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Meyer B, Nguyen CBT, Moen A, Fagermoen E, Sulheim D, Nilsen H, Wyller VB, Gjerstad J. Maintenance of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) in Young CFS Patients Is Associated with the 5-HTTLPR and SNP rs25531 A > G Genotype. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140883. [PMID: 26473596 PMCID: PMC4608737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that genetic variability in the SLC6A4 gene encoding the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) may be important for the re-uptake of serotonin (5-HT) in the central nervous system. In the present study we investigated how the 5-HTT genotype i.e. the short (S) versus long (L) 5-HTTLPR allele and the SNP rs25531 A > G affect the physical and psychosocial functioning in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). All 120 patients were recruited from The Department of Paediatrics at Oslo University Hospital, Norway, a national referral center for young CFS patients (12–18 years). Main outcomes were number of steps per day obtained by an accelerometer and disability scored by the Functional Disability Inventory (FDI). Patients with the 5-HTT SS or SLG genotype had a significantly lower number of steps per day than patients with the 5-HTT LALG, SLA or LALA genotype. Patients with the 5-HTT SS or SLG genotype also had a significantly higher FDI score than patients with the 5-HTT LALG, SLA or LALA genotype. Thus, CFS patients with the 5-HTT SS or SLG genotype had worse 30 weeks outcome than CFS patients with the 5-HTT LALG, SLA or LALA genotype. The present study suggests that the 5-HTT genotype may be a factor that contributes to maintenance of CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Meyer
- Dept. of Paediatrics, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Aurora Moen
- Dept. of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Even Fagermoen
- Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Sulheim
- Dept. of Paediatrics, Lillehammer County Hospital, Lillehammer, Norway
- Dept. of Paediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Nilsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vegard Bruun Wyller
- Dept. of Paediatrics, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johannes Gjerstad
- Dept. of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Nocebo hyperalgesia has received sparse experimental attention compared to placebo analgesia. The aim of the present study was to investigate if personality traits and fear of pain could predict experimental nocebo hyperalgesia. One hundred and eleven healthy volunteers (76 females) participated in an experimental study in which personality traits and fear of pain were measured prior to induction of thermal heat pain. Personality traits were measured by the Big-Five Inventory-10. Fear of pain was measured by the Fear of Pain Questionnaire III. Heat pain was induced by a PC-controlled thermode. Pain was measured by a computerized visual analog scale. Stress levels during the experiment were measured by numerical rating scales. The participants were randomized to a Nocebo group or to a no-treatment Natural History group. The results revealed that pain and stress levels were significantly higher in the Nocebo group after nocebo treatment. Mediation analysis showed that higher levels of the Fear of Pain Questionnaire III factor “fear of medical pain” significantly increased stress levels after nocebo treatment and that higher stress levels were associated with increased nocebo hyperalgesic responses. There were no significant associations between any of the personality factors and the nocebo hyperalgesic effect. The results from the present study suggest that dispositional fear of pain might be a useful predictor for nocebo hyperalgesia and emotional states concomitant with expectations of increased pain. Furthermore, measurement of traits that are specific to pain experience is probably better suited for prediction of nocebo hyperalgesic responses compared to broad measures of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per M Aslaksen
- Department of Psychology, Research Group for Cognitive Neuroscience, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Fagermoen E, Sulheim D, Winger A, Andersen AM, Gjerstad J, Godang K, Rowe PC, Saul JP, Skovlund E, Wyller VB. Effects of low-dose clonidine on cardiovascular and autonomic variables in adolescents with chronic fatigue: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2015; 15:117. [PMID: 26357864 PMCID: PMC4566847 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-015-0428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a common and disabling condition in adolescence with few treatment options. A central feature of CFS is orthostatic intolerance and abnormal autonomic cardiovascular control characterized by sympathetic predominance. We hypothesized that symptoms as well as the underlying pathophysiology might improve by treatment with the alpha2A–adrenoceptor agonist clonidine. Methods A total of 176 adolescent CFS patients (12–18 years) were assessed for eligibility at a single referral center recruiting nation-wide. Patients were randomized 1:1 by a computer system and started treatment with clonidine capsules (25 μg or 50 μg twice daily, respectively, for body weight below/above 35 kg) or placebo capsules for 9 weeks. Double-blinding was provided. Data were collected from March 2010 until October 2012 as part of The Norwegian Study of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Adolescents: Pathophysiology and Intervention Trial (NorCAPITAL). Effect of clonidine intervention was assessed by general linear models in intention-to-treat analyses, including baseline values as covariates in the model. Results A total of 120 patients (clonidine group n = 60, placebo group n = 60) were enrolled and started treatment. There were 14 drop-outs (5 in the clonidine group, 9 in the placebo group) during the intervention period. At 8 weeks, the clonidine group had lower plasma norepinephrine (difference = 205 pmol/L, p = 0.05) and urine norepinephrine/creatinine ratio (difference = 3.9 nmol/mmol, p = 0.002). During supine rest, the clonidine group had higher heart rate variability in the low-frequency range (LF-HRV, absolute units) (ratio = 1.4, p = 0.007) as well as higher standard deviation of all RR-intervals (SDNN) (difference = 12.0 ms, p = 0.05); during 20° head-up tilt there were no statistical differences in any cardiovascular variable. Symptoms of orthostatic intolerance did not change during the intervention period. Conclusions Low-dose clonidine reduces catecholamine levels in adolescent CFS, but the effects on autonomic cardiovascular control are sparse. Clonidine does not improve symptoms of orthostatic intolerance. Trial registration Clinical Trials ID: NCT01040429, date of registration 12/28/2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Even Fagermoen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1171, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, P.O.Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Dag Sulheim
- Department of Paediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, P.O.Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Paediatrics, Lillehammer County Hospital, P.O.Box 104, 2381, Brumunddal, Norway.
| | - Anette Winger
- Institute of Nursing Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4 St., Olavs plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anders M Andersen
- Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital, P.O.Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Johannes Gjerstad
- National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O Box 8149, Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kristin Godang
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O.Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Peter C Rowe
- Department of Paediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 200 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - J Philip Saul
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 169 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Eva Skovlund
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway. .,Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O.Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vegard Bruun Wyller
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1171, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Paediatrics, Akershus University Hospital, P.O.Box 1000, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway.
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Samartzis D, Borthakur A, Belfer I, Bow C, Lotz JC, Wang HQ, Cheung KMC, Carragee E, Karppinen J. Novel diagnostic and prognostic methods for disc degeneration and low back pain. Spine J 2015; 15:1919-32. [PMID: 26303178 PMCID: PMC5473425 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dino Samartzis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Professorial Block, 5th Floor, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China; The Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Ari Borthakur
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Mezzanine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Inna Belfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Cora Bow
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Professorial Block, 5th Floor, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jeffrey C Lotz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 500 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hai-Qiang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169, Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China
| | - Kenneth M C Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Professorial Block, 5th Floor, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Eugene Carragee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jaro Karppinen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, 90220 Oulu, Finland
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Belfer I. Sex-Specific Genetic Control of Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Suggests Subsequent Development of Men-only and Women-Only Analgesic Strategies. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1280. [PMID: 26629507 PMCID: PMC4634357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inna Belfer
- Departments of Medicine & Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
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Linnstaedt SD, Hu J, Bortsov AV, Soward AC, Swor R, Jones J, Lee D, Peak D, Domeier R, Rathlev N, Hendry P, McLean SA. μ-Opioid Receptor Gene A118 G Variants and Persistent Pain Symptoms Among Men and Women Experiencing Motor Vehicle Collision. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 16:637-44. [PMID: 25842347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The μ-opioid receptor 1 (OPRM1) binds endogenous opioids. Increasing evidence suggests that endogenous OPRM1 agonists released at the time of trauma may contribute to the development of posttraumatic musculoskeletal pain (MSP). In this prospective observational study, we evaluated the hypothesis that individuals with an AG or GG genotype at the OPRM1 A118 G allele, which results in a reduced response to opioids, would have less severe MSP 6 weeks after motor vehicle collision (MVC). Based on previous evidence, we hypothesized that this effect would be sex-dependent and most pronounced among women with substantial peritraumatic distress. European American men and women ≥ 18 years of age presenting to the emergency department after MVC and discharged to home after evaluation (N = 948) were enrolled. Assessments included genotyping and 6-week evaluation of overall MSP severity (0-10 numeric rating scale). In linear regression modeling, a significant A118 G Allele × Sex interaction was observed: an AG/GG genotype predicted reduced MSP severity among women with substantial peritraumatic distress (β = -.925, P = .014) but not among all women. In contrast, men with an AG/GG genotype experienced increased MSP severity at 6 weeks (β = .827, P = .019). Further studies are needed to understand the biologic mechanisms mediating observed sex differences in A118 G effects. PERSPECTIVE These results suggest a sex-dependent mechanism by which an emotional response to trauma (distress) contributes to a biologic mechanism (endogenous opioid release) that increases MSP in the weeks after stress exposure. These results also support the hypothesis that endogenous opioids influence pain outcomes differently in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Linnstaedt
- TRYUMPH Research Program, Anesthesiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - JunMei Hu
- TRYUMPH Research Program, Anesthesiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrey V Bortsov
- TRYUMPH Research Program, Anesthesiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - April C Soward
- TRYUMPH Research Program, Anesthesiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robert Swor
- Department of Emergency Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey Jones
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Spectrum Health Butterworth Campus, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - David Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York
| | - David Peak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Domeier
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Niels Rathlev
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Phyllis Hendry
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine/Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Samuel A McLean
- TRYUMPH Research Program, Anesthesiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene polymorphisms are associated with baseline disability but not long-term treatment outcome in patients with chronic low back pain. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2015; 24:2425-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-3866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Failed back surgery syndrome: Who has failed? Neurochirurgie 2015; 61 Suppl 1:S6-S14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2014.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Stevens CW. Bioinformatics and evolution of vertebrate nociceptin and opioid receptors. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 97:57-94. [PMID: 25677768 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are ancestrally related membrane proteins on cells that mediate the pharmacological effect of most drugs and neurotransmitters. GPCRs are the largest group of membrane receptor proteins encoded in the human genome. One of the most famous types of GPCRs is the opioid receptors. Opioid family receptors consist of four closely related proteins expressed in all vertebrate brains and spinal cords examined to date. The three classical types of opioid receptors shown unequivocally to mediate analgesia in animal models and in humans are the mu- (MOR), delta- (DOR), and kappa-(KOR) opioid receptor proteins. The fourth and most recent member of the opioid receptor family discovered is the nociceptin or orphanin FQ receptor (ORL). The role of ORL and its ligands in producing analgesia is not as clear, with both analgesic and hyperalgesic effects reported. All four opioid family receptor genes were cloned from expressed mRNA in a number of vertebrate species, and there are enough sequences presently available to carry out bioinformatic analysis. This chapter presents the results of a comparative analysis of vertebrate opioid receptors using pharmacological studies, bioinformatics, and the latest data from human whole-genome studies. Results confirm our initial hypotheses that the four opioid receptor genes most likely arose by whole-genome duplication, that there is an evolutionary vector of opioid receptor type divergence in sequence and function, and that the hMOR gene shows evidence of positive selection or adaptive evolution in Homo sapiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
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5-HTT SS genotype is associated with the pro-nociceptive sensation by alcoholic sting. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 68:629-33. [PMID: 24068519 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the genetic polymorphism in the promoter of the SLC6A4 gene encoding the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and the sensitivity to noxious stimulation from a clinical perspective. The genotyping of the 217 outpatients with mild epidermal abrasion in lateral crural region was performed by a combination of polymerase chain reaction and digestion. The intensity of pain to medical alcohol treatment was rated on a visual analog scale (VAS). The results suggest that the human triallelic 5-HTT genotypes are related to individual differences in sensitivity to alcoholic sting. According to the VAS ratings, the subjects with the 5-HTT low-expression genotype reported more pain than those with 5-HTT medium- and high-expression genotypes following test stimuli. There is no significant difference between sexes in the same SLC6A4 genotype and between medium and high expressions of 5-HTT subjects. Taken together, our study supports the hypothesis that the transcription rate of the 5-HTT transporter may play an important role in the pain sensitivity and central sensitization.
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The Interleukin-1α Gene C>T Polymorphism rs1800587 is Associated With Increased Pain Intensity and Decreased Pressure Pain Thresholds in Patients With Lumbar Radicular Pain. Clin J Pain 2014; 30:869-74. [DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Moen A, Schistad EI, Rygh LJ, Røe C, Gjerstad J. Role of IL1A rs1800587, IL1B rs1143627 and IL1RN rs2234677 genotype regarding development of chronic lumbar radicular pain; a prospective one-year study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107301. [PMID: 25207923 PMCID: PMC4160243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that lumbar radicular pain following disc herniation may be associated with release of several pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1 (IL1). In the present study, we examined how genetic variability in IL1A (rs1800587 C>T), IL1B (rs1143627 T>C) and IL1RN (rs2234677 G>A) influenced the clinical outcome the first year after disc herniation. Patients (n = 258) with lumbar radicular pain due to disc herniation were recruited from two hospitals in Norway. Pain and disability were measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) over a 12 month period. The result showed that patients with the IL1A T allele, in combination with the IL1RN A allele had more pain and a slower recovery than other patients (VAS p = 0.049, ODI p = 0.059 rmANOVA; VAS p = 0.003, ODI p = 0.050 one-way ANOVA at 12 months). However, regarding the IL1B/IL1RN genotype, no clear effect on recovery was observed (VAS p = 0.175, ODI p = 0.055 rmANOVA; VAS p = 0.105, ODI p = 0.214 one-way ANOVA at 12 months). The data suggest that the IL1A T/IL1RN A genotype, but not the IL1B T/IL1RN A genotype, may increase the risk of a chronic outcome in patients following disc herniation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Moen
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Elina Iordanova Schistad
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Jørgen Rygh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cecilie Røe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johannes Gjerstad
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Hasvik E, Iordanova Schistad E, Grøvle L, Julsrud Haugen A, Røe C, Gjerstad J. Subjective health complaints in patients with lumbar radicular pain and disc herniation are associated with a sex - OPRM1 A118G polymorphism interaction: a prospective 1-year observational study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:161. [PMID: 24884878 PMCID: PMC4038376 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Earlier observations show that development of persistent pain may be associated with the genetic variability in the gene encoding for the μ-opioid receptor 1, the OPRM1 A118G (rs1799971). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between OPRM1 genotype and subjective health complaints in patients with radicular pain and disc herniation. Methods A prospective, 1-year observational study was conducted at a hospital back clinic, including 118 Caucasian patients with lumbar radicular pain and MRI confirmed disc herniation. Single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping regarding the OPRM1 A118G was performed. The data of individuals with AA versus AG or GG were analysed separately by linear mixed models. The Subjective Health Complaints Inventory (0-81) including 27 common complaints experienced the previous month on a scale from not at all (0) to severe (3) was used as outcome. Pain, prior duration of leg pain, age, smoking status, and lumbar disc surgery were considered as covariates. Results In total 23 of 118 patients were carriers of the OPRM1 G-allele. All patients except female carriers of the G-allele reported a decrease in pain from baseline to 1 year. Female carriers of the G-allele reported significantly higher subjective health complaints score during the study time span than male carriers of the G-allele when controlling for pain and pain duration. Conclusion The present data indicate that, when controlling for pain intensity and duration, subjective health complaints are associated with a sex - OPRM1 A118G polymorphism interaction in patients with radicular pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivind Hasvik
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Solak Ö, Erdoğan MÖ, Yıldız H, Ulaşlı AM, Yaman F, Terzi ESA, Ulu S, Dündar Ü, Solak M. Assessment of opioid receptor μ1 gene A118G polymorphism and its association with pain intensity in patients with fibromyalgia. Rheumatol Int 2014; 34:1257-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-014-2995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Biological pathways, candidate genes, and molecular markers associated with quality-of-life domains: an update. Qual Life Res 2014; 23:1997-2013. [PMID: 24604075 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-014-0656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is compelling evidence of a genetic foundation of patient-reported quality of life (QOL). Given the rapid development of substantial scientific advances in this area of research, the current paper updates and extends reviews published in 2010. OBJECTIVES The objective was to provide an updated overview of the biological pathways, candidate genes, and molecular markers involved in fatigue, pain, negative (depressed mood) and positive (well-being/happiness) emotional functioning, social functioning, and overall QOL. METHODS We followed a purposeful search algorithm of existing literature to capture empirical papers investigating the relationship between biological pathways and molecular markers and the identified QOL domains. RESULTS Multiple major pathways are involved in each QOL domain. The inflammatory pathway has the strongest evidence as a controlling mechanism underlying fatigue. Inflammation and neurotransmission are key processes involved in pain perception, and the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene is associated with multiple sorts of pain. The neurotransmitter and neuroplasticity theories have the strongest evidence for their relationship with depression. Oxytocin-related genes and genes involved in the serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways play a role in social functioning. Inflammatory pathways, via cytokines, also play an important role in overall QOL. CONCLUSIONS Whereas the current findings need future experiments and replication efforts, they will provide researchers supportive background information when embarking on studies relating candidate genes and/or molecular markers to QOL domains. The ultimate goal of this area of research is to enhance patients' QOL.
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Heddini U, Johannesson U, Grönbladh A, Nyberg F, Nilsson KW, Bohm-Starke N. A118G polymorphism in the μ-opioid receptor gene and levels of β-endorphin are associated with provoked vestibulodynia and pressure pain sensitivity. Scand J Pain 2014; 5:10-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background and aims
Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is the most common cause of dyspareunia among young women. The aetiology is largely unknown and treatment is often extensive and longstanding with varying outcomes. Patients display general pain hypersensitivity and there are correlations with other chronic pain syndromes such as fibromyalgia later in life. The A118G polymorphism in the μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene influences endogenous pain regulation and pain sensitivity, but has not been studied in this patient group before. We aimed to investigate a possible association between A118G polymorphism and PVD, with correlation to plasma levels of β-endorphin, and to explore relationships between this polymorphism and pain sensitivity among women with PVD and healthy controls.
Methods
This case-control study included 98 women with PVD and 103 controls. Participants filled out study-specific questionnaires and underwent quantitative sensory testing of pressure pain thresholds on the arm, leg and in the vestibular area. Levels of β-endorphin were analyzed by radioimmunoassay using the EURIA-beta-endorphin kit, and the A118G single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs1799971) in the OPRM1 gene was analyzed using the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay.
Results
The 118G allele was more common in controls (44%) than in patients (30%) (p = 0.042). The odds ratio of having PVD was 1.8 in participants carrying the 118A allele compared to participants hetero- or homozygous for the 118G allele (OR = 1.846, CI: 1.03-3.31, p = 0.039). Pressure pain thresholds on the leg were higher for participants carrying the 118G allele (mean 480 kPa, SD 167.5) than for those carrying the 118A allele (mean 419, SD 150.4, p = 0.008). Levels of β-endorphin were higher in patients (mean 17.9 fmol/ml, SD 4.71) than in controls (mean 15.8 fmol/ml, SD 4.03) (p < 0.001).
Conclusion
We found an association between the A118G polymorphism in the OPRM1 gene and an increased risk of PVD and increased pain sensitivity among participants carrying the 118A allele. PVD patients were more sensitive to pressure pain and had higher levels of plasma β-endorphin than controls. The results indicate that differences in endogenous pain modulation involving the opioid system could contribute to the pathophysiology of PVD and the general pain hypersensitivity seen in these women.
Implications
The data support the conceptualization of PVD as part of a general pain disorder with a possible genetic predisposition. The age of onset of PVD is usually between 18 and 25 years and already at this age general pain hypersensitivity is present but rarely causing disability. We believe that early recognition and treatment, with the risk of further development of chronic pain taken into consideration, might prevent future aggravated pain problems in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Heddini
- Karolinska Institutet, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ulrika Johannesson
- Karolinska Institutet, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Fred Nyberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Kent W. Nilsson
- Center for Clinical Research , Uppsala University, County Council of Västmanland Central Hospital , Västerås , Sweden
| | - Nina Bohm-Starke
- Karolinska Institutet, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
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Cruz-Almeida Y, Fillingim RB. Can quantitative sensory testing move us closer to mechanism-based pain management? PAIN MEDICINE (MALDEN, MASS.) 2014; 15:61-72. [PMID: 24010588 PMCID: PMC3947088 DOI: 10.1111/pme.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review summarizes the scientific literature relating to the use of quantitative sensory testing (QST) for mechanism-based pain management. DESIGN A literature search was undertaken using PubMed and search terms including quantitative sensory testing, pain, chronic pain, response to treatment, outcome measure. SETTINGS AND PATIENTS Studies including QST in healthy individuals and those with painful disorders were reviewed. MEASURES Publications reported on QST methodological issues including associations among measures and reliability. We also included publications on the use of QST measures in case-control studies, their associations with biopsychosocial mechanisms, QST measures predicting clinical pain, as well as predicting and reflecting treatment responses. RESULTS Although evidence suggests that QST may be useful in a mechanism-based classification of pain, there are gaps in our current understanding that need to be addressed including making QST more applicable in clinical settings. There is a need for developing shorter QST protocols that are clinically predictive of various pain subtypes and treatment responses without requiring expensive equipment. Future studies are needed, examining the clinical predictive value of QST including sensitivity and specificity for pain classification or outcome prediction. These findings could enable third-party payers' reimbursement, which would facilitate clinical implementation of QST. CONCLUSIONS With some developments, QST could become a cost-effective and clinically useful component of pain assessment and diagnosis, which can further our progress toward the goal of mechanism-based personalized pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenisel Cruz-Almeida
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, Department of Community Dentistry & Behavioral Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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69
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-fifth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2012 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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70
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Crist RC, Berrettini WH. Pharmacogenetics of OPRM1. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 123:25-33. [PMID: 24201053 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetic research has the potential to explain the variation in treatment efficacy within patient populations. Understanding the interaction between genetic variation and medications may provide a method for matching patients to the most effective therapeutic options and improving overall patient outcomes. The OPRM1 gene has been a target of interest in a large number of pharmacogenetic studies due to its genetic and structural variation, as well as the role of opioid receptors in a variety of disorders. The mu-opioid receptor (MOR), encoded by OPRM1, naturally regulates the analgesic response to pain and also controls the rewarding effects of many drugs of abuse, including opioids, nicotine, and alcohol. Genetic variants in OPRM1, particularly the non-synonymous polymorphism A118G, have been repeatedly associated with the efficacy of treatments for pain and various types of dependence. This review focuses on the current understanding of the pharmacogenetic impact of OPRM1, primarily with regard to the treatment of pain and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Crist
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 125 South 31st St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Wade H Berrettini
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 125 South 31st St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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71
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Bruehl S, Denton JS, Lonergan D, Koran ME, Chont M, Sobey C, Fernando S, Bush WS, Mishra P, Thornton-Wells TA. Associations between KCNJ6 (GIRK2) gene polymorphisms and pain-related phenotypes. Pain 2013; 154:2853-2859. [PMID: 23994450 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels are effectors determining degree of analgesia experienced upon opioid receptor activation by endogenous and exogenous opioids. The impact of GIRK-related genetic variation on human pain responses has received little research attention. We used a tag single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) approach to comprehensively examine pain-related effects of KCNJ3 (GIRK1) and KCNJ6 (GIRK2) gene variation. Forty-one KCNJ3 and 69 KCNJ6 tag SNPs were selected, capturing the known variability in each gene. The primary sample included 311 white patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty in whom postsurgical oral opioid analgesic medication order data were available. Primary sample findings were then replicated in an independent white sample of 63 healthy pain-free individuals and 75 individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP) who provided data regarding laboratory acute pain responsiveness (ischemic task) and chronic pain intensity and unpleasantness (CLBP only). Univariate quantitative trait analyses in the primary sample revealed that 8 KCNJ6 SNPs were significantly associated with the medication order phenotype (P < .05); overall effects of the KCNJ6 gene (gene set-based analysis) just failed to reach significance (P = .054). No significant KCNJ3 effects were observed. A continuous GIRK Related Risk Score (GRRS) was derived in the primary sample to summarize each individual's number of KCNJ6 "pain risk" alleles. This GRRS was applied to the replication sample, which revealed significant associations (P < .05) between higher GRRS values and lower acute pain tolerance and higher CLBP intensity and unpleasantness. Results suggest further exploration of the impact of KCNJ6 genetic variation on pain outcomes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Bruehl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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72
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Bartley EJ, Fillingim RB. Sex differences in pain: a brief review of clinical and experimental findings. Br J Anaesth 2013; 111:52-8. [PMID: 23794645 PMCID: PMC3690315 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1234] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed substantially increased research regarding sex differences in pain. The expansive body of literature in this area clearly suggests that men and women differ in their responses to pain, with increased pain sensitivity and risk for clinical pain commonly being observed among women. Also, differences in responsivity to pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain interventions have been observed; however, these effects are not always consistent and appear dependent on treatment type and characteristics of both the pain and the provider. Although the specific aetiological basis underlying these sex differences is unknown, it seems inevitable that multiple biological and psychosocial processes are contributing factors. For instance, emerging evidence suggests that genotype and endogenous opioid functioning play a causal role in these disparities, and considerable literature implicates sex hormones as factors influencing pain sensitivity. However, the specific modulatory effect of sex hormones on pain among men and women requires further exploration. Psychosocial processes such as pain coping and early-life exposure to stress may also explain sex differences in pain, in addition to stereotypical gender roles that may contribute to differences in pain expression. Therefore, this review will provide a brief overview of the extant literature examining sex-related differences in clinical and experimental pain, and highlights several biopsychosocial mechanisms implicated in these male-female differences. The future directions of this field of research are discussed with an emphasis aimed towards further elucidation of mechanisms which may inform future efforts to develop sex-specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Bartley
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, 1395 Center Drive, Room D2-148, PO Box 100404, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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73
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Kalso E. IV. Persistent post-surgery pain: research agenda for mechanisms, prevention, and treatment. Br J Anaesth 2013; 111:9-12. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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74
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Pharmacogenetics of chronic pain and its treatment. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:864319. [PMID: 23766564 PMCID: PMC3671679 DOI: 10.1155/2013/864319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the impact of genetic variability of drug metabolizing enzymes, transporters, receptors, and pathways involved in chronic pain perception on the efficacy and safety of analgesics and other drugs used for chronic pain treatment. Several candidate genes have been identified in the literature, while there is usually only limited clinical evidence substantiating for the penetration of the testing for these candidate biomarkers into the clinical practice. Further, the pain-perception regulation and modulation are still not fully understood, and thus more complex knowledge of genetic and epigenetic background for analgesia will be needed prior to the clinical use of the candidate genetic biomarkers.
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75
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Belfer I. Nature and nurture of human pain. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:415279. [PMID: 24278778 PMCID: PMC3820306 DOI: 10.1155/2013/415279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Humans are very different when it comes to pain. Some get painful piercings and tattoos; others can not stand even a flu shot. Interindividual variability is one of the main characteristics of human pain on every level including the processing of nociceptive impulses at the periphery, modification of pain signal in the central nervous system, perception of pain, and response to analgesic strategies. As for many other complex behaviors, the sources of this variability come from both nurture (environment) and nature (genes). Here, I will discuss how these factors contribute to human pain separately and via interplay and how epigenetic mechanisms add to the complexity of their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Belfer
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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76
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall Devor
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Life Sciences and Center for Research on Pain, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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77
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Dominguez CA, Kalliomäki M, Gunnarsson U, Moen A, Sandblom G, Kockum I, Lavant E, Olsson T, Nyberg F, Rygh LJ, Røe C, Gjerstad J, Gordh T, Piehl F. The DQB1 *03:02 HLA haplotype is associated with increased risk of chronic pain after inguinal hernia surgery and lumbar disc herniation. Pain 2012; 154:427-433. [PMID: 23318129 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain conditions are common after nerve injuries and are suggested to be regulated in part by genetic factors. We have previously demonstrated a strong genetic influence of the rat major histocompatibility complex on development of neuropathic pain behavior after peripheral nerve injury. In order to study if the corresponding human leukocyte antigen complex (HLA) also influences susceptibility to pain, we performed an association study in patients that had undergone surgery for inguinal hernia (n=189). One group had developed a chronic pain state following the surgical procedure, while the control group had undergone the same type of operation, without any persistent pain. HLA DRB1genotyping revealed a significantly increased proportion of patients in the pain group carrying DRB1*04 compared to patients in the pain-free group. Additional typing of the DQB1 gene further strengthened the association; carriers of the DQB1*03:02 allele together with DRB1*04 displayed an increased risk of postsurgery pain with an odds risk of 3.16 (1.61-6.22) compared to noncarriers. This finding was subsequently replicated in the clinical material of patients with lumbar disc herniation (n=258), where carriers of the DQB1*03:02 allele displayed a slower recovery and increased pain. In conclusion, we here for the first time demonstrate that there is an HLA-dependent risk of developing pain after surgery or lumbar disc herniation; mediated by the DRB1*04 - DQB1*03:02 haplotype. Further experimental and clinical studies are needed to fine-map the HLA effect and to address underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A Dominguez
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology/Pain research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Tammerfors, Tampere, Finland Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (Surgery), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University/Labmedicine Skåne, Clinical Chemistry, Malmö, Sweden Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Norway
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Matre D, Olsen MB, Jacobsen LM, Klein T, Gjerstad J. Induction of the perceptual correlate of human long-term potentiation (LTP) is associated with the 5-HTT genotype. Brain Res 2012; 1491:54-9. [PMID: 23123704 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine how genetic variability in the promoter of the SLC6A4 gene encoding the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) may influence induction of long-term potentiation (LTP). The genotyping of the 53 healthy volunteers was performed by a combination of TaqMan assay and gel electrophoresis. Based on the transcription rates, the subjects were divided in 3 groups; 5-HTT SS, 5-HTT SL(G)/L(A)L(G)/SL(A) and 5-HTT L(A)L(A). The intensity of pain to test stimuli was rated on a visual analog scale (VAS). High frequency stimulation (HFS) conditioning applied to one arm was used to induce LTP. Only a minor change in pain was observed following the HFS conditioning evoked by electrical test stimuli delivered through the conditioning electrode. Moreover, the change in pain evoked by test stimuli delivered through the conditioning electrode was not related to the 5-HTT genotype. However, we observed a clear increase in pain following the HFS conditioning evoked by mechanical pin-prick test stimuli delivered at the skin adjacent to the conditioning. Also, the 9 individuals with the 5-HTT SS genotype reported more pain than individuals with 5-HTT SL(G)/L(A)L(G)/SL(A) genotype following HFS conditioning on mechanical pin-prick test stimuli. Thus, the present data show that induction of the perceptual correlate of human LTP is associated with the genetic variability in the gene encoding the 5-HTT. Taken together, this suggests that the expression of 5-HTT, may be important for induction of LTP in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagfinn Matre
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
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