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Targeting of NF-κB to Dendritic Spines Is Required for Synaptic Signaling and Spine Development. J Neurosci 2018; 38:4093-4103. [PMID: 29555853 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2663-16.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term forms of brain plasticity share a requirement for changes in gene expression induced by neuronal activity. Mechanisms that determine how the distinct and overlapping functions of multiple activity-responsive transcription factors, including nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), give rise to stimulus-appropriate neuronal responses remain unclear. We report that the p65/RelA subunit of NF-κB confers subcellular enrichment at neuronal dendritic spines and engineer a p65 mutant that lacks spine enrichment (p65ΔSE) but retains inherent transcriptional activity equivalent to wild-type p65. Wild-type p65 or p65ΔSE both rescue NF-κB-dependent gene expression in p65-deficient murine hippocampal neurons responding to diffuse (PMA/ionomycin) stimulation. In contrast, neurons lacking spine-enriched NF-κB are selectively impaired in NF-κB-dependent gene expression induced by elevated excitatory synaptic stimulation (bicuculline or glycine). We used the setting of excitatory synaptic activity during development that produces NF-κB-dependent growth of dendritic spines to test physiological function of spine-enriched NF-κB in an activity-dependent response. Expression of wild-type p65, but not p65ΔSE, is capable of rescuing spine density to normal levels in p65-deficient pyramidal neurons. Collectively, these data reveal that spatial localization in dendritic spines contributes unique capacities to the NF-κB transcription factor in synaptic activity-dependent responses.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Extensive research has established a model in which the regulation of neuronal gene expression enables enduring forms of plasticity and learning. However, mechanisms imparting stimulus specificity to gene regulation, ensuring biologically appropriate responses, remain incompletely understood. NF-κB is a potent transcription factor with evolutionarily conserved functions in learning and the growth of excitatory synaptic contacts. Neuronal NF-κB is localized in both synapse and somatic compartments, but whether the synaptic pool of NF-κB has discrete functions is unknown. This study reveals that NF-κB enriched in dendritic spines (the postsynaptic sites of excitatory contacts) is selectively required for NF-κB activation by synaptic stimulation and normal dendritic spine development. These results support spatial localization at synapses as a key variable mediating selective stimulus-response coupling.
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Smoking-associated lung cancer prevention by blockade of the beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated insulin-like growth factor receptor activation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:70936-70947. [PMID: 27708216 PMCID: PMC5342599 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is associated with carcinogenesis, but its contribution to smoking-associated lung carcinogenesis is poorly understood. Here we show that a tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) activation via β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) is crucial for smoking-associated lung carcinogenesis. Treatment with NNK stimulated the IGF-1R signaling pathway in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which was suppressed by pharmacological or genomic blockade of β-AR and the downstream signaling including a Gβγ subunit of β-AR and phospholipase C (PLC). Consistently, β-AR agonists led to increased IGF-1R phosphorylation. The increase in IGF2 transcription via β-AR, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was associated with NNK-induced IGF-1R activation. Finally, treatment with β-AR antagonists suppressed the acquisition of transformed phenotypes in lung epithelial cells and lung tumor formation in mice. These results suggest that blocking β-AR-mediated IGF-1R activation can be an effective strategy for lung cancer prevention in smokers.
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Single-cell transcriptomics of the developing lateral geniculate nucleus reveals insights into circuit assembly and refinement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1051-E1060. [PMID: 29343640 PMCID: PMC5798372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717871115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons and nonneuronal cells in the developing brain dynamically regulate gene expression as neural connectivity is established. However, the specific gene programs activated in distinct cell populations during the assembly and refinement of many intact neuronal circuits have not been thoroughly characterized. In this study, we take advantage of recent advances in transcriptomic profiling techniques to characterize gene expression in the postnatal developing lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) at single-cell resolution. Our data reveal that genes involved in brain development are dynamically regulated in all major cell types of the LGN, suggesting that the establishment of neural connectivity depends upon functional collaboration between multiple neuronal and nonneuronal cell types in this brain region. Coordinated changes in gene expression underlie the early patterning and cell-type specification of the central nervous system. However, much less is known about how such changes contribute to later stages of circuit assembly and refinement. In this study, we employ single-cell RNA sequencing to develop a detailed, whole-transcriptome resource of gene expression across four time points in the developing dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a visual structure in the brain that undergoes a well-characterized program of postnatal circuit development. This approach identifies markers defining the major LGN cell types, including excitatory relay neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells. Most cell types exhibit significant transcriptional changes across development, dynamically expressing genes involved in distinct processes including retinotopic mapping, synaptogenesis, myelination, and synaptic refinement. Our data suggest that genes associated with synapse and circuit development are expressed in a larger proportion of nonneuronal cell types than previously appreciated. Furthermore, we used this single-cell expression atlas to identify the Prkcd-Cre mouse line as a tool for selective manipulation of relay neurons during a late stage of sensory-driven synaptic refinement. This transcriptomic resource provides a cellular map of gene expression across several cell types of the LGN, and offers insight into the molecular mechanisms of circuit development in the postnatal brain.
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Mettang M, Reichel SN, Lattke M, Palmer A, Abaei A, Rasche V, Huber-Lang M, Baumann B, Wirth T. IKK2/NF-κB signaling protects neurons after traumatic brain injury. FASEB J 2018; 32:1916-1932. [PMID: 29187362 PMCID: PMC5893169 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700826r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death in young adults. After the initial injury, a poorly understood secondary phase, including a strong inflammatory response determines the final outcome of TBI. The inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK)/NF-κB signaling system is the key regulator of inflammation and also critically involved in regulation of neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity. We addressed the neuron-specific function of IKK2/NF-κB signaling pathway in TBI using an experimental model of closed-head injury (CHI) in combination with mouse models allowing conditional regulation of IKK/NF-κB signaling in excitatory forebrain neurons. We found that repression of IKK2/NF-κB signaling in neurons increases the acute posttraumatic mortality rate, worsens the neurological outcome, and promotes neuronal cell death by apoptosis, thus resulting in enhanced proinflammatory gene expression. As a potential mechanism, we identified elevated levels of the proapoptotic mediators Bax and Bad and enhanced expression of stress response genes. This phenotype is also observed when neuronal IKK/NF-κB activity is inhibited just before CHI. In contrast, neuron-specific activation of IKK/NF-κB signaling does not alter the TBI outcome. Thus, this study demonstrates that physiological neuronal IKK/NF-κB signaling is necessary and sufficient to protect neurons from trauma consequences.-Mettang, M., Reichel, S. N., Lattke, M., Palmer, A., Abaei, A., Rasche, V., Huber-Lang, M., Baumann, B., Wirth, T. IKK2/NF-κB signaling protects neurons after traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Mettang
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Michael Lattke
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Palmer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alireza Abaei
- Core Facility Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Volker Rasche
- Core Facility Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Baumann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Insulin-Like Growth Factor II Targets the mTOR Pathway to Reverse Autism-Like Phenotypes in Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 38:1015-1029. [PMID: 29217683 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2010-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability characterized by impairments in social interaction and repetitive behavior, and is also associated with cognitive deficits. There is no current treatment that can ameliorate most of the ASD symptomatology; thus, identifying novel therapies is urgently needed. We used male BTBR T+Itpr3tf /J (BTBR) mice, a model that reproduces most of the core behavioral phenotypes of ASD, to test the effects of systemic administration of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), a polypeptide that crosses the blood-brain barrier and acts as a cognitive enhancer. We show that systemic IGF-II treatments reverse the typical defects in social interaction, cognitive/executive functions, and repetitive behaviors reflective of ASD-like phenotypes. In BTBR mice, IGF-II, via IGF-II receptor, but not via IGF-I receptor, reverses the abnormal levels of the AMPK-mTOR-S6K pathway and of active translation at synapses. Thus, IGF-II may represent a novel potential therapy for ASD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Currently, there is no effective treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a developmental disability affecting a high number of children. Using a mouse model that expresses most of the key core as well as associated behavioral deficits of ASD, that are, social, cognitive, and repetitive behaviors, we report that a systemic administration of the polypeptide insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) reverses all these deficits. The effects of IGF-II occur via IGF-II receptors, and not IGF-I receptors, and target both basal and learning-dependent molecular abnormalities found in several ASD mice models, including those of identified genetic mutations. We suggest that IGF-II represents a potential novel therapeutic target for ASD.
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Osborn TM, Beagan J, Isacson O. Increased motor neuron resilience by small molecule compounds that regulate IGF-II expression. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 110:218-230. [PMID: 29113829 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective vulnerability of motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is evident by sparing of a few subpopulations during this fast progressing and debilitating degenerative disease. By studying the gene expression profile of resilient vs. vulnerable motor neuron populations we can gain insight in what biomolecules and pathways may contribute to the resilience and vulnerability. Several genes have been found to be differentially expressed in the vulnerable motor neurons of the cervical spinal cord as compared to the spared motor neurons in CNIII/IV. One gene that is differentially expressed and present at higher levels in less vulnerable motor neurons is insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II). The motor neuron protective effect of IGF-II has been demonstrated both in vitro and in SOD1 transgenic mice. Here, we have screened a library of small molecule compounds and identified inducers of IGF-II mRNA and protein expression. Several identified compounds significantly protected motor neurons from glutamate excitotoxicity in vitro. One of the compounds, vardenafil, resulted in a complete motor neuron protection, an effect that was reversed by blocking receptors of IGF-II. When administered to naïve rats vardenafil was present in the cerebrospinal fluid and increased IGF-II mRNA expression in the spinal cord. When administered to SOD1 transgenic mice, there was a significant delay in motor symptom onset and prolonged survival. Vardenafil also increased IGF-II mRNA and protein levels in motor neurons derived from healthy subject and ALS patient iPSCs, activated a human IGF-II promoter and improved survival of ALS-patient derived motor neurons in culture. Our findings suggest that modulation of genes differentially expressed in vulnerable and resilient motor neurons may be a useful therapeutic approach for motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia M Osborn
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
| | - Jonathan Beagan
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
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57
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König HG, Watters O, Kinsella S, Ameen M, Fenner BJ, Prehn JHM. A constitutively-active IKK-complex at the axon initial segment. Brain Res 2017; 1678:356-366. [PMID: 29079505 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies provided evidence for an accumulation of IκB-kinase (IKK) α/β at the axon initial segment (AIS), a neuronal compartment defined by ankyrin-G expression. Here we explored whether the presence of the IKK-complex at the AIS was associated with the activation of IKK signaling at this site. METHODS AND RESULTS Proximity-ligation assays (PLAs) using pan-IKKα/β, phospho-IKKα/β-specific as well as ankyrin-G specific antibodies validated their binding to proximal epitopes in the AIS, while antibodies to other phosphorylated signaling proteins showed no preference for the AIS. Small-hairpin mediated silencing of IKKβ significantly reduced anti-phospho-IKKα/β-immunoreactivities in the AIS. ank3 gene-deficient cerebellar Purkinje cells also exhibited no phosphorylated IKKα/β at the proximal region of their axons. Transient ankyrin-G overexpression in PC12 cells augmented NF-κB transactivation in an ankyrin-G death-domain dependent manner. Finally, small molecule inhibitors of IKK-activity, including Aspirin, inhibited the accumulation of activated IKK proteins in the AIS. CONCLUSION Our data suggest the existence of a constitutively-active IKK signaling complex in the AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Georg König
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 Saint Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 Saint Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Orla Watters
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 Saint Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 Saint Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Sinéad Kinsella
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 Saint Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 Saint Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Mohammed Ameen
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 Saint Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Beau J Fenner
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 Saint Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 Saint Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 Saint Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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58
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Uchida S, Shumyatsky GP. Synaptically Localized Transcriptional Regulators in Memory Formation. Neuroscience 2017; 370:4-13. [PMID: 28733211 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
At the neuronal cell level, long-term memory formation emerges from interactions between initial activity-dependent molecular changes at the synapse and subsequent regulation of gene transcription in the nucleus. This in turn leads to strengthening of the connections back at the synapse that received the initial signal. However, the mechanisms through which this synapse-to-nucleus molecular exchange occurs remain poorly understood. Here we discuss recent studies that delineate nucleocytoplasmic transport of a special class of synaptically localized transcriptional regulators that upon receiving initial external signal by the synapse move to the nucleus to modulate gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Uchida
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Gleb P Shumyatsky
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Uric Acid Induces Cognitive Dysfunction through Hippocampal Inflammation in Rodents and Humans. J Neurosci 2017; 36:10990-11005. [PMID: 27798180 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1480-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is a purine metabolite that in most mammals is degraded by the hepatic enzyme uricase to allantoin. Epidemiological studies have shown that an elevated UA level predicts the development of cognition and memory deficits; however, there is no direct evidence of this relationship, and the underlying mechanism is largely undefined. Here, we show that a high-UA diet triggers the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, activates the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway, and increases gliosis in the hippocampus of Wistar rats. We, subsequently, identify a specific inhibitor of NF-κB, BAY11-7085, and show that stereotactic injections of the inhibitor markedly ameliorate UA-induced hippocampal inflammation and memory deficits in C57BL/6 mice. We also found that NF-κB is activated in the primary cultured hippocampal cells after UA administration. Additionally, C57BL/6 mice that lack TLR4 are substantially protected against UA-induced cognitive dysfunction, possibly due to a decrease in inflammatory gene expression in the hippocampus. Importantly, magnetic resonance imaging confirms that hyperuricemia in rats and humans is associated with gliosis in the hippocampus. Together, these results suggest that UA can cause hippocampal inflammation via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, resulting in cognitive dysfunction. Our findings provide a potential therapeutic strategy for counteracting UA-induced neurodegeneration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This work demonstrates that a high-uric acid (UA) diet triggers the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, activates the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway, and increases gliosis in the hippocampus of Wistar rats. Inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway markedly ameliorates UA-induced hippocampal inflammation and cognitive dysfunction in C57BL/6 mice. TLR4-knock-out mice are substantially protected against UA-induced cognitive dysfunction, possibly due to a decrease in inflammatory gene expression in the hippocampus. Moreover, magnetic resonance imaging confirms that hyperuricemia in rats and humans are associated with gliosis in the hippocampus. Together, this study suggests that there is an important link between UA-induced cognitive dysfunction and hippocampal inflammation in rodents and humans, which may have remarkable implications in the treatment of UA-induced neurodegeneration.
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60
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Martín-Montañez E, Millon C, Boraldi F, Garcia-Guirado F, Pedraza C, Lara E, Santin LJ, Pavia J, Garcia-Fernandez M. IGF-II promotes neuroprotection and neuroplasticity recovery in a long-lasting model of oxidative damage induced by glucocorticoids. Redox Biol 2017; 13:69-81. [PMID: 28575743 PMCID: PMC5454142 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is a naturally occurring hormone that exerts neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases and ageing. Accumulating evidence suggests that the effects of IGF-II in the brain may be explained by its binding to the specific transmembrane receptor, IGFII/M6P receptor (IGF-IIR). However, relatively little is known regarding the role of IGF-II through IGF-IIR in neuroprotection. Here, using adult cortical neuronal cultures, we investigated whether IGF-II exhibits long-term antioxidant effects and neuroprotection at the synaptic level after oxidative damage induced by high and transient levels of corticosterone (CORT). Furthermore, the involvement of the IGF-IIR was also studied to elucidate its role in the neuroprotective actions of IGF-II. We found that neurons treated with IGF-II after CORT incubation showed reduced oxidative stress damage and recovered antioxidant status (normalized total antioxidant status, lipid hydroperoxides and NAD(P) H:quinone oxidoreductase activity). Similar results were obtained when mitochondria function was analysed (cytochrome c oxidase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and subcellular mitochondrial distribution). Furthermore, neuronal impairment and degeneration were also assessed (synaptophysin and PSD-95 expression, presynaptic function and FluoroJade B® stain). IGF-II was also able to recover the long-lasting neuronal cell damage. Finally, the effects of IGF-II were not blocked by an IGF-IR antagonist, suggesting the involvement of IGF-IIR. Altogether these results suggest that, in or model, IGF-II through IGF-IIR is able to revert the oxidative damage induced by CORT. In accordance with the neuroprotective role of the IGF-II/IGF-IIR reported in our study, pharmacotherapy approaches targeting this pathway may be useful for the treatment of diseases associated with cognitive deficits (i.e., neurodegenerative disorders, depression, etc.). First evidence that IGF-II reverts oxidative synaptic damage produced by corticoids. IGF-II recovers mitochondrial function in synapses after oxidative damage. IGF-II restores mitochondrial distribution in neurons after oxidative damage. Evidence of the involvement of IGF-II receptor in the recovery of synaptic function. IGF-II reverts neurodegeneration induced by oxidative damage produced by corticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martín-Montañez
- Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - C Millon
- Department of Human Physiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - F Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - F Garcia-Guirado
- Department of Human Physiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - C Pedraza
- Department of Psychobiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - E Lara
- Department of Human Physiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - L J Santin
- Department of Psychobiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - J Pavia
- Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
| | - M Garcia-Fernandez
- Department of Human Physiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
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Wang Y, MacDonald RG, Thinakaran G, Kar S. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II/Cation-Independent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:2636-2658. [PMID: 26993302 PMCID: PMC5901910 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor is a multifunctional single transmembrane glycoprotein. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the structure, ligand-binding properties, and trafficking of the IGF-II/M6P receptor. This receptor has been implicated in a variety of important cellular processes including growth and development, clearance of IGF-II, proteolytic activation of enzymes, and growth factor precursors, in addition to its well-known role in the delivery of lysosomal enzymes. The IGF-II/M6P receptor, distributed widely in the central nervous system, has additional roles in mediating neurotransmitter release and memory enhancement/consolidation, possibly through activating IGF-II-related intracellular signaling pathways. Recent studies suggest that overexpression of the IGF-II/M6P receptor may have an important role in regulating the levels of transcripts and proteins involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-the prevalent cause of dementia affecting the elderly population in our society. It is reported that IGF-II/M6P receptor overexpression can increase the levels/processing of amyloid precursor protein leading to the generation of β-amyloid peptide, which is associated with degeneration of neurons and subsequent development of AD pathology. Given the significance of the receptor in mediating the transport and functioning of the lysosomal enzymes, it is being considered for therapeutic delivery of enzymes to the lysosomes to treat lysosomal storage disorders. Notwithstanding these results, additional studies are required to validate and fully characterize the function of the IGF-II/M6P receptor in the normal brain and its involvement in various neurodegenerative disorders including AD. It is also critical to understand the interaction between the IGF-II/M6P receptor and lysosomal enzymes in neurodegenerative processes, which may shed some light on developing approaches to detect and prevent neurodegeneration through the dysfunction of the receptor and the endosomal-lysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - R G MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - G Thinakaran
- Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology, and Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - S Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada.
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada.
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Wirth A, Holst K, Ponimaskin E. How serotonin receptors regulate morphogenic signalling in neurons. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 151:35-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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63
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Yuan Y, Hong Y. Medaka insulin-like growth factor-2 supports self-renewal of the embryonic stem cell line and blastomeres in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:78. [PMID: 28250437 PMCID: PMC5428361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) regulate diverse processes including energy metabolism, cell proliferation and embryonic development. They activate the IGF signaling pathway via binding to cell surface receptors. Here we report an essential role of IGF2 in maintaining the pluripotency of embryonic stem (ES) cell from medaka (Oryzias latipes). The medaka igf2 gene was cloned for prokaryotically expression of IGF2 ligand and green fluorescent protein-tagged IGF2 namely IGF2:GFP. With flow cytometry analysis, we demonstrated that the IGF2:GFP can bind to the cultured ES cells from medaka and zebrafish respectively. We also verified that IGF2 is able to activate the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and Akt, and sustain the viability and pluripotency of medaka ES cells in culture. Furthermore, we characterized the binding of IGF2:GFP to freshly isolated blastomeres by fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. Most importantly, we revealed the important role of IGF2 in supporting the derivation of blastomeres in short-term culture. Therefore, Medaka IGF2 is essential for the self-renewal of cultured ES cells and blastomeres from fish embryos. This finding underscores a conserved role of the IGF signaling pathway in stem cells from fish to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Yuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yunhan Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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Parthenolide, an NF-κB Inhibitor Ameliorates Diabetes-Induced Behavioural Deficit, Neurotransmitter Imbalance and Neuroinflammation in Type 2 Diabetes Rat Model. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 19:101-112. [PMID: 27553015 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with behavioural and neurochemical alterations. In this manuscript, we are reporting the beneficial effects of parthenolide, an NF-κB inhibitor on behavioural and neurochemical deficits in type 2 diabetic rat model. Diabetes was induced by high-fat diet followed by low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). Elevated plus maze, open-field, MWM and passive avoidance test paradigm were used to assess behavioural and cognitive deficits. Three-week treatment of parthenolide (0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg; i.p.) attenuated diabetes-induced alteration in cognitive function in Morris water maze and passive avoidance test. Anxiety-like behaviour was also reduced by parthenolide treatment. Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly decreased in cortex and hippocampus of parthenolide-treated rats. Three-week parthenolide treatment also toned down the alteration of GABA and glutamate homoeostasis. Results of this study corroborate the involvement of neuroinflammation in the development of behavioural and neurochemical deficits in diabetic animals and point towards the therapeutic potential of parthenolide in diabetes-induced alteration of learning, memory and anxiety behaviour.
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Åberg D, Johansson P, Isgaard J, Wallin A, Johansson JO, Andreasson U, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Åberg ND, Svensson J. Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Level of Insulin-like Growth Factor-II in Male Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:637-46. [PMID: 26402100 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is important for brain development. Although IGF-II is abundant also in adult life, little is known of the role of IGF-II in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 60 consecutive patients under primary evaluation of cognitive impairment and 20 healthy controls. The patients had AD dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosed with AD dementia upon follow-up (n = 32), stable MCI (SMCI, n = 13), or other dementias (n = 15). IGF-II, IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), and IGFBP-2 were analyzed in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). RESULTS Levels of IGF-II, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-2 were similar in all groups in the total study population. Gender-specific analyses showed that in men (n = 40), CSF IGF-II level was higher in AD compared to SMCI and controls (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Furthermore, CSF IGFBP-2 level was increased in AD men versus SMCI men (p < 0.01) and tended to be increased versus control men (p = 0.09). There were no between-group differences in women (n = 40). In the total study population (n = 80) as well as in men (n = 40), CSF levels of IGF-II and IGFBP-2 correlated positively with CSF levels of the AD biomarkers total-tau and phosphorylated tau protein. CONCLUSION In men, but not women, in the early stages of AD, CSF IGF-II level was elevated, and CSF IGFBP-2 level tended to be increased, compared to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Åberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Johansson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Skaraborg Hospital, Falköping, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Isgaard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Anders Wallin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jan-Ove Johansson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - N David Åberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Svensson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
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66
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Trueba-Saiz A, Torres Aleman I. Insulin-like peptides signaling in Alzheimer's disease: on the road to alternative therapeutics. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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67
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Reim D, Weis TM, Halbedl S, Delling JP, Grabrucker AM, Boeckers TM, Schmeisser MJ. The Shank3 Interaction Partner ProSAPiP1 Regulates Postsynaptic SPAR Levels and the Maturation of Dendritic Spines in Hippocampal Neurons. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:13. [PMID: 27252646 PMCID: PMC4877498 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The postsynaptic density or PSD is a submembranous compartment containing a wide array of proteins that contribute to both morphology and function of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. In this study, we have analyzed functional aspects of the Fezzin ProSAP-interacting protein 1 (ProSAPiP1), an interaction partner of the well-known PSD proteins Shank3 and SPAR. Using lentiviral-mediated overexpression and knockdown of ProSAPiP1, we found that this protein is dispensable for the formation of both pre- and postsynaptic specializations per se. We further show that ProSAPiP1 regulates SPAR levels at the PSD and the maturation of dendritic spines. In line with previous findings on the ProSAPiP1 homolog PSD-Zip70, we conclude that Fezzins essentially contribute to the maturation of excitatory spine synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Reim
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Tobias M Weis
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Sonja Halbedl
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Delling
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Andreas M Grabrucker
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | | | - Michael J Schmeisser
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
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68
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Terauchi A, Johnson-Venkatesh EM, Bullock B, Lehtinen MK, Umemori H. Retrograde fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22) signaling regulates insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) expression for activity-dependent synapse stabilization in the mammalian brain. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27083047 PMCID: PMC4868541 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication between pre- and postsynaptic cells promotes the initial organization of synaptic specializations, but subsequent synaptic stabilization requires transcriptional regulation. Here we show that fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22), a target-derived presynaptic organizer in the mouse hippocampus, induces the expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) for the stabilization of presynaptic terminals. FGF22 is released from CA3 pyramidal neurons and organizes the differentiation of excitatory nerve terminals formed onto them. Local application of FGF22 on the axons of dentate granule cells (DGCs), which are presynaptic to CA3 pyramidal neurons, induces IGF2 in the DGCs. IGF2, in turn, localizes to DGC presynaptic terminals and stabilizes them in an activity-dependent manner. IGF2 application rescues presynaptic defects of Fgf22(-/-) cultures. IGF2 is dispensable for the initial presynaptic differentiation, but is required for the following presynaptic stabilization both in vitro and in vivo. These results reveal a novel feedback signal that is critical for the activity-dependent stabilization of presynaptic terminals in the mammalian hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Terauchi
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Erin M Johnson-Venkatesh
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Brenna Bullock
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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69
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Halbedl S, Schoen M, Feiler MS, Boeckers TM, Schmeisser MJ. Shank3 is localized in axons and presynaptic specializations of developing hippocampal neurons and involved in the modulation of NMDA receptor levels at axon terminals. J Neurochem 2016; 137:26-32. [PMID: 26725465 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Autism-related Shank1, Shank2, and Shank3 are major postsynaptic scaffold proteins of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. A few studies, however, have already indicated that within a neuron, the presence of Shank family members is not limited to the postsynaptic density. By separating axons from dendrites of developing hippocampal neurons in microfluidic chambers, we show that RNA of all three Shank family members is present within axons. Immunostaining confirms these findings as all three Shanks are indeed found within separated axons and further co-localize with well-known proteins of the presynaptic specialization in axon terminals. Therefore, Shank proteins might not only serve as postsynaptic scaffold proteins, but also play a crucial role during axonal outgrowth and presynaptic development and function. This is supported by our findings that shRNA-mediated knockdown of Shank3 results in up-regulation of the NMDA receptor subunit GluN1 in axon terminals. Taken together, our findings will have major implications for the future analysis of neuronal Shank biology in both health and disease. Shank1, Shank2, and Shank3 are major postsynaptic scaffold proteins of excitatory glutamatergic synapses strongly related to several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, a few studies have already implicated a functional role of the Shanks beyond the postsynaptic density (PSD). We here show that all three Shanks are localized in both axons and pre-synaptic specializiations of developing hippocampal neurons in culture. We further provide evidence that Shank3 is involved in the modulation of NMDA receptor levels at axon terminals. Taken together, our study will open up novel avenues for the future analysis of neuronal Shank biology in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Halbedl
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, IGradU, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schoen
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marisa S Feiler
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, IGradU, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael J Schmeisser
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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70
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Transcriptional Control of Synaptic Plasticity by Transcription Factor NF-κB. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:7027949. [PMID: 26881128 PMCID: PMC4736603 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7027949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors is required for the induction of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. All components of this signaling pathway are localized at synapses, and transcriptionally active NF-κB dimers move to the nucleus to translate synaptic signals into altered gene expression. Neuron-specific inhibition results in altered connectivity of excitatory and inhibitory synapses and functionally in selective learning deficits. Recent research on transgenic mice with impaired or hyperactivated NF-κB gave important insights into plasticity-related target gene expression that is regulated by NF-κB. In this minireview, we update the available data on the role of this transcription factor for learning and memory formation and comment on cross-sectional activation of NF-κB in the aged and diseased brain that may directly or indirectly affect κB-dependent transcription of synaptic genes.
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71
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Hu A, Yuan H, Wu L, Chen R, Chen Q, Zhang T, Wang Z, Liu P, Zhu X. The effect of constitutive over-expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 on the cognitive function in aged mice. Brain Res 2016; 1631:204-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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72
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Kaltschmidt B, Kaltschmidt C. NF-KappaB in Long-Term Memory and Structural Plasticity in the Adult Mammalian Brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:69. [PMID: 26635522 PMCID: PMC4656838 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) is a well-known regulator of inflammation, stress, and immune responses as well as cell survival. In the nervous system, NF-κB is one of the crucial components in the molecular switch that converts short- to long-term memory-a process that requires de novo gene expression. Here, the researches published on NF-κB and downstream target genes in mammals will be reviewed, which are necessary for structural plasticity and long-term memory, both under normal and pathological conditions in the brain. Genetic evidence has revealed that NF-κB regulates neuroprotection, neuronal transmission, and long-term memory. In addition, after genetic ablation of all NF-κB subunits, a severe defect in hippocampal adult neurogenesis was observed during aging. Proliferation of neural precursors is increased; however, axon outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and tissue homeostasis of the dentate gyrus are hampered. In this process, the NF-κB target gene PKAcat and other downstream target genes such as Igf2 are critically involved. Therefore, NF-κB activity seems to be crucial in regulating structural plasticity and replenishment of granule cells within the hippocampus throughout the life. In addition to the function of NF-κB in neurons, we will discuss on a neuroinflammatory role of the transcription factor in glia. Finally, a model for NF-κB homeostasis on the molecular level is presented, in order to explain seemingly the contradictory, the friend or foe, role of NF-κB in the nervous system.
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73
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Yeh CC, Sun HL, Huang CJ, Wong CS, Cherng CH, Huh BK, Wang JS, Chien CC. Long-Term Anti-Allodynic Effect of Immediate Pulsed Radiofrequency Modulation through Down-Regulation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 in a Neuropathic Pain Model. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27156-70. [PMID: 26580597 PMCID: PMC4661871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) is effective in the treatment of neuropathic pain in clinical practice. Its application to sites proximal to nerve injury can inhibit the activity of extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) for up to 28 days. The spared nerve injury (SNI)+ immPRF group (immediate exposure to PRF for 6 min after SNI) exhibited a greater anti-allodynic effect compared with the control group (SNI alone) or the SNI + postPRF group (application of PRF for 6 min on the 14th day after SNI). Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) was selected using microarray assays and according to web-based gene ontology annotations in the SNI + immPRF group. An increase in IGF2 and activation of ERK1/2 were attenuated by the immPRF treatment compared with an SNI control group. Using immunofluorescent staining, we detected co-localized phosphorylated ERK1/2 and IGF2 in the dorsal horn regions of rats from the SNI group, where the IGF2 protein predominantly arose in CD11b- or NeuN-positive cells, whereas IGF2 immunoreactivity was not detected in the SNI + immPRF group. Taken together, these results suggest that PRF treatment immediately after nerve injury significantly inhibited the development of neuropathic pain with a lasting effect, most likely through IGF2 down-regulation and the inhibition of ERK1/2 activity primarily in microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chang Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University and Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Integrated Pain Management Center, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Lun Sun
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City 22174, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Jung Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10631, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Shung Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Integrated Pain Management Center, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10631, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Hwan Cherng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Integrated Pain Management Center, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Billy Keon Huh
- Department of Pain Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jinn-Shyan Wang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Cheng Chien
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10631, Taiwan.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10631, Taiwan.
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74
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de la Fuente V, Federman N, Zalcman G, Salles A, Freudenthal R, Romano A. NF-κB transcription factor role in consolidation and reconsolidation of persistent memories. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:50. [PMID: 26441513 PMCID: PMC4563083 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is an important molecular process required for long-term neural plasticity and long-term memory (LTM) formation. Thus, one main interest in molecular neuroscience in the last decades has been the identification of transcription factors that are involved in memory processes. Among them, the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors has gained interest due to a significant body of evidence that supports a key role of these proteins in synaptic plasticity and memory. In recent years, the interest was particularly reinforced because NF-κB was characterized as an important regulator of synaptogenesis. This function may be explained by its participation in synapse to nucleus communication, as well as a possible local role at the synapse. This review provides an overview of experimental work obtained in the last years, showing the essential role of this transcription factor in memory processes in different learning tasks in mammals. We focus the review on the consolidation and reconsolidation memory phases as well as on the regulation of immediate-early and late genes by epigenetic mechanisms that determine enduring forms of memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica de la Fuente
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noel Federman
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisela Zalcman
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angeles Salles
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Freudenthal
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Arturo Romano
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
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75
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Thomas J, Garg ML, Smith DW. Effects of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on hippocampal gene expression in streptozotocin induced diabetic C57Bl/6 mice. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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76
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Uric Acid Produces an Inflammatory Response through Activation of NF-κB in the Hypothalamus: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Disorders. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12144. [PMID: 26179594 PMCID: PMC4503982 DOI: 10.1038/srep12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that an elevated uric acid (UA) level predicts the development of metabolic syndrome and diabetes; however, there is no direct evidence of this, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we showed that a high-UA diet triggered the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activated the NF-κB pathway, and increased gliosis in the hypothalamus. Intracerebroventricular injection of UA induced hypothalamic inflammation and reactive gliosis, whereas these effects were markedly ameliorated by the inhibition of NF-κB. Moreover, magnetic resonance imaging confirmed that hyperuricemia in rodents and humans was associated with gliosis in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Importantly, the rats administered UA exhibited dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance, which were probably mediated by hypothalamic inflammation and hypothalamic neuroendocrine alterations. These results suggest that UA can cause hypothalamic inflammation via NF-κB signaling. Our findings provide a potential therapeutic strategy for UA-induced metabolic disorders.
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77
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Luo YW, Xu Y, Cao WY, Zhong XL, Duan J, Wang XQ, Hu ZL, Li F, Zhang JY, Zhou M, Dai RP, Li CQ. Insulin-like growth factor 2 mitigates depressive behavior in a rat model of chronic stress. Neuropharmacology 2015; 89:318-24. [PMID: 25446675 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common psychiatric disorder associated with chronic stress. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is a growth factor that serves important roles in the brain during development and at adulthood. Here, the role of IGF2 expression in the hippocampus was investigated in a rat model of depression. A chronic restraint stress (CRS) model of depression was established in rats, exhibiting depression-like behavior as assessed with the sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swimming test (FST), and with evaluation of the corticosterone levels. Hippocampal IGF2 levels were significantly lower in rats suffering CRS than in controls, as were levels of pERK1/2 and GluR1. Lentivirus-mediated hippocampal IGF2 overexpression alleviated depressive behavior in restrained rats, elevated the levels of pERK1/2 and GluR1 proteins, but it did not affect the expression of pGSK3β, GluR2, NMDAR1, and NMDAR2A. These results suggest the chronic restraint stress induces depressive behavior, which may be mediated by ERK-dependent IGF2 signaling, pointing to an antidepressant role for this molecular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013, China
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78
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Lee Y, Lee YW, Gao Q, Lee Y, Lee HE, Ryu JH. Exogenous insulin-like growth factor 2 administration enhances memory consolidation and persistence in a time-dependent manner. Brain Res 2015; 1622:466-73. [PMID: 26168901 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Memory consolidation is an important process for the formation of long-term memory. We have previously reported that mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances memory consolidation within 9h after initial learning. Recent studies suggest that insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) significantly enhances memory consolidation and prevents forgetting. Thus, we hypothesized that IGF2 exerts its activity on cognitive performance in a time-dependent manner as observed in our previous study. In the one-trial step-through inhibitory avoidance task, we demonstrate that a bilateral injection of IGF2 into the dorsal hippocampus 6 or 9 h after training significantly enhanced the step-through latencies compared with the vehicle-treated controls in the retention trial, which was conducted 24 h after the acquisition trial. However, 12h post-training, IGF2 injection did not increase the step-through latencies. Intriguingly, in the retention trial at 21 days after the training, hippocampal IGF2 injection 6, 9 or 12 h after the acquisition trial significantly increased the step-through latencies compared with the vehicle-treated controls. IGF2 administration at 9 h and 12 h after the acquisition trial significantly increased discrimination index and exploration time on the novel-located object in the test trial at 24 h and 21 days, respectively, after the acquisition trial in the novel location recognition task. In addition, IGF2-induced an increase in the step-through latencies in the retention trial 24 h or 21 days, respectively, after the initial learning was completely abolished by co-injected anti-IGF2 receptor antibody. These results suggest that IGF2 enhances memory consolidation within 9h after initial learning, and increased IGF2 within the 12 h after the acquisition trial, which represents a delayed consolidation phase, is also critical for memory persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghwan Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Qingtao Gao
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwa Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Eun Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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79
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Enhanced memory consolidation in mice lacking the circadian modulators Sharp1 and -2 caused by elevated Igf2 signaling in the cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E3582-9. [PMID: 26100875 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423989112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bHLH transcription factors SHARP1 and SHARP2 are partially redundant modulators of the circadian system. SHARP1/DEC2 has been shown to control sleep length in humans and sleep architecture is also altered in double mutant mice (S1/2(-/-)). Because of the importance of sleep for memory consolidation, we investigated the role of SHARP1 and SHARP2 in cognitive processing. S1/2(-/-) mice show enhanced cortex (Cx)-dependent remote fear memory formation as well as improved reversal learning, but do not display alterations in hippocampus (Hi)-dependent recent fear memory formation. SHARP1 and SHARP2 single null mutants do not display any cognitive phenotype supporting functional redundancy of both factors. Molecular and biochemical analyses revealed elevated insulin-related growth factor 2 (IGF2) signaling and increased phosphorylation of MAPK and S6 in the Cx but not the Hi of S1/2(-/-) mice. No changes were detected in single mutants. Moreover, adeno-associated virus type 2-mediated IGF2 overexpression in the anterior cingulate cortex enhanced remote fear memory formation and the analysis of forebrain-specific double null mutants of the Insulin and IGF1 receptors revealed their essential function for memory formation. Impaired fear memory formation in aged S1/2(-/-) mice indicates that elevated IGF2 signaling in the long term, however, has a negative impact on cognitive processing. In summary, we conclude that the bHLH transcription factors SHARP1 and SHARP2 are involved in cognitive processing by controlling Igf2 expression and associated signaling cascades. Our analyses provide evidence that the control of sleep and memory consolidation may share common molecular mechanisms.
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Pascual-Lucas M, Viana da Silva S, Di Scala M, Garcia-Barroso C, González-Aseguinolaza G, Mulle C, Alberini CM, Cuadrado-Tejedor M, Garcia-Osta A. Insulin-like growth factor 2 reverses memory and synaptic deficits in APP transgenic mice. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1246-62. [PMID: 25100745 PMCID: PMC4287930 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) was recently found to play a critical role in memory consolidation in rats and mice, and hippocampal or systemic administration of recombinant IGF2 enhances memory. Here, using a gene therapy-based approach with adeno-associated virus (AAV), we show that IGF2 overexpression in the hippocampus of aged wild-type mice enhances memory and promotes dendritic spine formation. Furthermore, we report that IGF2 expression decreases in the hippocampus of patients with Alzheimer's disease, and this leads us to hypothesize that increased IGF2 levels may be beneficial for treating the disease. Thus, we used the AAV system to deliver IGF2 or IGF1 into the hippocampus of the APP mouse model Tg2576 and demonstrate that IGF2 and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) rescue behavioural deficits, promote dendritic spine formation and restore normal hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission. The brains of Tg2576 mice that overexpress IGF2 but not IGF1 also show a significant reduction in amyloid levels. This reduction probably occurs through an interaction with the IGF2 receptor (IGF2R). Hence, IGF2 and, to a lesser extent, IGF1 may be effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pascual-Lucas
- Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Viana da Silva
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université of Bordeaux CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marianna Di Scala
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Division, Center for Applied Medical Research CIMA University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carolina Garcia-Barroso
- Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gloria González-Aseguinolaza
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Division, Center for Applied Medical Research CIMA University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Christophe Mulle
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université of Bordeaux CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Mar Cuadrado-Tejedor
- Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Garcia-Osta
- Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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81
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Iwamoto T, Ouchi Y. Emerging evidence of insulin-like growth factor 2 as a memory enhancer: a unique animal model of cognitive dysfunction with impaired adult neurogenesis. Rev Neurosci 2015; 25:559-74. [PMID: 24778346 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the current aging society, cognitive dysfunction is one of the most serious issues that should be urgently resolved. It also affects a wide range of age groups harboring neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Although the molecular mechanism of memory impairment still remains to be determined, neuronal loss and dysfunction has been revealed to mainly attribute to its pathology. The discovery of neural stem cells in the adult brain that are proliferating and able to generate functional neurons has given rise to the idea that neuronal loss could be rescued by manipulating endogenous neural progenitor and stem cells. To this end, we must characterize them in detail and their developmental programming must be better understood. A growing body of evidence has indicated that insulin-like peptides are involved in learning and memory and maintenance of neural progenitor and stem cells, and clinical trials of insulin as a memory enhancer have begun. In contrast to the expectation of insulin and IGF1, the roles of IGF2 in cognitive ability have been poorly understood. However, recent evidence demonstrated in rodents suggests that IGF2 may play a pivotal role in adult neurogenesis and cognitive function. Here, we would like to review the rapidly growing world of IGF2 in cognitive neuroscience and introduce the evidence that its deficit is indeed involved in the impairment of the hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive dysfunction in the model mouse of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, which deletes Dgcr8, a critical gene for microRNA processing.
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Jafari A, Siersbaek MS, Chen L, Qanie D, Zaher W, Abdallah BM, Kassem M. Pharmacological Inhibition of Protein Kinase G1 Enhances Bone Formation by Human Skeletal Stem Cells Through Activation of RhoA-Akt Signaling. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2219-31. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Jafari
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB); Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem); Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Majken S. Siersbaek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB); Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem); Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB); Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Diyako Qanie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB); Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Walid Zaher
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB); Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Basem M. Abdallah
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB); Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB); Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem); Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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83
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Hippocampal dynamics of synaptic NF-kappa B during inhibitory avoidance long-term memory consolidation in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 291:70-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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84
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Lauzon MA, Daviau A, Marcos B, Faucheux N. Growth factor treatment to overcome Alzheimer's dysfunctional signaling. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1025-38. [PMID: 25744541 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The number of people suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) will increase as the world population ages, creating a huge socio-economic burden. The three pathophysiological hallmarks of AD are the cholinergic system dysfunction, the β-amyloid peptide deposition and the Tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Current treatments have only transient effects and each tends to concentrate on a single pathophysiological aspect of AD. This review first provides an overall view of AD in terms of its pathophysiological symptoms and signaling dysfunction. We then examine the therapeutic potential of growth factors (GFs) by showing how they can overcome the dysfunctional cell signaling that occurs in AD. Finally, we discuss new alternatives to GFs that help overcome the problem of brain uptake, such as small peptides, with evidence from some of our unpublished data on human neuronal cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine Lauzon
- Cell-Biomaterial Biohybrid Systems, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Alex Daviau
- Cell-Biomaterial Biohybrid Systems, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Bernard Marcos
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Nathalie Faucheux
- Cell-Biomaterial Biohybrid Systems, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada.
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85
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Xu Y, Cao W, Zhou M, Li C, Luo Y, Wang H, Zhao R, Jiang S, Yang J, Liu Y, Wang X, Li X, Xiong W, Ma J, Peng S, Zeng Z, Li X, Tan M, Li G. Inactivation of BRD7 results in impaired cognitive behavior and reduced synaptic plasticity of the medial prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2015; 286:1-10. [PMID: 25721744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BRD7 is a bromodomain-containing protein (BCP), and recent evidence implicates the role of BCPs in the initiation and development of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, few studies have investigated the biological functions of BRD7 in the central nervous system. In our study, BRD7 was found to be widely expressed in various regions of the mouse brain, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), caudate putamen (CPu), hippocampus (Hip), midbrain (Mb), cerebellum (Cb), and mainly co-localized with neuron but not with glia. Using a BRD7 knockout mouse model and a battery of behavioral tests, we report that disruption of BRD7 results in impaired cognitive behavior leaving the emotional behavior unaffected. Moreover, a series of proteins involved in synaptic plasticity were decreased in the medial prefrontal cortex and there was a concomitant decrease in neuronal spine density and dendritic branching in the medial prefrontal cortex. However, no significant difference was found in the hippocampus compared to the wild-type mice. Thus, BRD7 might play a critical role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and affect cognitive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110 Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Cao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110 Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changqi Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110 Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Heran Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110 Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110 Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihe Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110 Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110 Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukun Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110 Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinye Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110 Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiayu Li
- The Third Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 237, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110 Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ma
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110 Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuping Peng
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110 Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110 Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110 Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Tan
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110 Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, People's Republic of China.
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86
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Aloor R, Zhang C, Bandyopadhyay M, Dasgupta S. Impact of nuclear factor-κB on restoration of neuron growth and differentiation in hippocampus of degenerative brain. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1471-5. [PMID: 25586448 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The mode of action of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has been extensively observed in different aspects of cell growth and proliferation. The transcription factor regulates various genes controlling inflammation and anti-inflammatory responses in different tissues. Thus, NF-κB signal gains a therapeutic prospect. The activation of NF-κB requires nuclear localization of its p65 subunit. Research also indicates an impact of phosphorylated p65 on the transcription of genes during cell growth and the immune response. Following the trends in investigations over decades, different observations suggest that NF-κB activation and phosphorylation of p65 regulate neuronal plasticity. Also, inhibition of NF-κB activation is a well-demonstrated way to attenuate inflammation. In addition to anti-inflammatory drugs, recent researches unwind a way to regulate regeneration and repair tissue damage. Thus, keeping a critical view on NF-κB signals, we propose the importance of natural or synthetic NF-κB activators for neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Aloor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Saint James School of Medicine, Anguilla, British West Indies
| | - Christine Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Saint James School of Medicine, Anguilla, British West Indies
| | | | - Subhajit Dasgupta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Saint James School of Medicine, Anguilla, British West Indies.,Department of Biochemistry, Saint James School of Medicine, Anguilla, British West Indies
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87
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Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a potent transcription factor highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) where it has been shown to be required for multiple behavioral paradigms of learning and memory in both mammalian and invertebrate systems. NF-κB dimers are found in neuronal cell bodies, are also present at synapses, and can participate in the activity-dependent regulation of gene expression in response to excitatory neurotransmission. Multiple serine-directed phosphorylation events are critical in the canonical NF-κB activation pathway, including activation of the IκB kinase complex (IKK) and phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB). In this chapter, we describe methods for immunoprecipitation (IP) of the IKK complex from dissociated cultured murine hippocampal neurons, followed by in vitro kinase assay to evaluate excitatory neurotransmission-induced IKK activation by monitoring phosphorylation of a GST-IκBα substrate. These methods can also be successfully implemented in subcellular-reduced brain preparations, such as biochemically isolated synapses.
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88
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Tsaousidou E, Paeger L, Belgardt BF, Pal M, Wunderlich CM, Brönneke H, Collienne U, Hampel B, Wunderlich FT, Schmidt-Supprian M, Kloppenburg P, Brüning JC. Distinct Roles for JNK and IKK Activation in Agouti-Related Peptide Neurons in the Development of Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1495-506. [PMID: 25456138 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1)- and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase 2 (IKK2)-dependent signaling plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-associated insulin and leptin resistance not only in peripheral tissues but also in the CNS. Here, we demonstrate that constitutive JNK activation in agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons of the hypothalamus is sufficient to induce weight gain and adiposity in mice as a consequence of hyperphagia. JNK activation increases spontaneous action potential firing of AgRP cells and causes both neuronal and systemic leptin resistance. Similarly, activation of IKK2 signaling in AgRP neurons also increases firing of these cells but fails to cause obesity and leptin resistance. In contrast to JNK activation, IKK2 activation blunts insulin signaling in AgRP neurons and impairs systemic glucose homeostasis. Collectively, these experiments reveal both overlapping and nonredundant effects of JNK- and IKK-dependent signaling in AgRP neurons, which cooperate in the manifestation of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tsaousidou
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, Cologne 50674, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Lars Paeger
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany; Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Bengt F Belgardt
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Martin Pal
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Claudia M Wunderlich
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, Cologne 50674, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Hella Brönneke
- Mouse Phenotyping Core Facility, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Ursel Collienne
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany; Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Brigitte Hampel
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, Cologne 50674, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - F Thomas Wunderlich
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, Cologne 50674, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Peter Kloppenburg
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany; Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, Cologne 50674, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne 50931, Germany.
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89
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Li CQ, Luo YW, Bi FF, Cui TT, Song L, Cao WY, Zhang JY, Li F, Xu JM, Hao W, Xing XW, Zhou FH, Zhou XF, Dai RP. Development of anxiety-like behavior via hippocampal IGF-2 signaling in the offspring of parental morphine exposure: effect of enriched environment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2777-87. [PMID: 24889368 PMCID: PMC4200488 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Opioid addiction is a major social, economic, and medical problem worldwide. Long-term adverse consequences of chronic opiate exposure not only involve the individuals themselves but also their offspring. Adolescent maternal morphine exposure results in behavior and morphologic changes in the brain of their adult offspring. However, few studies investigate the effect of adult opiate exposure on their offspring. Furthermore, the underlying molecular signals regulating the intergenerational effects of morphine exposure are still elusive. We report here that morphine exposure of adult male and female rats resulted in anxiety-like behavior and dendritic retraction in the dentate gyrus (DG) region of the hippocampus in their adult offspring. The behavior and morphologic changes were concomitant with the downregulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-2 signaling in the granular zone of DG. Overexpression of hippocampal IGF-2 by bilateral intra-DG injection of lentivirus encoding the IGF-2 gene prevented anxiety-like behaviors in the offspring. Furthermore, exposure to an enriched environment during adolescence corrected the reduction of hippocampal IGF-2 expression, normalized anxiety-like behavior and reversed dendritic retraction in the adult offspring. Thus, parental morphine exposure can lead to the downregulation of hippocampal IGF-2, which contributed to the anxiety and hippocampal dendritic retraction in their offspring. An adolescent-enriched environment experience prevented the behavior and morphologic changes in their offspring through hippocampal IGF-2 signaling. IGF-2 and an enriched environment may be a potential intervention to prevention of anxiety and brain atrophy in the offspring of parental opioid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qi Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan-Wei Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fang-Fang Bi
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tao-Tao Cui
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ling Song
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Yu Cao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jian-Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jun-Mei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Institute of Mental Health, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Xing
- Center for Medical Experiments, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fiona H Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ru-Ping Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Ren-Min Road No. 86, Changsha, Hunan Province 410011, China, Tel: +86 731 85295970, Fax: +86 731 85292115, E-mail:
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90
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Stern SA, Chen DY, Alberini CM. The effect of insulin and insulin-like growth factors on hippocampus- and amygdala-dependent long-term memory formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:556-63. [PMID: 25227250 PMCID: PMC4175499 DOI: 10.1101/lm.029348.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has reported that the insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) promotes memory enhancement. Furthermore, impaired insulin or IGF1 functions have been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments, hence implicating the insulin/IGF system as an important target for cognitive enhancement and/or the development of novel treatments against cognitive disorders. Here, we tested the effect of intracerebral injections of IGF1, IGF2, or insulin on memory consolidation and persistence in rats. We found that a bilateral injection of insulin into the dorsal hippocampus transiently enhances hippocampal-dependent memory and an injection of IGF1 has no effect. None of the three peptides injected into the amygdala affected memories critically engaging this region. Together with previous data on IGF2, these results indicate that IGF2 produces the most potent and persistent effect as a memory enhancer on hippocampal-dependent memories. We suggest that the memory-enhancing effects of insulin and IGF2 are likely mediated by distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Stern
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Dillon Y Chen
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Cristina M Alberini
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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91
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Bellot A, Guivernau B, Tajes M, Bosch-Morató M, Valls-Comamala V, Muñoz FJ. The structure and function of actin cytoskeleton in mature glutamatergic dendritic spines. Brain Res 2014; 1573:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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92
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Thein S, Pham A, Bayer KU, Tao-Cheng JH, Dosemeci A. IKK regulates the deubiquitinase CYLD at the postsynaptic density. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:550-4. [PMID: 24928390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
K63-linked polyubiquitination of proteins regulates their trafficking into specific cellular pathways such as endocytosis and autophagy. CYLD, a deubiquitinase specific for K63-linked polyubiquitins, is present in high quantities at the postsynaptic density (PSD). It was previously shown that, under excitatory conditions, CaMKII activates CYLD in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. The observation that CYLD can also be phosphorylated in the absence of Ca(2+) in isolated PSDs led us to further explore the regulation of CYLD under basal conditions. A possible involvement of the autonomous form of CaMKII and IKK, both kinases known to be localized at the PSD, was examined. A CaMKII inhibitor CN21 had no effect on CYLD phosphorylation in the absence of Ca(2+), but two different IKK inhibitors, IKK16 and tatNEMO, inhibited its phosphorylation. Immuno-electron microscopy on hippocampal cultures, using an antibody for CYLD phosphorylated at S-418, revealed that the phosphorylated form of CYLD is present at the PSD under basal conditions. Phosphorylation of CYLD under basal conditions was inhibited by IKK16. NMDA treatment further promoted phosphorylation of CYLD at the PSD, but IKK16 failed to block the NMDA-induced effect. In vitro experiments using purified proteins demonstrated direct phosphorylation and activation of CYLD by the beta catalytic subunit of IKK. Activation of IKK in isolated PSDs also promoted phosphorylation of CYLD and an increase in endogenous deubiquitinase activity for K63-linked polyubiquitins. Altogether, the results suggest that in the absence of excitatory conditions, constitutive IKK activity at the PSD regulates CYLD and maintains basal levels of K63-linkage specific deubiquitination at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soe Thein
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna Pham
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - K Ulrich Bayer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jung-Hwa Tao-Cheng
- EM Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ayse Dosemeci
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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93
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Salles A, Romano A, Freudenthal R. Synaptic NF-kappa B pathway in neuronal plasticity and memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 108:256-62. [PMID: 24854662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several transcription factors are present at the synapse, and among these are the Rel-NF-kappa B pathway components. NF-kappa B is a constitutive transcription factor, with a strong presence in the brain of which a considerable part is located in the neuropiles. This localization of the transcription factor, plus evidence pointing to different functions, is what gave place to two general hypotheses for synaptic NF-kappa B: (a) The transcription factor plays a role in the synapse to nucleus communication, and it is retrogradely transported from polarized localizations to regulate gene expression; (b) The transcription factor modulates the synaptic function locally. Evidence indicates that both mechanisms can operate simultaneously; here we will present different possibilities of these hypotheses that are supported by an increasing amount of data. We pay special attention to the local role of the transcription factor at the synapse, and based in the described evidence from different animal models, we propose several processes in which the transcription factor may change the synaptic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Salles
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, FBMC, FCEyN, UBA, IFIBYNE, CONICET, 2°piso, pabellón II, Intendente Güiraldez 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Arturo Romano
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, FBMC, FCEyN, UBA, IFIBYNE, CONICET, 2°piso, pabellón II, Intendente Güiraldez 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ramiro Freudenthal
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, FBMC, FCEyN, UBA, IFIBYNE, CONICET, 2°piso, pabellón II, Intendente Güiraldez 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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94
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Martin-Montañez E, Pavia J, Santin LJ, Boraldi F, Estivill-Torrus G, Aguirre JA, Garcia-Fernandez M. Involvement of IGF-II receptors in the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of IGF-II on adult cortical neuronal cultures. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1041-51. [PMID: 24667322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is a naturally occurring peptide that exerts known pleiotropic effects ranging from metabolic modulation to cellular development, growth and survival. IGF-II triggers its actions by binding to and activating IGF (IGF-I and IGF-II) receptors. In this study, we assessed the neuroprotective effect of IGF-II on corticosterone-induced oxidative damage in adult cortical neuronal cultures and the role of IGF-II receptors in this effect. We provide evidence that treatment with IGF-II alleviates the glucocorticoid-induced toxicity to neuronal cultures, and this neuroprotective effect occurred due to a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and a return of the antioxidant status to normal levels. IGF-II acts via not only the regulation of synthesis and/or activity of antioxidant enzymes, especially manganese superoxide dismutase, but also the restoration of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity and mitochondrial membrane potential. Although the antioxidant effect of IGF-I receptor activation has been widely reported, the involvement of the IGF-II receptor in these processes has not been clearly defined. The present report is the first evidence describing the involvement of IGF-II receptors in redox homeostasis. IGF-II may therefore contribute to the mechanisms of neuroprotection by acting as an antioxidant, reducing the neurodegeneration induced by oxidative insults. These results open the field to new pharmacological approaches to the treatment of diseases involving imbalanced redox homeostasis. In this study, we demonstrated that the antioxidant effect of IGF-II is at least partially mediated by IGF-II receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martin-Montañez
- Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Malaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), E-29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - José Pavia
- Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Malaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), E-29071 Malaga, Spain; Clinical Neurosciences Unit, Research Laboratory and Microscopy Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Regional University Hospital of Malaga, E-29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis J Santin
- Department of Psychobiology, Malaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), E-29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41010 Modena, Italy
| | - Guillermo Estivill-Torrus
- Clinical Neurosciences Unit, Research Laboratory and Microscopy Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Regional University Hospital of Malaga, E-29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - José A Aguirre
- Department of Human Physiology, Malaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), E-29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Maria Garcia-Fernandez
- Department of Human Physiology, Malaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
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95
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Williams AJ, Umemori H. The best-laid plans go oft awry: synaptogenic growth factor signaling in neuropsychiatric disease. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2014; 6:4. [PMID: 24672476 PMCID: PMC3957327 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors play important roles in synapse formation. Mouse models of neuropsychiatric diseases suggest that defects in synaptogenic growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways can lead to disordered neural development and various behavioral phenotypes, including anxiety, memory problems, and social deficits. Genetic association studies in humans have found evidence for similar relationships between growth factor signaling pathways and neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Accumulating data suggest that dysfunction in neuronal circuitry, caused by defects in growth factor-mediated synapse formation, contributes to the susceptibility to multiple neuropsychiatric diseases, including epilepsy, autism, and disorders of thought and mood (e.g., schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, respectively). In this review, we will focus on how specific synaptogenic growth factors and their downstream signaling pathways might be involved in the development of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn J Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital Boston, MA, USA
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96
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Przybycien-Szymanska MM, Rao YS, Prins SA, Pak TR. Parental binge alcohol abuse alters F1 generation hypothalamic gene expression in the absence of direct fetal alcohol exposure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89320. [PMID: 24586686 PMCID: PMC3930730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent binge alcohol exposure has long-lasting effects on the expression of hypothalamic genes that regulate the stress response, even in the absence of subsequent adult alcohol exposure. This suggests that alcohol can induce permanent gene expression changes, potentially through epigenetic modifications to specific genes. Epigenetic modifications can be transmitted to future generations therefore, and in these studies we investigated the effects of adolescent binge alcohol exposure on hypothalamic gene expression patterns in the F1 generation offspring. It has been well documented that maternal alcohol exposure during fetal development can have devastating neurological consequences. However, less is known about the consequences of maternal and/or paternal alcohol exposure outside of the gestational time frame. Here, we exposed adolescent male and female rats to a repeated binge EtOH exposure paradigm and then mated them in adulthood. Hypothalamic samples were taken from the offspring of these animals at postnatal day (PND) 7 and subjected to a genome-wide microarray analysis followed by qRT-PCR for selected genes. Importantly, the parents were not intoxicated at the time of mating and were not exposed to EtOH at any time during gestation therefore the offspring were never directly exposed to EtOH. Our results showed that the offspring of alcohol-exposed parents had significant differences compared to offspring from alcohol-naïve parents. Specifically, major differences were observed in the expression of genes that mediate neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity during neurodevelopment, genes important for directing chromatin remodeling, posttranslational modifications or transcription regulation, as well as genes involved in regulation of obesity and reproductive function. These data demonstrate that repeated binge alcohol exposure during pubertal development can potentially have detrimental effects on future offspring even in the absence of direct fetal alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M. Przybycien-Szymanska
- Loyola University Chicago Health Science Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yathindar S. Rao
- Loyola University Chicago Health Science Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Prins
- Loyola University Chicago Health Science Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Toni R. Pak
- Loyola University Chicago Health Science Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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97
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Agis-Balboa RC, Fischer A. Generating new neurons to circumvent your fears: the role of IGF signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:21-42. [PMID: 23543251 PMCID: PMC11113432 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extinction of fear memory is a particular form of cognitive function that is of special interest because of its involvement in the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders. Based on recent literature and our previous findings (EMBO J 30(19):4071-4083, 2011), we propose a new hypothesis that implies a tight relationship among IGF signaling, adult hippocampal neurogenesis and fear extinction. Our proposed model suggests that fear extinction-induced IGF2/IGFBP7 signaling promotes the survival of neurons at 2-4 weeks old that would participate in the discrimination between the original fear memory trace and the new safety memory generated during fear extinction. This is also called "pattern separation", or the ability to distinguish similar but different cues (e.g., context). To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fear extinction is therefore of great clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Agis-Balboa
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Grisebach Str. 5, 37077, Göttingen, Germany,
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98
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Mihalas AB, Araki Y, Huganir RL, Meffert MK. Opposing action of nuclear factor κB and Polo-like kinases determines a homeostatic end point for excitatory synaptic adaptation. J Neurosci 2013; 33:16490-501. [PMID: 24133254 PMCID: PMC3797372 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2131-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic responses critically adjust synaptic strengths to maintain stability in neuronal networks. Compensatory adaptations to prolonged excitation include induction of Polo-like kinases (Plks) and degradation of spine-associated Rap GTPase-activating protein (SPAR) to reduce synaptic excitation, but mechanisms that limit overshooting and allow refinement of homeostatic adjustments remain poorly understood. We report that Plks produce canonical pathway-mediated activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor in a process that requires the kinase activity of Plks. Chronic elevated activity, which induces Plk expression, also produces Plk-dependent activation of NF-κB. Deficiency of NF-κB, in the context of exogenous Plk2 expression or chronic elevated neuronal excitation, produces exaggerated homeostatic reductions in the size and density of dendritic spines, synaptic AMPA glutamate receptor levels, and excitatory synaptic currents. During the homeostatic response to chronic elevated activity, NF-κB activation by Plks subsequently opposes Plk-mediated SPAR degradation by transcriptionally upregulating SPAR in mouse hippocampal neurons in vitro and in vivo. Exogenous SPAR expression can rescue the overshooting of homeostatic reductions at excitatory synapses in NF-κB-deficient neurons responding to elevated activity. Our data establish an integral feedback loop involving NF-κB, Plks, and SPAR that regulates the end point of homeostatic synaptic adaptation to elevated activity and are the first to implicate a transcription factor in the regulation of homeostatic synaptic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoichi Araki
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Richard L. Huganir
- Department of Biological Chemistry and
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Mollie K. Meffert
- Department of Biological Chemistry and
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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99
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Maqbool A, Lattke M, Wirth T, Baumann B. Sustained, neuron-specific IKK/NF-κB activation generates a selective neuroinflammatory response promoting local neurodegeneration with aging. Mol Neurodegener 2013; 8:40. [PMID: 24119288 PMCID: PMC3827934 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is a critical factor contributing to the progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. The IKK/NF-κB signalling system is a central regulator of inflammation, but it also affects neuronal survival and differentiation. A complex interplay between different CNS resident cells and infiltrating immune cells, which produce and respond to various inflammatory mediators, determines whether neuroinflammation is beneficial or detrimental. The IKK/NF-κB system is involved in both production of and responses to these mediators, although the precise contribution depends on the cell type as well as the cellular context, and is only partially understood. Here we investigated the specific contribution of neuronal IKK/NF-κB signalling on the regulation of neuroinflammatory processes and its consequences. To address this issue, we established and analysed a conditional gain-of-function mouse model that expresses a constitutively active allele of IKK2 in principal forebrain neurons (IKK2nCA). Proinflammatory gene and growth factor expression, histopathology, microgliosis, astrogliosis, immune cell infiltration and spatial learning were assessed at different timepoints after persistent canonical IKK2/NF-κB activation. Results In contrast to other cell types and organ systems, chronic IKK2/NF-κB signalling in forebrain neurons of adult IKK2nCA animals did not cause a full-blown inflammatory response including infiltration of immune cells. Instead, we found a selective inflammatory response in the dentate gyrus characterized by astrogliosis, microgliosis and Tnf-α upregulation. Furthermore, downregulation of the neurotrophic factor Bdnf correlated with a selective and progressive atrophy of the dentate gyrus and a decline in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning. Neuronal degeneration was associated with increased Fluoro-jade staining, but lacked activation of apoptosis. Remarkably, neuronal loss could be partially reversed when chronic IKK2/NF-κB signalling was turned off and Bdnf expression was restored. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that persistent IKK2/NF-κB signalling in forebrain neurons does not induce overall neuroinflammation, but elicits a selective inflammatory response in the dentate gyrus accompanied by decreased neuronal survival and impaired learning and memory. Our findings further suggest that chronic activation of neuronal IKK2/NF-κB signalling, possibly as a consequence of neuroinflammatory conditions, is able to induce apoptosis-independent neurodegeneration via paracrine suppression of Bdnf synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Maqbool
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm 89081 Germany.
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100
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Kopec AM, Carew TJ. Growth factor signaling and memory formation: temporal and spatial integration of a molecular network. Learn Mem 2013; 20:531-9. [PMID: 24042849 PMCID: PMC3768197 DOI: 10.1101/lm.031377.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor (GF) signaling is critically important for developmental plasticity. It also plays a crucial role in adult plasticity, such as that required for memory formation. Although different GFs interact with receptors containing distinct types of kinase domains, they typically signal through converging intracellular cascades (e.g., Ras–MEK–MAPK) to mediate overlapping functional endpoints. Several GFs have been implicated in memory formation, but due to a high level of convergent signaling, the unique contributions of individual GFs as well as the interactions between GF signaling cascades during the induction of memory is not well known. In this review, we highlight the unique roles of specific GFs in dendritic plasticity, and discuss the spatial and temporal profiles of different GFs during memory formation. Collectively, the data suggest that the roles of GF signaling in long-lasting behavioral and structural plasticity may be best viewed as interactive components in a complex molecular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Kopec
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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