of extinction differs from that of acquisition, thus illustrating the context-dependency of extinction learning. A number of studies on contextual fear extinction have implicated hippocampus and vmPFC in processing and retrieval of context both during extinction learning and recall of extinction. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study we explored the neural correlates of the renewal effect in associative learning, using a predictive learning task that required participants to learn relations between cues and outcomes presented in particular contexts. During extinction in a novel context, compared to extinction in a context identical to the acquisition context, participants who exhibited the renewal effect (REN) showed increased activation in brain regions including bilateral posterior hippocampus and left parahippocampal gyrus. This activation pattern was absent in participants that did not show the renewal effect (NOREN). In direct comparisons between the groups, the REN group exhibited higher activation in bilateral hippocampus, while the NOREN group showed higher activation in left dlPFC (BA 46) and right anterior cingulate (BA 32). During extinction recall, stimuli that had been extinguished in a different context were again presented in the context of acquisition. Here both groups exhibited predominantly prefrontal activation, with the REN group's focus upon bilateral OFC (BA 47) and bilateral vmPFC (BA 10), while the NOREN group showed generally more widespread activation, predominantly in large clusters of dlPFC (BA 8,9,45). In a direct comparison, the REN group showed higher activation than the NOREN group in left vmPFC (BA 10), while NOREN participants exhibited more activation in dlPFC (BA 9, 46). Activation in left vmPFC during extinction recall correlated with the number of renewal effect responses, while the dlPFC activation showed a negative correlation with renewal effect responses. These results highlight the differential activation patterns of processes that will eventually produce or not produce a renewal effect, indicating that during extinction learning hippocampus encodes the relation between context and cue-outcome, while in extinction recall vmPFC is active to retrieve this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Lissek
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Glaubitz
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Metin Uengoer
- Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-Universitaet Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Tegenthoff
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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