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Jouravlev O, Mineroff Z, Blank IA, Fedorenko E. The Small and Efficient Language Network of Polyglots and Hyper-polyglots. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:62-76. [PMID: 32820332 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquiring a foreign language is challenging for many adults. Yet certain individuals choose to acquire sometimes dozens of languages and often just for fun. Is there something special about the minds and brains of such polyglots? Using robust individual-level markers of language activity, measured with fMRI, we compared native language processing in polyglots versus matched controls. Polyglots (n = 17, including nine "hyper-polyglots" with proficiency in 10-55 languages) used fewer neural resources to process language: Their activations were smaller in both magnitude and extent. This difference was spatially and functionally selective: The groups were similar in their activation of two other brain networks-the multiple demand network and the default mode network. We hypothesize that the activation reduction in the language network is experientially driven, such that the acquisition and use of multiple languages makes language processing generally more efficient. However, genetic and longitudinal studies will be critical to distinguish this hypothesis from the one whereby polyglots' brains already differ at birth or early in development. This initial characterization of polyglots' language network opens the door to future investigations of the cognitive and neural architecture of individuals who gain mastery of multiple languages, including changes in this architecture with linguistic experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olessia Jouravlev
- Brain & Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S5B6, Canada
| | - Zachary Mineroff
- Brain & Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Idan A Blank
- Brain & Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Evelina Fedorenko
- Brain & Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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52
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Takano K, Watanabe H, Yagyu K, Shimojo A, Boasen J, Murakami Y, Shiraishi H, Yokosawa K, Saito T. Semi-automated brain responses in communication: A magnetoencephalographic hyperscanning study. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2893-2896. [PMID: 33018611 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Face to face communication is interactive, and involves continuous feedforward and feedback of information, thoughts, and feelings to the opposite party. To accurately assess the neural processing underlying these interactions, synchronous and simultaneous recording of the brain activity from both parties is needed, a method known as hyperscanning. Here, we investigated the neural processing underlying nonverbal face-to-face communication using a magnetoencephalographic (MEG) hyperscanning system, comprising two fiber optically connected MEGs. Eight pairs of subjects participated. Each individual in each pair viewed a combined 80 randomized 20 s trials of 40 real-time and 40 recorded (hereafter, real and simulated, respectively) videos of the opposite party's face. Non-verbal communication through actions such as gaze, eye blinks, and facial expression was intrinsically only possible during real videos. After each trial, subjects individually subjectively discriminated whether the viewed video was real or simulated. Overall subjective discrimination accuracies were slightly but significantly above chance level. Statistical analysis of brain activity revealed a significant three way interaction between theta-band rhythm amplitude, video type, and subjective discrimination response in the right frontal cortex. Additionally, when subjects responded that videos were simulated, theta activity was significantly lower for real videos compared with simulated videos (p = 0.01). This result not only demonstrates the importance of right frontal theta activity during non-verbal communication, but also indicates the existence of unconscious, semi-automated neural processing during non-verbal communication that underlies one's ability to subjectively discriminate whether or not the opposite party is real.
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53
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Teubner-Rhodes S. Cognitive Persistence and Executive Function in the Multilingual Brain During Aging. Front Psychol 2020; 11:568702. [PMID: 33013606 PMCID: PMC7494780 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have debated the extent to which the experience of speaking more than two languages induces long-term neuroplasticity that protects multilinguals from the adverse cognitive effects of aging. In this review, I propose a novel theory that multilingualism affects cognitive persistence, the application of effort to improve performance on challenging tasks. I review recent evidence demonstrating that the cingulo-opercular network, consisting of the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), supports cognitive persistence. I then show that this same network is involved in multilingual language control and changes with multilingual language experience. While both early and late multilinguals exhibit differences in the cingulo-opercular network compared to monolinguals, I find that early multilinguals have a pattern of decreased dACC activity and increased left IFG activity that may enable more efficient cognitive control, whereas late multilinguals show larger dACC responses to conflict that may be associated with higher cognitive persistence. I further demonstrate that multilingual effects on the cingulo-opercular network are present in older adults and have been implicated in the mitigation of cognitive symptoms in age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Finally, I argue that mixed results in the literature are due, in part, to the confound between cognitive persistence and ability in most executive function tasks, and I provide guidance for separating these processes in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Teubner-Rhodes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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54
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Language context tunes brain network for language control in bilingual language production. Neuropsychologia 2020; 147:107592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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55
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Zhou Y, Han S. Neural dynamics of pain expression processing: Alpha-band synchronization to same-race pain but desynchronization to other-race pain. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117400. [PMID: 32979524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Both electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have revealed enhanced neural responses to perceived pain in same-race than other-race individuals. However, it remains unclear how neural responses in the sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective subsystems vary dynamically in the first few hundreds of milliseconds to generate racial ingroup favoritism in empathy for pain. We recorded magnetoencephalography signals to pain and neutral expressions of Asian and white faces from Chinese adults during judgments of racial identity of each face. We found that pain compared to neutral expressions of same-race faces induced early increased alpha oscillations in the precuneus/parietal cortices followed by increased alpha-band oscillations in the left anterior insula and temporoparietal junction. Pain compared to neutral expressions of other-race faces, however, induced early suppression of alpha-band oscillations in the bilateral sensorimotor cortices and left insular cortex. Moreover, decreased functional connectivity between the left sensorimotor cortex and left anterior insula predicted reduced subjective feelings of other-race suffering. Our results unraveled distinct patterns of modulations of neural dynamics of sensorimotor, affective, and cognitive components of empathy by interracial relationships between an observer and a target person, which provide possible brain mechanisms for understanding racial ingroup favoritism in social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhou
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 52 Haidian Road, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Shihui Han
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 52 Haidian Road, Beijing 100080, China.
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56
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Zhu J, Cui J, Cao G, Ji J, Chang X, Zhang C, Liu Y. Brain Functional Alterations in Long-term Unilateral Hearing Impairment. Acad Radiol 2020; 27:1085-1092. [PMID: 31677903 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2019.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of patients with unilateral hearing impairments (UHI) increase with age and are characterized by asymmetric auditory afferents in which auditory information is asymmetrically transmitted to the brain. Long-term bilateral hearing imbalance can cause abnormal functional changes in the cerebral cortex. However, the relationship between functional alterations in the brain and the severity of the hearing impairment remains unclear. METHODS This study included 33 patients with UHI (left-sided impairment in 17 and right-sided impairment in 16) and 32 healthy patients. All participants underwent resting-state, blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (fALFF) values were calculated after data preprocessing and compared among the left-sided and right-sided impairment groups and the control group. Pure tone audiometry was used to evaluate patients' hearing impairment level. The correlation between fALFF values of abnormal brain regions and the duration and severity of hearing impairment was analyzed. RESULTS Results provide evidence for altered resting-state functional activities in the brain of patients with left or right long-term UHI, with significantly increased fALFF values in the Heschl's gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and insula were observed. Moreover, complicated networks reorganization involved in the visual, cognitive, sensorimotor and information transmission functions except for the auditory function and some brain regions exhibited functional changes only in the one-sided impairment group. In addition, the severity of hearing impairment is related with the functional activities in the bilateral Heschl's gyrus, bilateral insula, right superior temporal gyrus, and left middle frontal gyrus. CONCLUSION In conclusion, alterations in functional activity are observed in the brains of patients with long-term hearing impairments and multiple brain regions within different functional networks are involved in the brain functional remodeling. The brain reintegration mechanism appears to be asymmetrical and the lateralization pattern in the contralateral brain hemisphere for auditory information processing related with the severity of hearing impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhu
- Department of Imaging, Heping Hospital affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, PR China
| | - Jiangbo Cui
- Department of Imaging, Hepji Hospital affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, PR China
| | - Gang Cao
- Department of radiology, Peking University Lu'an Hospital, Changzhi, PR China
| | - Jianwu Ji
- Department of Imaging, Heping Hospital affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, PR China
| | - Xu Chang
- Graduate School of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, PR China
| | - Chongjie Zhang
- Department of Imaging, Yuncheng Central Hospital, Yuncheng, PR China
| | - Yongbo Liu
- Department of radiology, Peking University Lu'an Hospital, Changzhi, PR China.
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57
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Lai G, O’Brien BA. Examining Language Switching and Cognitive Control Through the Adaptive Control Hypothesis. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1171. [PMID: 32793018 PMCID: PMC7393937 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that language switching is a distinct form of bilingual language control that engages cognitive control. The most relevant and widely discussed framework is the Adaptive Control Hypothesis. This theoretical framework identifies language switching to be a key aspect of bilingual language control. It proposes that bilinguals' engagement in three different types of interactional contexts (single-language context, dual-language context, and dense code-switching context) confers adaptive effects on cognitive control processes. These contexts differ in the presence of both languages and how language control is exercised. The model makes predictions about behavioral outcomes associated with these contexts. This study is a novel attempt to test for the model's assumptions, predictions, and its interactional contexts. It seeks to examine the relationship between language switching behaviors, reported bilingual interactional contexts, and verbal and non-verbal cognitive control through this theoretical framework. Seventy-four English-Mandarin young adult bilinguals were measured on their self-reported engagements in the different interactional contexts and production of word and sentential language switches through experimental language switching tasks (alternating, semi-cued, and uncued switching). Cognitive control processes in verbal and non-verbal goal maintenance, interference control, selective response inhibition, and task engagement and disengagement were measured. Overall, partial support for the model was observed. Higher reported engagement in the dual-language context was positively but not uniquely related to cognitive engagement and disengagement on verbal tasks. Non-verbal goal maintenance and interference control, on the other hand, were related to uncued inter-sentential language switching. However, the distinction of the model's three interactional contexts might not be evident in a multilingual society, as findings suggest that there is fluidity in bilinguals' interactional contexts. Current findings reveal the complex interaction of language switching with distinct domains and cognitive control processes. This study is significant in testing an influential bilingual language control model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Lai
- Centre for Applied Behavioural & Social Sciences, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beth A. O’Brien
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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58
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Kaan E, Kheder S, Kreidler A, Tomić A, Valdés Kroff JR. Processing Code-Switches in the Presence of Others: An ERP Study. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1288. [PMID: 32676044 PMCID: PMC7333233 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Code-switching is highly socially constrained. For instance, code-switching is only felicitous when those present are fluent in both languages. This means that bilinguals need to dynamically adjust their language control and expectation of code-switching to the current social situation or context. The aim of the present EEG study was to investigate how and when language control in the comprehension of code-switches is affected by the assumed language knowledge of others in the context. Spanish-English bilinguals read sentences with and without code-switches together with another Spanish-English bilingual or with an English monolingual. Switches elicited an early fronto-central positivity. This effect was smaller overall when a bilingual was present at the start of the study. In addition, the late positive complex found for switches was smaller when a bilingual was present rather than a monolingual, but only for those participants who were sensitive to the other's language knowledge in their off-line judgments. These findings suggest that the bilinguals in our study expected and activated both languages when initially paired with a bilingual and that they more easily accommodated code-switches, in the presence of a bilingual than in the presence of a monolingual. Our findings support the view that language control can be modulated by the perceived language knowledge of others present, and are compatible with a dynamic control model of bilingual language comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Kaan
- Department of Linguistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Souad Kheder
- Department of Linguistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ann Kreidler
- School of Communication Science and Disorders, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Aleksandra Tomić
- Department of Linguistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jorge R Valdés Kroff
- Department of Spanish and Portuguese Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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59
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Waldie KE, Badzakova-Trajkov G, Park HRP, Zheng Y, Neumann D, Zamani Foroushani N. The cognitive and neural correlates of written language: a selective review of bilingualism. J R Soc N Z 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2020.1779093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen E. Waldie
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gjurgjica Badzakova-Trajkov
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Adult Community Mental Health Services, North Shore, Auckland WDHB, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Haeme R. P. Park
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
| | - Yuxuan Zheng
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Denise Neumann
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nasrin Zamani Foroushani
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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60
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Diachek E, Blank I, Siegelman M, Affourtit J, Fedorenko E. The Domain-General Multiple Demand (MD) Network Does Not Support Core Aspects of Language Comprehension: A Large-Scale fMRI Investigation. J Neurosci 2020; 40:4536-4550. [PMID: 32317387 PMCID: PMC7275862 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2036-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from the language-selective left-lateralized frontotemporal network, language comprehension sometimes recruits a domain-general bilateral frontoparietal network implicated in executive functions: the multiple demand (MD) network. However, the nature of the MD network's contributions to language comprehension remains debated. To illuminate the role of this network in language processing in humans, we conducted a large-scale fMRI investigation using data from 30 diverse word and sentence comprehension experiments (481 unique participants [female and male], 678 scanning sessions). In line with prior findings, the MD network was active during many language tasks. Moreover, similar to the language-selective network, which is robustly lateralized to the left hemisphere, these responses were stronger in the left-hemisphere MD regions. However, in contrast with the language-selective network, the MD network responded more strongly (1) to lists of unconnected words than to sentences, and (2) in paradigms with an explicit task compared with passive comprehension paradigms. Indeed, many passive comprehension tasks failed to elicit a response above the fixation baseline in the MD network, in contrast to strong responses in the language-selective network. Together, these results argue against a role for the MD network in core aspects of sentence comprehension, such as inhibiting irrelevant meanings or parses, keeping intermediate representations active in working memory, or predicting upcoming words or structures. These results align with recent evidence of relatively poor tracking of the linguistic signal by the MD regions during naturalistic comprehension, and instead suggest that the MD network's engagement during language processing reflects effort associated with extraneous task demands.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Domain-general executive processes, such as working memory and cognitive control, have long been implicated in language comprehension, including in neuroimaging studies that have reported activation in domain-general multiple demand (MD) regions for linguistic manipulations. However, much prior evidence has come from paradigms where language interpretation is accompanied by extraneous tasks. Using a large fMRI dataset (30 experiments/481 participants/678 sessions), we demonstrate that MD regions are engaged during language comprehension in the presence of task demands, but not during passive reading/listening, conditions that strongly activate the frontotemporal language network. These results present a fundamental challenge to proposals whereby linguistic computations, such as inhibiting irrelevant meanings, keeping representations active in working memory, or predicting upcoming elements, draw on domain-general executive resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniia Diachek
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203
| | - Idan Blank
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Matthew Siegelman
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Josef Affourtit
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Evelina Fedorenko
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
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61
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Liu H, Kong C, de Bruin A, Wu J, He Y. Interactive influence of self and other language behaviors: Evidence from switching between bilingual production and comprehension. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3720-3736. [PMID: 32445238 PMCID: PMC7416054 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying one's own language production and the comprehension of language produced by other speakers in daily communication remain elusive. Here, we assessed how self‐language production and other‐language comprehension interact within a language switching context using event‐related functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (er‐fMRI) in 32 unbalanced Chinese‐English bilinguals. We assessed within‐modality language interference during language production and comprehension as well as cross‐modality interference when switching from production to comprehension and vice versa. Results revealed that the overall effect of production (across switch and repeat trials) was larger in the cross‐modality than within‐modality condition in a series of attentional control areas, namely the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and left precuneus. Furthermore, the left precuneus was recruited more strongly in switch trials compared to repeat trials (i.e., switching costs) in within‐production conditions but not in the cross‐modality condition. These findings suggest that switching from production to comprehension recruits cognitive control areas to successfully implement switches between modalities. However, cross‐language interference (in the form of language switching costs) mainly stems from the self‐language production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - Chao Kong
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | | | - Junjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern, Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuying He
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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62
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Stasenko A, Hays C, Wierenga CE, Gollan TH. Cognitive control regions are recruited in bilinguals' silent reading of mixed-language paragraphs. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2020; 204:104754. [PMID: 32113072 PMCID: PMC7205452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
When switching languages, bilinguals recruit a language control network that overlaps with brain regions known to support general cognitive control, but it is unclear whether these same regions are recruited in passive comprehension of language switches. Using fMRI with a blocked design, 24 Spanish-English bilinguals silently read 36 paragraphs in which the default language was Spanish or English, and that had either (1) no switches, (2) function word switches or (3) content word switches. Relative to no switches, function switches activated the right IFG, bilateral MFG, and left IPL/SMG. In contrast, switching on content words produced limited neural switching costs observed only in the left IFG. Switching into the dominant language was more costly in the right SMG than switching into the nondominant language, and neural switching costs were correlated with switching costs in the dominant language in cued picture-naming. Seemingly passive reading comprehension involves brain regions known to support cognitive control in active switching during production, possibly reflecting the operation of a modality-general switch mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Stasenko
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, United States.
| | - Chelsea Hays
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, United States
| | | | - Tamar H Gollan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States
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63
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Ahn D, Abbott MJ, Rayner K, Ferreira VS, Gollan TH. Minimal Overlap in Language Control Across Production And Comprehension: Evidence from Read-Aloud Versus Eye-Tracking Tasks. JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 2020; 54:100885. [PMID: 32189830 PMCID: PMC7079762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2019.100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bilinguals are remarkable at language control-switching between languages only when they want. However, language control in production can involve switch costs. That is, switching to another language takes longer than staying in the same language. Moreover, bilinguals sometimes produce language intrusion errors, mistakenly producing words in an unintended language (e.g., Spanish-English bilinguals saying "pero" instead of "but"). Switch costs are also found in comprehension. For example, reading times are longer when bilinguals read sentences with language switches compared to sentences with no language switches. Given that both production and comprehension involve switch costs, some language-control mechanisms might be shared across modalities. To test this, we compared language switch costs found in eye-movement measures during silent sentence reading (comprehension) and intrusion errors produced when reading aloud switched words in mixed-language paragraphs (production). Bilinguals who made more intrusion errors during the read-aloud task did not show different switch cost patterns in most measures in the silent-reading task, except on skipping rates. We suggest that language switching is mostly controlled by separate, modality-specific processes in production and comprehension, although some points of overlap might indicate the role of domain general control and how it can influence individual differences in bilingual language control.
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64
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Zhu JD, Seymour RA, Szakay A, Sowman PF. Neuro-dynamics of executive control in bilingual language switching: An MEG study. Cognition 2020; 199:104247. [PMID: 32146171 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bilinguals have a remarkable ability to juggle two languages. A central question in the field is concerned with the control mechanisms that enable bilinguals to switch language with ease. Theoretical models and neuroimaging evidence suggest that a range of control processes are at play during language switching, and their underlying neural mechanisms are closely related to executive function. What remains unclear is when these control processes are engaged in language switching. In this study, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine the brain activity while unbalanced Mandarin-English bilinguals performed a digit-naming task with cued language switching. Following presentation of the language cue, an asymmetrical switch effect was observed in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), where switch-related increase in evoked brain activity was larger for switching into the non-dominant language. Following presentation of the naming target, evoked brain activity in the right IFG was larger when naming was required in the non-dominant language compared to the dominant language. We conclude that control processes take place in two stages during language switching, with the left IFG resolving interference following cue presentation and the right IFG inhibiting competing labels following target presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy D Zhu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Robert A Seymour
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Szakay
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia; Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul F Sowman
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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65
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Shain C, Blank IA, van Schijndel M, Schuler W, Fedorenko E. fMRI reveals language-specific predictive coding during naturalistic sentence comprehension. Neuropsychologia 2020; 138:107307. [PMID: 31874149 PMCID: PMC7140726 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Much research in cognitive neuroscience supports prediction as a canonical computation of cognition across domains. Is such predictive coding implemented by feedback from higher-order domain-general circuits, or is it locally implemented in domain-specific circuits? What information sources are used to generate these predictions? This study addresses these two questions in the context of language processing. We present fMRI evidence from a naturalistic comprehension paradigm (1) that predictive coding in the brain's response to language is domain-specific, and (2) that these predictions are sensitive both to local word co-occurrence patterns and to hierarchical structure. Using a recently developed continuous-time deconvolutional regression technique that supports data-driven hemodynamic response function discovery from continuous BOLD signal fluctuations in response to naturalistic stimuli, we found effects of prediction measures in the language network but not in the domain-general multiple-demand network, which supports executive control processes and has been previously implicated in language comprehension. Moreover, within the language network, surface-level and structural prediction effects were separable. The predictability effects in the language network were substantial, with the model capturing over 37% of explainable variance on held-out data. These findings indicate that human sentence processing mechanisms generate predictions about upcoming words using cognitive processes that are sensitive to hierarchical structure and specialized for language processing, rather than via feedback from high-level executive control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Idan Asher Blank
- University of California Los Angeles, 90024, USA; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, USA.
| | | | - William Schuler
- The Ohio State University, 43210, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, 02115, USA.
| | - Evelina Fedorenko
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, 02115, USA.
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66
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Fyshe A. Studying language in context using the temporal generalization method. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20180531. [PMID: 31840577 PMCID: PMC6939359 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal generalization method (TGM) is a data analysis technique that can be used to test if the brain's representation for particular stimuli (e.g. sounds, images) is maintained, or if it changes as a function of time (King J-R, Dehaene S. 2014 Characterizing the dynamics of mental representations: the temporal generalization method. Trends Cogn. Sci.18, 203-210. (doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.01.002)). The TGM involves training models to predict the stimuli or condition using a time window from a recording of brain activity, and testing the resulting models at all possible time windows. This is repeated for all possible training windows to create a full matrix of accuracy for every combination of train/test window. The results of a TGM indicate when brain activity patterns are consistent (i.e. the trained model performs well even when tested on a different time window), and when they are inconsistent, allowing us to track neural representations over time. The TGM has been used to study the representation of images and sounds during a variety of tasks, but has been less readily applied to studies of language. Here, we give an overview of the method itself, discuss how the TGM has been used to analyse two studies of language in context and explore how the TGM could be applied to further our understanding of semantic composition. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards mechanistic models of meaning composition'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona Fyshe
- University of Alberta, Departments of Computing Science and Psychology, 116 St. and 85 Ave., Edmonton, Canada, AB T6G 2R3
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67
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Peeters D. Bilingual switching between languages and listeners: Insights from immersive virtual reality. Cognition 2020; 195:104107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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68
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Liu H, Tong J, de Bruin A, Li W, He Y, Li B. Is inhibition involved in voluntary language switching? Evidence from transcranial direct current stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 147:184-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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69
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Gross MC, Lopez E, Buac M, Kaushanskaya M. Processing of code-switched sentences by bilingual children: Cognitive and linguistic predictors. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2019; 52. [PMID: 31885416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2019.100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Production studies of language switching have identified costs in the speed and/or accuracy of word production, but it is unclear whether processing costs are experienced by listeners as well. A related question is whether language control during comprehension recruits domain-general cognitive control. The current study examined processing of code-switching in Spanish-English bilingual children (ages 6;0-11;10) using an auditory moving window paradigm. Cognitive control was indexed by the Dimensional Change Card Sort. Children exhibited significant costs in processing speed when listening to code-switched sentences, but no costs in a measure of offline comprehension. The extent to which cognitive control skills moderated processing costs depended on the robustness of the language system: children with higher language skills exhibited a greater moderating effect of cognitive control. Taken together, the findings provide limited support for a role of cognitive control in children's code-switching processing and suggest that the processing costs incurred may be transitory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Gross
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Language Acquisition & Bilingualism Lab, 1500 Highland Avenue, Room 476, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Eva Lopez
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Language Acquisition & Bilingualism Lab, 1500 Highland Avenue, Room 476, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Milijana Buac
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Language Acquisition & Bilingualism Lab, 1500 Highland Avenue, Room 476, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Margarita Kaushanskaya
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Language Acquisition & Bilingualism Lab, 1500 Highland Avenue, Room 476, Madison, WI 53705, United States
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70
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Crespo K, Gross M, Kaushanskaya M. The effects of dual language exposure on executive function in Spanish-English bilingual children with different language abilities. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 188:104663. [PMID: 31446311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the effects of dual language exposure on executive function in 5- to 11-year-old Spanish-English bilingual children with different language skills. Dual language exposure was measured via parent report and was operationalized as the proportion of time spent in an environment where both English and Spanish were present. Executive function was measured via the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) task. Shifting costs, switching costs, and mixing costs were derived to index executive function performance. A significant interaction between extent of dual language exposure and language skills was observed such that children showed smaller shifting and mixing costs with increased dual language input as their language skills increased. The results suggest a graded effect of dual language exposure on executive function, where a robust language system may be required for dual language exposure to influence executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Crespo
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Megan Gross
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Margarita Kaushanskaya
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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71
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Transcranial direct current stimulation influences bilingual language control mechanism: evidence from cross-frequency coupling. Cogn Neurodyn 2019; 14:203-214. [PMID: 32226562 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-019-09561-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
How to better suppress the interference from the non-target language when switching from one language to the other in bilingual production? The current study applied transcranial direct current stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to modulate language control measured by cross-frequency coupling. We found that switching to L2 was more modulated by F4-F3 alpha-beta phase-amplitude compared to switching to L1 after receiving the anodal stimulation at the language task schema phase. These findings suggest that anodal stimulation affects the selection of the target language task schema by enhancing the activation of frontal areas and facilitating the coordination between the left and the right frontal hemispheres.
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72
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Ma H, Bai J, Shen T, Lu G, Jia L. [Progresses in the understanding of bilingual switching mechanisms based on neuroimaging techniques]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:1260-1264. [PMID: 31801704 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.10.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the field of bilingualism research, a key scientific question is how bilinguals process two language systems, particularly the effective switch from one language to another, namely bilingual code switching. With the rapid development of neuroimaging techniques, important progresses have been made in bilingual processing studies, especially in code switching. However, consensus has not been achieved regarding the mechanisms of bilingual code switching. Bilingual switching studies using neuropsychological and neuroimaging techniques have gained insights into the temporal and spatial features of the language switching process and the neurological mechanism, which provide direct evidence for the generation mechanism of bilingual code switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengfen Ma
- School of Foreign Languages, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Jingting Bai
- School of Foreign Languages, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Tong Shen
- School of Foreign Languages, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Guohua Lu
- Department of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Liping Jia
- Department of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
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73
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Neural dynamics of racial categorization predicts racial bias in face recognition and altruism. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 4:69-87. [DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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74
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Wu J, Yang J, Chen M, Li S, Zhang Z, Kang C, Ding G, Guo T. Brain network reconfiguration for language and domain-general cognitive control in bilinguals. Neuroimage 2019; 199:454-465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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75
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Smirnov DS, Stasenko A, Salmon DP, Galasko D, Brewer JB, Gollan TH. Distinct structural correlates of the dominant and nondominant languages in bilinguals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuropsychologia 2019; 132:107131. [PMID: 31271821 PMCID: PMC6702045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Structural adaptations in brain regions involved in domain-general cognitive control are associated with life-long bilingualism and may contribute to the executive function advantage of bilinguals over monolinguals. To the degree that these adaptations support bilingualism, their disruption by Alzheimer's disease (AD) may compromise the ability to maintain proficiency in two languages, particularly in the less proficient, or nondominant, language that has greater control demands. The present study assessed this possibility in Spanish-English bilinguals with AD (n = 21) and cognitively normal controls (n = 30) by examining the brain correlates of dominant versus nondominant language performance on the Multilingual Naming Test (MINT), adjusting for age and education. There were no significant structural correlates of naming performance for either language in controls. In patients with AD, dominant language MINT performance was associated with cortical thickness of the entorhinal cortex and middle temporal gyrus, consistent with previous findings of temporal atrophy and related decline of naming abilities in AD. Nondominant language MINT performance, in contrast, was correlated with thickness of the left caudal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a central cognitive control region involved in error monitoring and task switching. The relationship between naming in the nondominant language and ACC in patients with AD but not in controls may reflect increased reliance on the ACC for nondominant language use in the face of atrophy of other control network components. The results are consistent with the possibility that the increased burden nondominant language use places on cognitive control systems compromised in AD may account for faster nondominant than dominant language decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis S Smirnov
- Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, United States.
| | - Alena Stasenko
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - David P Salmon
- Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - James B Brewer
- Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Tamar H Gollan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States
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76
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Potter CE, Fourakis E, Morin-Lessard E, Byers-Heinlein K, Lew-Williams C. Bilingual toddlers' comprehension of mixed sentences is asymmetrical across their two languages. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12794. [PMID: 30582256 PMCID: PMC6570532 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In bilingual language environments, infants and toddlers listen to two separate languages during the same key years that monolingual children listen to just one and bilinguals rarely learn each of their two languages at the same rate. Learning to understand language requires them to cope with challenges not found in monolingual input, notably the use of two languages within the same utterance (e.g., Do you like the perro? or ¿Te gusta el doggy?). For bilinguals of all ages, switching between two languages can reduce the efficiency in real-time language processing. But language switching is a dynamic phenomenon in bilingual environments, presenting the young learner with many junctures where comprehension can be derailed or even supported. In this study, we tested 20 Spanish-English bilingual toddlers (18- to 30-months) who varied substantially in language dominance. Toddlers' eye movements were monitored as they looked at familiar objects and listened to single-language and mixed-language sentences in both of their languages. We found asymmetrical switch costs when toddlers were tested in their dominant versus non-dominant language, and critically, they benefited from hearing nouns produced in their dominant language, independent of switching. While bilingualism does present unique challenges, our results suggest a united picture of early monolingual and bilingual learning. Just like monolinguals, experience shapes bilingual toddlers' word knowledge, and with more robust representations, toddlers are better able to recognize words in diverse sentences.
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77
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Zhang Y, Wang K, Yue C, Gao S, Huang P, Wang T, Wen X, Qiu J, Wu YJ. Prefrontal sensitivity to changes in language form and semantic content during speech production. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2019; 194:23-34. [PMID: 30991263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In bilingual speakers, language switching might involve a change in language form, meaning, or both. However, the neural substrates of language control in the three switching conditions have not been specified. We examined bilingual speech production using a picture-naming paradigm that teased apart language and semantic switching. Bilingual participants named two serially presented pictures, which show the same or different object, with one or two languages. The three switching conditions showed distinct neural activation patterns within the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, neural substrates shared by all switching conditions were primarily found in fronto-parietal regions. Besides, forward switching (L1-to-L2) activated a more widespread neural network than backward switching (L2-to-L1). We discuss differential engagement of the cognitive control system as a function of switching type during bilingual speech production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- School of Foreign Languages, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing 401120, China; College of International Studies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Center for Legal Language, Culture and Translation Studies, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Kangcheng Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chang Yue
- School of Foreign Languages, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Shan Gao
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Peiyu Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xu Wen
- College of International Studies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yan Jing Wu
- Faculty of Foreign Languages, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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78
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Calabria M, Grunden N, Serra M, García-Sánchez C, Costa A. Semantic Processing in Bilingual Aphasia: Evidence of Language Dependency. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:205. [PMID: 31258471 PMCID: PMC6587373 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with aphasia frequently show lexical retrieval deficits due to increased interference of semantically related competitors, a phenomenon that can be observed in tasks such as naming pictures grouped by semantic category. These deficits are explained in terms of impaired semantic control, a set of abilities that are to some extent dependent upon executive control (EC). However, the extent to which semantic control abilities can be affected in a second and non-dominant language has not been extensively explored. Additionally, findings in healthy individuals are inconclusive regarding the degree to which semantic processing is shared between languages. In this study, we explored the effect of brain damage on semantic processing by comparing the performance of bilingual individuals with aphasia on tasks involving semantic control during word production and comprehension. Furthermore, we explored whether semantic deficits are related to domain-general EC deficits. First, we investigated the naming performance of Catalan-Spanish bilinguals with fluent aphasia and age-matched healthy controls on a semantically blocked cyclic naming task in each of their two languages (Catalan and Spanish). This task measured semantic interference in terms of the difference in naming latencies between pictures grouped by the same semantic category or different categories. Second, we explored whether lexical deficits extend to comprehension by testing participants in a word-picture matching task during a mixed language condition. Third, we used a conflict monitoring task to explore the presence of EC deficits in patients with aphasia. We found two main results. First, in both language tasks, bilingual patients' performances were more affected than those of healthy controls when they performed the task in their non-dominant language. Second, there was a significant correlation between the speed of processing on the EC task and the magnitude of the semantic interference effect exclusively in the non-dominant language. Taken together, these results suggest that lexical retrieval may be selectively impaired in bilinguals within those conditions where semantic competition is higher, i.e.,- in their non-dominant language; this could possibly be explained by an excessive amount of inhibition placed upon this language. Moreover, lexico-semantic impairments seem to be at least somewhat related to conflict monitoring deficits, suggesting a certain degree of overlap between EC and semantic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Calabria
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicholas Grunden
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Serra
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Albert Costa
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
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79
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de Bruin A. Not All Bilinguals Are the Same: A Call for More Detailed Assessments and Descriptions of Bilingual Experiences. Behav Sci (Basel) 2019; 9:E33. [PMID: 30909639 PMCID: PMC6466537 DOI: 10.3390/bs9030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
No two bilinguals are the same. Differences in bilingual experiences can affect language-related processes but have also been proposed to modulate executive functioning. Recently, there has been an increased interest in studying individual differences between bilinguals, for example in terms of their age of acquisition, language proficiency, use, and switching. However, and despite the importance of this individual variation, studies often do not provide detailed assessments of their bilingual participants. This review first discusses several aspects of bilingualism that have been studied in relation to executive functioning. Next, I review different questionnaires and objective measurements that have been proposed to better define bilingual experiences. In order to better understand (effects of) bilingualism within and across studies, it is crucial to carefully examine and describe not only a bilingual's proficiency and age of acquisition, but also their language use and switching as well as the different interactional contexts in which they use their languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela de Bruin
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (BCBL), 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
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80
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van den Noort M, Struys E, Bosch P, Jaswetz L, Perriard B, Yeo S, Barisch P, Vermeire K, Lee SH, Lim S. Does the Bilingual Advantage in Cognitive Control Exist and If So, What Are Its Modulating Factors? A Systematic Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2019; 9:E27. [PMID: 30871228 PMCID: PMC6466577 DOI: 10.3390/bs9030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, doubts were raised about the existence of the bilingual advantage in cognitive control. The aim of the present review was to investigate the bilingual advantage and its modulating factors. We searched the Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and ERIC databases for all original data and reviewed studies on bilingualism and cognitive control, with a cut-off date of 31 October 2018, thereby following the guidelines of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) protocol. The results of the 46 original studies show that indeed, the majority, 54.3%, reported beneficial effects of bilingualism on cognitive control tasks; however, 28.3% found mixed results and 17.4% found evidence against its existence. Methodological differences seem to explain these mixed results: Particularly, the varying selection of the bilingual participants, the use of nonstandardized tests, and the fact that individual differences were often neglected and that longitudinal designs were rare. Therefore, a serious risk for bias exists in both directions (i.e., in favor of and against the bilingual advantage). To conclude, we found some evidence for a bilingual advantage in cognitive control; however, if significant progress is to be made, better study designs, bigger data, and more longitudinal studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits van den Noort
- Research Group of Pain and Neuroscience, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
- Brussels Institute for Applied Linguistics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Esli Struys
- Brussels Institute for Applied Linguistics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Peggy Bosch
- Psychiatric Research Group, LVR-Klinik Bedburg-Hau, 47511 Bedburg-Hau, Germany.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lars Jaswetz
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Benoît Perriard
- Department of Medicine, Neurology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Sujung Yeo
- College of Oriental Medicine, Sang Ji University, Wonju 26339, Korea.
| | - Pia Barisch
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Katrien Vermeire
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Long Island University (LIU) Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
| | - Sook-Hyun Lee
- Research Group of Pain and Neuroscience, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Sabina Lim
- Research Group of Pain and Neuroscience, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
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81
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Activation of the language control network in bilingual visual word recognition. Cortex 2019; 111:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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82
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Ecological Validity in Bilingualism Research and the Bilingual Advantage. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:1117-1126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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83
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Blanco-Elorrieta E, Emmorey K, Pylkkänen L. Language switching decomposed through MEG and evidence from bimodal bilinguals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9708-9713. [PMID: 30206151 PMCID: PMC6166835 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809779115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A defining feature of human cognition is the ability to quickly and accurately alternate between complex behaviors. One striking example of such an ability is bilinguals' capacity to rapidly switch between languages. This switching process minimally comprises disengagement from the previous language and engagement in a new language. Previous studies have associated language switching with increased prefrontal activity. However, it is unknown how the subcomputations of language switching individually contribute to these activities, because few natural situations enable full separation of disengagement and engagement processes during switching. We recorded magnetoencephalography (MEG) from American Sign Language-English bilinguals who often sign and speak simultaneously, which allows to dissociate engagement and disengagement. MEG data showed that turning a language "off" (switching from simultaneous to single language production) led to increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), while turning a language "on" (switching from one language to two simultaneously) did not. The distinct representational nature of these on and off processes was also supported by multivariate decoding analyses. Additionally, Granger causality analyses revealed that (i) compared with "turning on" a language, "turning off" required stronger connectivity between left and right dlPFC, and (ii) dlPFC activity predicted ACC activity, consistent with models in which the dlPFC is a top-down modulator of the ACC. These results suggest that the burden of language switching lies in disengagement from the previous language as opposed to engaging a new language and that, in the absence of motor constraints, producing two languages simultaneously is not necessarily more cognitively costly than producing one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esti Blanco-Elorrieta
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003;
- NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karen Emmorey
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182
| | - Liina Pylkkänen
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Linguistics, New York University, New York, NY 10003
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84
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Anderson JAE, Chung-Fat-Yim A, Bellana B, Luk G, Bialystok E. Language and cognitive control networks in bilinguals and monolinguals. Neuropsychologia 2018; 117:352-363. [PMID: 29959966 PMCID: PMC6086755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have reported overlapping neural circuits for cognitive control when engaging in tasks that involve verbal and nonverbal stimuli in young adult bilinguals. However, no study to date has examined the neural basis of verbal and nonverbal task switching in both monolinguals and bilinguals due to the inherent challenge of testing verbal task switching with monolinguals. Therefore, it is not clear whether the finding for overlapping networks is unique to bilingualism or indicative of general cognitive control. To address this question, the current study compared functional neural activation for young adults who were bilingual speakers of English and French or monolingual English speakers who had limited French learning experience ("functional monolinguals") on verbal and nonverbal task switching. Analyses showed common variance explaining general cognitive control in task switching across verbal and nonverbal domains for both groups, in line with the explanation that task switching involves general cognitive control, as well as unique brain regions recruited by monolinguals and bilinguals. Specifically, beyond the processing common to the tasks, monolinguals also recruited distinct networks for each of verbal and nonverbal switching but bilinguals used a common shared network. Thus, the domain-general aspect of switching is different for monolinguals and bilinguals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Buddhika Bellana
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gigi Luk
- Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Bialystok
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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85
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Seo R, Stocco A, Prat CS. The bilingual language network: Differential involvement of anterior cingulate, basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex in preparation, monitoring, and execution. Neuroimage 2018; 174:44-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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86
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Calabria M, Costa A, Green DW, Abutalebi J. Neural basis of bilingual language control. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1426:221-235. [PMID: 29917244 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acquiring and speaking a second language increases demand on the processes of language control for bilingual as compared to monolingual speakers. Language control for bilingual speakers involves the ability to keep the two languages separated to avoid interference and to select one language or the other in a given conversational context. This ability is what we refer with the term "bilingual language control" (BLC). It is now well established that the architecture of this complex system of language control encompasses brain networks involving cortical and subcortical structures, each responsible for different cognitive processes such as goal maintenance, conflict monitoring, interference suppression, and selective response inhibition. Furthermore, advances have been made in determining the overlap between the BLC and the nonlinguistic executive control networks, under the hypothesis that the BLC processes are just an instantiation of a more domain-general control system. Here, we review the current knowledge about the neural basis of these control systems. Results from brain imaging studies of healthy adults and on the performance of bilingual individuals with brain damage are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Calabria
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Costa
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David W Green
- Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jubin Abutalebi
- Centre for Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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87
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From the Field to the Lab: A Converging Methods Approach to the Study of Codeswitching. LANGUAGES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/languages3020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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88
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Shared neural correlates for building phrases in signed and spoken language. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5492. [PMID: 29615785 PMCID: PMC5882945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the mental representation of human language has convincingly shown that sign languages are structured similarly to spoken languages. However, whether the same neurobiology underlies the online construction of complex linguistic structures in sign and speech remains unknown. To investigate this question with maximally controlled stimuli, we studied the production of minimal two-word phrases in sign and speech. Signers and speakers viewed the same pictures during magnetoencephalography recording and named them with semantically identical expressions. For both signers and speakers, phrase building engaged left anterior temporal and ventromedial cortices with similar timing, despite different linguistic articulators. Thus the neurobiological similarity of sign and speech goes beyond gross measures such as lateralization: the same fronto-temporal network achieves the planning of structured linguistic expressions.
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89
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Zhang Y, Wang K, Yue C, Mo N, Wu D, Wen X, Qiu J. The motor features of action verbs: fMRI evidence using picture naming. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2018; 179:22-32. [PMID: 29501856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The processing disadvantage of verbs compared to nouns and the greater vulnerability of verbs in brain damage have been ascribed to greater processing demands of morpho-syntactical or/and semantic properties for verbs, or/and visual complexity in picture-naming studies. Using picture naming, the current functional magnetic resonance imaging study examined the neural substrates underlying the semantic distinction between nouns and verbs. Under forced (externally-elicited) or free (internally-motivated) conditions, participants named a set of pictorial stimuli as objects or actions performed on/with the objects in Chinese. Use of a language with impoverished inflectional morphology (i.e., Chinese) and the same set of pictures for naming objects and actions allows for the control of both morpho-syntactical and visual confounds. The results revealed specific neural correlates for action verbs in the cortical-subcortical motor system, irrespective of the naming conditions. Plausible accounts for the motor aspects of action-verb processing were interpreted basically on a semantic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- School of Foreign Languages, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing 401120, China; College of International Studies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Center for Legal Language, Culture and Translation Studies, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Kangcheng Wang
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chang Yue
- School of Foreign Languages, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Nina Mo
- Research Center for Language, Cognition and Language Application, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Deping Wu
- Graduate School, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing 400031, China
| | - Xu Wen
- College of International Studies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jiang Qiu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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90
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Blanco-Elorrieta E, Ferreira VS, Del Prato P, Pylkkänen L. The priming of basic combinatory responses in MEG. Cognition 2017; 170:49-63. [PMID: 28942354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Priming has been a powerful tool for the study of human memory and especially the memory representations relevant for language. However, although it is well established that lexical access can be primed, we do not know exactly what types of computations can be primed above the word level. This work took a neurobiological approach and assessed the ways in which the complex representation of a minimal combinatory phrase, such as red boat, can be primed, as evidenced by the spatiotemporal profiles of magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals. Specifically, we built upon recent progress on the neural signatures of phrasal composition and tested whether the brain activities implicated for the basic combination of two words could be primed. In two experiments, MEG was recorded during a picture naming task where the prime trials were designed to replicate previously reported combinatory effects and the target trials to test whether those combinatory effects could be primed. The manipulation of the primes was successful in eliciting larger activity for adjective-noun combinations than single nouns in left anterior temporal and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, replicating prior MEG studies on parallel contrasts. Priming of similarly timed activity was observed during target trials in anterior temporal cortex, but only when the prime and target shared an adjective. No priming in temporal cortex was observed for single word repetition and two control tasks showed that the priming effect was not elicited if the prime pictures were simply viewed but not named. In sum, this work provides evidence that very basic combinatory operations can be primed, with the necessity for some lexical overlap between prime and target suggesting combinatory conceptual, as opposed to syntactic processing. Both our combinatory and priming effects were early, onsetting between 100 and 150ms after picture onset and thus are likely to reflect the very earliest planning stages of a combinatory message. Thus our findings suggest that at the earliest stages of combinatory planning in production, a combinatory memory representation is formed that affects the planning of a relevantly similar combination on a subsequent trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esti Blanco-Elorrieta
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; NYUAD Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Victor S Ferreira
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA
| | - Paul Del Prato
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Liina Pylkkänen
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; NYUAD Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates; Department of Linguistics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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