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Burm S, Luong V, LaDonna K, Bogie B, Cowley L, Klasen JM, MacLeod A. From struggle to opportunity: Reimagining medical education in a pandemic era. PERSPECTIVES ON MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 11:115-120. [PMID: 35286689 PMCID: PMC8919355 DOI: 10.1007/s40037-022-00702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the international medical education community in unprecedented ways. The restrictions imposed to control the spread of the virus have upended our routines and forced us to reimagine our work structures, educational programming and delivery of patient care in ways that will likely continue to change how we live and work for the foreseeable future. Yet, despite these interruptions, the pandemic has additionally sparked a transformative impulse in some to actively engage in critical introspection around the future of their work, compelling us to consider what changes could (and perhaps should) occur after the pandemic is over. Drawing on key concepts associated with scholar Paulo Freire's critical pedagogy, this paper serves as a call to action, illuminating the critical imaginings that have come out of this collective moment of struggle and instability, suggesting that we can perhaps create a more just, compassionate world even in the wake of extraordinary hardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Burm
- Continuing Professional Development and Division of Medical Education, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Victoria Luong
- Continuing Professional Development and Division of Medical Education, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kori LaDonna
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryce Bogie
- MD/PhD Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay Cowley
- Ottawa Blood Disease Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Klasen
- Clarunis, Department of Visceral Surgery, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna MacLeod
- Continuing Professional Development and Division of Medical Education, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Smith J, Abouzaid L, Masuhara J, Noormohamed S, Remo N, Straatman L. "I may be essential but someone has to look after my kids": women physicians and COVID-19. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2022; 113:107-116. [PMID: 34919212 PMCID: PMC8678972 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-021-00595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper analyzes results from focus groups held with women physicians in British Columbia which explored questions around how gender norms and roles influenced their experiences during COVID-19. METHODS Four virtual focus groups were organized between July and September 2020. Participants (n = 27) were voluntarily recruited. Data were analyzed using applied thematic analysis. RESULTS In addition to the COVID-19-related changes experienced across the profession, women physicians faced distinct challenges related to an increase in unpaid care responsibilities, and often felt excluded from, and occasionally dismissed by, leadership. Women leaders often felt their contributions were unrecognized and undervalued. Participants drew strength from other women leaders, peer networks, and professional support, but these strategies were limited by unpaid care and emotional labour demands, which were identified as increasing risk of burnout. DISCUSSION Even though women physicians hold a degree of relative privilege, unpaid care work and gender norms contribute to distinct secondary effects of COVID-19. Women physicians link these to pre-pandemic assumptions (within families and communities) that women would absorb care deficits at their own cost. Health system leadership continues to reflect a masculine normative experience wherein the personal and professional are separated, and which devalues the emotional labour often associated with feminine leadership. The strategies participants employed to address negative impacts, while demonstrating resourcefulness and peer support, reflect individualistic responses to social-structural challenges. There is a need for greater recognition of women's contributions at home and work, increased representation in decision-making, and practical supports such as childcare and counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Smith
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 11806 Blusson Hall, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Lina Abouzaid
- Vancouver Physician Staff Association, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joy Masuhara
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Culture and Environment Working Group, VCH Physician Diversity Equity and Inclusion Committee, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Salima Noormohamed
- Physician Engagement & Program Development, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neli Remo
- Physician Engagement, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lynn Straatman
- Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Lawley M, Dobson J, Heelan F, Manos D. Gender Distribution of Faculty Is Strongly Correlated With Resident Gender at Canadian Radiology Residency Programs. Can Assoc Radiol J 2022; 73:486-490. [PMID: 35086343 DOI: 10.1177/08465371211069325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women are underrepresented in radiology overall, in radiology subspecialties, and in radiology leadership and academic positions. It is unclear why this disparity persists despite greater gender diversification in medicine. We sought to determine if a correlation exists between the proportion of female faculty at an institution, and the proportion of female residents in the associated residency program across Canada. METHODS Faculty gender for each Canadian Diagnostic Imaging Residency Program was obtained through publicly available sources (departmental websites and provincial physician registries) in the fall of 2020. Resident gender data was obtained through a survey emailed to programs following the April 2021 CaRMS match. Data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Research ethics approval was obtained. RESULTS Faculty information was available for 15 of the 16 Canadian radiology residency programs (94%) and resident information was obtained for 16 programs (100% response rate). Overall, women accounted for 31.4% of radiologist faculty and 31.9% of radiology residents, with a wide range between institutions (19.5-47.8% for faculty and 13.3%-47.1% for residents). There was a strong positive correlation between the proportion of female faculty and the proportion of female residents within individual programs (r=0.73; R2=0.54; p=0.002). CONCLUSION Approximately one third of faculty and residents at Canadian Diagnostic Radiology residency programs were female but there was a wide range across the country with a strong correlation between faculty and resident gender distribution. Further exploration is warranted to determine causes of this correlation including the possible influence of role modeling, mentoring, female-friendly culture, and bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Lawley
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jessica Dobson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Francine Heelan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Daria Manos
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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McIlveen-Brown E, Morris J, Lim R, Johnson K, Byrne A, Bischoff T, Hurley K, Mann M, Menchetti I, Pardhan A, Pham C, Sheppard G, Zia A, Chan TM. Priority strategies to improve gender equity in Canadian emergency medicine: proceedings from the CAEP 2021 Academic Symposium on leadership. CAN J EMERG MED 2022; 24:151-160. [PMID: 35034336 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-021-00245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gender inequities are deeply rooted in our society and have significant negative consequences. Female physicians experience numerous gender-related inequities (e.g., microaggressions, harassment, violence). These inequities have far-reaching consequences on health, well-being and career longevity and may result in the devaluing of various strengths that female emergency physicians bring to the table. This, in turn, has an impact on patient healthcare experience and outcomes. During the 2021 Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) Academic Symposium, a national collaborative sought to understand gender inequities in emergency medicine in Canada. METHODS We used a multistep stakeholder-engagement-based approach (harnessing both quantitative and qualitative methods) to identify and prioritize problems with gender equity in emergency medicine in Canada. Based on expert consultation and literature review, we developed recommendations to effect change for the higher priority problems. We then conducted a nationwide consultation with the Canadian emergency medicine community via online engagement and the CAEP Academic Symposium to ensure that these priority problems and solutions were appropriate for the Canadian context. CONCLUSION Via the above process, 15 recommendations were developed to address five unique problem areas. There is a dearth of research in this important area and we hope this preliminary work will serve as a starting point to fuel further research. To facilitate these scholarly endeavors, we have appended additional documents identifying other key problems with gender equity in emergency medicine in Canada as well as proposed next steps for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma McIlveen-Brown
- Discipline of Emergency Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B3V6, Canada.
| | - Judy Morris
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Kirsten Johnson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Taylor Bischoff
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Miriam Mann
- Stratford General Hospital, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Isabella Menchetti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alim Pardhan
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chau Pham
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gillian Sheppard
- Discipline of Emergency Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Ayesha Zia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Teresa M Chan
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Carducci B, Keats EC, Amri M, Plamondon KM, Shoveller J, Ako O, Osler FG, Henry C, Pant Pai N, Di Ruggiero E. Prioritizing gender equity and intersectionality in Canadian global health institutions and partnerships. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0001105. [PMID: 36962606 PMCID: PMC10021364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite governmental efforts to close the gender gap and global calls including Sustainable Development Goal 5 to promote gender equality, the sobering reality is that gender inequities continue to persist in Canadian global health institutions. Moreover, from health to the economy, security to social protection, COVID-19 has exposed and heightened pre-existing inequities, with women, especially marginalized women, being disproportionately impacted. Women, particularly women who face bias along multiple identity dimensions, continue to be at risk of being excluded or delegitimized as participants in the global health workforce and continue to face barriers in career advancement to leadership, management and governance positions in Canada. These inequities have downstream effects on the policies and programmes, including global health efforts intended to support equitable partnerships with colleagues in low- and middle- income countries. We review current institutional gender inequities in Canadian global health research, policy and practice and by extension, our global partnerships. Informed by this review, we offer four priority actions for institutional leaders and managers to gender-transform Canadian global health institutions to accompany both the immediate response and longer-term recovery efforts of COVID-19. In particular, we call for the need for tracking indicators of gender parity within and across our institutions and in global health research (e.g., representation and participation, pay, promotions, training opportunities, unpaid care work), accountability and progressive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Carducci
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emily C Keats
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research, and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Amri
- Takemi Program in International Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katrina M Plamondon
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeannie Shoveller
- Faculty of Medicine, Community Health and Epidemiology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- IWH Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Onome Ako
- Action Against Hunger, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Partnership for Women and Children's Health (CanWaCH), Peterborough, Canada
| | - F Gigi Osler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Federation of Medical Women of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carol Henry
- Division of Nutrition, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nitika Pant Pai
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erica Di Ruggiero
- Social and Behavioural Health Sciences Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Global Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Tse G, Liu T, Roever L, Lee S. The Women's Leadership Gap in Diabetes: A Call for Equity and Excellence. Diabetes 2021;70:1623-1633. Diabetes 2022; 71:e1-e2. [PMID: 34995349 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Tse
- Medical Education Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Hong Kong, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Kent and Medway Medical School, Kent, U.K
| | - Tong Liu
- Medical Education Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Hong Kong, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Leonardo Roever
- Medical Education Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Hong Kong, China
- Kent and Medway Medical School, Kent, U.K
| | - Sharen Lee
- Medical Education Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Hong Kong, China
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Etherington C, Kitto S, Burns JK, Adams TL, Birze A, Britton M, Singh S, Boet S. How gender shapes interprofessional teamwork in the operating room: a qualitative secondary analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1357. [PMID: 34923992 PMCID: PMC8684702 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite substantial implications for healthcare provider practice and patient outcomes, gender has yet to be systematically explored with regard to interprofessional operating room (OR) teamwork. We aimed to explore and describe how gender and additional social identity factors shape experiences and perceptions of teamwork in the OR. METHODS This study was a qualitative secondary analysis of semi-structured interviews with OR team members conducted between November 2018 and July 2019. Participants were recruited across hospitals in Ontario, Canada. We conducted both purposive and snowball sampling until data saturation was reached. Transcripts were analyzed thematically by two independent research team members, moving from open to axial coding. RESULTS Sixty-six interviews of OR healthcare professionals were completed: anesthesia (n=17), nursing (n=19), perfusion (n=2), and surgery (n=26). Traditional gender roles, norms, and stereotypes were perceived and experienced by both women and men, but with different consequences. Both women and men participants described challenges that women face in the OR, such as being perceived negatively for displaying leadership behaviours. Participants also reported that interactions and behaviours vary depending on the team gender composition, and that other social identities, such as age and race, often interact with gender. Nevertheless, participants indicated a belief that the influence of gender in the OR may be modified. CONCLUSIONS The highly gendered reality of the OR creates an environment conducive to breakdowns in communuication and patient safety risks in addition to diminishing team morale, psychological safety, and provider well-being. Consequently, until teamwork interventions adequately account for gender, they are unlikely to be optimally effective or sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Etherington
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, General Campus, 501 Smyth Rd, Critical Care Wing 1401, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Simon Kitto
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Joseph K Burns
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Tracey L Adams
- Department of Sociology, Social Science Centre, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Arija Birze
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Meghan Britton
- Main Operating Room, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Newborn Care, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Sylvain Boet
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, General Campus, 501 Smyth Rd, Critical Care Wing 1401, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
- Francophone Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
- Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, 145 Jean-Jacques-Lussier Private, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Vassallo A, Walker K, Georgousakis M, Joshi R. Do mentoring programmes influence women's careers in the health and medical research sector? A mixed-methods evaluation of Australia's Franklin Women Mentoring Programme. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e052560. [PMID: 34690110 PMCID: PMC8559124 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is known that women are under-represented in senior positions within the health and medical research sector. The Franklin Women Mentoring Programme (Programme) is a professionally facilitated, cross-organisational initiative designed to support career development for mid-career women. The objective of this study was to evaluate Programme outcomes reported by participants 12 months following its formal conclusion. DESIGN Explanatory sequential mixed-methods study design using a cross-sectional survey and semi-structured interviews. SETTING Health and medical research institutes in Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS Health and medical researchers from the 2018 Programme. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in knowledge, skills, behaviours and research metrics directly attributed to Programme participation. RESULTS A total of 50 mentors and mentees participated in the cross-sectional survey (68% of the total cohort) and 14 mentors and mentees participated in the interviews. All reported changes to their knowledge, skills, behaviours and research metrics which were directly attributed to participation in the Programme. This included changes in knowledge and skills to be more inclusive (96% mentees, 83% mentors), resilience (88% mentees, 67% mentors), ability to have difficult workplace conversations (88% mentees, 71% mentors) and improvements in supervisory and team management (82% mentees, 75% mentors) skills. Positive impacts on promotions and grant opportunities were also reported. All evaluation participants believed this Programme was a worthwhile initiative for their workplaces to invest in. CONCLUSION Participation in this cross-organisational, professionally facilitated, structured mentoring programme has led to positive outcomes for mentees, as well as mentors. Reported outcomes indicate the Programme is meeting its aims to support the career development of mid-career women in health and medical research, while facilitating a more inclusive workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Vassallo
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Franklin Women, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen Walker
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melina Georgousakis
- Franklin Women, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rohina Joshi
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
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Rampersad C, Alexander T, Fowler E, Hartwig S, Levin A, Rosenblum ND, Samuel S, Wiebe C, Ho J. Training Programs for Fundamental and Clinician-Scientists: Balanced Outcomes for Graduates by Gender. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2021; 8:20543581211033405. [PMID: 34497716 PMCID: PMC8419530 DOI: 10.1177/20543581211033405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Women scientists are less likely to obtain Assistant Professorship and achieve promotion, and obtain less grant funding than men. Scientist/clinician-scientist training programs which provide salary awards as well as training and mentorship are a potential intervention to improve outcomes among women scientists. We hypothesized whether a programmatic approach to scientist/clinician-scientist training is associated with improved outcomes for women scientists in Canada when compared with salary awards alone. Trainees within the Kidney Research Scientist Core Education and National Training Program (KRESCENT), Canadian Child Health Clinician Scientist Program (CCHCSP), and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) salary award programs were evaluated. Objective: To examine whether the structured KRESCENT training program with salary support improves academic success for women scientists relative to salary awards alone. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Canadian national research scientist and clinician-scientist training programs and salary awards. Participants: KRESCENT cohort (n = 59, 2005-2017), CCHCSP cohort (n = 58, 2002-2015), and CIHR (n = 571, 2005-2015) Salary Awardees for postdoctoral fellows (PDF) and new investigators (NI). Measurements: National operating grant funding success, achieving an academic position as an Assistant Professor for PDF, or achieving promotion to Associate Professor for NI. Methods: The gender distribution of each cohort was determined using first name and NamepediA and was examined for PDF and NI, followed by a description of trainee outcomes by gender and training level. Results: KRESCENT and CIHR PDF were balanced (12/27, 44% men and 55/116, 47% women) while CCHCSP had a higher proportion of women (13/20, 65%). KRESCENT and CCHCSP NI retained women scientists (19/32, 59% and 22/38, 58% women), whereas CIHR NI had fewer women (165/455, 36% women vs 290/455, 64% men, P = 0.01). There was a high rate of NI operating grant success (91%-95%) with no gender differences in each cohort. There was a high proportion of CCHCSP PDF who achieved an Assistant Professorship (18/20, 90%) that may be due in part to a longer follow-up period (9.3 ± 3 years) compared with KRESCENT PDF (7/27, 26%, 0.88 ± 4.5 years), and these data were not available for CIHR PDF. Women KRESCENT NI showed increased promotion to Associate Professor (P = 0.02, 0.25 ± 3.2 years follow-up) and CCHCSP NI had high promotion rates (37/38, 97%, 6.9 ± 3.6 years follow-up) irrespective of gender. There was an overall trend toward more men pursuing biomedical research. Limitations: KRESCENT and CCHCSP training program cohort size and heterogeneity; assigning gender by first name may result in misclassification; lack of data on the respective applicant pools; and inability to examine intersectionality with gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Conclusion: Overall trainee performance across programs is remarkable by community standards regardless of gender. KRESCENT and CCHCSP training programs demonstrated balanced success in their PDF and NI, whereas the CIHR awardees had reduced representation of women scientists from PDF to NI. This exploratory study highlights the utility of programmatic training approaches like the KRESCENT program as potential tools to support and retain women scientists in the academic pipeline during the challenging PDF to NI transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Rampersad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Todd Alexander
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Nephrology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Sunny Hartwig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Adeera Levin
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Norman D Rosenblum
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susan Samuel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Chris Wiebe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Julie Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Ovseiko PV, Kalpazidou Schmidt E. Building an evidence base on organisational interventions to advance women in healthcare leadership. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 39:101108. [PMID: 34485874 PMCID: PMC8405957 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V Ovseiko
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Evanthia Kalpazidou Schmidt
- Department of Political Science – Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Tschon M, Contartese D, Pagani S, Borsari V, Fini M. Gender and Sex Are Key Determinants in Osteoarthritis Not Only Confounding Variables. A Systematic Review of Clinical Data. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3178. [PMID: 34300344 PMCID: PMC8303951 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA) have been noted, while gender/sex differences have been understated. The work aimed to systematically review literature investigating as primary aim the relationship between gender/sex related discriminants and OA. The search was performed in PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Knowledge in the last 10 years. Inclusion criteria were limited to clinical studies of patients affected by OA in any joints, analyzing as primary aim gender/sex differences. Exclusion criteria were review articles, in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo studies, case series studies and papers in which gender/sex differences were adjusted as confounding variable. Of the 120 records screened, 42 studies were included. Different clinical outcomes were analyzed: morphometric differences, followed by kinematics, pain, functional outcomes after arthroplasty and health care needs of patients. Women appear to use more health care, have higher OA prevalence, clinical pain and inflammation, decreased cartilage volume, physical difficulty, and smaller joint parameters and dimensions, as compared to men. No in-depth studies or mechanistic studies analyzing biomarker differential expressions, molecular pathways and omic profiles were found that might drive preclinical and clinical research towards sex-/gender-oriented protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deyanira Contartese
- Surgical Sciences and Tecnologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.T.); (S.P.); (V.B.); (M.F.)
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Shamseer L, Bourgeault I, Grunfeld E, Moore A, Peer N, Straus SE, Tricco AC. Will COVID-19 result in a giant step backwards for women in academic science? J Clin Epidemiol 2021; 134:160-166. [PMID: 33705957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 has disproportionately placed women in academic science on the frontlines of domestic and clinical care compared to men. As a result, women in science are publishing less and potentially acquiring less funding during COVID-19 than compared to before. This widens the pre-existing gap between men and women in prevailing, publication-based measures of productivity used to determine academic career progression. Early career women and those with intersectional identities associated with greater inequities, are facing unique challenges during this time. We argue that women will fall further behind unless academic reward systems adjust how and what they evaluate. We propose several strategies that academic institutions, funders, journals, and men in academic science can take.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Shamseer
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada.
| | - Ivy Bourgeault
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Ottawa, 120 University Private, Social Sciences Building, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Eva Grunfeld
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Ainsley Moore
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Nazia Peer
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Sharon E Straus
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Toronto, 6 Queen's Park Crescent West, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Andrea C Tricco
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada; Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Institute for Health, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada; Queens Collaboration for Health Care Quality, A JBI Centre of Excellence, Queens University, 99 University Ave, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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