51
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Hanan EJ, Liang J, Wang X, Blake RA, Blaquiere N, Staben ST. Monomeric Targeted Protein Degraders. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11330-11361. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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52
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Ma A, Stratikopoulos E, Park KS, Wei J, Martin TC, Yang X, Schwarz M, Leshchenko V, Rialdi A, Dale B, Lagana A, Guccione E, Parekh S, Parsons R, Jin J. Discovery of a first-in-class EZH2 selective degrader. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:214-222. [PMID: 31819273 PMCID: PMC6982609 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is the main enzymatic subunit of the PRC2 complex, which catalyzes trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) to promote transcriptional silencing. EZH2 is overexpressed in multiple types of cancer including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and high expression levels correlate with poor prognosis. Several EZH2 inhibitors, which inhibit the methyltransferase activity of EZH2, have shown promise in treating sarcoma and follicular lymphoma in clinics. However, EZH2 inhibitors are ineffective at blocking proliferation of TNBC cells, even though they effectively reduce the H3K27me3 mark. Using a hydrophobic tagging approach, we generated MS1943, a first-in-class EZH2 selective degrader that effectively reduces EZH2 levels in cells. Importantly, MS1943 has a profound cytotoxic effect in multiple TNBC cells, while sparing normal cells, and is efficacious in vivo, suggesting that pharmacologic degradation of EZH2 can be advantageous for treating the cancers that are dependent on EZH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Ma
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elias Stratikopoulos
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kwang-Su Park
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jieli Wei
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tiphaine C Martin
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaobao Yang
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Megan Schwarz
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Violetta Leshchenko
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Rialdi
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brandon Dale
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandro Lagana
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samir Parekh
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ramon Parsons
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Shen D, Wang Y, Niu H, Liu C. Gambogenic acid exerts anticancer effects in cisplatin‑resistant non‑small cell lung cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:1267-1275. [PMID: 31922223 PMCID: PMC7003042 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.10909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common cause of mortality in patients with lung cancer. The efficacy of cisplatin‑based chemotherapy in NSCLC is limited by drug resistance, therefore, the development of novel anticancer agents is required to overcome cisplatin resistance. The present study investigated the anticancer activity of gambogenic acid (GNA), derived from gamboge, in the cisplatin‑resistant NSCLC cell line A549/Cis. GNA was revealed to have a potent inhibitory effect on cell growth in A549/Cis cells by blocking the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis. The investigation of the molecular mechanisms identified that GNA arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase through the downregulation of cyclin Ds, cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)4 and CDK6, and the upregulation of p53 and p21. In addition, GNA induced apoptosis by increasing the activation of caspase 3 and caspase 7, in addition to the cleavage of poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase. The results of the present study supported the potential application of GNA in cisplatin‑resistant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daofu Shen
- Department of Pathology, College of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110847, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Life Science Institution, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Chunying Liu
- Department of Pathology, College of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110847, P.R. China
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54
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Yu C, Zhuang S. Histone Methyltransferases as Therapeutic Targets for Kidney Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1393. [PMID: 31866860 PMCID: PMC6908484 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated that epigenetic regulation plays a vital role in gene expression under normal and pathological conditions. Alterations in the expression and activation of histone methyltransferases (HMTs) have been reported in preclinical models of multiple kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, and renal cell carcinoma. Pharmacological inhibition of these enzymes has shown promise in preclinical models of those renal diseases. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge regarding expression and activation of various HMTs and their functional roles in some kidney diseases. The preclinical activity of currently available HMT inhibitors and the mechanisms of their actions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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55
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Puppe J, Opdam M, Schouten PC, Jóźwiak K, Lips E, Severson T, van de Ven M, Brambillasca C, Bouwman P, van Tellingen O, Bernards R, Wesseling J, Eichler C, Thangarajah F, Malter W, Pandey GK, Ozretić L, Caldas C, van Lohuizen M, Hauptmann M, Rhiem K, Hahnen E, Reinhardt HC, Büttner R, Mallmann P, Schömig-Markiefka B, Schmutzler R, Linn S, Jonkers J. EZH2 Is Overexpressed in BRCA1-like Breast Tumors and Predictive for Sensitivity to High-Dose Platinum-Based Chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4351-4362. [PMID: 31036541 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE BRCA1-deficient breast cancers carry a specific DNA copy-number signature ("BRCA1-like") and are hypersensitive to DNA double-strand break (DSB) inducing compounds. Here, we explored whether (i) EZH2 is overexpressed in human BRCA1-deficient breast tumors and might predict sensitivity to DSB-inducing drugs; (ii) EZH2 inhibition potentiates cisplatin efficacy in Brca1-deficient murine mammary tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN EZH2 expression was analyzed in 497 breast cancers using IHC or RNA sequencing. We classified 370 tumors by copy-number profiles as BRCA1-like or non-BRCA1-like and examined its association with EZH2 expression. Additionally, we assessed BRCA1 loss through mutation or promoter methylation status and investigated the predictive value of EZH2 expression in a study population of breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant high-dose platinum-based chemotherapy compared with standard anthracycline-based chemotherapy. To explore whether EZH2 inhibition by GSK126 enhances sensitivity to platinum drugs in EZH2-overexpressing breast cancers we used a Brca1-deficient mouse model. RESULTS The highest EZH2 expression was found in BRCA1-associated tumors harboring a BRCA1 mutation, BRCA1-promoter methylation or were classified as BRCA1 like. We observed a greater benefit from high-dose platinum-based chemotherapy in BRCA1-like and non-BRCA1-like patients with high EZH2 expression. Combined treatment with the EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 and cisplatin decreased cell proliferation and improved survival in Brca1-deficient mice in comparison with single agents. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that EZH2 is expressed at significantly higher levels in BRCA1-deficient breast cancers. EZH2 overexpression can identify patients with breast cancer who benefit significantly from intensified DSB-inducing platinum-based chemotherapy independent of BRCA1-like status. EZH2 inhibition improves the antitumor effect of platinum drugs in Brca1-deficient breast tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Puppe
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mark Opdam
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip C Schouten
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Jóźwiak
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Lips
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tesa Severson
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke van de Ven
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chiara Brambillasca
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Bouwman
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf van Tellingen
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René Bernards
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jelle Wesseling
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Eichler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabinshy Thangarajah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram Malter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gaurav Kumar Pandey
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luka Ozretić
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Maarten van Lohuizen
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Hauptmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Rhiem
- Center of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Hahnen
- Center of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Büttner
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Mallmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Rita Schmutzler
- Center of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine Linn
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Ma L, Lin K, Chang G, Chen Y, Yue C, Guo Q, Zhang S, Jia Z, Huang TT, Zhou A, Huang S. Aberrant Activation of β-Catenin Signaling Drives Glioma Tumorigenesis via USP1-Mediated Stabilization of EZH2. Cancer Res 2018; 79:72-85. [PMID: 30425057 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of β-catenin signaling is a critical driver for tumorigenesis, but the mechanism underlying this activation is not completely understood. In this study, we demonstrate a critical role of β-catenin signaling in stabilization of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and control of EZH2-mediated gene repression in oncogenesis. β-Catenin/TCF4 activated the transcription of the deubiquitinase USP1, which then interacted with and deubiquitinated EZH2 directly. USP1-mediated stabilization of EZH2 promoted its recruitment to the promoters of CDKN1B, RUNX3, and HOXA5, resulting in enhanced enrichment of histone H3K27me3 and repression of target gene expression. In human glioma specimens, expression levels of nuclear β-catenin, USP1, and EZH2 correlated with one another. Depletion of β-catenin/USP1/EZH2 repressed glioma cell proliferation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Our findings indicate that a β-catenin-USP1-EZH2 axis orchestrates the interplay between dysregulated β-catenin signaling and EZH2-mediated gene epigenetic silencing during glioma tumorigenesis. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings identify the β-catenin-USP1-EZH2 signaling axis as a critical mechanism for glioma tumorigenesis that may serve as a new therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neuro-oncology and Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kangyu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Guoqiang Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chen Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Zhiliang Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tony T Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Aidong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Suyun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Program in Cancer Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Di Carlo V, Mocavini I, Di Croce L. Polycomb complexes in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. J Cell Biol 2018; 218:55-69. [PMID: 30341152 PMCID: PMC6314559 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201808028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Di Carlo et al. discuss how the regulation/dysregulation of Polycomb group proteins contributes to hematopoiesis and hematological disorders. Epigenetic mechanisms are crucial for sustaining cell type–specific transcription programs. Among the distinct factors, Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are major negative regulators of gene expression in mammals. These proteins play key roles in regulating the proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation of stem cells. During hematopoietic differentiation, many PcG proteins are fundamental for proper lineage commitment, as highlighted by the fact that a lack of distinct PcG proteins results in embryonic lethality accompanied by differentiation biases. Correspondingly, proteins of these complexes are frequently dysregulated in hematological diseases. In this review, we present an overview of the role of PcG proteins in normal and malignant hematopoiesis, focusing on the compositional complexity of PcG complexes, and we briefly discuss the ongoing clinical trials for drugs targeting these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Di Carlo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivano Mocavini
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciano Di Croce
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
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Wang J, Qiu Z, Wu Y. Ubiquitin Regulation: The Histone Modifying Enzyme's Story. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090118. [PMID: 30150556 PMCID: PMC6162602 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications influence many fundamental cellular events by regulating chromatin structure and gene transcriptional activity. These modifications are highly dynamic and tightly controlled, with many enzymes devoted to the addition and removal of these modifications. Interestingly, these modifying enzymes are themselves fine-tuned and precisely regulated at the level of protein turnover by ubiquitin-proteasomal processing. Here, we focus on recent progress centered on the mechanisms regulating ubiquitination of histone modifying enzymes, including ubiquitin proteasomal degradation and the reverse process of deubiquitination. We will also discuss the potential pathophysiological significance of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, KY 40506, USA.
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Zhaoping Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, KY 40506, USA.
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Yadi Wu
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, KY 40506, USA.
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Gan L, Yang Y, Li Q, Feng Y, Liu T, Guo W. Epigenetic regulation of cancer progression by EZH2: from biological insights to therapeutic potential. Biomark Res 2018; 6:10. [PMID: 29556394 PMCID: PMC5845366 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-018-0122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase and a catalytic component of PRC2, catalyzes tri-methylation of histone H3 at Lys 27 (H3K27me3) to regulate gene expression through epigenetic machinery. EZH2 also functions both as a transcriptional suppressor and a transcriptional co-activator, depending on H3K27me3 or not and on the different cellular contexts. Unsurprisingly, numerous studies have highlighted the role of EZH2 in cancer development and progression. Through modulating critical gene expression, EZH2 promotes cell survival, proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal, invasion, and drug resistance of cancer cells. The tumor suppressive effects of EZH2 are also identified. What is more, EZH2 has decisive roles in immune cells (for example, T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells and macrophages), which are essential components in tumor microenvironment. In this review, we aim to discuss the molecular functions of EZH2, highlight recent findings regarding the physiological functions and related regulation of EZH2 in cancer pathogenesis. Furthermore, we summarized and updated the emerging roles of EZH2 in tumor immunity, and current pre-clinical and clinical trials of EZH2 inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China.,2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical college, Fudan University, No.130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China.,3Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180, Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yanan Yang
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Qian Li
- 2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical college, Fudan University, No.130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China.,3Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180, Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yi Feng
- 2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical college, Fudan University, No.130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China.,3Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180, Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Tianshu Liu
- 2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical college, Fudan University, No.130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China.,3Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180, Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Weijian Guo
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China.,2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical college, Fudan University, No.130, Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
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Xiang S, Zou P, Tang Q, Zheng F, Wu J, Chen Z, Hann SS. HOTAIR-mediated reciprocal regulation of EZH2 and DNMT1 contribute to polyphyllin I-inhibited growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1862:589-599. [PMID: 29221985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyphyllin I (PPI), one of the steroidal saponins in paris polyphylla, has been reported to exhibit antitumor effects. However, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying this has not been elucidated. METHODS Cell viability and cell cycle distribution were measured using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Flow cytometry assays, respectively. Cell invasion and migration were examined by Transwell invasion and wound healing assays. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the protein expressions of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). QRT-PCR was used to examine the levels of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR). Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) method was used to knockdown HOTAIR. Exogenously expressions of HOTAIR, DNMT1 and EZH2 were carried out by Transient transfection assays. EZH2 promoter activity was measured by Secrete-Pair Dual Luminescence Assay Kit. A nude mice xenograft model was used to confirm the findings in vitro. RESULTS We showed that PPI significantly inhibited growth, induced cell cycle arrest of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. In addition, PPI also reduced the migration and invasion in CRPC cells. In mechanism, we found that PPI decreased the protein expressions of EZH2, DNMT1 and levels of HOTAIR. Interestingly, silenced HOTAIR reduced EZH2 and DNMT1 protein expressions. On the contrary, exogenously expressed HOTAIR resisted PPI-inhibited EZH2 and DNMT1 protein expressions, EZH2 promoter activity and cell growth. Moreover, excessive EZH2 antagonized PPI-suppressed DNMT1 protein expression or vice versa. Consistent with this, PPI inhibited tumor growth, HOTAIR, the protein expressions of DNMT1 and EZH2 in vivo. CONCLUSION Our results show that PPI inhibits growth of CRPC cells through inhibition of HOTAIR expression, subsequently; this results in the repression of DNMT1 and EZH2 expressions. The interactions among HOTAIR, DNMT1 and EZH2, and reciprocal regulation of DNMT1 and EZH2 contribute to the overall responses of PPI. This study reveals a novel mechanism for HOTAIR-mediated regulating DNMT1 and EZH2 in response to PPI in inhibition of the growth of CRPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- SongTao Xiang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, China
| | - PeiLiang Zou
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, China; Department of Urology Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, China
| | - JingJing Wu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, China
| | - ZhiQiang Chen
- Department of Urology Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, China
| | - Swei Sunny Hann
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, China.
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Gu Y, Zhang J, Guan H. Expression of EZH2 in endometrial carcinoma and its effects on proliferation and invasion of endometrial carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7191-7196. [PMID: 29344151 PMCID: PMC5754892 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has been implicated in cancer pathology, but research on its mechanistic activity is limited. The present study sought to assess the levels expression of EZH2 in patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC) and to explore the effects of EZH2 downregulation on the biological behavior of endometrial carcinoma RL-952 cells. Samples were obtained from a total of 104 patients with EC and an immunohistochemical assay was used to detect the expression of EZH2 in cancer and adjacent tissues. The relationship between the expression of EZH2 and the clinicopathological features was analyzed. Endometrial carcinoma RL-952 cells were transfected with chemically synthesized siRNA to conduct targeting inhibition of EZH2 expression. The expression levels of EZH2 protein were detected by immunoblotting. MTT and Transwell assays were used to detect the changes of cell proliferation and invasion after EZH2 downregulation. Of the 104 cases of endometrial carcinoma samples, 71 cases showed positive expression of EZH2, with an expression rate of 68.27%. In 104 cases of adjacent tissue samples, 25 cases showed positive expression of EZH2, with an expression rate of 24.03%. The expression of EZH2 in endometrial carcinoma tissue was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissue (P<0.05). The expression of EZH2 in endometrial carcinoma tissue was not correlated with the menopausal status and age of patients (P>0.05), but was correlated with the histological grade, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage (P<0.05). The expression of E2H2 was significantly downregulated by si-E2H2 and the proliferation and invasion abilities of cells were significantly reduced after EZH2 downregulation (P<0.05). EZH2 is closely related to the development of endometrial carcinoma and can enhance the proliferative activity of endometrial carcinoma RL-952 cells and promote cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Gu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Daqing Longnan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Daqing Longnan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| | - Huai Guan
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Daqing Longnan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Huai Guan, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Daqing Longnan Hospital, 35 Aiguo Road, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China, E-mail: ;
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62
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EZH2 in Cancer Progression and Potential Application in Cancer Therapy: A Friend or Foe? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061172. [PMID: 28561778 PMCID: PMC5485996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase, catalyzes tri-methylation of histone H3 at Lys 27 (H3K27me3) to regulate gene expression through epigenetic machinery. EZH2 functions as a double-facet molecule in regulation of gene expression via repression or activation mechanisms, depending on the different cellular contexts. EZH2 interacts with both histone and non-histone proteins to modulate diverse physiological functions including cancer progression and malignancy. In this review article, we focused on the updated information regarding microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulation of EZH2, the oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles of EZH2 in cancer progression and malignancy, as well as current pre-clinical and clinical trials of EZH2 inhibitors.
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63
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Wang X, Cao W, Zhang J, Yan M, Xu Q, Wu X, Wan L, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Qin X, Xiao M, Ye D, Liu Y, Han Z, Wang S, Mao L, Wei W, Chen W. A covalently bound inhibitor triggers EZH2 degradation through CHIP-mediated ubiquitination. EMBO J 2017; 36:1243-1260. [PMID: 28320739 PMCID: PMC5412902 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has been characterized as a critical oncogene and a promising drug target in human malignant tumors. The current EZH2 inhibitors strongly suppress the enhanced enzymatic function of mutant EZH2 in some lymphomas. However, the recent identification of a PRC2- and methyltransferase-independent role of EZH2 indicates that a complete suppression of all oncogenic functions of EZH2 is needed. Here, we report a unique EZH2-targeting strategy by identifying a gambogenic acid (GNA) derivative as a novel agent that specifically and covalently bound to Cys668 within the EZH2-SET domain, triggering EZH2 degradation through COOH terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP)-mediated ubiquitination. This class of inhibitors significantly suppressed H3K27Me3 and effectively reactivated polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2)-silenced tumor suppressor genes. Moreover, the novel inhibitors significantly suppressed tumor growth in an EZH2-dependent manner, and tumors bearing a non-GNA-interacting C668S-EZH2 mutation exhibited resistance to the inhibitors. Together, our results identify the inhibition of the signaling pathway that governs GNA-mediated destruction of EZH2 as a promising anti-cancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangbing Wu
- Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenping Zhang
- Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Qin
- Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxia Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeguang Han
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Li Mao
- Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wantao Chen
- Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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Lin C, Cao W, Ren Z, Tang Y, Zhang C, Yang R, Chen Y, Liu Z, Peng C, Wang L, Wang X, Ji T. GDNF secreted by nerves enhances PD-L1 expression via JAK2-STAT1 signaling activation in HNSCC. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1353860. [PMID: 29147602 PMCID: PMC5674951 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1353860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) functions as a key immune inhibitory factor by binding with its receptor, programmed death 1 (PD-1), to induce immune cell dysfunction and escape of the immune system. However, the mechanisms of PD-L1 expression under growth factor stimulation are not well characterized. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in upregulating PD-L1 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The expression and correlation of PD-L1, GDNF and perineural invasion (PNI) status were evaluated by bioinformatics analysis of TCGA database and IHC assays from 145 HNSCC patients. PD-L1 expression was investigated by flow cytometry, Western blot and real-time PCR analyses in HNSCC cells after GNDF incubation. The cell signaling pathways activated by GDNF were analyzed with an antibody array and blocked by specific signaling inhibitors in cancer cell lines. PD-L1 expression was significantly higher in cancer cells that exhibited PNI in the HNSCC specimens, and elevated PD-L1 expression was significantly correlated with GDNF levels. GDNF not only enhanced cancer cell PNI in a co-culture of dorsal root ganglions and cancer cells but also had a potent role in inducing PD-L1 expression through the JAK2-STAT1 signaling pathway. Moreover, a JAK2 inhibitor attenuated GDNF-induced PD-L1 and enhanced tumor cell susceptibility to NK cell killing. Our findings provide clinically novel evidence that nerve-derived GDNF can increase PD-L1 levels in cancer cells around the perineural niche and that regulatory signaling is critical for cancer cell escape from immune surveillance in the nerve-cancer microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhong Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhenhu Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chunye Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zheqi Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Canbang Peng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, PR China
- CONTACT Xu Wang Tong Ji No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, 200011 Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Ji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, PR China
- CONTACT Xu Wang Tong Ji No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, 200011 Shanghai, China
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