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Kang DW, Yang ES, Noh YN, Hwang WC, Jo SY, Suh YA, Park WS, Choi KY, Min DS. MicroRNA-320a and microRNA-4496 attenuate Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA)-induced cancer-initiating potential and chemoresistance by targeting β-catenin and ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G, member 2. J Pathol 2017; 241:614-625. [PMID: 28008607 DOI: 10.1002/path.4866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori is closely linked to an increased risk of gastric cancer. Although cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), a major virulence factor of H. pylori, is known to be a causal factor for gastric carcinogenesis, the molecular link between CagA and gastric cancer-initiating cell (CIC)-like properties remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that CagA is required for increased expression of β-catenin and its target CIC markers via downregulation of microRNA (miR)-320a and miR-4496. CagA promoted gastric CIC properties and was responsible for chemoresistance. miR-320a and miR-4496 attenuated the in vitro self-renewal and tumour-initiating capacity of CagA-expressing CICs by targeting β-catenin. Moreover, miR-320a and miR-4496 decreased CagA-induced chemoresistance by targeting ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G, member 2 (ABCG2) at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, respectively. Combination therapy with 5-fluorouracil and miR-320a/miR-4496 suppressed gastric tumourigenesis and metastatic potential in an orthotopic mouse model, probably via suppression of CagA-induced CIC properties and chemoresistance. Our results provide novel evidence that CIC properties, chemoresistance and tumourigenesis associated with H. pylori are linked to CagA-induced upregulation of β-catenin and ABCG2. These data provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of CagA-induced carcinogenisis and the therapeutic potential of of miR-320a and miR-4496. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Woo Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sun Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Na Noh
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Chan Hwang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Jo
- Institute of Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ah Suh
- Institute of Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Yell Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Translational Research Centre for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Sik Min
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Translational Research Centre for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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In Vivo Cytochrome P450 3A Isoenzyme Activity and Pharmacokinetics of Imatinib in Relation to Therapeutic Outcome in Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Ther Drug Monit 2016; 38:230-8. [PMID: 26693810 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoenzyme metabolic activity varies between individuals and is therefore a possible candidate of influence on the therapeutic outcome of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of CYP3A metabolic activity on the plasma concentration and outcome of imatinib in patients with CML. METHODS Forty-three patients with CML were phenotyped for CYP3A activity using quinine as a probe drug and evaluated for clinical response parameters. Plasma concentrations of imatinib and its main metabolite, CGP74588, were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Patients with optimal response to imatinib after 12 months of therapy did not differ in CYP3A activity compared to nonoptimal responders (quinine metabolic ratio of 14.69 and 14.70, respectively; P = 0.966). Neither the imatinib plasma concentration nor the CGP74588/imatinib ratio was significantly associated with CYP3A activity. CONCLUSIONS The CYP3A activity does not influence imatinib plasma concentrations or the therapeutic outcome. These results indicate that although imatinib is metabolized by CYP3A enzymes, this activity is not the rate-limiting step in imatinib metabolism and excretion. Future studies should focus on other pharmacokinetic processes so as to identify the major contributor to patient variability in imatinib plasma concentrations.
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Phenyltetrazolyl-phenylamides: Substituent impact on modulation capability and selectivity toward the efflux protein ABCG2 and investigation of interaction with the transporter. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:881-895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Li X, Wang H, Wang J, Chen Y, Yin X, Shi G, Li H, Hu Z, Liang X. Emodin enhances cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in human bladder cancer cells through ROS elevation and MRP1 downregulation. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:578. [PMID: 27485374 PMCID: PMC4971704 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemoresistance is one of the most leading causes for tumor progression and recurrence of bladder cancer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a key role in the chemosensitivity of cancer cells. In the present study, emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) was applied as a ROS generator in combination with cisplatin in T24 and J82 human bladder cancer cells. Methods Cell viability and apoptosis rate of different treatment groups were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry (FCM). The expression of transporters was measured at both the transcription and translation levels using PCR and western blotting. In vitro findings were confirmed by in vivo experiments using tumor-bearing mice. The expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) in tumour tissue was measured using immunohistochemistry and side effects of the emodin/cisplatin co-treatment were investigated by histological examination. Results Emodin increased the cellular ROS level and effectively enhanced the cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity of T24 and J82 human bladder cancer cells through decreasing glutathione-cisplatin (GSH-cisplatin) conjugates. It blocked the chemoresistance of T24 and J82 cells to cisplatin through suppressing the expression of MRP1. This effect was specific in T24 and J82 cells but not in HCV-29 normal bladder epithelial cells. Consistent with in vitro experiments, emodin/cisplatin co-treatment increased the cell apoptosis and repressed the MRP1 expression in xenograft tumors, and without obvious systemic toxicity. Conclusions This study revealed that emodin could increase the cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity against T24 and J82 cells via elevating the cellular ROS level and downregulating MRP1 expression. We suggest that emodin could serve as an effective adjuvant agent for the cisplatin-based chemotherapy of bladder cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2640-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Li
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 145 S. Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Haolu Wang
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4012, Australia
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 145 S. Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Yuying Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 S. Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaobin Yin
- Division of Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1630 S. Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Guiying Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 S. Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 S. Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhiqian Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 145 S. Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Xiaowen Liang
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4012, Australia
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ABCG2 is required for self-renewal and chemoresistance of CD133-positive human colorectal cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12889-12896. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Jia M, Wei Z, Liu P, Zhao X. Silencing of ABCG2 by MicroRNA-3163 Inhibits Multidrug Resistance in Retinoblastoma Cancer Stem Cells. J Korean Med Sci 2016; 31:836-42. [PMID: 27247490 PMCID: PMC4853660 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.6.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the function and regulation mechanism of ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G, member 2 (ABCG2) in retinoblastoma cancer stem cells (RCSCs), a long-term culture of RCSCs from WERI-Rb1 cell line was successfully established based on the high expression level of ABCG2 on the surface of RCSCs. To further explore the molecular mechanism of ABCG2 on RCSCs, a microRNA that specifically targets ABCG2 was predicted. Subsequently, miR-3163 was selected and confirmed as the ABCG2-regulating microRNA. Overexpression of miR-3163 led to a significant decrease in ABCG2 expression. Additionally, ABCG2 loss-of-function induced anti-proliferation and apoptosis-promoting functions in RCSCs, and multidrug resistance to cisplatin, carboplatin, vincristine, doxorubicin, and etoposide was greatly improved in these cells. Our data suggest that miR-3163 has a significant impact on ABCG2 expression and can influence proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance in RCSCs. This work may provide new therapeutic targets for retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Linzi District People’s Hospital, Zibo City, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Linzi District People’s Hospital, Zibo City, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Linzi District People’s Hospital, Zibo City, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Linzi District People’s Hospital, Zibo City, Shandong Province, P. R. China
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The LABCG2 Transporter from the Protozoan Parasite Leishmania Is Involved in Antimony Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3489-96. [PMID: 27021316 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02813-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment for leishmaniasis, which is caused by Leishmania protozoan parasites, currently relies on a reduced arsenal of drugs. However, the significant increase in the incidence of drug therapeutic failure and the growing resistance to first-line drugs like antimonials in some areas of Northern India and Nepal limit the control of this parasitic disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of resistance in Leishmania is now a matter of urgency to optimize drugs used and to identify novel drug targets to block or reverse resistant mechanisms. Some members of the family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in Leishmania have been associated with drug resistance. In this study, we have focused our interest to characterize LABCG2's involvement in drug resistance in Leishmania. Leishmania major parasites overexpressing the ABC protein transporter LABCG2 were generated in order to assess how LABCG2 is involved in drug resistance. Assays of susceptibility to different leishmanicidal agents were carried out. Analysis of the drug resistance profile revealed that Leishmania parasites overexpressing LABCG2 were resistant to antimony, as they demonstrated a reduced accumulation of Sb(III) due to an increase in drug efflux. Additionally, LABCG2 was able to transport thiols in the presence of Sb(III) Biotinylation assays using parasites expressing LABCG2 fused with an N-terminal green fluorescent protein tag revealed that LABCG2 is partially localized in the plasma membrane; this supports data from previous studies which suggested that LABCG2 is localized in intracellular vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis. In conclusion, Leishmania LABCG2 probably confers antimony resistance by sequestering metal-thiol conjugates within vesicles and through further exocytosis by means of the parasite's flagellar pocket.
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Sándor S, Jordanidisz T, Schamberger A, Várady G, Erdei Z, Apáti Á, Sarkadi B, Orbán TI. Functional characterization of the ABCG2 5' non-coding exon variants: Stem cell specificity, translation efficiency and the influence of drug selection. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:943-51. [PMID: 27191194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABCG2 is a multidrug transporter with wide substrate specificity, and is believed to protect several cell types from various xenobiotics and endobiotics. This "guardian" function is important in numerous cell types and tissue barriers but becomes disadvantageous by being responsible for the multidrug resistance phenotype in certain tumor cells. ABCG2 regulation at the protein level has already been extensively studied, however, regulation at the mRNA level, especially the functional role of the various 5' untranslated exon variants (5' UTRs) has been elusive. In the present work, we describe a comprehensive characterization of four ABCG2 mRNA variants with different exon 1 sequences, investigate drug inducibility, stem cell specificity, mRNA stability, and translation efficiency. Although certain variants (E1B and E1C) are considered as "constitutive" mRNA isoforms, we show that chemotoxic drugs significantly alter the expression pattern of distinct ABCG2 mRNA isoforms. When examining human embryonic stem cell lines, we provide evidence that variant E1A has an expression pattern coupled to undifferentiated stem cell stage, as its transcript level is regulated parallel to mRNAs of Oct4 and Nanog pluripotency marker genes. When characterizing the four exon 1 variants we found no significant differences in terms of mRNA stabilities and half-lives of the isoforms. In contrast, variant E1U showed markedly lower translation efficiency both at the total protein level or regarding the functional presence in the plasma membrane. Taken together, these results indicate that the different 5' UTR variants play an important role in cell type specific regulation and fine tuning of ABCG2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sára Sándor
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Theodora Jordanidisz
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Schamberger
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Várady
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Erdei
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágota Apáti
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Sarkadi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, MTA-SE Molecular Biophysics Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás I Orbán
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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Hasanabady MH, Kalalinia F. ABCG2 inhibition as a therapeutic approach for overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer. J Biosci 2016; 41:313-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-016-9601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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60
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Hoque MT, Shah A, More V, Miller DS, Bendayan R. In vivo and ex vivo regulation of breast cancer resistant protein (Bcrp) by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Pparα) at the blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem 2015; 135:1113-22. [PMID: 26465636 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp/Abcg2) localized at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits permeability into the brain of many xenobiotics, including pharmacological agents. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (Pparα), a ligand-activated transcription factor, primarily involved in lipid metabolism, has been shown to regulate the functional expression of Bcrp in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). The aim of this study was to investigate ex vivo and in vivo, the regulation of Bcrp by Pparα in an intact BBB. Ex vivo quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblot analyses showed significant up-regulation of Abcg2/Bcrp mRNA and protein levels in CD-1 mouse brain capillaries incubated with clofibrate, a Pparα ligand. Fluorescence-based transport assays in CD-1 and C57BL/6 brain capillaries showed that exposure to clofibrate significantly increased Bcrp transport activity. This increase was not observed in capillaries isolated from Pparα knockout mice. In vivo, we found: i) significant Bcrp protein up-regulation in clofibrate-dosed CD-1 and C57BL/6 capillary lysates, but no effect in Pparα knockout capillary lysates, and ii) significantly increased Bcrp transport activity in capillaries isolated from clofibrate-treated mice. These results demonstrate an increase in Bcrp functional expression by Pparα in brain capillaries, and suggest that Pparα is another nuclear receptor that can contribute to the regulation of membrane efflux transporters and drug permeability at the BBB. We propose the involvement of the following pathways in clofibrate-mediated induction of the drug transporter Abcg2/Bcrp mRNA, protein expression and function by the nuclear receptor Pparα, in mouse brain capillary endothelial cells. Upon activation with clofibrate (Pparα, ligand), Pparα complex translocates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and further recruits coactivators and transcription machinery which induce the transcription of Abcg2 gene and ultimately results in upregulation of Bcrp protein expression and function. These findings have significant implications since Bcrp is known to play an important role at the BBB in preventing the permeability of several xenobiotics and drugs into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tozammel Hoque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arpit Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vijay More
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David S Miller
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Pregnancy is a complex state where changes in maternal physiology have evolved to favor the development and growth of the placenta and the fetus. These adaptations may affect preexisting disease or result in pregnancy-specific disorders. Similarly, variations in physiology may alter the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics that determines drug dosing and effect. It follows that detailed pharmacologic information is required to adjust therapeutic treatment strategies during pregnancy. Understanding both pregnancy physiology and the gestation-specific pharmacology of different agents is necessary to achieve effective treatment and limit maternal and fetal risk. Unfortunately, most drug studies have excluded pregnant women based on often-mistaken concerns regarding fetal risk. Furthermore, over two-thirds of women receive prescription drugs while pregnant, with treatment and dosing strategies based on data from healthy male volunteers and non-pregnant women, and with little adjustment for the complex physiology of pregnancy and its unique disease states. This review will describe basic concepts in pharmacokinetics and their clinical relevance and highlight the variations in pregnancy that may impact the pharmacokinetic properties of medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa Feghali
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, Magee Womens Hospital of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Steve Caritis
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, Magee Womens Hospital of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Cheng YH, Jenardhanan P, Mathur PP, Qian X, Xia W, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY. Interaction of oligomeric breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP) with adjudin: a male contraceptive with anti-cancer activity. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2015; 7:147-53. [PMID: 25620224 DOI: 10.2174/1874467208666150126154049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP, ABCG2) is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, which together with two other ABC efflux drug pumps, namely P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) and multidrug resistance-related protein 1 (MRP1, ABCC1) is the most important multidrug resistance protein foun d in eukaryotic cells including cells in the testis. However, unlike P-gp and MRP1, which are components of the Sertoli cell blood-testis barrier (BTB), BCRP is not expressed at the BTB in rodents and human testes. Instead, BCRP is expressed by peritubular myoid cells and endothelial cells of the lymphatic vessel in the tunica propria, residing outside the BTB. As such, the testis is equipped with two levels of defense against xenobiotics or drugs, preventing these harmful substances from entering the adluminal compartment to perturb meiosis and post-meiotic spermatid development: one at the level of the BTB conferred by P-gp and MRP1 and one at the tunica propria conferred by BCRP. The presence of drug transporters at the tunica propria as well as at the Sertoli cell BTB thus poses significant obstacles in developing non-hormonal contraceptives if these drugs (e.g., adjudin) exert their effects in germ cells behind the BTB, such as in the adluminal (apical) compartment of the seminiferous epithelium. Herein, we summarize recent findings pertinent to adjudin, a non-hormonal male contraceptive, and molecular interactions of adjudin with BCRP so that this information can be helpful to devise delivery strategies to evade BCRP in the tunica propria to improve its bioavailability in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chuen Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York 10065, USA.
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Targeting CD133(+) laryngeal carcinoma cells with chemotherapeutic drugs and siRNA against ABCG2 mediated by thermo/pH-sensitive mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:2209-17. [PMID: 26353857 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) represent a new form of drug nanocarrier with thermo/pH-coupling sensitivity and site-specificity. CD133(+) Hep-2 laryngeal cancer cells are responsible for multidrug resistance due to elevated expression of ABCG2. Since positively charged nanoparticles could easily uptake nucleic acids, we examined the possibility of using this new drug delivery system to simultaneously deliver different chemotherapeutic drugs and siRNA targeting ABCG2. Our results demonstrated that both antitumor drugs and siRNA against ABCG2 were successfully delivered into CD133(+) cancer cells by loaded MSNs. Down-regulation of ABCG2 significantly enhanced the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis in laryngeal carcinoma cells. Furthermore, the chemotherapeutic drug and siRNA loaded nanoparticles inhibited tumor growth in vivo in a laryngeal cancer mouse model.
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Rosenberg MF, Bikadi Z, Hazai E, Starborg T, Kelley L, Chayen NE, Ford RC, Mao Q. Three-dimensional structure of the human breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) in an inward-facing conformation. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2015; 71:1725-35. [PMID: 26249353 PMCID: PMC4528803 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715010676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
ABCG2 is an efflux drug transporter that plays an important role in drug resistance and drug disposition. In this study, the first three-dimensional structure of human full-length ABCG2 analysed by electron crystallography from two-dimensional crystals in the absence of nucleotides and transported substrates is reported at 2 nm resolution. In this state, ABCG2 forms a symmetric homodimer with a noncrystallographic twofold axis perpendicular to the two-dimensional crystal plane, as confirmed by subtomogram averaging. This configuration suggests an inward-facing configuration similar to murine ABCB1, with the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) widely separated from each other. In the three-dimensional map, densities representing the long cytoplasmic extensions from the transmembrane domains that connect the NBDs are clearly visible. The structural data have allowed the atomic model of ABCG2 to be refined, in which the two arms of the V-shaped ABCG2 homodimeric complex are in a more closed and narrower conformation. The structural data and the refined model of ABCG2 are compatible with the biochemical analysis of the previously published mutagenesis studies, providing novel insight into the structure and function of the transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Rosenberg
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, England
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, England
| | | | - Eszter Hazai
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, England
| | - Tobias Starborg
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, England
| | - Lawrence Kelley
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England
| | - Naomi E. Chayen
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, England
| | - Robert C. Ford
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, England
| | - Qingcheng Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Weidner LD, Zoghbi SS, Lu S, Shukla S, Ambudkar SV, Pike VW, Mulder J, Gottesman MM, Innis RB, Hall MD. The Inhibitor Ko143 Is Not Specific for ABCG2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:384-93. [PMID: 26148857 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.225482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter activity in vivo with positron emission tomography requires both a substrate and a transporter inhibitor. However, for ABCG2, there is no inhibitor proven to be specific to that transporter alone at the blood-brain barrier. Ko143 [[(3S,6S,12aS)-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12a-octahydro-9-methoxy-6-(2-methylpropyl)-1,4-dioxopyrazino[1',2':1,6]pyrido[3,4- b]indole-3-propanoic acid 1,1-dimethylethyl ester], a nontoxic analog of fungal toxin fumitremorgin C, is a potent inhibitor of ABCG2, although its specificity in mouse and human systems is unclear. This study examined the selectivity of Ko143 using human embryonic kidney cell lines transfected with ABCG2, ABCB1, or ABCC1 in several in vitro assays. The stability of Ko143 in rat plasma was measured using high performance liquid chromatography. Our results show that, in addition to being a potent inhibitor of ABCG2, at higher concentrations (≥1 μM) Ko143 also has an effect on the transport activity of both ABCB1 and ABCC1. Furthermore, Ko143 was found to be unstable in rat plasma. These findings indicate that Ko143 lacks specificity for ABCG2 and this should be taken into consideration when using Ko143 for both in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora D Weidner
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Sami S Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Shuiyu Lu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Suneet Shukla
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Suresh V Ambudkar
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Jan Mulder
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Michael M Gottesman
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Matthew D Hall
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
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Hirota T, Ieiri I. Drug-drug interactions that interfere with statin metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1435-47. [PMID: 26058399 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1056149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipid-lowering drugs, especially hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), are widely used in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerotic diseases. The benefits of statins are well documented. However, myotoxic side effects, which can sometimes be severe, including myopathy or rhabdomyolysis, have been associated with the use of statins. In some cases, this toxicity is associated with pharmacokinetic alterations. Potent inhibitors of CYP 3A4 significantly increase plasma concentrations of the active forms of simvastatin, lovastatin and atorvastatin. Fluvastatin is metabolized by CYP2C9, while pravastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin are not susceptible to inhibition by any CYP. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the pharmacokinetic aspects of the drug-drug interaction with statins and genetic polymorphisms in CYPs, which are involved in the metabolism of statins, and highlights the importance of establishing a system utilizing electronic medical information practically to avoid adverse drug reactions. EXPERT OPINION An understanding of the mechanisms underlying statin interactions will help to minimize drug interactions and develop statins that are less prone to adverse interactions. Quantitatively analyzed information for the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering effects of statin based on electronic medical records may be useful for avoiding the adverse effect of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hirota
- a Kyushu University, Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics , Fukuoka 8128582, Japan +81 92 642 6657 ; +81 92 642 6660 ;
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67
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Terada T, Hira D. Intestinal and hepatic drug transporters: pharmacokinetic, pathophysiological, and pharmacogenetic roles. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:508-19. [PMID: 25773773 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapies are determined by the complex processes involved in the interactions between drugs with the human body, including pharmacokinetic aspects. Among pharmacokinetic factors, it has been recognized that drug transporters play critical roles for absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs, regulating the membrane transport of drugs. The vast amounts of information on drug transporters collected in the past 20 years have been organized according to biochemical, molecular, genetic, and clinical analyses. Novel technologies, public databases, and regulatory guidelines have advanced the use of such information in drug development and clinical practice. In this review, we selected some clinically important drug transporters expressed in the intestine and liver, and introduced the research history and current knowledge of their pharmacokinetic, pathophysiological, and pharmacogenetic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Terada
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan,
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68
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Daud ANA, Bergman JEH, Bakker MK, Wang H, de Walle HEK, Plösch T, Wilffert B. Pharmacogenetics of drug-induced birth defects: the role of polymorphisms of placental transporter proteins. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:1029-41. [PMID: 24956255 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the ongoing issues in perinatal medicine is the risk of birth defects associated with maternal drug use. The teratogenic effect of a drug depends, apart from other factors, on the exposition of the fetus to the drug. Transporter proteins are known to be involved in the pharmacokinetics of drugs and have an effect on drug level and fetal drug exposure. This condition may subsequently alter the risk of teratogenicity, which occurs in a dose-dependent manner. This review focuses on the clinically important polymorphisms of transporter proteins and their effects on the mRNA and protein expression in placental tissue. We also propose a novel approach on how the different genotypes of the polymorphism can be translated into phenotypes to facilitate genetic association studies. The last section looks into the recent studies exploring the association between P-glycoprotein polymorphisms and the risk of fetal birth defects associated with medication use during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizati N A Daud
- Unit of Pharmacotherapy & Pharmaceutical Care, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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69
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Yu DMT, Huynh T, Truong AM, Haber M, Norris MD. ABC transporters and neuroblastoma. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 125:139-70. [PMID: 25640269 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common cancer of infancy and accounts for 15% of all pediatric oncology deaths. Survival rates of high-risk neuroblastoma remain less than 50%, with amplification of the MYCN oncogene the most important aberration associated with poor outcome. Direct transcriptional targets of MYCN include a number of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, of which ABCC1 (MRP1), ABCC3 (MRP3), and ABCC4 (MRP4) are the best characterized. These three transporter genes have been shown to be strongly prognostic of neuroblastoma outcome in primary untreated neuroblastoma. In addition to their ability to efflux a number of chemotherapeutic drugs, evidence suggests that these transporters also contribute to neuroblastoma outcome independent of any role in cytotoxic drug efflux. Endogenous substrates of ABCC1 and ABCC4 that may be potential candidates affecting neuroblastoma biology include molecules such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. These bioactive lipid mediators have the ability to influence biological processes contributing to cancer initiation and progression, such as angiogenesis, cell signaling, inflammation, proliferation, and migration and invasion. ABCC1 and ABCC4 are thus potential targets for therapeutic suppression in high-risk neuroblastoma, and recently developed small-molecule inhibitors may be an effective strategy in treating aggressive forms of this cancer, as well as other cancers that express high levels of these transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M T Yu
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tony Huynh
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alan M Truong
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Murray D Norris
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Krzyżanowski D, Bartosz G, Grzelak A. Collateral sensitivity: ABCG2-overexpressing cells are more vulnerable to oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 76:47-52. [PMID: 25064323 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR), which is the main obstacle to cancer chemotherapy, is mainly due to overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, especially ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein), ABCC1 (MRP1), and ABCG2 (BCRP). A novel idea to overcome MDR is that of collateral sensitivity, i.e., finding a treatment to which cells overexpressing ABC transporters are more sensitive than cells that do not overexpress them. In this study we demonstrate for the first time that MDCKII-BCRP cells, overexpressing ABCG2, are more vulnerable to exogenous oxidative stress induced by several oxidants, viz. paraquat, menadione, hydrogen peroxide, tert-butylperoxide, and 2,2-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride. MDCKII-BCRP cells have significantly decreased glutathione level and decreased activities of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase, which may underlie their augmented vulnerability to oxidative stress. These results suggest the possibility of using agents that induce oxidative stress to selectively kill cells overexpressing BCRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Krzyżanowski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Łódź, Łódź 90-237, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Łódź, Łódź 90-237, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grzelak
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Łódź, Łódź 90-237, Poland
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Numerous therapeutic strategies that include smart biological treatments toward specific cellular pathways are being developed. Yet, inherent and acquired multidrug resistance (MDR) to chemotherapeutic drugs remains the major obstacle in effective cancer treatments. AREAS COVERED Herein, we focused on an implementation of nanoscale drug delivery strategies (nanomedicines) to treat tumors that resist MDR. Specifically, we briefly discuss the MDR phenomenon and provide structural and functional characterization of key proteins that account for MDR. We next describe the strategies to target tumors using nanoparticles and provide a mechanistic overview of how changes in the influx:efflux ratio result in overcoming MDR. EXPERT OPINION Various strategies have been applied in preclinical and clinical settings to overcome cancer MDR. Among them are the use of chemosensitizers that aim to sensitize the cancer cells to chemotherapeutic treatment and the use of nanomedicines as delivery vehicles that can increase the influx of drugs into cancer cells. These strategies can enhance the therapeutic response in resistant tumors by bypassing efflux pumps or by increasing the nominal amounts of therapeutic payloads into the cancer cells at a given time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Ganoth
- The Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) , P.O. Box 167, Herzliya 46150 , Israel
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72
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Elran R, Raam M, Kraus R, Brekhman V, Sher N, Plaschkes I, Chalifa-Caspi V, Lotan T. Early and late response of Nematostella vectensis transcriptome to heavy metals. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:4722-36. [PMID: 25145541 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Environmental contamination from heavy metals poses a global concern for the marine environment, as heavy metals are passed up the food chain and persist in the environment long after the pollution source is contained. Cnidarians play an important role in shaping marine ecosystems, but environmental pollution profoundly affects their vitality. Among the cnidarians, the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis is an advantageous model for addressing questions in molecular ecology and toxicology as it tolerates extreme environments and its genome has been published. Here, we employed a transcriptome-wide RNA-Seq approach to analyse N. vectensis molecular defence mechanisms against four heavy metals: Hg, Cu, Cd and Zn. Altogether, more than 4800 transcripts showed significant changes in gene expression. Hg had the greatest impact on up-regulating transcripts, followed by Cu, Zn and Cd. We identified, for the first time in Cnidaria, co-up-regulation of immediate-early transcription factors such as Egr1, AP1 and NF-κB. Time-course analysis of these genes revealed their early expression as rapidly as one hour after exposure to heavy metals, suggesting that they may complement or substitute for the roles of the metal-mediating Mtf1 transcription factor. We further characterized the regulation of a large array of stress-response gene families, including Hsp, ABC, CYP members and phytochelatin synthase, that may regulate synthesis of the metal-binding phytochelatins instead of the metallothioneins that are absent from Cnidaria genome. This study provides mechanistic insight into heavy metal toxicity in N. vectensis and sheds light on ancestral stress adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Elran
- Marine Biology Department, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Skoglund K, Boiso Moreno S, Jönsson JI, Vikingsson S, Carlsson B, Gréen H. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of ABCG2 increase the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cell line. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2014; 24:52-61. [PMID: 24322003 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia are substrates for the efflux transport protein ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2). Variations in ABCG2 activity might influence pharmacokinetics and therapeutic outcome of TKIs. The role of ABCG2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TKI treatment is not clear and functional in-vitro studies are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of ABCG2 SNPs for transport and efficacy of TKIs [imatinib, N-desmethyl imatinib (CGP74588), dasatinib, nilotinib, and bosutinib]. MATERIALS AND METHODS ABCG2 SNPs 34G>A, 421C>A, 623T>C, 886G>C, 1574T>G, and 1582G>A were constructed from ABCG2 wild-type cDNA and transduced to K562 cells by retroviral gene transfer. Variant ABCG2 expression in cell membranes was evaluated and the effects of ABCG2 SNPs on transport and efficacy of TKIs were measured as the ability of ABCG2 variants to protect against TKI cytotoxicity. RESULTS Wild-type ABCG2 had a protective effect against the cytotoxicity of all investigated compounds except bosutinib. It was found that ABCG2 expression provided better protection against CGP74588 than its parent compound, imatinib. ABCG2 421C>A, 623T>C, 886G>C, and 1574T>G reduced cell membrane expression of ABCG2 and the protective effect of ABCG2 against imatinib, CGP74588, dasatinib, and nilotinib cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION These findings show that the ABCG2 SNPs 421C>A, 623T>C, 886G>C, and 1574T>G increase the efficacy of investigated TKIs, indicating a reduced transport function that might influence TKI pharmacokinetics in vivo. Furthermore, the active imatinib metabolite CGP74588 is influenced by ABCG2 expression to a greater extent than the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Skoglund
- aDepartment of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Drug Research/Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences bDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University cDivision of Drug Research/Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, County Council of Östergötland dDepartment of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
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Poirier A, Portmann R, Cascais AC, Bader U, Walter I, Ullah M, Funk C. The need for human breast cancer resistance protein substrate and inhibition evaluation in drug discovery and development: why, when, and how? Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1466-77. [PMID: 24989889 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the multiplicity in transport proteins assessed during drug development is continuously increasing, the clinical relevance of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is still under debate. Here, our aim is to rationalize the need to consider BCRP substrate and inhibitor interactions and to define optimum selection and acceptance criteria between cell-based and vesicle-based assays in vitro. Information on the preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetics (PK), drug-drug interactions, and pharmacogenomics data was collated for 13 marketed drugs whose PK is reportedly associated with BCRP interaction. Clinical examples where BCRP impacts drug PK and efficacy appear to be rare and confounded by interactions with other transporters. Thirty-seven compounds were selected to be tested as BCRP substrates in a cell-based assay using MDCKII cells (Madin-Darby canine kidney cells) and 18 in membrane vesicles. Depending on the physicochemical compound properties, we observed both in vitro systems to give false-negative readouts. In addition, the inhibition potential of 19 compounds against BCRP was assessed in vesicles and in MDCKII cells, where we observed significant system and substrate-dependent IC50 values. Therefore, neither of the two test systems is superior to the other. Instead, one system may offer advantages under certain situations (e.g., low permeability) and thus should be selected based on the physicochemical compound properties. Finally, given the clinical relevance of BCRP, we propose that its evaluation should remain issue-driven: for low permeable, low bioavailable drugs, in particular when other more common processes do not allow a mechanistic understanding of any unexpected absorption or brain disposition, and for drugs with a low therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Poirier
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renée Portmann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Christine Cascais
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Bader
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Walter
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed Ullah
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Funk
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Szakács G, Hall MD, Gottesman MM, Boumendjel A, Kachadourian R, Day BJ, Baubichon-Cortay H, Di Pietro A. Targeting the Achilles heel of multidrug-resistant cancer by exploiting the fitness cost of resistance. Chem Rev 2014; 114:5753-74. [PMID: 24758331 PMCID: PMC4059772 DOI: 10.1021/cr4006236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Szakács
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary
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76
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Ding YL, Shih YH, Tsai FY, Leong MK. In silico prediction of inhibition of promiscuous breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2). PLoS One 2014; 9:e90689. [PMID: 24614353 PMCID: PMC3948701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer resistant protein has an essential role in active transport of endogenous substances and xenobiotics across extracellular and intracellular membranes along with P-glycoprotein. It also plays a major role in multiple drug resistance and permeation of blood-brain barrier. Therefore, it is of great importance to derive theoretical models to predict the inhibition of both transporters in the process of drug discovery and development. Hitherto, very limited BCRP inhibition predictive models have been proposed as compared with its P-gp counterpart. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS An in silico BCRP inhibition model was developed in this study using the pharmacophore ensemble/support vector machine scheme to take into account the promiscuous nature of BCRP. The predictions by the PhE/SVM model were found to be in good agreement with the observed values for those molecules in the training set (n= 22, r2 =0.82, qCV2=0.73, RMSE= 0.40, s = 0.24), test set (n =97, q2=0.75-0.89, RMSE= 0.31, s= 0.21), and outlier set (n= 16, q2 =0.72-0.91, RMSE= 0.29, s=0.17). When subjected to a variety of statistical validations, the developed PhE/SVM model consistently met the most stringent criteria. A mock test by HIV protease inhibitors also asserted its predictivity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE It was found that this accurate, fast, and robust PhE/SVM model can be employed to predict the BCRP inhibition of structurally diverse molecules that otherwise cannot be carried out by any other methods in a high-throughput fashion to design therapeutic agents with insignificant drug toxicity and unfavorable drug-drug interactions mediated by BCRP to enhance clinical efficacy and/or circumvent drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lung Ding
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Shih
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Yuan Tsai
- Center for General Education, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Max K Leong
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research and Teaching, Mennonite Christian Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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Zhao J, Li W, Zhu D, Yu Q, Zhang Z, Sun M, Cai S, Zhang W. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in MTHFR and ABCG2 with the different efficacy of first-line chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2013; 31:802. [PMID: 24338217 PMCID: PMC3890033 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0802-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Either oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-containing regimen could receive a good effectiveness in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer as the first-line chemotherapy, but not all patients would benefit from the treatment they have received. This study was to investigate the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2) in selecting the most appropriate treatment for individual patients. Ninety-two metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with first-line 5-fluoropyrimidine (5-FU), leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX), capecitabine, and oxaliplatin (XELOX) and sixty-two patients receiving 5-FU, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) were reviewed. The SNPs of MTHFR and ABCG2 were detected using gene sequencing method after DNA PCR amplification, which was extracted from peripheral blood karyocytes. Clinical characteristics and gene polymorphisms were evaluated in univariate and multivariate analysis as predictive factors for response rate (RR) and progression-free survival (PFS). In patients bearing 2–4 genotypes of MTHFR 677C/C, MTHFR 1298 A/C or C/C, ABCG2 34G/G, and ABCG2 421C/A or A/A, those who received oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy achieved a higher RR (41.7 vs. 18.8 %, P = 0.027) and longer median PFS (mPFS) than irinotecan-based therapy [8.9 vs. 7.1 m, FOLFIRI: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.722, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.026–2.892, P = 0.040, compared with FOLFOX/XELOX]; on the contrary, patients carrying 0 or 1 above genotype exhibited better outcomes after receiving FOLFIRI chemotherapy (mPFS: 9.3 vs. 6.4 m, FOLFIRI: HR = 0.422, 95 % CI 0.205–0.870, P = 0.019, compared with FOLFOX/XELOX). Combination of SNPs with MTHFR and ABCG2 may play a role in helping clinicians to select first-line chemotherapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
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Braun T, Challis JR, Newnham JP, Sloboda DM. Early-life glucocorticoid exposure: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, placental function, and long-term disease risk. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:885-916. [PMID: 23970762 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An adverse early-life environment is associated with long-term disease consequences. Adversity early in life is hypothesized to elicit developmental adaptations that serve to improve fetal and postnatal survival and prepare the organism for a particular range of postnatal environments. These processes, although adaptive in their nature, may later prove to be maladaptive or disadvantageous if the prenatal and postnatal environments are widely discrepant. The exposure of the fetus to elevated levels of either endogenous or synthetic glucocorticoids is one model of early-life adversity that contributes substantially to the propensity of developing disease. Moreover, early-life glucocorticoid exposure has direct clinical relevance because synthetic glucocorticoids are routinely used in the management of women at risk of early preterm birth. In this regard, reports of adverse events in human newborns have raised concerns about the safety of glucocorticoid treatment; synthetic glucocorticoids have detrimental effects on fetal growth and development, childhood cognition, and long-term behavioral outcomes. Experimental evidence supports a link between prenatal exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids and alterations in fetal development and changes in placental function, and many of these alterations appear to be permanent. Because the placenta is the conduit between the maternal and fetal environments, it is likely that placental function plays a key role in mediating effects of fetal glucocorticoid exposure on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis development and long-term disease risk. Here we review recent insights into how the placenta responds to changes in the intrauterine glucocorticoid environment and discuss possible mechanisms by which the placenta mediates fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal development, metabolism, cardiovascular function, and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Braun
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, 1280 Main Street West, HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1.
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Abstract
Bile is a unique and vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by the hepatocyte and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium. Approximately 5% of bile consists of organic and inorganic solutes of considerable complexity. The bile-secretory unit consists of a canalicular network which is formed by the apical membrane of adjacent hepatocytes and sealed by tight junctions. The bile canaliculi (∼1 μm in diameter) conduct the flow of bile countercurrent to the direction of portal blood flow and connect with the canal of Hering and bile ducts which progressively increase in diameter and complexity prior to the entry of bile into the gallbladder, common bile duct, and intestine. Canalicular bile secretion is determined by both bile salt-dependent and independent transport systems which are localized at the apical membrane of the hepatocyte and largely consist of a series of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transport proteins that function as export pumps for bile salts and other organic solutes. These transporters create osmotic gradients within the bile canalicular lumen that provide the driving force for movement of fluid into the lumen via aquaporins. Species vary with respect to the relative amounts of bile salt-dependent and independent canalicular flow and cholangiocyte secretion which is highly regulated by hormones, second messengers, and signal transduction pathways. Most determinants of bile secretion are now characterized at the molecular level in animal models and in man. Genetic mutations serve to illuminate many of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Boyer
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Ono C, Kikkawa H, Suzuki A, Suzuki M, Yamamoto Y, Ichikawa K, Fukae M, Ieiri I. Clinical impact of genetic variants of drug transporters in different ethnic groups within and across regions. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14:1745-64. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug transporters, together with drug metabolic enzymes, are major determinants of drug disposition and are known to alter the response to many commonly used drugs. Substantial frequency differences for known variants exist across geographic regions for certain drug transporters. To deliver efficacious medicine with the right dose for each patient, it is important to understand the contribution of genetic variants for drug transporters. Recently, mutual pharmacokinetic data usage among Asian regions, which are thought to be relatively similar in their own genetic background, is expected to accelerate new drug applications and reduce developmental costs. Polymorphisms of drug transporters could be key factors to be considered in implementing multiethnic global clinical trials. This review addresses the current knowledge on genetic variations of major drug transporters affecting drug disposition, efficacy and toxicity, focusing on the east Asian populations, and provides insights into future directions for precision medicine and drug development in east Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Ono
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research, Pfizer Japan Inc., 3-22-7, Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8589, Japan
| | - Hironori Kikkawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research, Pfizer Japan Inc., 3-22-7, Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8589, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research, Pfizer Japan Inc., 3-22-7, Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8589, Japan
| | - Misaki Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research, Pfizer Japan Inc., 3-22-7, Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8589, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research, Pfizer Japan Inc., 3-22-7, Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8589, Japan
| | - Katsuomi Ichikawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research, Pfizer Japan Inc., 3-22-7, Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8589, Japan
| | - Masato Fukae
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Ieiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Intestinal drug transporters: an overview. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1340-56. [PMID: 23041352 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of drug transporters as one of the determinants of pharmacokinetics has become increasingly evident. While much research has been conducted focusing the role of drug transporters in the liver and kidney less is known about the importance of uptake and efflux transporters identified in the intestine. Over the past years the effects of intestinal transporters have been studied using in vivo models, in situ organ perfusions, in vitro tissue preparations and cell lines. This review aims to describe up to date findings regarding the importance of intestinal transporters on drug absorption and bioavailability, highlighting areas in need of further research. Wu and Benet proposed a Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) that allows the prediction of transporter effects on the drug disposition of orally administered drugs. This review also discusses BDDCS predictions with respect to the role of intestinal transporters and intestinal transporter-metabolizing enzyme interplay on oral drug pharmacokinetics.
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Stacy AE, Jansson PJ, Richardson DR. Molecular Pharmacology of ABCG2 and Its Role in Chemoresistance. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:655-69. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.088609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Stępień KM, Tomaszewski M, Tomaszewska J, Czuczwar SJ. The multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein in pharmacoresistance to antiepileptic drugs. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 64:1011-9. [PMID: 23238460 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the knowledge on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and its role as a membrane transporter in drug resistance in epilepsy and drug interactions. Overexpression of P-gp, encoded by the ABCB1 gene, is involved in resistance to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), limits gastrointestinal absorption and brain access of AEDs. Although several association studies on ABCB1 gene with drug disposition and disease susceptibility are completed to date, the data remain unclear and incongruous. Although the literature describes other multidrug resistance transporters, P-gp is the main extensively studied drug efflux transporter in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M Stępień
- Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine Department, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, M13 9WL Manchester, UK
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Development of conformation independent computational models for the early recognition of breast cancer resistance protein substrates. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:863592. [PMID: 23984415 PMCID: PMC3747366 DOI: 10.1155/2013/863592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ABC efflux transporters are polyspecific members of the ABC superfamily that, acting as drug and metabolite carriers, provide a biochemical barrier against drug penetration and contribute to detoxification. Their overexpression is linked to multidrug resistance issues in a diversity of diseases. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is the most expressed ABC efflux transporter throughout the intestine and the blood-brain barrier, limiting oral absorption and brain bioavailability of its substrates. Early recognition of BCRP substrates is thus essential to optimize oral drug absorption, design of novel therapeutics for central nervous system conditions, and overcome BCRP-mediated cross-resistance issues. We present the development of an ensemble of ligand-based machine learning algorithms for the early recognition of BCRP substrates, from a database of 262 substrates and nonsubstrates compiled from the literature. Such dataset was rationally partitioned into training and test sets by application of a 2-step clustering procedure. The models were developed through application of linear discriminant analysis to random subsamples of Dragon molecular descriptors. Simple data fusion and statistical comparison of partial areas under the curve of ROC curves were applied to obtain the best 2-model combination, which presented 82% and 74.5% of overall accuracy in the training and test set, respectively.
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86
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Bakhsheshian J, Hall MD, Robey RW, Herrmann MA, Chen JQ, Bates SE, Gottesman MM. Overlapping substrate and inhibitor specificity of human and murine ABCG2. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1805-12. [PMID: 23868912 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
ABCG2 (also known as breast cancer resistance protein) is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter localized to the plasma membrane where it mediates the efflux of xenobiotics, including potential therapeutics. Studies investigating Abcg2 function at the blood-brain barrier in mouse models are often compared with human ABCG2 function. It is critical to understand the nature of species differences between mouse and human ABCG2, since extrapolations are made from murine data to humans. Two independent drug-selected cell line pairs expressing human or mouse ABCG2 were compared for efflux of fluorescent substrates using flow cytometry. To this end, we developed and characterized a new mouse Abcg2-expressing subline that demonstrated efflux of known fluorescent ABCG2 substrates and increased resistance to mitoxantrone, which is reduced in the presence of the ABCG2 inhibitor Ko143. Our results indicate that the substrate specificity of human and mouse ABCG2 is very similar. We identified a new human and mouse ABCG2 substrate, a porphyrin analog, purpurin-18 (Pp-18), which is not a substrate for P-glycoprotein or multidrug resistance protein 1. The ability of inhibitors to block efflux activity of ABCG2 was assessed using Pp-18. Inhibitors also demonstrated similar effects on human and mouse ABCG2. Chrysin, benzoflavone, and cyclosporin A inhibited Pp-18 efflux in both human and mouse ABCG2. The similarity of the substrate and inhibitor specificity of human and mouse ABCG2 supports interpretation of mouse models in understanding the clinical, pharmacological, and physiologic roles of ABCG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Bakhsheshian
- Laboratory of Cell Biology (J.B., M.D.H., M.M.G.), Cancer Therapeutics Branch (R.W.R., S.E.B.), Collaborative Protein Technology Resource (M.A.H., J.-Q.C.), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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87
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of flavones and benzoflavones as inhibitors of BCRP/ABCG2. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:115-26. [PMID: 23851114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) often leads to a failure of cancer chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP/ABCG2), a member of the superfamily of ATP binding cassette proteins has been found to confer MDR in cancer cells by transporting molecules with amphiphilic character out of the cells using energy from ATP hydrolysis. Inhibiting BCRP can be a solution to overcome MDR. We synthesized a series of flavones, 7,8-benzoflavones and 5,6-benzoflavones with varying substituents at positions 3, 3' and 4' of the (benzo)flavone structure. All synthesized compounds were tested for BCRP inhibition in Hoechst 33342 and pheophorbide A accumulation assays using MDCK cells expressing BCRP. All the compounds were further screened for their P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) inhibitory activity by calcein AM accumulation assay to check the selectivity towards BCRP. In addition most active compounds were investigated for their cytotoxicity. It was observed that in most cases 7,8-benzoflavones are more potent in comparison to the 5,6-benzoflavones. In general it was found that presence of a 3-OCH3 substituent leads to increase in activity in comparison to presence of OH or no substitution at position 3. Also, it was found that presence of 3',4'-OCH3 on phenyl ring lead to increase in activity as compared to other substituents. Compound 24, a 7,8-benzoflavone derivative was found to be most potent being 50 times selective for BCRP and showing very low cytotoxicity at higher concentrations.
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88
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Campos-Salinas J, León-Guerrero D, González-Rey E, Delgado M, Castanys S, Pérez-Victoria JM, Gamarro F. LABCG2, a new ABC transporter implicated in phosphatidylserine exposure, is involved in the infectivity and pathogenicity of Leishmania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2179. [PMID: 23638200 PMCID: PMC3636091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease produced by the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania. In the present study, we show that LABCG2, a new ATP-binding cassette half-transporter (ABCG subfamily) from Leishmania, is involved in parasite virulence. Down-regulation of LABCG2 function upon expression of an inactive mutant version of this half-transporter (LABCG2(K/M)) is shown to reduce the translocation of short-chain analogues of phosphatidylserine (PS). This dominant-negative phenotype is specific for the headgroup of the phospholipid, as the movement of phospholipid analogues of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine or sphingomyelin is not affected. In addition, promastigotes expressing LABCG2(K/M) expose less endogenous PS in the stationary phase than control parasites. Transient exposure of PS at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is known to be one of the mechanisms used by Leishmania to infect macrophages and to silence their immune response. Stationary phase/metacyclic promastigotes expressing LABCG2(K/M) are less infective for macrophages and show decreased pathogenesis in a mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Thus, mice infected with parasites expressing LABCG2(K/M) did not develop any lesion and showed significantly lower inflammation and parasite burden than mice infected with control parasites. Our results indicate that LABCG2 function is required for the externalization of PS in Leishmania promastigotes, a process that is involved in the virulence of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Campos-Salinas
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, CSIC, (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - David León-Guerrero
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, CSIC, (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena González-Rey
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, CSIC, (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, CSIC, (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Santiago Castanys
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, CSIC, (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - José M. Pérez-Victoria
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, CSIC, (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, CSIC, (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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89
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Bressler J, Clark K, O'Driscoll C. Assessing blood-brain barrier function using in vitro assays. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1066:67-79. [PMID: 23955734 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-604-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The impermeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is due to a number of properties including tight junctions on adjoining endothelial cells, absence of pinocytic vesicles, and expression of multidrug transporters. Although the permeability of many chemicals can be predicted by their polarity, or oil/water partition coefficient, many lipophilic chemicals are not permeable because of multidrug transporters at the luminal and abluminal membranes. In contrast, many nutrients, which are usually polar, cross the BBB more readily than predicted by their oil/water partition coefficients due to the expression of specific nutrient transporters. In vitro models are being developed because rodent models are of low input and relatively expensive. Isolated brain microvessels and cell culture models each offers certain advantages and disadvantages. Isolated brain microvessels are useful in measuring multidrug drug transporters and tight junction integrity, whereas cell culture models allow the investigator to measure directional transport and can be genetically manipulated. In this chapter, we describe how to isolate large batches of brain microvessels from freshly slaughtered cows. The different steps in the isolation procedure include density gradient centrifugations and filtering. Purity is determined microscopically and by marker enzymes. Permeability is assessed by measuring the uptake of fluorescein-labeled dextran in an assay that has been optimized to have a large dynamic range and low inter-day variability. We also describe how to evaluate transendothelial cell electrical resistance and paracellular transport in cell culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bressler
- Hugo Moser Laboratory at the Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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90
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SONG KAI, WU JUNHUA, JIANG CHUNPING. Dysregulation of signaling pathways and putative biomarkers in liver cancer stem cells (Review). Oncol Rep 2012; 29:3-12. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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91
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Tiwari AK, Sodani K, Dai CL, Abuznait AH, Singh S, Xiao ZJ, Patel A, Talele TT, Fu L, Kaddoumi A, Gallo JM, Chen ZS. Nilotinib potentiates anticancer drug sensitivity in murine ABCB1-, ABCG2-, and ABCC10-multidrug resistance xenograft models. Cancer Lett 2012; 328:307-17. [PMID: 23063650 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A panel of clinically used tyrosine kinase inhibitors were compared and nilotinib was found to most potently sensitize specific anticancer agents by blocking the functions of ABCB1/P-glycoprotein, ABCG2/BCRP and ABCC10/MRP7 transporters involved in multi-drug resistance. Nilotinib appreciably enhanced the antitumor response of (1) paclitaxel in the ABCB1- and novel ABCC10-xenograft models, and (2) doxorubicin in a novel ABCG2-xenograft model. With no apparent toxicity observed in the above models, nilotinib attenuated tumor growth synergistically and increased paclitaxel concentrations in ABCB1-overexpressing tumors. The beneficial actions of nilotinib warrant consideration as viable combinations in the clinic with agents that suffer from MDR-mediated insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
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92
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Mishima K, Inoue H, Nishiyama T, Mabuchi Y, Amano Y, Ide F, Matsui M, Yamada H, Yamamoto G, Tanaka J, Yasuhara R, Sakurai T, Lee MCI, Chiba K, Sumimoto H, Kawakami Y, Matsuzaki Y, Tsubota K, Saito I. Transplantation of side population cells restores the function of damaged exocrine glands through clusterin. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1925-37. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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93
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Gonen N, Assaraf YG. Antifolates in cancer therapy: Structure, activity and mechanisms of drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2012; 15:183-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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94
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Synthesis of methylated quercetin derivatives and their reversal activities on P-gp- and BCRP-mediated multidrug resistance tumour cells. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:413-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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95
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Aronica E, Sisodiya SM, Gorter JA. Cerebral expression of drug transporters in epilepsy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:919-29. [PMID: 22138133 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over-expression of drug efflux transporters at the level of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been proposed as a mechanism responsible for multidrug resistance. Drug transporters in epileptogenic tissue are not only expressed in endothelial cells at the BBB, but also in other brain parenchymal cells, such as astrocytes, microglia and neurons, suggesting a complex cell type-specific regulation under pathological conditions associated with epilepsy. This review focuses on the cerebral expression patterns of several classes of well-known membrane drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp), and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) in the epileptogenic brain. Both experimental and clinical evidence of epilepsy-associated cerebral drug transporter regulation and the possible mechanisms underlying drug transporter regulation are discussed. Knowledge of the cerebral expression patterns of drug transporters in normal and epileptogenic brain will provide relevant information to guide strategies attempting to overcome drug resistance by targeting specific transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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96
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Caballero J, Frenette G, D'Amours O, Dufour M, Oko R, Sullivan R. ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 activity in the bovine spermatozoa is modulated along the epididymal duct and at ejaculation. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:181. [PMID: 22441796 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.097477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
During their epididymal maturation, stabilizing factors such as cholesterol sulfate are associated with the sperm plasma membrane. Cholesterol is sulfated in epididymal spermatozoa by the enzyme estrogen sulfotransferase. Because of its role in the efflux of sulfate conjugates formed intracellularly by sulfotransferases, the ATP-binding cassette membrane transporter G2 (ABCG2) might have a role in the translocation of this compound across the plasma membrane. In the present study we showed that ABCG2 is present in the plasma membrane overlaying the acrosomal region of spermatozoa recovered from testis, epididymis, and after ejaculation. Although ABCG2 is also present in epididymosomes, the transporter is not transferred to spermatozoa via this mechanism. Furthermore, although epididymal sperm ABCG2 was shown to be functional, as determined by its ability to extrude Hoechst 33342 in the presence of the specific inhibitor Fumitremorgin C, ABCG2 present in ejaculated sperm was found to be nonfunctional. Additional experiments demonstrated that phosphorylation of ABCG2 tyrosyl residues, but not its localization in lipid rafts, is the mechanism responsible for its functionality. Dephosphorylation of ABCG2 in ejaculated spermatozoa is proposed to cause a partial protein relocalization to other intracellular compartments. Prostasomes are proposed to have a role in this process because incubation with this fraction of seminal plasma induces a decrease in the amount of ABCG2 in the associated sperm membrane fraction. These results demonstrate that ABCG2 plays a role in epididymal sperm maturation, but not after ejaculation. The loss of ABCG2 function after ejaculation is proposed to be regulated by prostasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Caballero
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, CHUQ-CHUL, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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97
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Stieger B, Meier PJ. Pharmacogenetics of drug transporters in the enterohepatic circulation. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 12:611-31. [PMID: 21619426 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article summarizes the impact of the pharmacogenetics of drug transporters expressed in the enterohepatic circulation on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. The role of pharmacogenetics in the function of drug transporter proteins in vitro is now well established and evidence is rapidly accumulating from in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, which suggests that genetic variants of drug transporter proteins can translate into clinically relevant phenotypes. However, a large amount of conflicting information on the clinical relevance of drug transporter proteins has so far precluded the emergence of a clear picture regarding the role of drug transporter pharmacogenetics in medical practice. This is very well exemplified by the case of P-glycoprotein (MDR1, ABCB1). The challenge is now to develop pharmacogenetic models with sufficient predictive power to allow for translation into drug therapy. This will require a combination of pharmacogenetics of drug transporters, drug metabolism and pharmacodynamics of the respective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stieger
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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98
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Mairinger S, Erker T, Muller M, Langer O. PET and SPECT radiotracers to assess function and expression of ABC transporters in vivo. Curr Drug Metab 2012; 12:774-92. [PMID: 21434859 DOI: 10.2174/138920011798356980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp, ABCB1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) are expressed in high concentrations at various physiological barriers (e.g. blood-brain barrier, blood-testis barrier, blood-tumor barrier), where they impede the tissue accumulation of various drugs by active efflux transport. Changes in ABC transporter expression and function are thought to be implicated in various diseases, such as cancer, epilepsy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The availability of a non-invasive imaging method which allows for measuring ABC transporter function or expression in vivo would be of great clinical use in that it could facilitate the identification of those patients that would benefit from treatment with ABC transporter modulating drugs. To date three different kinds of imaging probes have been described to measure ABC transporters in vivo: i) radiolabelled transporter substrates ii) radiolabelled transporter inhibitors and iii) radiolabelled prodrugs which are enzymatically converted into transporter substrates in the organ of interest (e.g. brain). The design of new imaging probes to visualize efflux transporters is inter alia complicated by the overlapping substrate recognition pattern of different ABC transporter types. The present article will describe currently available ABC transporter radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and critically discuss strengths and limitations of individual probes and their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Mairinger
- Health and Environment Department, Molecular Medicine, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
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99
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Iqbal M, Audette M, Petropoulos S, Gibb W, Matthews S. Placental drug transporters and their role in fetal protection. Placenta 2012; 33:137-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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100
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Hoque MT, Robillard KR, Bendayan R. Regulation of breast cancer resistant protein by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in human brain microvessel endothelial cells. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 81:598-609. [PMID: 22266374 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.076745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2), an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) membrane-associated drug efflux transporter, is known to localize at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and can significantly restrict xenobiotic permeability in the brain. The objective of this study is to investigate the regulation of BCRP functional expression by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), a ligand-activated transcription factor primarily involved in lipid metabolism, in a cerebral microvascular endothelial cell culture system (hCMEC/D3), representative of human BBB. We demonstrate that PPARα-selective ligands (i.e., clofibrate, GW7647) significantly induce BCRP mRNA and protein expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, whereas pharmacological inhibitors (i.e., MK886, GW6471) prevent this induction. Using [(3)H]mitoxantrone, an established BCRP substrate, we observe a significant reduction in its cellular accumulation by monolayer cells treated with clofibrate, suggesting increased BCRP efflux activity. In addition, we show a significant decrease in BCRP protein expression and function when PPARα is down-regulated by small interfering RNA. Applying chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we observe that clofibrate treatment increases PPARα binding to the peroxisome proliferator response element within the ABCG2 gene promoter. This study provides the first evidence of direct BCRP regulation by PPARα in a human in vitro BBB model and suggests new targeting strategies for either improving drug brain bioavailability or increasing neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tozammel Hoque
- Graduate Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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