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Lee N, Serbinski CR, Braunlin MR, Rasch MS, Rydyznski CE, MacLennan AJ. Muscle and motor neuron ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor α together maintain adult motor neuron axons in vivo. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:3023-3034. [PMID: 27600775 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms maintaining adult motor innervation are comparatively unexplored relative to those involved during development. In addition to the fundamental neuroscience question, this area has important clinical ramifications given that loss of neuromuscular contact is thought to underlie several adult onset human neuromuscular diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Indirect evidence suggests that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) receptors may contribute to adult motor neuron axon maintenance. To directly address this in vivo, we used adult onset mouse genetic disruption techniques to deplete motor neuron and muscle CNTF receptor α (CNTFRα), the essential ligand binding subunit of the receptor, and incorporated reporters labelling affected motor neuron axons and terminals. The combined depletion of motor neuron and muscle CNTFRα produced a large loss of motor neuron terminals and retrograde labelling of motor neurons with FluoroGold indicated axon die-back well beyond muscle, together revealing an essential role for CNTFRα in adult motor axon maintenance. In contrast, selective depletion of motor neuron CNTFRα did not affect motor innervation. These data, along with our previous work indicating no effect of muscle specific CNTFRα depletion on motor innervation, suggest that motor neuron and muscle CNTFRα function in concert to maintain motor neuron axons. The data also raise the possibility of motor neuron and/or muscle CNTFRα as therapeutic targets for adult neuromuscular denervating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Lee
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0576, USA
| | - Carolyn R Serbinski
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0576, USA
| | - Makayla R Braunlin
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0576, USA
| | - Matthew S Rasch
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0576, USA
| | - Carolyn E Rydyznski
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0576, USA
| | - A John MacLennan
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0576, USA
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Approaches to Peripheral Nerve Repair: Generations of Biomaterial Conduits Yielding to Replacing Autologous Nerve Grafts in Craniomaxillofacial Surgery. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3856262. [PMID: 27556032 PMCID: PMC4983313 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3856262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a common clinical entity, which may arise due to traumatic, tumorous, or even iatrogenic injury in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Despite advances in biomaterials and techniques over the past several decades, reconstruction of nerve gaps remains a challenge. Autografts are the gold standard for nerve reconstruction. Using autografts, there is donor site morbidity, subsequent sensory deficit, and potential for neuroma development and infection. Moreover, the need for a second surgical site and limited availability of donor nerves remain a challenge. Thus, increasing efforts have been directed to develop artificial nerve guidance conduits (ANCs) as new methods to replace autografts in the future. Various synthetic conduit materials have been tested in vitro and in vivo, and several first- and second-generation conduits are FDA approved and available for purchase, while third-generation conduits still remain in experimental stages. This paper reviews the current treatment options, summarizes the published literature, and assesses future prospects for the repair of peripheral nerve injury in craniomaxillofacial surgery with a particular focus on facial nerve regeneration.
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Mancuso R, Martínez-Muriana A, Leiva T, Gregorio D, Ariza L, Morell M, Esteban-Pérez J, García-Redondo A, Calvo AC, Atencia-Cibreiro G, Corfas G, Osta R, Bosch A, Navarro X. Neuregulin-1 promotes functional improvement by enhancing collateral sprouting in SOD1(G93A) ALS mice and after partial muscle denervation. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 95:168-78. [PMID: 27461051 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of motoneurons, which is preceded by loss of neuromuscular connections in a "dying back" process. Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) is a neurotrophic factor essential for the development and maintenance of neuromuscular junctions, and Nrg1 receptor ErbB4 loss-of-function mutations have been reported as causative for ALS. Our main goal was to investigate the role of Nrg1 type I (Nrg1-I) in SOD1(G93A) mice muscles. We overexpressed Nrg1-I by means of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, and investigated its effect by means of neurophysiological techniques assessing neuromuscular function, as well as molecular approaches (RT-PCR, western blot, immunohistochemistry, ELISA) to determine the mechanisms underlying Nrg1-I action. AAV-Nrg1-I intramuscular administration promoted motor axon collateral sprouting by acting on terminal Schwann cells, preventing denervation of the injected muscles through Akt and ERK1/2 pathways. We further used a model of muscle partial denervation by transecting the L4 spinal nerve. AAV-Nrg1-I intramuscular injection enhanced muscle reinnervation by collateral sprouting, whereas administration of lapatinib (ErbB receptor inhibitor) completely blocked it. We demonstrated that Nrg1-I plays a crucial role in the collateral reinnervation process, opening a new window for developing novel ALS therapies for functional recovery rather than preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Mancuso
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain; Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Anna Martínez-Muriana
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Tatiana Leiva
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Gregorio
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lorena Ariza
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Morell
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jesús Esteban-Pérez
- Unidad de ELA, Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital 12 de Octubre "i+12", Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Redondo
- Unidad de ELA, Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital 12 de Octubre "i+12", Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana C Calvo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kresgae Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Michigan, US
| | - Gabriela Atencia-Cibreiro
- Unidad de ELA, Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital 12 de Octubre "i+12", Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Gabriel Corfas
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kresgae Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Michigan, US
| | - Rosario Osta
- Laboratorio de Genética y Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Assumpció Bosch
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain.
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Hendry JM, Alvarez-Veronesi MC, Snyder-Warwick A, Gordon T, Borschel GH. Side-To-Side Nerve Bridges Support Donor Axon Regeneration Into Chronically Denervated Nerves and Are Associated With Characteristic Changes in Schwann Cell Phenotype. Neurosurgery 2016; 77:803-13. [PMID: 26171579 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic denervation resulting from long nerve regeneration times and distances contributes greatly to suboptimal outcomes following nerve injuries. Recent studies showed that multiple nerve grafts inserted between an intact donor nerve and a denervated distal recipient nerve stump (termed "side-to-side nerve bridges") enhanced regeneration after delayed nerve repair. OBJECTIVE To examine the cellular aspects of axon growth across these bridges to explore the "protective" mechanism of donor axons on chronically denervated Schwann cells. METHODS In Sprague Dawley rats, 3 side-to-side nerve bridges were placed over a 10-mm distance between an intact donor tibial (TIB) nerve and a recipient denervated common peroneal (CP) distal nerve stump. Green fluorescent protein-expressing TIB axons grew across the bridges and were counted in cross section after 4 weeks. Immunofluorescent axons and Schwann cells were imaged over a 4-month period. RESULTS Denervated Schwann cells dedifferentiated to a proliferative, nonmyelinating phenotype within the bridges and the recipient denervated CP nerve stump. As donor TIB axons grew across the 3 side-to-side nerve bridges and into the denervated CP nerve, the Schwann cells redifferentiated to the myelinating phenotype. Bridge placement led to an increased mass of hind limb anterior compartment muscles after 4 months of denervation compared with muscles whose CP nerve was not "protected" by bridges. CONCLUSION This study describes patterns of donor axon regeneration and myelination in the denervated recipient nerve stump and supports a mechanism where these donor axons sustain a proregenerative state to prevent deterioration in the face of chronic denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Hendry
- *Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; ‡Department of Surgery, §Institute of Medical Science, and ¶Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; ‖SickKids Research Institute Program in Neuroscience, Toronto, ON, Canada
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55
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Farkas JE, Freitas PD, Bryant DM, Whited JL, Monaghan JR. Neuregulin-1 signaling is essential for nerve-dependent axolotl limb regeneration. Development 2016; 143:2724-31. [PMID: 27317805 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is capable of fully regenerating amputated limbs, but denervation of the limb inhibits the formation of the post-injury proliferative mass called the blastema. The molecular basis behind this phenomenon remains poorly understood, but previous studies have suggested that nerves support regeneration via the secretion of essential growth-promoting factors. An essential nerve-derived factor must be found in the blastema, capable of rescuing regeneration in denervated limbs, and its inhibition must prevent regeneration. Here, we show that the neuronally secreted protein Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) fulfills all these criteria in the axolotl. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of NRG1 and its active receptor ErbB2 revealed that they are expressed in regenerating blastemas but lost upon denervation. NRG1 was localized to the wound epithelium prior to blastema formation and was later strongly expressed in proliferating blastemal cells. Supplementation by implantation of NRG1-soaked beads rescued regeneration to digits in denervated limbs, and pharmacological inhibition of NRG1 signaling reduced cell proliferation, blocked blastema formation and induced aberrant collagen deposition in fully innervated limbs. Taken together, our results show that nerve-dependent NRG1/ErbB2 signaling promotes blastemal proliferation in the regenerating limb and may play an essential role in blastema formation, thus providing insight into the longstanding question of why nerves are required for axolotl limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna E Farkas
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Polina D Freitas
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donald M Bryant
- Regenerative Medicine Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Regenerative Medicine Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James R Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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56
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Rao SNR, Pearse DD. Regulating Axonal Responses to Injury: The Intersection between Signaling Pathways Involved in Axon Myelination and The Inhibition of Axon Regeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:33. [PMID: 27375427 PMCID: PMC4896923 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors adversely affect the gene programs that govern the expression of regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) and the production of a diversity of extracellular matrix molecules (ECM). Insufficient RAG expression in the injured neuron and the presence of inhibitory ECM at the lesion, leads to structural alterations in the axon that perturb the growth machinery, or form an extraneous barrier to axonal regeneration, respectively. Here, the role of myelin, both intact and debris, in antagonizing axon regeneration has been the focus of numerous investigations. These studies have employed antagonizing antibodies and knockout animals to examine how the growth cone of the re-growing axon responds to the presence of myelin and myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) within the lesion environment and caudal spinal cord. However, less attention has been placed on how the myelination of the axon after SCI, whether by endogenous glia or exogenously implanted glia, may alter axon regeneration. Here, we examine the intersection between intracellular signaling pathways in neurons and glia that are involved in axon myelination and axon growth, to provide greater insight into how interrogating this complex network of molecular interactions may lead to new therapeutics targeting SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheendra N R Rao
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Damien D Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterMiami, FL, USA
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57
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Hendry JM, Alvarez-Veronesi MC, Placheta E, Zhang JJ, Gordon T, Borschel GH. ErbB2 blockade with Herceptin (trastuzumab) enhances peripheral nerve regeneration after repair of acute or chronic peripheral nerve injury. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:112-26. [PMID: 27159537 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attenuation of the growth supportive environment within the distal nerve stump after delayed peripheral nerve repair profoundly limits nerve regeneration. Levels of the potent Schwann cell mitogen neuregulin and its receptor ErbB2 decline during this period, but the regenerative impact of this change is not completely understood. Herein, the ErbB2 receptor pathway is inhibited with the selective monoclonal antibody Herceptin (trastuzumab) to determine its significance in regulating acute and chronic regeneration in a rat hindlimb. METHODS The common peroneal nerve of Sprague-Dawley rats was transected and repaired immediately or after 4 months of chronic denervation, followed by administration of Herceptin or saline solution. Regenerated motor and sensory neurons were counted using a retrograde tracer 1, 2, or 4, weeks after repair. Distal myelinated axon outgrowth after 4 weeks was quantified using histomorphometry. Immunofluorescent imaging was used to evaluate Schwann cell proliferation and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation in the regenerating nerves. RESULTS Herceptin administration increased the rate of motor and sensory neuron regeneration and the number of proliferating Schwann cells in the distal stump after the first week. Herceptin also increased the number of myelinated axons that regenerated 4 weeks after immediate and delayed repair. Reduced EGFR activation was observed using immunofluorescent imaging. INTERPRETATION Inhibition of the ErbB2 receptor with Herceptin unexpectedly enhances nerve regeneration after acute and delayed nerve repair. This finding raises the possibility of using targeted molecular therapies to improve outcomes of peripheral nerve injuries. The mechanism may involve a novel inhibitory association between ErbB2 and EGFR. Ann Neurol 2016;80:112-126.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Hendry
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Cecilia Alvarez-Veronesi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva Placheta
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennifer J Zhang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory H Borschel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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58
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Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Gordon A, Sukhanov N, Peles E. Specific inhibition of secreted NRG1 types I-II by heparin enhances Schwann Cell myelination. Glia 2016; 64:1227-34. [PMID: 27143444 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary cultures of mixed neuron and Schwann cells prepared from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are extensively used as a model to study myelination. These dissociated DRG cultures have the particular advantage of bypassing the difficulty in purifying mouse Schwann cells, which is often required when using mutant mice. However, the drawback of this experimental system is that it yields low amounts of myelin. Here we report a simple and efficient method to enhance myelination in vitro. We show that the addition of heparin or low molecular weight heparin to mixed DRG cultures markedly increases Schwann cells myelination. The myelin promoting activity of heparin results from specific inhibition of the soluble immunoglobulin (Ig)-containing isoforms of neuregulin 1 (i.e., NRG1 types I and II) that negatively regulates myelination. Heparin supplement provides a robust and reproducible method to increase myelination in a simple and commonly used culture system. GLIA 2016;64:1227-1234.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Eshed-Eisenbach
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Aaron Gordon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Natalya Sukhanov
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Zhou Y, Notterpek L. Promoting peripheral myelin repair. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:573-80. [PMID: 27079997 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Compared to the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nerves have a remarkable ability to regenerate and remyelinate. This regenerative capacity to a large extent is dependent on and supported by Schwann cells, the myelin-forming glial cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In a variety of paradigms, Schwann cells are critical in the removal of the degenerated tissue, which is followed by remyelination of newly-regenerated axons. This unique plasticity of Schwann cells has been the target of myelin repair strategies in acute injuries and chronic diseases, such as hereditary demyelinating neuropathies. In one approach, the endogenous regenerative capacity of Schwann cells is enhanced through interventions such as exercise, electrical stimulation or pharmacological means. Alternatively, Schwann cells derived from healthy nerves, or engineered from different tissue sources have been transplanted into the PNS to support remyelination. These transplant approaches can then be further enhanced by exercise and/or electrical stimulation, as well as by the inclusion of biomaterial engineered to support glial cell viability and neurite extension. Advances in our basic understanding of peripheral nerve biology, as well as biomaterial engineering, will further improve the functional repair of myelinated peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhou
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Lucia Notterpek
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
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60
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Caillaud K, Boisseau N, Ennequin G, Chavanelle V, Etienne M, Li X, Denis P, Dardevet D, Lacampagne A, Sirvent P. Neuregulin 1 improves glucose tolerance in adult and old rats. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2016; 42:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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61
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Alizadeh A, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Microenvironmental regulation of oligodendrocyte replacement and remyelination in spinal cord injury. J Physiol 2016; 594:3539-52. [PMID: 26857216 DOI: 10.1113/jp270895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin is a proteolipid sheath enwrapping axons in the nervous system that facilitates signal transduction along the axons. In the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes are specialized glial cells responsible for myelin formation and maintenance. Following spinal cord injury (SCI), oligodendroglia cell death and myelin damage (demyelination) cause chronic axonal damage and irreparable loss of sensory and motor functions. Accumulating evidence shows that replacement of damaged oligodendrocytes and renewal of myelin (remyelination) are promising approaches to prevent axonal degeneration and restore function following SCI. Neural precursor cells (NPCs) and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are two main resident cell populations in the spinal cord with innate capacities to foster endogenous oligodendrocyte replacement and remyelination. However, due to the hostile microenvironment of SCI, the regenerative capacity of these endogenous precursor cells is conspicuously restricted. Activated resident glia, along with infiltrating immune cells, are among the key modulators of secondary injury mechanisms that create a milieu impermissible to oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination. Recent studies have uncovered inhibitory roles for astrocyte-associated molecules such as matrix chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), and a plethora of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic factors produced by activated microglia/macrophages. The quality of axonal remyelination is additionally challenged by dysregulation of the supportive growth factors required for maturation of new oligodendrocytes and axo-oligodendrocyte signalling. Careful understanding of factors that modulate the activity of endogenous precursor cells in the injury microenvironment is a key step in developing efficient repair strategies for remyelination and functional recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Alizadeh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Bartus K, Galino J, James ND, Hernandez-Miranda LR, Dawes JM, Fricker FR, Garratt AN, McMahon SB, Ramer MS, Birchmeier C, Bennett DLH, Bradbury EJ. Neuregulin-1 controls an endogenous repair mechanism after spinal cord injury. Brain 2016; 139:1394-416. [PMID: 26993800 PMCID: PMC5477508 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous remyelination after spinal cord injury is mediated largely by Schwann cells
of unknown origin. Bartus et al. show that neuregulin-1 promotes
differentiation of spinal cord-resident precursor cells into PNS-like Schwann cells, which
remyelinate central axons and promote functional recovery. Targeting the neuregulin-1
system could enhance endogenous regenerative processes. Following traumatic spinal cord injury, acute demyelination of spinal axons is followed
by a period of spontaneous remyelination. However, this endogenous repair response is
suboptimal and may account for the persistently compromised function of surviving axons.
Spontaneous remyelination is largely mediated by Schwann cells, where demyelinated central
axons, particularly in the dorsal columns, become associated with peripheral myelin. The
molecular control, functional role and origin of these central remyelinating Schwann cells
is currently unknown. The growth factor neuregulin-1 (Nrg1, encoded by
NRG1) is a key signalling factor controlling myelination in the
peripheral nervous system, via signalling through ErbB tyrosine kinase receptors. Here we
examined whether Nrg1 is required for Schwann cell-mediated remyelination of central
dorsal column axons and whether Nrg1 ablation influences the degree of spontaneous
remyelination and functional recovery following spinal cord injury. In contused adult mice
with conditional ablation of Nrg1, we found an absence of Schwann cells within the spinal
cord and profound demyelination of dorsal column axons. There was no compensatory increase
in oligodendrocyte remyelination. Removal of peripheral input to the spinal cord and
proliferation studies demonstrated that the majority of remyelinating Schwann cells
originated within the injured spinal cord. We also examined the role of specific Nrg1
isoforms, using mutant mice in which only the immunoglobulin-containing isoforms of Nrg1
(types I and II) were conditionally ablated, leaving the type III Nrg1 intact. We found
that the immunoglobulin Nrg1 isoforms were dispensable for Schwann cell-mediated
remyelination of central axons after spinal cord injury. When functional effects were
examined, both global Nrg1 and immunoglobulin-specific Nrg1 mutants demonstrated reduced
spontaneous locomotor recovery compared to injured controls, although global Nrg1 mutants
were more impaired in tests requiring co-ordination, balance and proprioception.
Furthermore, electrophysiological assessments revealed severely impaired axonal conduction
in the dorsal columns of global Nrg1 mutants (where Schwann cell-mediated remyelination is
prevented), but not immunoglobulin-specific mutants (where Schwann cell-mediated
remyelination remains intact), providing robust evidence that the profound demyelinating
phenotype observed in the dorsal columns of Nrg1 mutant mice is related to conduction
failure. Our data provide novel mechanistic insight into endogenous regenerative processes
after spinal cord injury, demonstrating that Nrg1 signalling regulates central axon
remyelination and functional repair and drives the trans-differentiation of central
precursor cells into peripheral nervous system-like Schwann cells that remyelinate spinal
axons after injury. Manipulation of the Nrg1 system could therefore be exploited to
enhance spontaneous repair after spinal cord injury and other central nervous system
disorders with a demyelinating pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Bartus
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Regeneration Group, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, UK
| | - Jorge Galino
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas D James
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Regeneration Group, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, UK
| | | | - John M Dawes
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Florence R Fricker
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Alistair N Garratt
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen B McMahon
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Regeneration Group, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, UK
| | - Matt S Ramer
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - David L H Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Bradbury
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Regeneration Group, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, UK
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63
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Neuregulin-1 released by biodegradable gelatin hydrogels can accelerate facial nerve regeneration and functional recovery of traumatic facial nerve palsy. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2016; 69:328-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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64
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Birchmeier C, Bennett DLH. Neuregulin/ErbB Signaling in Developmental Myelin Formation and Nerve Repair. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 116:45-64. [PMID: 26970613 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is essential for rapid and accurate conduction of electrical impulses by axons in the central and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Myelin is formed in the early postnatal period, and developmental myelination in the PNS depends on axonal signals provided by Nrg1/ErbB receptors. In addition, Nrg1 is required for effective nerve repair and remyelination in adulthood. We discuss here similarities and differences in Nrg1/ErbB functions in developmental myelination and remyelination after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
| | - David L H Bennett
- The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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65
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Neuronal ADAM10 Promotes Outgrowth of Small-Caliber Myelinated Axons in the Peripheral Nervous System. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 74:1077-85. [PMID: 26426268 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of myelination and axonal outgrowth in the peripheral nervous system is controlled by a complex signaling network involving various signaling pathways. Members of the A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM) family are membrane-anchored proteinases with both proteolytic and disintegrin characteristics that modulate the function of signaling molecules. One family member, ADAM17, is known to influence myelination by cleaving and thus regulating one of the key signals, neuregulin-1, which controls peripheral nervous system myelination. A similar function for ADAM10 had been suggested by previous in vitro studies. Here, we assessed whether ADAM10 exerts a similar function in vivo and deleted ADAM10 in a cell type-specific manner in either neurons or Schwann cells. We found that ADAM10 is not required in either Schwann cells or neurons for normal myelination during development or for remyelination after injury. Instead, ADAM10 is required specifically in neurons for the outgrowth of myelinated small-fiber axons in vitro and after injury in vivo. Thus, we report for the first time a neuron-intrinsic function of ADAM10 in axonal regeneration that is distinct from that of the related protein family member ADAM17 and that may have implications for targeting ADAM function in nervous system diseases.
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66
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Dysregulation of ErbB Receptor Trafficking and Signaling in Demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:87-100. [PMID: 26732592 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy with the majority of cases involving demyelination of peripheral nerves. The pathogenic mechanisms of demyelinating CMT remain unclear, and no effective therapy currently exists for this disease. The discovery that mutations in different genes can cause a similar phenotype of demyelinating peripheral neuropathy raises the possibility that there may be convergent mechanisms leading to demyelinating CMT pathogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that ErbB receptor-mediated signaling plays a major role in the control of Schwann cell-axon communication and myelination in the peripheral nervous system. Recent studies reveal that several demyelinating CMT-linked proteins are novel regulators of endocytic trafficking and/or phosphoinositide metabolism that may affect ErbB receptor signaling. Emerging data have begun to suggest that dysregulation of ErbB receptor trafficking and signaling in Schwann cells may represent a common pathogenic mechanism in multiple subtypes of demyelinating CMT. In this review, we focus on the roles of ErbB receptor trafficking and signaling in regulation of peripheral nerve myelination and discuss the emerging evidence supporting the potential involvement of altered ErbB receptor trafficking and signaling in demyelinating CMT pathogenesis and the possibility of modulating these trafficking and signaling processes for treating demyelinating peripheral neuropathy.
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67
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Hu X, Fan Q, Hou H, Yan R. Neurological dysfunctions associated with altered BACE1-dependent Neuregulin-1 signaling. J Neurochem 2016; 136:234-49. [PMID: 26465092 PMCID: PMC4833723 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of BACE1 is being pursued as a therapeutic target to treat patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease because BACE1 is the sole β-secretase that generates β-amyloid peptide. Knowledge regarding other cellular functions of BACE1 is therefore critical for the safe use of BACE1 inhibitors in human patients. Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) is a BACE1 substrate and BACE1 cleavage of Nrg1 is critical for signaling functions in myelination, remyelination, synaptic plasticity, normal psychiatric behaviors, and maintenance of muscle spindles. This review summarizes the most recent discoveries associated with BACE1-dependent Nrg1 signaling in these areas. This body of knowledge will help to provide guidance for preventing unwanted Nrg1-based side effects following BACE1 inhibition in humans. To initiate its signaling cascade, membrane anchored Neuregulin (Nrg), mainly type I and III β1 Nrg1 isoforms and Nrg3, requires ectodomain shedding. BACE1 is one of such indispensable sheddases to release the functional Nrg signaling fragment. The dependence of Nrg on the cleavage by BACE1 is best manifested by disrupting the critical role of Nrg in the control of axonal myelination, schizophrenic behaviors as well as the formation and maintenance of muscle spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyou Hu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Qingyuan Fan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Hailong Hou
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
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Differential motor and sensory functional recovery in male but not female adult rats is associated with remyelination rather than axon regeneration after sciatic nerve crush. Neuroreport 2015; 26:429-37. [PMID: 25830493 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve functional recovery after injuries relies on both axon regeneration and remyelination. Both axon regeneration and remyelination require intimate interactions between regenerating neurons and their accompanying Schwann cells. Previous studies have shown that motor and sensory neurons are intrinsically different in their regeneration potentials. Moreover, denervated Schwann cells accompanying myelinated motor and sensory axons have distinct gene expression profiles for regeneration-associated growth factors. However, it is unknown whether differential motor and sensory functional recovery exists. If so, the particular one among axon regeneration and remyelination responsible for this difference remains unclear. Here, we aimed to establish an adult rat sciatic nerve crush model with the nonserrated microneedle holders and measured rat motor and sensory functions during regeneration. Furthermore, axon regeneration and remyelination was evaluated by morphometric analysis of electron microscopic images on the basis of nerve fiber classification. Our results showed that Aα fiber-mediated motor function was successfully recovered in both male and female rats. Aδ fiber-mediated sensory function was partially restored in male rats, but completely recovered in female littermates. For both male and female rats, the numbers of regenerated motor and sensory axons were quite comparable. However, remyelination was diverse among myelinated motor and sensory nerve fibers. In detail, Aβ and Aδ fibers incompletely remyelinated in male, but not female rats, whereas Aα fibers fully remyelinated in both sexes. Our result indicated that differential motor and sensory functional recovery in male but not female adult rats is associated with remyelination rather than axon regeneration after sciatic nerve crush.
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69
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Lee JY, Biemond M, Petratos S. Axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis: defining therapeutic targets by identifying the causes of pathology. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2015; 5:527-48. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.15.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutics in multiple sclerosis (MS) target the putative inflammation and immune attack on CNS myelin. Despite their effectiveness in blunting the relapse rate in MS patients, such therapeutics do not prevent MS disease progression. Importantly, specific clinical dilemma arises through inability to predict MS progression and thereby therapeutically target axonal injury during MS, limiting permanent disability. The current review identifies immune and neurobiological principles that govern the sequelae of axonal degeneration during MS disease progression. Defining the specific disease arbiters, inflammatory and autoimmune, oligodendrocyte dystrophy and degenerative myelin, we discuss a basis for a molecular mechanism in axons that may be targeted therapeutically, in spatial and temporal manner to limit axonal degeneration and thereby halt progression of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Lee
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Melissa Biemond
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia
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70
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Peluffo H, Solari-Saquieres P, Negro-Demontel ML, Francos-Quijorna I, Navarro X, López-Vales R, Sayós J, Lago N. CD300f immunoreceptor contributes to peripheral nerve regeneration by the modulation of macrophage inflammatory phenotype. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:145. [PMID: 26259611 PMCID: PMC4531482 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has recently become evident that activating/inhibitory cell surface immune receptors play a critical role in regulating immune and inflammatory processes in the central nervous system (CNS). The immunoreceptor CD300f expressed on monocytes, neutrophils, and mast cells modulates inflammation, phagocytosis, and outcome in models of autoimmune demyelination, allergy, and systemic lupus erythematosus. On the other hand, a finely regulated inflammatory response is essential to induce regeneration after injury to peripheral nerves since hematogenous macrophages, together with resident macrophages and de-differentiated Schwann cells, phagocyte distal axonal and myelin debris in a well-orchestrated inflammatory response. The possible roles and expression of CD300f and its ligands have not been reported under these conditions. METHODS By using quantitative PCR (QPCR) and CD300f-IgG2a fusion protein, we show the expression of CD300f and its ligands in the normal and crush injured sciatic nerve. The putative role of CD300f in peripheral nerve regeneration was analyzed by blocking receptor-ligand interaction with the same CD300f-IgG2a soluble receptor fusion protein in sciatic nerves of Thy1-YFP-H mice injected at the time of injury. Macrophage M1/M2 polarization phenotype was also analyzed by CD206 and iNOS expression. RESULTS We found an upregulation of CD300f mRNA and protein expression after injury. Moreover, the ligands are present in restricted membrane patches of Schwann cells, which remain stable after the lesion. The lesioned sciatic nerves of Thy1-YFP-H mice injected with a single dose of CD300f-IgG2a show long lasting effects on nerve regeneration characterized by a lower number of YFP-positive fibres growing into the tibial nerve after 10 days post lesion (dpl) and a delayed functional recovery when compared to PBS- or IgG2a-administered control groups. Animals treated with CD300f-IgG2a show at 10 dpl higher numbers of macrophages and CD206-positive cells and lower levels of iNOS expression than both control groups. At later time points (28 dpl), increased numbers of macrophages and iNOS expression occur. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results show that the pair CD300f ligand is implicated in Wallerian degeneration and nerve regeneration by modulating both the influx and phenotype of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Peluffo
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Patricia Solari-Saquieres
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Maria Luciana Negro-Demontel
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Isaac Francos-Quijorna
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Ruben López-Vales
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Joan Sayós
- Immunobiology Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine Program, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Natalia Lago
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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71
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Ronchi G, Haastert-Talini K, Fornasari BE, Perroteau I, Geuna S, Gambarotta G. The Neuregulin1/ErbB system is selectively regulated during peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 43:351-64. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Torino; Regione Gonzole 10 Orbassano 10043 Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of the ‘Cavalieri Ottolenghi’ Foundation (NICO); University of Torino; Orbassano Italy
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neuroanatomy; Hannover Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN); Hannover Germany
| | - Benedetta Elena Fornasari
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Torino; Regione Gonzole 10 Orbassano 10043 Italy
| | - Isabelle Perroteau
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Torino; Regione Gonzole 10 Orbassano 10043 Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT); University of Torino; Orbassano Italy
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Torino; Regione Gonzole 10 Orbassano 10043 Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of the ‘Cavalieri Ottolenghi’ Foundation (NICO); University of Torino; Orbassano Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT); University of Torino; Orbassano Italy
| | - Giovanna Gambarotta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Torino; Regione Gonzole 10 Orbassano 10043 Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT); University of Torino; Orbassano Italy
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72
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Wang X, Krebbers J, Charalambous P, Machado V, Schober A, Bosse F, Müller HW, Unsicker K. Growth/differentiation factor-15 and its role in peripheral nervous system lesion and regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 362:317-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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73
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Abstract
Myelinated nerve fibers are essential for the rapid propagation of action potentials by saltatory conduction. They form as the result of reciprocal interactions between axons and Schwann cells. Extrinsic signals from the axon, and the extracellular matrix, drive Schwann cells to adopt a myelinating fate, whereas myelination reorganizes the axon for its role in conduction and is essential for its integrity. Here, we review our current understanding of the development, molecular organization, and function of myelinating Schwann cells. Recent findings into the extrinsic signals that drive Schwann cell myelination, their cognate receptors, and the downstream intracellular signaling pathways they activate will be described. Together, these studies provide important new insights into how these pathways converge to activate the transcriptional cascade of myelination and remodel the actin cytoskeleton that is critical for morphogenesis of the myelin sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Salzer
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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74
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75
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Nerve cross-bridging to enhance nerve regeneration in a rat model of delayed nerve repair. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127397. [PMID: 26016986 PMCID: PMC4446033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There are currently no available options to promote nerve regeneration through chronically denervated distal nerve stumps. Here we used a rat model of delayed nerve repair asking of prior insertion of side-to-side cross-bridges between a donor tibial (TIB) nerve and a recipient denervated common peroneal (CP) nerve stump ameliorates poor nerve regeneration. First, numbers of retrogradely-labelled TIB neurons that grew axons into the nerve stump within three months, increased with the size of the perineurial windows opened in the TIB and CP nerves. Equal numbers of donor TIB axons regenerated into CP stumps either side of the cross-bridges, not being affected by target neurotrophic effects, or by removing the perineurium to insert 5-9 cross-bridges. Second, CP nerve stumps were coapted three months after inserting 0-9 cross-bridges and the number of 1) CP neurons that regenerated their axons within three months or 2) CP motor nerves that reinnervated the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle within five months was determined by counting and motor unit number estimation (MUNE), respectively. We found that three but not more cross-bridges promoted the regeneration of axons and reinnervation of EDL muscle by all the CP motoneurons as compared to only 33% regenerating their axons when no cross-bridges were inserted. The same 3-fold increase in sensory nerve regeneration was found. In conclusion, side-to-side cross-bridges ameliorate poor regeneration after delayed nerve repair possibly by sustaining the growth-permissive state of denervated nerve stumps. Such autografts may be used in human repair surgery to improve outcomes after unavoidable delays.
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76
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Gambarotta G, Pascal D, Ronchi G, Morano M, Jager SB, Moimas S, Zentilin L, Giacca M, Perroteau I, Tos P, Geuna S, Raimondo S. Local delivery of the Neuregulin1 receptor ecto-domain (ecto-ErbB4) has a positive effect on regenerated nerve fiber maturation. Gene Ther 2015; 22:901-7. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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77
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Vidal M, Maniglier M, Deboux C, Bachelin C, Zujovic V, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Adult DRG Stem/Progenitor Cells Generate Pericytes in the Presence of Central Nervous System (CNS) Developmental Cues, and Schwann Cells in Response to CNS Demyelination. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2011-24. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vidal
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Madlyne Maniglier
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Cyrille Deboux
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Corinne Bachelin
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Violetta Zujovic
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
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78
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Huang LL, Liu ZY, Huang JH, Luo ZJ. Expression pattern of neuregulin-1 type III during the development of the peripheral nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:65-70. [PMID: 25788922 PMCID: PMC4357119 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.150708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 type III is a key regulator in Schwann cell proliferation, committing to a myelinating fate and regulating myelin sheath thickness. However, the expression pattern of neuregulin-1 type III in the peripheral nervous system during developmental periods (such as the premyelinating stage, myelinating stage and postmyelinating stage) has rarely been studied. In this study, dorsal root ganglia were isolated from rats between postnatal day 1 and postnatal day 56. The expression pattern of neuregulin-1 type III in dorsal root ganglia neurons at various developmental stages were compared by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot assay and immunofluorescent staining. The expression of neuregulin-1 type III mRNA reached its peak at postnatal day 3 and then stabilized at a relative high expression level from postnatal day 3 to postnatal day 56. The expression of neuregulin-1 type III protein increased gradually from postnatal day 1, reached a peak at postnatal day 28, and then decreased at postnatal day 56. Immunofluorescent staining results showed a similar tendency to western blot assay results. Experimental findings indicate that the expression of neuregulin-1 type III in rat dorsal root ganglion was increased during the premyelinating (from postnatal day 2 to postnatal day 5) and myelinating stage (from postnatal day 5 to postnatal day 10), but remained at a high level in the postmyelinating stage (after postnatal day 10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Liang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhong-Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Hui Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhuo-Jing Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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79
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Namgung U. The role of Schwann cell-axon interaction in peripheral nerve regeneration. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:6-12. [PMID: 25765065 DOI: 10.1159/000370324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
After peripheral nerve injury, Schwann cells are released from the degenerating nerve, dedifferentiated, and then actively participate in axonal regeneration. Dedifferentiated Schwann cells, together with macrophages, are involved in eliminating myelin debris, forming bands of Büngner that provide pathways for regenerating axons, and redifferentiating for remyelination. Activation of Erk1/2 and c-Jun was shown to induce stepwise repair programs in Schwann cells, indicating that plastic changes in Schwann cell activity contribute to interaction with axons for regeneration. Schwann cell β1 integrin was identified to mediate the Cdc2-vimentin pathway and further connect to adaptor molecules in the growth cone of regenerating axons through the binding of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Timely interaction between Schwann cells and the axon (S-A) is critical to achieving efficient axonal regeneration because the delay in S-A interaction results in retarded nerve repair and chronic nerve damage. By comparing with the role of Schwann cells in developing nerves, this review is focused on cellular and molecular aspects of Schwann cell interaction with axons at the early stages of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uk Namgung
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Grigoryan T, Birchmeier W. Molecular signaling mechanisms of axon-glia communication in the peripheral nervous system. Bioessays 2015; 37:502-13. [PMID: 25707700 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this article we discuss the molecular signaling mechanisms that coordinate interactions between Schwann cells and the neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Such interactions take place perpetually during development and in adulthood, and are critical for the homeostasis of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Neurons provide essential signals to control Schwann cell functions, whereas Schwann cells promote neuronal survival and allow efficient transduction of action potentials. Deregulation of neuron-Schwann cell interactions often results in developmental abnormalities and diseases. Recent investigations have shown that during development, neuronally provided signals, such as Neuregulin, Jagged, and Wnt interact to fine-tune the Schwann cell lineage progression. In adult, the signal exchange between neurons and Schwann cells ensures proper nerve function and regeneration. Identification of the mechanisms of neuron-Schwann cell interactions is therefore essential for our understanding of the development, function and pathology of the peripheral nervous system as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Grigoryan
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
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81
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Burnett AL, Sezen SF, Hoke A, Caggiano AO, Iaci J, Lagoda G, Musicki B, Bella AJ. GGF2 is neuroprotective in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury-induced erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med 2015; 12:897-905. [PMID: 25639458 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction is a major complication of radical prostatectomy, commonly associated with penile neuropathy. In animal models of peripheral nerve injury, glial growth factor-2 (GGF2), a member of the neuregulin family of growth factors, has neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties, but this potential has not been established after cavernous nerve (CN) injury. AIMS The effectiveness of GGF2 in preserving axonal integrity and recovering erectile function in a rat model of radical prostatectomy-associated CN injury. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bilateral CN crush injury (BCNI) or sham surgery. Rats were administered GGF2 (0.5, 5, or 15 mg/kg) or vehicle subcutaneously 24 hour pre and 24-hour post-BCNI, and once weekly for 5 weeks. Erectile function was assessed in response to electrical stimulation of the CN. CN survival was assessed by fluorogold retrograde axonal tracing in major pelvic ganglia (MPG). Unmyelinated axons in the CNs were quantitated by electron microscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Erectile function recovery, CN survival, and unmyelinated CN axon preservation in response to GGF2 treatment following BCNI. RESULTS Erectile function was decreased (P < 0.05) after BCNI, and it was improved (P < 0.05) by all doses of GGF2. The number of fluorogold-labeled cells in the MPG was reduced (P < 0.05) by BCNI and was increased (P < 0.05) by GGF2 (0.5 and 5 mg/kg). The percentage of denervated Schwann cells in the BCNI group was higher (P < 0.05) than that in the sham-treated group and was decreased (P < 0.05) in the GGF2-treated (5 mg/kg) BCNI group. In the BCNI + GGF2 (5 mg/kg) group, the unmyelinated fiber histogram demonstrated a rightward shift, indicating an increased number of unmyelinated axons per Schwann cell compared with the BCNI group. CONCLUSIONS GGF2 promotes erectile function recovery following CN injury in conjunction with preserving unmyelinated CN fibers. Our findings suggest the clinical opportunity to develop GGF2 as a neuroprotective therapy for radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L Burnett
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Freidin M, Asche-Godin S, Abrams CK. Gene expression profiling studies in regenerating nerves in a mouse model for CMT1X: uninjured Cx32-knockout peripheral nerves display expression profile of injured wild type nerves. Exp Neurol 2015; 263:339-49. [PMID: 25447941 PMCID: PMC4262134 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT1X) is an inherited peripheral neuropathy caused by mutations in GJB1, the human gene for Connexin32 (Cx32). This present study uses Ilumina Ref8-v2 BeadArray to examine the expression profiles of injured and uninjured sciatic nerves at 5, 7, and 14 days post-crush injury (dpi) from Wild Type (WT) and Cx32-knockout (Cx32KO) mice to identify the genes and signaling pathways that are dysregulated in the absence of Schwann cell Cx32. Given the assumption that loss of Schwann cell Cx32 disrupts the regeneration and maintenance of myelinated nerve leading to a demyelinating neuropathy in CMT1X, we initially hypothesized that nerve crush injury would result in significant increases in differential gene expression in Cx32KO mice relative to WT nerves. However, microarray analysis revealed a striking collapse in the number of differentially expressed genes at 5 and 7 dpi in Cx32KO nerves relative to WT, while uninjured and 14 dpi time points showed large numbers of differentially regulated genes. Further comparisons within each genotype showed limited changes in Cx32KO gene expression following crush injury when compared to uninjured Cx32KO nerves. By contrast, WT nerves exhibited robust changes in gene expression at 5 and 7 dpi with no significant differences in gene expression by 14dpi relative to uninjured WT nerve samples. Taken together, these data suggest that the gene expression profile in uninjured Cx32KO sciatic nerve strongly resembles that of a WT nerve following injury and that loss of Schwann cell Cx32 leads to a basal state of gene expression similar to that of an injured WT nerve. These findings support a role for Cx32 in non-myelinating and regenerating populations of Schwann cells in normal axonal maintenance in re-myelination, and regeneration of peripheral nerve following injury. Disruption of Schwann cell-axonal communication in CMT1X may cause dysregulation of signaling pathways that are essential for the maintenance of intact myelinated peripheral nerves and to establish the necessary conditions for successful regeneration and remyelination following nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Freidin
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Samantha Asche-Godin
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Charles K Abrams
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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Placheta E, Hendry JM, Wood MD, Lafontaine CW, Liu EH, Cecilia Alvarez Veronesi M, Frey M, Gordon T, Borschel GH. The ErbB2 inhibitor Herceptin (Trastuzumab) promotes axonal outgrowth four weeks after acute nerve transection and repair. Neurosci Lett 2014; 582:81-6. [PMID: 25220708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that neuregulin, a potent Schwann cell mitogen, and its receptor, ErbB2, have an important role in regulating peripheral nerve regeneration. We hypothesized that Herceptin (Trastuzumab), a monoclonal antibody that binds ErbB2, would disrupt ErbB2 signaling, allowing us to evaluate ErbB2's importance in peripheral nerve regeneration. In this study, the extent of peripheral motor and sensory nerve regeneration and distal axonal outgrowth was analyzed two and four weeks after common peroneal (CP) nerve injury in rats. Outcomes analyzed included neuron counts after retrograde labeling, histomorphometry, and protein analysis. The data analysis revealed that there was no impact of Herceptin administration on either the numbers of motor or sensory neurons that regenerated their axons but histomorphometry revealed that Herceptin significantly increased the number of regenerated axons in the distal repaired nerve after 4 weeks. Protein analysis with Western blotting revealed no difference in either expression levels of ErbB2 or the amount of activated, phosphorylated ErbB2 in injured nerves. In conclusion, administration of the ErbB2 receptor inhibitor after nerve transection and surgical repair did not alter the number of regenerating neurons but markedly increased the number of regenerated axons per neuron in the distal nerve stump. Enhanced axon outgrowth in the presence of this ErbB2 inhibitor indicates that ErbB2 signaling may limit the numbers of axons that are emitted from each regenerating neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Placheta
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - J Michael Hendry
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, 5th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Matthew D Wood
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Christine W Lafontaine
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Edward H Liu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - M Cecilia Alvarez Veronesi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, RM 407 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Manfred Frey
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Gregory H Borschel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, 5th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, RM 407 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.
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Lu C, Meng D, Cao J, Xiao Z, Cui Y, Fan J, Cui X, Chen B, Yao Y, Zhang Z, Ma J, Pan J, Dai J. Collagen scaffolds combined with collagen‐binding ciliary neurotrophic factor facilitate facial nerve repair in mini‐pigs. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:1669-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lu
- Department of VIP Service, School of StomatologyCapital Medical University Beijing10050 China
| | - Danqing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun Beijing100190 China
- Graduate SchoolChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China
| | - Jiani Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun Beijing100190 China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun Beijing100190 China
| | - Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun Beijing100190 China
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning Beijing100081 China
| | - Jingya Fan
- Department of VIP Service, School of StomatologyCapital Medical University Beijing10050 China
| | - Xiaolong Cui
- Graduate SchoolChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun Beijing100190 China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of VIP Service, School of StomatologyCapital Medical University Beijing10050 China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of VIP Service, School of StomatologyCapital Medical University Beijing10050 China
| | - Jinling Ma
- Department of VIP Service, School of StomatologyCapital Medical University Beijing10050 China
| | - Juli Pan
- Department of VIP Service, School of StomatologyCapital Medical University Beijing10050 China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun Beijing100190 China
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Münzel EJ, Becker CG, Becker T, Williams A. Zebrafish regenerate full thickness optic nerve myelin after demyelination, but this fails with increasing age. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:77. [PMID: 25022486 PMCID: PMC4164766 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the human demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) disease multiple sclerosis, remyelination promotes recovery and limits neurodegeneration, but this is inefficient and always ultimately fails. Furthermore, these regenerated myelin sheaths are thinner and shorter than the original, leaving the underlying axons potentially vulnerable. In rodent models, CNS remyelination is more efficient, so that in young animals (but not old) the number of myelinated axons is efficiently restored to normal, but in both young and old rodents, regenerated myelin sheaths are still short and thin. The reasons for these differences in remyelination efficiency, the thinner remyelinated myelin sheaths compared to developmental myelin and the subsequent effect on the underlying axon are unclear. We studied CNS remyelination in the highly regenerative adult zebrafish (Danio rerio), to better understand mechanisms of what we hypothesised would be highly efficient remyelination, and to identify differences to mammalian CNS remyelination, as larval zebrafish are increasingly used for high throughput screens to identify potential drug targets to improve myelination and remyelination. RESULTS We developed a novel method to induce a focal demyelinating lesion in adult zebrafish optic nerve with no discernible axonal damage, and describe the cellular changes over time. Remyelination is indeed efficient in both young and old adult zebrafish optic nerves, and at 4 weeks after demyelination, the number of myelinated axons is restored to normal, but internode lengths are short. However, unlike in rodents or in humans, in young zebrafish these regenerated myelin sheaths were of normal thickness, whereas in aged zebrafish, they were thin, and remained so even 3 months later. This inability to restore normal myelin thickness in remyelination with age was associated with a reduced macrophage/microglial response. CONCLUSION Zebrafish are able to efficiently restore normal thickness myelin around optic nerve axons after demyelination, unlike in mammals. However, this fails with age, when only thin myelin is achieved. This gives us a novel model to try and dissect the mechanism for restoring myelin thickness in CNS remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jolanda Münzel
- />MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, SCRM, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
- />Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Thomas Becker
- />Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Williams
- />MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, SCRM, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
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Lee HJ, Shin YK, Park HT. Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Family Proteins and c-jun Signaling in Injury-induced Schwann Cell Plasticity. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:130-7. [PMID: 24963277 PMCID: PMC4065826 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.2.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) in the peripheral nerves myelinate axons during postnatal development to allow saltatory conduction of nerve impulses. Well-organized structures of myelin sheathes are maintained throughout life unless nerves are insulted. After peripheral nerve injury, unidentified signals from injured nerves drive SC dedifferentiation into an immature state. Dedifferentiated SCs participate in axonal regeneration by producing neurotrophic factors and removing degenerating nerve debris. In this review, we focus on the role of mitogen activated protein kinase family proteins (MAP kinases) in SC dedifferentiation. In addition, we will highlight neuregulin 1 and the transcription factor c-jun as upstream and downstream signals for MAP kinases in SC responses to nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jeong Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center (MHRC), College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Shin
- Department of Physiology, Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center (MHRC), College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714, Korea
| | - Hwan Tae Park
- Department of Physiology, Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center (MHRC), College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714, Korea
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87
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Cerri F, Salvatore L, Memon D, Boneschi FM, Madaghiele M, Brambilla P, Del Carro U, Taveggia C, Riva N, Trimarco A, Lopez ID, Comi G, Pluchino S, Martino G, Sannino A, Quattrini A. Peripheral nerve morphogenesis induced by scaffold micropatterning. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4035-4045. [PMID: 24559639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several bioengineering approaches have been proposed for peripheral nervous system repair, with limited results and still open questions about the underlying molecular mechanisms. We assessed the biological processes that occur after the implantation of collagen scaffold with a peculiar porous micro-structure of the wall in a rat sciatic nerve transection model compared to commercial collagen conduits and nerve crush injury using functional, histological and genome wide analyses. We demonstrated that within 60 days, our conduit had been completely substituted by a normal nerve. Gene expression analysis documented a precise sequential regulation of known genes involved in angiogenesis, Schwann cells/axons interactions and myelination, together with a selective modulation of key biological pathways for nerve morphogenesis induced by porous matrices. These data suggest that the scaffold's micro-structure profoundly influences cell behaviors and creates an instructive micro-environment to enhance nerve morphogenesis that can be exploited to improve recovery and understand the molecular differences between repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cerri
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Salvatore
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Danish Memon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way CB2 0PY, UK
| | | | - Marta Madaghiele
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Paola Brambilla
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Del Carro
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Nilo Riva
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Amelia Trimarco
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ignazio D Lopez
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sannino
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
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88
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Glenn TD, Talbot WS. Signals regulating myelination in peripheral nerves and the Schwann cell response to injury. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:1041-8. [PMID: 23896313 PMCID: PMC3830599 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In peripheral nerves, Schwann cells form myelin, which facilitates the rapid conduction of action potentials along axons in the vertebrate nervous system. Myelinating Schwann cells are derived from neural crest progenitors in a step-wise process that is regulated by extracellular signals and transcription factors. In addition to forming the myelin sheath, Schwann cells orchestrate much of the regenerative response that occurs after injury to peripheral nerves. In response to injury, myelinating Schwann cells dedifferentiate into repair cells that are essential for axonal regeneration, and then redifferentiate into myelinating Schwann cells to restore nerve function. Although this remarkable plasticity has long been recognized, many questions remain unanswered regarding the signaling pathways regulating both myelination and the Schwann cell response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Glenn
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - William S. Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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89
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ErbB4 reduces synaptic GABAA currents independent of its receptor tyrosine kinase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:19603-8. [PMID: 24218551 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312791110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ErbB4 signaling in the central nervous system is implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders and epilepsy. In cortical tissue, ErbB4 associates with excitatory synapses located on inhibitory interneurons. However, biochemical and histological data described herein demonstrate that the vast majority of ErbB4 is extrasynaptic and detergent-soluble. To explore the function of this receptor population, we used unbiased proteomics, in combination with electrophysiological, biochemical, and cell biological techniques, to identify a clinically relevant ErbB4-interacting protein, the GABAA receptor α1 subunit (GABAR α1). We show that ErbB4 and GABAR α1 are robustly coexpressed in hippocampal interneurons, and that ErbB4-null mice have diminished cortical GABAR α1 expression. Moreover, we characterize a Neuregulin-mediated ErbB4 signaling modality, independent of receptor tyrosine kinase activity, that couples ErbB4 to decreased postsynaptic GABAR currents on inhibitory interneurons. Consistent with an evolving understanding of GABAR trafficking, this pathway requires both clathrin-mediated endocytosis and protein kinase C to reduce GABAR inhibitory currents, surface GABAR α1 expression, and colocalization with the inhibitory postsynaptic protein gephyrin. Our results reveal a function of ErbB4, independent of its tyrosine kinase activity, that modulates postsynaptic inhibitory control of hippocampal interneurons and may provide a novel pharmacological target in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and epilepsy.
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90
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Fricker FR, Antunes-Martins A, Galino J, Paramsothy R, La Russa F, Perkins J, Goldberg R, Brelstaff J, Zhu N, McMahon SB, Orengo C, Garratt AN, Birchmeier C, Bennett DLH. Axonal neuregulin 1 is a rate limiting but not essential factor for nerve remyelination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:2279-97. [PMID: 23801741 PMCID: PMC3692042 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 acts as an axonal signal that regulates multiple aspects of Schwann cell
development including the survival and migration of Schwann cell precursors, the
ensheathment of axons and subsequent elaboration of the myelin sheath. To examine the role
of this factor in remyelination and repair following nerve injury, we ablated neuregulin 1
in the adult nervous system using a tamoxifen inducible Cre recombinase transgenic mouse
system. The loss of neuregulin 1 impaired remyelination after nerve crush, but did not
affect Schwann cell proliferation associated with Wallerian degeneration or axon
regeneration or the clearance of myelin debris by macrophages. Myelination changes were
most marked at 10 days after injury but still apparent at 2 months post-crush.
Transcriptional analysis demonstrated reduced expression of myelin-related genes during
nerve repair in animals lacking neuregulin 1. We also studied repair over a prolonged time
course in a more severe injury model, sciatic nerve transection and reanastamosis. In the
neuregulin 1 mutant mice, remyelination was again impaired 2 months after nerve
transection and reanastamosis. However, by 3 months post-injury axons lacking neuregulin 1
were effectively remyelinated and virtually indistinguishable from control. Neuregulin 1
signalling is therefore an important factor in nerve repair regulating the rate of
remyelination and functional recovery at early phases following injury. In contrast to
development, however, the determination of myelination fate following nerve injury is not
dependent on axonal neuregulin 1 expression. In the early phase following injury, axonal
neuregulin 1 therefore promotes nerve repair, but at late stages other signalling pathways
appear to compensate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence R Fricker
- The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
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Van Raamsdonk CD, Deo M. Links between Schwann cells and melanocytes in development and disease. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:634-45. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mugdha Deo
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; BC; Canada
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92
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Glenn TD, Talbot WS. Analysis of Gpr126 function defines distinct mechanisms controlling the initiation and maturation of myelin. Development 2013; 140:3167-75. [PMID: 23804499 PMCID: PMC3931731 DOI: 10.1242/dev.093401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In peripheral nerves, Schwann cells form the myelin sheath, which allows the efficient propagation of action potentials along axons. The transcription factor Krox20 regulates the initiation of myelination in Schwann cells and is also required to maintain mature myelin. The adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Gpr126 is essential for Schwann cells to initiate myelination, but previous studies have not addressed the role of Gpr126 signaling in myelin maturation and maintenance. Through analysis of Gpr126 in zebrafish, we define two distinct mechanisms controlling the initiation and maturation of myelin. We show that gpr126 mutant Schwann cells elaborate mature myelin sheaths and maintain krox20 expression for months, provided that the early signaling defect is bypassed by transient elevation of cAMP. At the onset of myelination, Gpr126 and protein kinase A (PKA) function as a switch that allows Schwann cells to initiate krox20 expression and myelination. After myelination is initiated, krox20 expression is maintained and myelin maturation proceeds independently of Gpr126 signaling. Transgenic analysis indicates that the Krox20 cis-regulatory myelinating Schwann cell element (MSE) becomes active at the onset of myelination and that this activity is dependent on Gpr126 signaling. Activity of the MSE declines after initiation, suggesting that other elements are responsible for maintaining krox20 expression in mature nerves. We also show that elevated cAMP does not initiate myelination in the absence of functional Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) signaling. These results indicate that the mechanisms regulating the initiation of myelination are distinct from those mediating the maturation and maintenance of myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Glenn
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William S. Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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93
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Cheret C, Willem M, Fricker FR, Wende H, Wulf-Goldenberg A, Tahirovic S, Nave KA, Saftig P, Haass C, Garratt AN, Bennett DL, Birchmeier C. Bace1 and Neuregulin-1 cooperate to control formation and maintenance of muscle spindles. EMBO J 2013; 32:2015-28. [PMID: 23792428 PMCID: PMC3715864 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The protease β-secretase 1 (Bace1) was identified through its critical role in production of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), the major component of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Bace1 is considered a promising target for the treatment of this pathology, but processes additional substrates, among them Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1). Our biochemical analysis indicates that Bace1 processes the Ig-containing β1 Nrg1 (IgNrg1β1) isoform. We find that a graded reduction in IgNrg1 signal strength in vivo results in increasingly severe deficits in formation and maturation of muscle spindles, a proprioceptive organ critical for muscle coordination. Further, we show that Bace1 is required for formation and maturation of the muscle spindle. Finally, pharmacological inhibition and conditional mutagenesis in adult animals demonstrate that Bace1 and Nrg1 are essential to sustain muscle spindles and to maintain motor coordination. Our results assign to Bace1 a role in the control of coordinated movement through its regulation of muscle spindle physiology, and implicate IgNrg1-dependent processing as a molecular mechanism. Bace1 is required for Nrg1 processing for muscle spindle development. Bace1 inhibition leads to loss of motor coordination even in adult mice, suggesting potentially serious side effects for drugs targeting Bace1 as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Cheret
- Entwicklungsbiologie/Signaltransduktion, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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94
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Gauthier MK, Kosciuczyk K, Tapley L, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Dysregulation of the neuregulin-1-ErbB network modulates endogenous oligodendrocyte differentiation and preservation after spinal cord injury. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2693-715. [PMID: 23758598 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in degeneration of oligodendrocytes that leads to demyelination and axonal dysfunction. Replacement of oligodendrocytes is impaired after SCI, owing to the improper endogenous differentiation and maturation of myelinating oligodendrocytes. Here, we report that SCI-induced dysregulation of neuregulin-1 (Nrg-1)-ErbB signaling may underlie the poor replacement of oligodendrocytes. Nrg-1 and its receptors, ErbB-2, ErbB-3, and ErbB-4, play essential roles in several aspects of oligodendrocyte development and physiology. In rats with SCI, we demonstrate that the Nrg-1 level is dramatically reduced at 1 day after injury, with no restoration at later time-points. Our characterisation shows that Nrg-1 is mainly expressed by neurons, axons and oligodendrocytes in the adult spinal cord, and the robust and lasting decrease in its level following SCI reflects the permanent loss of these cells. Neural precursor cells (NPCs) residing in the spinal cord ependyma express ErbB receptors, suggesting that they are responsive to Nrg-1 availability. In vitro, exogenous Nrg-1 enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of spinal NPCs into oligodendrocytes while reducing astrocyte differentiation. In rats with SCI, recombinant human Nrg-1β1 treatment resulted in a significant increase in the number of new oligodendrocytes and the preservation of existing ones after injury. Nrg-1β1 administration also enhanced axonal preservation and attenuated astrogliosis, tumor necrosis factor-α release and tissue degeneration after SCI. The positive effects of Nrg-1β1 treatment were reversed by inhibiting its receptors. Collectively, our data provide strong evidence to suggest an impact of Nrg-1-ErbB signaling on endogenous oligodendrocyte replacement and maintenance in the adult injured spinal cord, and its potential as a therapeutic target for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Krystel Gauthier
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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95
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Moore AC, Mark TE, Hogan AK, Topczewski J, LeClair EE. Peripheral axons of the adult zebrafish maxillary barbel extensively remyelinate during sensory appendage regeneration. J Comp Neurol 2013; 520:4184-203. [PMID: 22592645 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Myelination is a cellular adaptation allowing rapid conduction along axons. We have investigated peripheral axons of the zebrafish maxillary barbel (ZMB), an optically clear sensory appendage. Each barbel carries taste buds, solitary chemosensory cells, and epithelial nerve endings, all of which regenerate after amputation (LeClair and Topczewski [2010] PLoS One 5:e8737). The ZMB contains axons from the facial nerve; however, myelination within the barbel itself has not been established. Transcripts of myelin basic protein (mbp) are expressed in normal and regenerating adult barbels, indicating activity in both maintenance and repair. Myelin was confirmed in situ by using toluidine blue, an anti-MBP antibody, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The adult ZMB contains ∼180 small-diameter axons (<2 μm), approximately 60% of which are myelinated. Developmental myelination was observed via whole-mount immunohistochemistry 4-6 weeks postfertilization, showing myelin sheaths lagging behind growing axons. Early-regenerating axons (10 days postsurgery), having no or few myelin layers, were disorganized within a fibroblast-rich collagenous scar. Twenty-eight days postsurgery, barbel axons had grown out several millimeters and were organized with compact myelin sheaths. Fiber types and axon areas were similar between normal and regenerated tissue; within 4 weeks, regenerating axons restored ∼85% of normal myelin thickness. Regenerating barbels express multiple promyelinating transcription factors (sox10, oct6 = pou3f1; krox20a/b = egr2a/b) typical of Schwann cells. These observations extend our understanding of the zebrafish peripheral nervous system within a little-studied sensory appendage. The accessible ZMB provides a novel context for studying axon regeneration, Schwann cell migration, and remyelination in a model vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA
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96
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Li Y, Li H, Liu G, Liu Z. Effects of neuregulin-1β on growth-associated protein 43 expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons with excitotoxicity induced by glutamate in vitro. Neurosci Res 2013; 76:22-30. [PMID: 23524246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1β (NRG-1β) is a growth factor with potent neuroprotective capacity. Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) is expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and an indicator of neuronal survival in vitro. The purpose of present study is to evaluate the effects of NRG-1β on GAP-43 expression in DRG neurons with excitotoxicity induced by glutamate (Glu) in vitro. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathways involved in these effects were also determined. Embryonic rat DRG neurons were treated with Glu in the absence or presence of NRG-1β and PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and/or ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. After that, GAP-43 mRNA and GAP-43 protein levels were analyzed by real time-PCR and western blot assay, respectively. GAP-43 expression in situ was determined by immunofluorescent labeling. The results showed that the decreased GAP-43 levels induced by Glu could be partially reversed by the presence of NRG-1β. Inhibitors (LY294002, PD98059) either alone or in combination blocked the effects of NRG-1β. These data provide new insights of the actions of NRG-1β in sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
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97
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Ronchi G, Gambarotta G, Di Scipio F, Salamone P, Sprio AE, Cavallo F, Perroteau I, Berta GN, Geuna S. ErbB2 receptor over-expression improves post-traumatic peripheral nerve regeneration in adult mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56282. [PMID: 23437108 PMCID: PMC3578860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a transgenic mice (BALB-neuT) over-expressing ErbB2 receptor, we investigated the adult mouse median nerve in physiological and pathological conditions. Results showed that, in physiological conditions, the grip function controlled by the median nerve in BALB-neuT mice was similar to wild-type (BALB/c). Stereological assessment of ErbB2-overexpressing intact nerves revealed no difference in number and size of myelinated fibers compared to wild-type mice. By contrast, after a nerve crush injury, the motor recovery was significantly faster in BALB-neuT compared to BALB/c mice. Moreover, stereological assessment revealed a significant higher number of regenerated myelinated fibers with a thinner axon and fiber diameter and myelin thickness in BALB-neuT mice. At day-2 post-injury, the level of the mRNAs coding for all the ErbB receptors and for the transmembrane (type III) Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) isoforms significantly decreased in both BALB/c and BALB-neuT mice, as shown by quantitative real time PCR. On the other hand, the level of the mRNAs coding for soluble NRG1 isoforms (type I/II, alpha and beta) increased at the same post-traumatic time point though, intriguingly, this response was significantly higher in BALB-neuT mice with respect to BALB/c mice. Altogether, these results suggest that constitutive ErbB2 receptor over-expression does not influence the physiological development of peripheral nerves, while it improves nerve regeneration following traumatic injury, possibly through the up-regulation of soluble NRG1 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of the “Cavalieri Ottolenghi” Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Giovanna Gambarotta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Federica Di Scipio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Paolina Salamone
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Andrea E. Sprio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Isabelle Perroteau
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Giovanni N. Berta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of the “Cavalieri Ottolenghi” Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
- * E-mail:
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98
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Abstract
Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is an axon-derived factor that is critical for Schwann cell (SC) development and myelinogenesis in a manner dependent on transmembrane tyrosine kinases ErbB2 and ErbB3. Recent studies suggest that NRG1 signaling plays a role in remyelination of regenerated nerves after injury. In this study, we investigated the role of Erbin, a protein that interacts with ErbB2 in remyelination of injured nerves. We show that Erbin expression increased dramatically in injured nerves. Myelinated axons were fewer, and g-ratios of those that were myelinated were increased in erbin(-/-) mice, which were impaired in functional recovery from nerve injury. These results indicate a necessary role of Erbin in remyelination of regenerating axons. Erbin ablation had little effect on numbers of BrdU-labeled and TUNEL-labeled SCs, suggesting mechanisms independent of altered proliferation or apoptosis. We demonstrated that Erbin mutant mice were impaired in raising or maintaining the levels of ErbB2 and in producing NRG1 in axons. Together, these observations demonstrate that Erbin is required for remyelination of regenerated axons after injury, probably by regulating ErbB2 and NRG1 levels, identifying a novel player in regulating remyelination.
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99
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Future Perspectives in Nerve Repair and Regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 109:165-92. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420045-6.00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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100
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Gambarotta G, Fregnan F, Gnavi S, Perroteau I. Neuregulin 1 role in Schwann cell regulation and potential applications to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 108:223-56. [PMID: 24083437 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-410499-0.00009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is a multifunctional and versatile protein: its numerous isoforms can signal in a paracrine, autocrine, or juxtacrine manner, playing a fundamental role during the development of the peripheral nervous system and during the process of nerve repair, suggesting that the treatment with NRG1 could improve functional outcome following injury. Accordingly, the use of NRG1 in vivo has already yielded encouraging results. The aim of this review is to focus on the role played by the different NRG1 isoforms during peripheral nerve regeneration and remyelination and to identify good candidates to be used for the development of tissue engineered medical devices delivering NRG1, with the objective of promoting better nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Gambarotta
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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