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Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 5:88-109. [PMID: 28560163 PMCID: PMC5439462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an enteric parasite that is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, water and food. Humans, wildlife and domestic livestock all potentially contribute Cryptosporidium to surface waters. Human encroachment into natural ecosystems has led to an increase in interactions between humans, domestic animals and wildlife populations. Increasing numbers of zoonotic diseases and spill over/back of zoonotic pathogens is a consequence of this anthropogenic disturbance. Drinking water catchments and water reservoir areas have been at the front line of this conflict as they can be easily contaminated by zoonotic waterborne pathogens. Therefore, the epidemiology of zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium in free-ranging and captive wildlife is of increasing importance. This review focuses on zoonotic Cryptosporidium species reported in global wildlife populations to date, and highlights their significance for public health and the water industry.
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Liu W, Nie C, Zhang L, Wang R, Liu A, Zhao W, Li H. First detection and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in reindeers (Rangifer tarandus): a zoonotic potential of ITS genotypes. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:526. [PMID: 26458271 PMCID: PMC4603772 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common pathogen of 14 microsporidian species infecting humans worldwide. In China, E. bieneusi has been reported in some common livestock and environmental specimens. However, no information is available on occurrence of E. bieneusi in reindeers. The objective of the present study was to detect and genotype E. bieneusi in reindeers in China, and assess the zoonotic potential. FINDINGS 125 fecal specimens were collected from wild reindeers in the northeast forest region of Great Hinggan Mountains of China. By PCR and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene of E. bieneusi, an average infection rate of 16.8 % (21/125) was observed in reindeers. E. bieneusi was detected in two age groups: 7.7 % (3/39) in the youths (aged 1 to 2 years) and 22.2 % (18/81) in the adults (aged 3 to 8 years). Five genotypes were identified: one known genotype Peru6 (n = 6) and four novel genotypes named as CHN-RD1 (n = 12), and CHN-RD 2 to CHN-RD4 (one each). In phylogenetic analysis, all the novel genotypes together with known genotype Peru 6 were clustered into group 1. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of E. bieneusi infection in reindeers, expanding the host range of E. bieneusi. The fact of genotype Peru 6 previously reported in humans and the result of all the novel genotypes falling into zoonotic group 1 suggest the possibility of E. bieneusi transmitted from reindeers to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishi Liu
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China.
| | - Chunyu Nie
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China.
| | - Heping Li
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China.
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Narat V, Pennec F, Simmen B, Ngawolo JCB, Krief S. Bonobo habituation in a forest-savanna mosaic habitat: influence of ape species, habitat type, and sociocultural context. Primates 2015; 56:339-49. [PMID: 26159325 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-015-0476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Habituation is the term used to describe acceptance by wild animals of a human observer as a neutral element in their environment. Among primates, the process takes from a few days for Galago spp. to several years for African apes. There are also intraspecies differences reflecting differences in habitat, home range, and ape-human relationship history. Here, we present the first study of the process of bonobo habituation in a fragmented habitat, a forest-savanna mosaic in the community-based conservation area led by the Congolese nongovernmental organization Mbou-Mon-Tour, Democratic Republic of the Congo. In this area, local people use the forest almost every day for traditional activities but avoid bonobos because of a traditional taboo. Because very few flight reactions were observed during habituation, we focused on quantitative parameters to assess the development of ape tolerance and of the tracking efficiency of observer teams. During the 18-month study period (May 2012-October 2013), 4043 h (319 days) were spent in the forest and bonobos were observed for a total of 405 h (196 contacts on 134 days). The average contact duration was stable over time (124 min), but the minimal distance during a contact decreased with habituation effort. Moreover, bonobo location and tracking efficiency, daily ratio of contact time to habituation effort, and the number of observations at ground level were positively correlated with habituation effort. Our observations suggest that bonobos become habituated relatively rapidly. These results are discussed in relation to the habitat type, ape species, and the local sociocultural context of villagers. The habituation process involves changes in ape behavior toward observers and also more complex interactions concerning the ecosystem, including the building of an efficient local team. Before starting a habituation process, knowledge of the human sociocultural context is essential to assess the balance between risks and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Narat
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR7206 (MNHN-CNRS-Paris7) Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Site du Musée de l'Homme, 17 Place du Trocadéro, 75016, Paris Cedex, France.
| | - Flora Pennec
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR7206 (MNHN-CNRS-Paris7) Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Site du Musée de l'Homme, 17 Place du Trocadéro, 75016, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Simmen
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR7206 (MNHN-CNRS-Paris7) Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800, Brunoy, France
| | | | - Sabrina Krief
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR7206 (MNHN-CNRS-Paris7) Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Site du Musée de l'Homme, 17 Place du Trocadéro, 75016, Paris Cedex, France.,Projet Pour la Conservation des Grands Singes, 3 Rue Titien, 75013, Paris, France
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Gomez A, Petrzelkova K, Yeoman CJ, Vlckova K, Mrázek J, Koppova I, Carbonero F, Ulanov A, Modry D, Todd A, Torralba M, Nelson KE, Gaskins HR, Wilson B, Stumpf RM, White BA, Leigh SR. Gut microbiome composition and metabolomic profiles of wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) reflect host ecology. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2551-65. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andres Gomez
- Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences; University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Klara Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology; Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo; Liberec Czech Republic
| | - Carl J. Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences; Montana State University; Bozeman MT 59717 USA
| | - Klara Vlckova
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Mrázek
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ingrid Koppova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Franck Carbonero
- Department of Food Science; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72704 USA
| | - Alexander Ulanov
- Metabolomics Center; Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - David Modry
- Institute of Parasitology; Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; České Budějovice Czech Republic
- CEITEC; Central European Institute for Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Angelique Todd
- World Wildlife Fund; Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas; Bayanga Central African Republic
| | | | | | - H. Rex Gaskins
- Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences; University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Brenda Wilson
- Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Department of Microbiology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Rebecca M. Stumpf
- Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Department of Anthropology; University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Bryan A. White
- Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences; University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Steven R. Leigh
- Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Department of Anthropology; University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Department of Anthropology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
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Butel C, Mundeke SA, Drakulovski P, Krasteva D, Ngole EM, Mallié M, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Locatelli S. Assessment of Infections with Microsporidia and Cryptosporidium spp. in Fecal Samples from Wild Primate Populations from Cameroon and Democratic Republic of Congo. INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ecology of malaria infections in western lowland gorillas inhabiting Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. Parasitology 2015; 142:890-900. [PMID: 25736484 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
African great apes are susceptible to infections with several species of Plasmodium, including the predecessor of Plasmodium falciparum. Little is known about the ecology of these pathogens in gorillas. A total of 131 gorilla fecal samples were collected from Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas to study the diversity and prevalence of Plasmodium species. The effects of sex and age as factors influencing levels of infection with Plasmodium in habituated gorilla groups were assessed. Ninety-five human blood samples from the same locality were also analysed to test for cross-transmission between humans and gorillas. According to a cytB PCR assay 32% of gorilla's fecal samples and 43·1% human individuals were infected with Plasmodium spp. All Laverania species, Plasmodium vivax, and for the first time Plasmodium ovale were identified from gorilla samples. Plasmodium praefalciparum was present only from habituated individuals and P. falciparum was detected from human samples. Although few P. vivax and P. ovale sequences were obtained from gorillas, the evidence for cross-species transmission between humans and gorillas requires more in depth analysis. No association was found between malaria infection and sex, however, younger individuals aged ≤6 years were more susceptible. Switching between two different Plasmodium spp. was observed in three individuals. Prolonged monitoring of Plasmodium infection during various seasons and recording behavioural data is necessary to draw a precise picture about the infection dynamics.
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High prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in asymptomatic pigs and assessment of zoonotic risk at the genotype level. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 80:3699-3707. [PMID: 24727270 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00807-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an emerging and clinically significant enteric parasite infecting humans and animals and can cause life-threatening diarrhea in immunocompromised people. Pigs are considered to be one of the main reservoir hosts of E. bieneusi based on their high prevalence rates and zoonotic genotypes in pigs. As an opportunistic pathogen, E. bieneusi infection of pigs can be inapparent, which leads to neglect in detecting this parasite in pigs and assessing the epidemiological role of pigs in the transmission of human microsporidiosis. In the present study, 95 healthy pigs aged 2 or 3 months were randomly selected from three areas in Heilongjiang Province, China. E. bieneusi isolates were identified and genotyped based on the small-subunit (SSU) rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rRNA gene by PCR and sequencing. A high prevalence of E. bieneusi was observed, 83.2% (79/95) at the SSU rRNA locus versus 89.5% (85/95) at the ITS locus. Ten ITS genotypes were obtained, comprising six known genotypes—EbpA (n = 30), D (n = 19), H (n = 18), O (n = 11), CS-1 (n = 1), and LW1 (n = 1)—and four novel genotypes named HLJ-I to HLJ-IV; 70.6% (60/85) of E. bieneusi genotypes were zoonotic (genotypes EbpA, D, and O). The findings of a high prevalence of E. bieneusi in pigs and a large percentage of zoonotic genotypes indicate that pigs may play a role in the transmission of E. bieneusi to humans and may become an important source of water contamination in our investigated areas.
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Sak B, Petrželková KJ, Květoňová D, Mynářová A, Pomajbíková K, Modrý D, Cranfield MR, Mudakikwa A, Kváč M. Diversity of microsporidia, Cryptosporidium and Giardia in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109751. [PMID: 25386754 PMCID: PMC4227647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases represent the greatest threats to endangered species, and transmission from humans to wildlife under increased anthropogenic pressure has been always stated as a major risk of habituation. AIMS To evaluate the impact of close contact with humans on the occurrence of potentially zoonotic protists in great apes, one hundred mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) from seven groups habituated either for tourism or for research in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda were screened for the presence of microsporidia, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. using molecular diagnostics. RESULTS The most frequently detected parasites were Enterocytozoon bieneusi found in 18 samples (including genotype EbpA, D, C, gorilla 2 and five novel genotypes gorilla 4-8) and Encephalitozoon cuniculi with genotype II being more prevalent (10 cases) compared to genotype I (1 case). Cryptosporidium muris (2 cases) and C. meleagridis (2 cases) were documented in great apes for the first time. Cryptosporidium sp. infections were identified only in research groups and occurrence of E. cuniculi in research groups was significantly higher in comparison to tourist groups. No difference in prevalence of E. bieneusi was observed between research and tourist groups. CONCLUSION Although our data showed the presence and diversity of important opportunistic protists in Volcanoes gorillas, the source and the routes of the circulation remain unknown. Repeated individual sampling, broad sampling of other hosts sharing the habitat with gorillas and quantification of studied protists would be necessary to acquire more complex data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Květoňová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Mynářová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Pomajbíková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael R. Cranfield
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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59
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Bublitz DC, Wright PC, Rasambainarivo FT, Arrigo-Nelson SJ, Bodager JR, Gillespie TR. Pathogenic enterobacteria in lemurs associated with anthropogenic disturbance. Am J Primatol 2014; 77:330-7. [PMID: 25328106 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
As human population density continues to increase exponentially, speeding the reduction and fragmentation of primate habitat, greater human-primate contact is inevitable, making higher rates of pathogen transmission likely. Anthropogenic effects are particularly evident in Madagascar, where a diversity of endemic lemur species are threatened by rapid habitat loss. Despite these risks, knowledge of how anthropogenic activities affect lemur exposure to pathogens is limited. To improve our understanding of this interplay, we non-invasively examined six species of wild lemurs in Ranomafana National Park for enteric bacterial pathogens commonly associated with diarrheal disease in human populations in Madagascar. Patterns of infection with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella enterica, Vibrio cholerae, and Yersinia spp. (enterocolitica and pseudotuberculosis) were compared between lemurs inhabiting intact forest and lemurs inhabiting degraded habitat with frequent exposure to tourism and other human activity. Fecal samples acquired from humans, livestock, and rodents living near the degraded habitat were also screened for these bacteria. Remarkably, only lemurs living in disturbed areas of the park tested positive for these pathogens. Moreover, all of these pathogens were present in the human, livestock, and/or rodent populations. These data suggest that lemurs residing in forests altered or frequented by people, livestock, or peridomestic rodents, are at risk for infection by these diarrhea-causing enterobacteria and other similarly transmitted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeAnna C Bublitz
- Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Madagascar, Africa; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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60
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Flahou B, Modrý D, Pomajbíková K, Petrželková KJ, Smet A, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F, Sá RM, Todd A, Hashimoto C, Mulama M, Kiang J, Rossi M, Haesebrouck F. Diversity of zoonotic enterohepatic Helicobacter species and detection of a putative novel gastric Helicobacter species in wild and wild-born captive chimpanzees and western lowland gorillas. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:186-94. [PMID: 25248691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A number of Helicobacter species cause gastrointestinal or hepatic disease in humans, including H. pylori, gastric non-H. pylori helicobacters from animal origin and enterohepatic Helicobacter species. Little is known on the presence of Helicobacter species in great apes, our closest living relatives and potential reservoirs of microorganisms that might emerge in humans. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter species in African chimpanzees and gorillas. Fresh fecal samples were collected from wild endangered chimpanzees and critically endangered western lowland gorillas from different African National Parks, as well as wild-born captive animals from primate sanctuaries. Intact Helicobacter bacteria were demonstrated in feces by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Screening using a Helicobacter genus-specific PCR revealed the presence of Helicobacter DNA in the majority of animals in all groups. Cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed a high homology to sequences from various zoonotic enterohepatic Helicobacter species, including H. cinaedi and H. canadensis. A number of gorillas and chimpanzees also tested positive using PCR assays designed to amplify part of the ureAB gene cluster and the hsp60 gene of gastric helicobacters. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of a putative novel zoonotic gastric Helicobacter taxon/species. For this species, we propose the name 'Candidatus Helicobacter homininae', pending isolation and further genetic characterization. The presence of several Helicobacter species not only implies a possible health threat for these endangered great apes, but also a possible zoonotic transmission of gastric and enterohepatic helicobacters from these primate reservoirs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Flahou
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Biology Center, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; CEITEC, Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Pomajbíková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Biology Center, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Biology Center, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Mammal Ecology, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kvetna 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic; Liberec ZOO, Masarykova 1347/31, 460 01 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Rui M Sá
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Centre for Research in Anthropology, ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Av. Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Angelique Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Chie Hashimoto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Martin Mulama
- Sweetwaters Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Ol Pejeta Conservancy, 10400 Nanyuki, Kenya
| | | | - Mirko Rossi
- Department of Food Health and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66 (Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Janatova M, Albrechtova K, Petrzelkova KJ, Dolejska M, Papousek I, Masarikova M, Cizek A, Todd A, Shutt K, Kalousova B, Profousova-Psenkova I, Modry D, Literak I. Antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from humans and wildlife in Dzanga-Sangha Protected Area, Central African Republic. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:422-31. [PMID: 24636162 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide concern of public health. Unfortunately, resistant bacteria are spreading to all ecosystems, including the strictly protected ones. We investigated antimicrobial resistance in gastrointestinal Enterobacteriaceae of wild mammals and people living within Dzangha-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic, with an emphasis on extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes. We compare resistance genes found in microbiota of humans, gorillas habituated and unhabituated to humans and other wildlife. In gorillas, we additionally investigate the presence of ESBL resistant isolates after treatment by ceftiofur. We found a considerable prevalence of multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates with ESBL and PMQR genes in humans (10% and 31%, respectively). Among wildlife the most significant findings were CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a habituated gorilla and a multiresistant Escherichia coli isolate with gene qepA in an unhabituated gorilla. Other isolates from wildlife were mostly represented by qnrB-harboring Citrobacter spp. The relatedness of resistant E. coli was investigated in a PFGE-based dendrogram; isolates from gorillas showed less than 80% similarity to each other and less than 80% similarity to human isolates. No ESBL-producing isolates were found in animals treated by ceftiofur. Although we did not detect any bacterial clone common to wildlife and humans, we detected an intersection in the spectrum of resistance genes found in humans and gorillas, represented by blaCTX-M-15 and qepA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Janatova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Albrechtova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Klara Judita Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kvetna 8, 60365 Brno, Czech Republic; Liberec Zoo, Masarykova 1347/31, 46001 Liberec, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Dolejska
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Papousek
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Masarikova
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Cizek
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anguelique Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Kathryn Shutt
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Bara Kalousova
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilona Profousova-Psenkova
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modry
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Literak
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
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Němejc K, Sak B, Květoňová D, Hanzal V, Janiszewski P, Forejtek P, Rajský D, Kotková M, Ravaszová P, McEvoy J, Kváč M. Prevalence and diversity of Encephalitozoon spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Central Europe. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:761-7. [PMID: 24292543 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
From 2011 to 2012, the occurrence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. was surveyed at 29 randomly selected localities (both forest areas and enclosures) across four Central European countries: Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, and the Slovak Republic. Isolates were genotyped by PCR amplification and characterization of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region using Enterocytozoon and Encephalitozoon-specific protocols. PCR revealed 16 mono-infections of Encephalitozoon cuniculi, 33 mono-infections of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and 5 concurrent infections of both Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Enterocytozoon bieneusi out of 460 faecal samples. Two genotypes (I and II) were revealed by sequence analysis of the ITS region of Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Eleven genotypes, five previously found in other hosts including domestic pigs (D, EbpA, EbpC, G and Henan-I) and six novel (WildBoar1-6), were identified in Enterocytozoon bieneusi. No other microsporidia infection was found in the examined faecal samples. Prevalence of microsporidia at the locality level ranged from 0 to 58.8 %; the prevalence was less than 25 % at more than 86 % of localities. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected as a predominant species infecting Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa). The present report is the most comprehensive survey of microsporidia infections in wild boars within the Czech Republic and selected Central European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Němejc
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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