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Mammucari C, Raffaello A, Vecellio Reane D, Gherardi G, De Mario A, Rizzuto R. Mitochondrial calcium uptake in organ physiology: from molecular mechanism to animal models. Pflugers Arch 2018. [PMID: 29541860 PMCID: PMC6060757 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca2+ is involved in heterogeneous functions, ranging from the control of metabolism and ATP production to the regulation of cell death. In addition, mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake contributes to cytosolic [Ca2+] shaping thus impinging on specific Ca2+-dependent events. Mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration is controlled by influx and efflux pathways: the former controlled by the activity of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU), the latter by the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX) and the H+/Ca2+ (mHCX) exchanger. The molecular identities of MCU and of NCLX have been recently unraveled, thus allowing genetic studies on their physiopathological relevance. After a general framework on the significance of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, this review discusses the structure of the MCU complex and the regulation of its activity, the importance of mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling in different physiological settings, and the consequences of MCU modulation on organ physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Raffaello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Gaia Gherardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Agnese De Mario
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
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52
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Alevriadou BR, Shanmughapriya S, Patel A, Stathopulos PB, Madesh M. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ transport in the endothelium: regulation by ions, redox signalling and mechanical forces. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2017.0672. [PMID: 29237825 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) transport by mitochondria is an important component of the cell Ca2+ homeostasis machinery in metazoans. Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria is a major determinant of bioenergetics and cell fate. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake occurs via the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) complex, an inner mitochondrial membrane protein assembly consisting of the MCU Ca2+ channel, as its core component, and the MCU complex regulatory/auxiliary proteins. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular nature of the MCU complex and its regulation by intra- and extramitochondrial levels of divalent ions and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]m) and mitochondrial ROS (mROS) are intricately coupled in regulating MCU activity. Here, we highlight the contribution of MCU activity to vascular endothelial cell (EC) function. Besides the ionic and oxidant regulation, ECs are continuously exposed to haemodynamic forces (either pulsatile or oscillatory fluid mechanical shear stresses, depending on the precise EC location within the arteries). Thus, we also propose an EC mechanotransduction-mediated regulation of MCU activity in the context of vascular physiology and atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rita Alevriadou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Santhanam Shanmughapriya
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Akshar Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter B Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA .,Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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53
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Systematic Identification of MCU Modulators by Orthogonal Interspecies Chemical Screening. Mol Cell 2017; 67:711-723.e7. [PMID: 28820965 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex is essential for calcium (Ca2+) uptake into mitochondria of all mammalian tissues, where it regulates bioenergetics, cell death, and Ca2+ signal transduction. Despite its involvement in several human diseases, we currently lack pharmacological agents for targeting uniporter activity. Here we introduce a high-throughput assay that selects for human MCU-specific small-molecule modulators in primary drug screens. Using isolated yeast mitochondria, reconstituted with human MCU, its essential regulator EMRE, and aequorin, and exploiting a D-lactate- and mannitol/sucrose-based bioenergetic shunt that greatly minimizes false-positive hits, we identify mitoxantrone out of more than 600 clinically approved drugs as a direct selective inhibitor of human MCU. We validate mitoxantrone in orthogonal mammalian cell-based assays, demonstrating that our screening approach is an effective and robust tool for MCU-specific drug discovery and, more generally, for the identification of compounds that target mitochondrial functions.
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54
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Choi S, Quan X, Bang S, Yoo H, Kim J, Park J, Park KS, Chung J. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter in Drosophila transfers calcium between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in oxidative stress-induced cell death. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14473-14485. [PMID: 28726639 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.765578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial calcium plays critical roles in diverse cellular processes ranging from energy metabolism to cell death. Previous studies have demonstrated that mitochondrial calcium uptake is mainly mediated by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) complex. However, the roles of the MCU complex in calcium transport, signaling, and dysregulation by oxidative stress still remain unclear. Here, we confirmed that Drosophila MCU contains evolutionarily conserved structures and requires essential MCU regulator (EMRE) for its calcium channel activities. We generated Drosophila MCU loss-of-function mutants, which lacked mitochondrial calcium uptake in response to caffeine stimulation. Basal metabolic activities were not significantly affected in these MCU mutants, as observed in examinations of body weight, food intake, body sugar level, and starvation-induced autophagy. However, oxidative stress-induced increases in mitochondrial calcium, mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, and cell death were prevented in these mutants. We also found that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor genetically interacts with Drosophila MCU and effectively modulates mitochondrial calcium uptake upon oxidative stress. Taken together, these results support the idea that Drosophila MCU is responsible for endoplasmic reticulum-to-mitochondrial calcium transfer and for cell death due to mitochondrial dysfunction under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekyu Choi
- From the National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea and
| | - Xianglan Quan
- the Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-Do 26426, Korea
| | - Sunhoe Bang
- From the National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea and
| | - Heesuk Yoo
- From the National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea and
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- From the National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea and
| | - Jiwon Park
- From the National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea and
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- the Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-Do 26426, Korea
| | - Jongkyeong Chung
- From the National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea and
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55
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Mammucari C, Gherardi G, Rizzuto R. Structure, Activity Regulation, and Role of the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter in Health and Disease. Front Oncol 2017; 7:139. [PMID: 28740830 PMCID: PMC5502327 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake plays a pivotal role both in cell energy balance and in cell fate determination. Studies on the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling in pathophysiology have been favored by the identification of the genes encoding the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) and its regulatory subunits. Thus, research carried on in the last years on one hand has determined the structure of the MCU complex and its regulation, on the other has uncovered the consequences of dysregulated mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling in cell and tissue homeostasis. Whether mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake can be exploited as a weapon to counteract cancer progression is debated. In this review, we summarize recent research on the molecular structure of the MCU, the regulatory mechanisms that control its activity and its relevance in pathophysiology, focusing in particular on its role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaia Gherardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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56
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, Krelin Y, Shteinfer-Kuzmine A. VDAC1 functions in Ca 2+ homeostasis and cell life and death in health and disease. Cell Calcium 2017; 69:81-100. [PMID: 28712506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), the voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) serves as a mitochondrial gatekeeper, controlling the metabolic and energy cross-talk between mitochondria and the rest of the cell. VDAC1 also functions in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis by transporting Ca2+ in and out of mitochondria. VDAC1 has also been recognized as a key protein in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, contributing to the release of apoptotic proteins located in the inter-membranal space (IMS) and regulating apoptosis via association with pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins and hexokinase. VDAC1 is highly Ca2+-permeable, transporting Ca2+ to the IMS and thus modulating Ca2+ access to Ca2+ transporters in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Intra-mitochondrial Ca2+ controls energy metabolism via modulating critical enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and in fatty acid oxidation. Ca2+ also determines cell sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli and promotes the release of pro-apoptotic proteins. However, the precise mechanism by which intracellular Ca2+ mediates apoptosis is not known. Here, the roles of VDAC1 in mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis are presented while emphasizing a new proposed mechanism for the mode of action of pro-apoptotic drugs. This view, proposing that Ca2+-dependent enhancement of VDAC1 expression levels is a major mechanism by which apoptotic stimuli induce apoptosis, position VDAC1 oligomerization at a molecular focal point in apoptosis regulation. The interactions of VDAC1 with many proteins involved in Ca2+ homeostasis or regulated by Ca2+, as well as VDAC-mediated control of cell life and death and the association of VDAC with disease, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Yakov Krelin
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Anna Shteinfer-Kuzmine
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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57
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, De S, Meir A. The Mitochondrial Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1, Ca 2+ Transport, Apoptosis, and Their Regulation. Front Oncol 2017; 7:60. [PMID: 28443244 PMCID: PMC5385329 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the outer mitochondrial membrane, the voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) functions in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis by mediating the transport of Ca2+ in and out of mitochondria. VDAC1 is highly Ca2+-permeable and modulates Ca2+ access to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Intramitochondrial Ca2+ controls energy metabolism by enhancing the rate of NADH production via modulating critical enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation. Mitochondrial [Ca2+] is regarded as an important determinant of cell sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli and was proposed to act as a "priming signal," sensitizing the organelle and promoting the release of pro-apoptotic proteins. However, the precise mechanism by which intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) mediates apoptosis is not known. Here, we review the roles of VDAC1 in mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and in apoptosis. Accumulated evidence shows that apoptosis-inducing agents act by increasing [Ca2+]i and that this, in turn, augments VDAC1 expression levels. Thus, a new concept of how increased [Ca2+]i activates apoptosis is postulated. Specifically, increased [Ca2+]i enhances VDAC1 expression levels, followed by VDAC1 oligomerization, cytochrome c release, and subsequently apoptosis. Evidence supporting this new model suggesting that upregulation of VDAC1 expression constitutes a major mechanism by which apoptotic stimuli induce apoptosis with VDAC1 oligomerization being a molecular focal point in apoptosis regulation is presented. A new proposed mechanism of pro-apoptotic drug action, namely Ca2+-dependent enhancement of VDAC1 expression, provides a platform for developing a new class of anticancer drugs modulating VDAC1 levels via the promoter and for overcoming the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Soumasree De
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alon Meir
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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58
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Dong Z, Shanmughapriya S, Tomar D, Siddiqui N, Lynch S, Nemani N, Breves SL, Zhang X, Tripathi A, Palaniappan P, Riitano MF, Worth AM, Seelam A, Carvalho E, Subbiah R, Jaña F, Soboloff J, Peng Y, Cheung JY, Joseph SK, Caplan J, Rajan S, Stathopulos PB, Madesh M. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Uniporter Is a Mitochondrial Luminal Redox Sensor that Augments MCU Channel Activity. Mol Cell 2017; 65:1014-1028.e7. [PMID: 28262504 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ dynamics and oxidative signaling are fundamental mechanisms for mitochondrial bioenergetics and cell function. The MCU complex is the major pathway by which these signals are integrated in mitochondria. Whether and how these coactive elements interact with MCU have not been established. As an approach toward understanding the regulation of MCU channel by oxidative milieu, we adapted inflammatory and hypoxia models. We identified the conserved cysteine 97 (Cys-97) to be the only reactive thiol in human MCU that undergoes S-glutathionylation. Furthermore, biochemical, structural, and superresolution imaging analysis revealed that MCU oxidation promotes MCU higher order oligomer formation. Both oxidation and mutation of MCU Cys-97 exhibited persistent MCU channel activity with higher [Ca2+]m uptake rate, elevated mROS, and enhanced [Ca2+]m overload-induced cell death. In contrast, these effects were largely independent of MCU interaction with its regulators. These findings reveal a distinct functional role for Cys-97 in ROS sensing and regulation of MCU activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Dong
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PRC
| | - Santhanam Shanmughapriya
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Naveed Siddiqui
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Solomon Lynch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Neeharika Nemani
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sarah L Breves
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Aparna Tripathi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Palaniappan Palaniappan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Massimo F Riitano
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Alison M Worth
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ajay Seelam
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Edmund Carvalho
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ramasamy Subbiah
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Fabián Jaña
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jonathan Soboloff
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yizhi Peng
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PRC
| | - Joseph Y Cheung
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Suresh K Joseph
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jeffrey Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Sudarsan Rajan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Peter B Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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59
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Teardo E, Carraretto L, Wagner S, Formentin E, Behera S, De Bortoli S, Larosa V, Fuchs P, Lo Schiavo F, Raffaello A, Rizzuto R, Costa A, Schwarzländer M, Szabò I. Physiological Characterization of a Plant Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter in Vitro and in Vivo. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:1355-1370. [PMID: 28031475 PMCID: PMC5291028 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the recent years, several proteins that make up the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (MCUC) mediating Ca2+uptake into the mitochondrial matrix have been identified in mammals, including the channel-forming protein MCU. Although six MCU gene homologs are conserved in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in which mitochondria can accumulate Ca2+, a functional characterization of plant MCU homologs has been lacking. Using electrophysiology, we show that one isoform, AtMCU1, gives rise to a Ca2+-permeable channel activity that can be observed even in the absence of accessory proteins implicated in the formation of the active mammalian channel. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence that AtMCU1 activity is sensitive to the mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibitors Ruthenium Red and Gd3+, as well as to the Arabidopsis protein MICU, a regulatory MCUC component. AtMCU1 is prevalently expressed in roots, localizes to mitochondria, and its absence causes mild changes in Ca2+ dynamics as assessed by in vivo measurements in Arabidopsis root tips. Plants either lacking or overexpressing AtMCU1 display root mitochondria with altered ultrastructure and show shorter primary roots under restrictive growth conditions. In summary, our work adds evolutionary depth to the investigation of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport, indicates that AtMCU1, together with MICU as a regulator, represents a functional configuration of the plant mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake complex with differences to the mammalian MCUC, and identifies a new player of the intracellular Ca2+ regulation network in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Teardo
- Department of Biology (E.T., L.C., E.F., S.D.B., V.L., F.L.S., I.S.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.R., R.R.), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy (E.T., I.S.);
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.W., P.F., M.S.);
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (S.B., A.C.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Luca Carraretto
- Department of Biology (E.T., L.C., E.F., S.D.B., V.L., F.L.S., I.S.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.R., R.R.), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy (E.T., I.S.)
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.W., P.F., M.S.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (S.B., A.C.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Stephan Wagner
- Department of Biology (E.T., L.C., E.F., S.D.B., V.L., F.L.S., I.S.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.R., R.R.), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy (E.T., I.S.)
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.W., P.F., M.S.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (S.B., A.C.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Elide Formentin
- Department of Biology (E.T., L.C., E.F., S.D.B., V.L., F.L.S., I.S.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.R., R.R.), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy (E.T., I.S.)
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.W., P.F., M.S.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (S.B., A.C.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Smrutisanjita Behera
- Department of Biology (E.T., L.C., E.F., S.D.B., V.L., F.L.S., I.S.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.R., R.R.), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy (E.T., I.S.)
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.W., P.F., M.S.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (S.B., A.C.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Sara De Bortoli
- Department of Biology (E.T., L.C., E.F., S.D.B., V.L., F.L.S., I.S.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.R., R.R.), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy (E.T., I.S.)
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.W., P.F., M.S.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (S.B., A.C.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Véronique Larosa
- Department of Biology (E.T., L.C., E.F., S.D.B., V.L., F.L.S., I.S.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.R., R.R.), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy (E.T., I.S.)
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.W., P.F., M.S.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (S.B., A.C.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Philippe Fuchs
- Department of Biology (E.T., L.C., E.F., S.D.B., V.L., F.L.S., I.S.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.R., R.R.), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy (E.T., I.S.)
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.W., P.F., M.S.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (S.B., A.C.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Fiorella Lo Schiavo
- Department of Biology (E.T., L.C., E.F., S.D.B., V.L., F.L.S., I.S.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.R., R.R.), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy (E.T., I.S.)
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.W., P.F., M.S.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (S.B., A.C.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Anna Raffaello
- Department of Biology (E.T., L.C., E.F., S.D.B., V.L., F.L.S., I.S.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.R., R.R.), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy (E.T., I.S.)
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.W., P.F., M.S.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (S.B., A.C.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biology (E.T., L.C., E.F., S.D.B., V.L., F.L.S., I.S.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.R., R.R.), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy (E.T., I.S.)
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.W., P.F., M.S.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (S.B., A.C.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biology (E.T., L.C., E.F., S.D.B., V.L., F.L.S., I.S.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.R., R.R.), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy (E.T., I.S.)
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.W., P.F., M.S.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (S.B., A.C.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Department of Biology (E.T., L.C., E.F., S.D.B., V.L., F.L.S., I.S.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.R., R.R.), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy (E.T., I.S.)
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.W., P.F., M.S.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (S.B., A.C.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Ildiko Szabò
- Department of Biology (E.T., L.C., E.F., S.D.B., V.L., F.L.S., I.S.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.R., R.R.), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy (E.T., I.S.);
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.W., P.F., M.S.);
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (S.B., A.C.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
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Mishra J, Jhun BS, Hurst S, O-Uchi J, Csordás G, Sheu SS. The Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Uniporter: Structure, Function, and Pharmacology. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 240:129-156. [PMID: 28194521 PMCID: PMC5554456 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake is crucial for an array of cellular functions while an imbalance can elicit cell death. In this chapter, we briefly reviewed the various modes of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and our current understanding of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis in regards to cell physiology and pathophysiology. Further, this chapter focuses on the molecular identities, intracellular regulators as well as the pharmacology of mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Mishra
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Suite 543D, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Bong Sook Jhun
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Stephen Hurst
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Suite 543D, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Jin O-Uchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - György Csordás
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Shey-Shing Sheu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Suite 543D, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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From Stores to Sinks: Structural Mechanisms of Cytosolic Calcium Regulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 981:215-251. [PMID: 29594864 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55858-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
All eukaryotic cells have adapted the use of the calcium ion (Ca2+) as a universal signaling element through the evolution of a toolkit of Ca2+ sensor, buffer and effector proteins. Among these toolkit components, integral and peripheral proteins decorate biomembranes and coordinate the movement of Ca2+ between compartments, sense these concentration changes and elicit physiological signals. These changes in compartmentalized Ca2+ levels are not mutually exclusive as signals propagate between compartments. For example, agonist induced surface receptor stimulation can lead to transient increases in cytosolic Ca2+ sourced from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores; the decrease in ER luminal Ca2+ can subsequently signal the opening surface channels which permit the movement of Ca2+ from the extracellular space to the cytosol. Remarkably, the minuscule compartments of mitochondria can function as significant cytosolic Ca2+ sinks by taking up Ca2+ in a coordinated manner. In non-excitable cells, inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) on the ER respond to surface receptor stimulation; stromal interaction molecules (STIMs) sense the ER luminal Ca2+ depletion and activate surface Orai1 channels; surface Orai1 channels selectively permit the movement of Ca2+ from the extracellular space to the cytosol; uptake of Ca2+ into the matrix through the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) further shapes the cytosolic Ca2+ levels. Recent structural elucidations of these key Ca2+ toolkit components have improved our understanding of how they function to orchestrate precise cytosolic Ca2+ levels for specific physiological responses. This chapter reviews the atomic-resolution structures of IP3R, STIM1, Orai1 and MCU elucidated by X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy and NMR and discusses the mechanisms underlying their biological functions in their respective compartments within the cell.
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, De S. Mitochondrial VDAC, the Na +/Ca 2+ Exchanger, and the Ca 2+ Uniporter in Ca 2+ Dynamics and Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 981:323-347. [PMID: 29594867 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55858-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release play pivotal roles in cellular physiology by regulating intracellular Ca2+ signaling, energy metabolism, and cell death. Ca2+ transport across the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes (IMM, OMM, respectively), is mediated by several proteins, including the voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) in the OMM, and the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) and Na+-dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux transporter, (the NCLX), both in the IMM. By transporting Ca2+ across the OMM to the mitochondrial inner-membrane space (IMS), VDAC1 allows Ca2+ access to the MCU, facilitating transport of Ca2+ to the matrix, and also from the IMS to the cytosol. Intra-mitochondrial Ca2+ controls energy production and metabolism by modulating critical enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and fatty acid oxidation. Thus, by transporting Ca2+, VDAC1 plays a fundamental role in regulating mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, oxidative phosphorylation, and Ca2+ crosstalk among mitochondria, cytoplasm, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). VDAC1 has also been recognized as a key protein in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and apoptosis stimuli induce overexpression of the protein in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The overexpressed VDAC1 undergoes oligomerization leading to the formation of a channel, through which apoptogenic agents can be released. Here, we review the roles of VDAC1 in mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, in apoptosis, and in diseases associated with mitochondria dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Soumasree De
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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63
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Near-membrane electric field calcium ion dehydration. Cell Calcium 2016; 60:415-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Peruzzo R, Biasutto L, Szabò I, Leanza L. Impact of intracellular ion channels on cancer development and progression. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2016; 45:685-707. [PMID: 27289382 PMCID: PMC5045486 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-016-1143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer research is nowadays focused on the identification of possible new targets in order to try to develop new drugs for curing untreatable tumors. Ion channels have emerged as "oncogenic" proteins, since they have an aberrant expression in cancers compared to normal tissues and contribute to several hallmarks of cancer, such as metabolic re-programming, limitless proliferative potential, apoptosis-resistance, stimulation of neo-angiogenesis as well as cell migration and invasiveness. In recent years, not only the plasma membrane but also intracellular channels and transporters have arisen as oncological targets and were proposed to be associated with tumorigenesis. Therefore, the research is currently focusing on understanding the possible role of intracellular ion channels in cancer development and progression on one hand and, on the other, on developing new possible drugs able to modulate the expression and/or activity of these channels. In a few cases, the efficacy of channel-targeting drugs in reducing tumors has already been demonstrated in vivo in preclinical mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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65
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Raffaello A, Mammucari C, Gherardi G, Rizzuto R. Calcium at the Center of Cell Signaling: Interplay between Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, and Lysosomes. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:1035-1049. [PMID: 27692849 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, rapid discoveries have been made relating to Ca2+ handling at specific organelles that have important implications for whole-cell Ca2+ homeostasis. In particular, the structures of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ channels revealed by electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM), continuous updates on the structure, regulation, and role of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) complex, and the analysis of lysosomal Ca2+ signaling are milestones on the route towards a deeper comprehension of the complexity of global Ca2+ signaling. In this review we summarize recent discoveries on the regulation of interorganellar Ca2+ homeostasis and its role in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Raffaello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Cristina Mammucari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Gaia Gherardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, 35131 Padua, Italy.
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66
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Lee SK, Shanmughapriya S, Mok MC, Dong Z, Tomar D, Carvalho E, Rajan S, Junop MS, Madesh M, Stathopulos PB. Structural Insights into Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter Regulation by Divalent Cations. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1157-1169. [PMID: 27569754 PMCID: PMC5035232 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) flux into the matrix is tightly controlled by the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter (MCU) due to vital roles in cell death and bioenergetics. However, the precise atomic mechanisms of MCU regulation remain unclear. Here, we solved the crystal structure of the N-terminal matrix domain of human MCU, revealing a β-grasp-like fold with a cluster of negatively charged residues that interacts with divalent cations. Binding of Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) destabilizes and shifts the self-association equilibrium of the domain toward monomer. Mutational disruption of the acidic face weakens oligomerization of the isolated matrix domain and full-length human protein similar to cation binding and markedly decreases MCU activity. Moreover, mitochondrial Mg(2+) loading or blockade of mitochondrial Ca(2+) extrusion suppresses MCU Ca(2+)-uptake rates. Collectively, our data reveal that the β-grasp-like matrix region harbors an MCU-regulating acidic patch that inhibits human MCU activity in response to Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K. Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Santhanam Shanmughapriya
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19140
| | - Mac C.Y. Mok
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Zhiwei Dong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19140
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19140
| | - Edmund Carvalho
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19140
| | - Sudarsan Rajan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19140
| | - Murray S. Junop
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19140
| | - Peter B. Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
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67
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Matesanz-Isabel J, Arias-del-Val J, Alvarez-Illera P, Fonteriz RI, Montero M, Alvarez J. Functional roles of MICU1 and MICU2 in mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1110-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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68
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Wagner S, De Bortoli S, Schwarzländer M, Szabò I. Regulation of mitochondrial calcium in plants versus animals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3809-29. [PMID: 27001920 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+) acts as an important cellular second messenger in eukaryotes. In both plants and animals, a wide variety of environmental and developmental stimuli trigger Ca(2+) transients of a specific signature that can modulate gene expression and metabolism. In animals, mitochondrial energy metabolism has long been considered a hotspot of Ca(2+) regulation, with a range of pathophysiology linked to altered Ca(2+) control. Recently, several molecular players involved in mitochondrial Ca(2+) signalling have been identified, including those of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter. Despite strong evidence for sophisticated Ca(2+) regulation in plant mitochondria, the picture has remained much less clear. This is currently changing aided by live imaging and genetic approaches which allow dissection of subcellular Ca(2+) dynamics and identification of the proteins involved. We provide an update on our current understanding in the regulation of mitochondrial Ca(2+) and signalling by comparing work in plants and animals. The significance of mitochondrial Ca(2+) control is discussed in the light of the specific metabolic and energetic needs of plant and animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wagner
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sara De Bortoli
- Department of Biology and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
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69
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MCUR1 Is a Scaffold Factor for the MCU Complex Function and Promotes Mitochondrial Bioenergetics. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1673-85. [PMID: 27184846 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca(2+) Uniporter (MCU)-dependent mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake is the primary mechanism for increasing matrix Ca(2+) in most cell types. However, a limited understanding of the MCU complex assembly impedes the comprehension of the precise mechanisms underlying MCU activity. Here, we report that mouse cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells lacking MCU regulator 1 (MCUR1) have severely impaired [Ca(2+)]m uptake and IMCU current. MCUR1 binds to MCU and EMRE and function as a scaffold factor. Our protein binding analyses identified the minimal, highly conserved regions of coiled-coil domain of both MCU and MCUR1 that are necessary for heterooligomeric complex formation. Loss of MCUR1 perturbed MCU heterooligomeric complex and functions as a scaffold factor for the assembly of MCU complex. Vascular endothelial deletion of MCU and MCUR1 impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics, cell proliferation, and migration but elicited autophagy. These studies establish the existence of a MCU complex that assembles at the mitochondrial integral membrane and regulates Ca(2+)-dependent mitochondrial metabolism.
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70
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Abstract
In the last 5 years, most of the molecules that control mitochondrial Ca(2+) homeostasis have been finally identified. Mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake is mediated by the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter (MCU) complex, a macromolecular structure that guarantees Ca(2+) accumulation inside mitochondrial matrix upon increases in cytosolic Ca(2+). Conversely, Ca(2+) release is under the control of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, encoded by the NCLX gene, and of a H(+)/Ca(2+) antiporter, whose identity is still debated. The low affinity of the MCU complex, coupled to the activity of the efflux systems, protects cells from continuous futile cycles of Ca(2+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane and consequent massive energy dissipation. In this review, we discuss the basic principles that govern mitochondrial Ca(2+) homeostasis and the methods used to investigate the dynamics of Ca(2+) concentration within the organelles. We discuss the functional and structural role of the different molecules involved in mitochondrial Ca(2+) handling and their pathophysiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego De Stefani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; , ,
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; , , .,National Research Council (CNR) Neuroscience Institute, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; , , .,National Research Council (CNR) Neuroscience Institute, 35121 Padova, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35121 Padova, Italy
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71
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Oxenoid K, Dong Y, Cao C, Cui T, Sancak Y, Markhard AL, Grabarek Z, Kong L, Liu Z, Ouyang B, Cong Y, Mootha VK, Chou JJ. Architecture of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter. Nature 2016; 533:269-73. [PMID: 27135929 PMCID: PMC4874835 DOI: 10.1038/nature17656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria from multiple, eukaryotic clades uptake and buffer large amounts of calcium (Ca2+) via an inner membrane transporter called the uniporter. Early studies demonstrated that this transport requires a mitochondrial membrane potential and that the uniporter is itself Ca2+ activated, and blocked by ruthenium red or Ru3601. Later, electrophysiological studies demonstrated that the uniporter is an ion channel with remarkably high conductance and selectivity2. Ca2+ entry into mitochondria is also known to activate the TCA cycle and appears to be critical for matching ATP production in mitochondria with its cytosolic demand3. MCU (mitochondrial calcium uniporter) is the pore forming and Ca2+ conducting subunit of the uniporter, but its primary sequence does not resemble any calcium channel known to date. Here, we report the structure of the core region of MCU, determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron microscopy (EM). MCU is a homo-oligomer with the second transmembrane helix forming a hydrophilic pore across the membrane. The channel assembly represents a new solution of ion channel architecture and is stabilized by a coiled coil motif protruding in the mitochondrial matrix. The critical DxxE motif forms the pore entrance featuring two carboxylate rings, which appear to be the selectivity filter based on the ring dimensions and functional mutagenesis. To our knowledge, this is one of the largest structures characterized by NMR, which provides a structural blueprint for understanding the function of this channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Oxenoid
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chan Cao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tanxing Cui
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yasemin Sancak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Andrew L Markhard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Zenon Grabarek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Liangliang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bo Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yao Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - James J Chou
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Jhun BS, Mishra J, Monaco S, Fu D, Jiang W, Sheu SS, O-Uchi J. The mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter: regulation by auxiliary subunits and signal transduction pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C67-80. [PMID: 27122161 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00319.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca(2+) homeostasis, the Ca(2+) influx-efflux balance, is responsible for the control of numerous cellular functions, including energy metabolism, generation of reactive oxygen species, spatiotemporal dynamics of Ca(2+) signaling, and cell growth and death. Recent discovery of the molecular identity of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter (MCU) provides new possibilities for application of genetic approaches to study the mitochondrial Ca(2+) influx mechanism in various cell types and tissues. In addition, the subsequent discovery of various auxiliary subunits associated with MCU suggests that mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake is not solely regulated by a single protein (MCU), but likely by a macromolecular protein complex, referred to as the MCU-protein complex (mtCUC). Moreover, recent reports have shown the potential role of MCU posttranslational modifications in the regulation of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake through mtCUC. These observations indicate that mtCUCs form a local signaling complex at the inner mitochondrial membrane that could significantly regulate mitochondrial Ca(2+) handling, as well as numerous mitochondrial and cellular functions. In this review we discuss the current literature on mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake mechanisms, with a particular focus on the structure and function of mtCUC, as well as its regulation by signal transduction pathways, highlighting current controversies and discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Sook Jhun
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Jyotsna Mishra
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Monaco
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Deming Fu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wenmin Jiang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shey-Shing Sheu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jin O-Uchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
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Mitochondrial calcium uniporter regulator 1 (MCUR1) regulates the calcium threshold for the mitochondrial permeability transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1872-80. [PMID: 26976564 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602264113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the mitochondrial permeability transition, a large channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane opens, leading to the loss of multiple mitochondrial solutes and cell death. Key triggers include excessive reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial calcium overload, factors implicated in neuronal and cardiac pathophysiology. Examining the differential behavior of mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload in Drosophila versus human cells allowed us to identify a gene, MCUR1, which, when expressed in Drosophila cells, conferred permeability transition sensitive to electrophoretic Ca(2+) uptake. Conversely, inhibiting MCUR1 in mammalian cells increased the Ca(2+) threshold for inducing permeability transition. The effect was specific to the permeability transition induced by Ca(2+), and such resistance to overload translated into improved cell survival. Thus, MCUR1 expression regulates the Ca(2+) threshold required for permeability transition.
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MCUR1, CCDC90A, Is a Regulator of the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter. Cell Metab 2015; 22:533-5. [PMID: 26445506 PMCID: PMC5384258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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75
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Lee Y, Min CK, Kim TG, Song HK, Lim Y, Kim D, Shin K, Kang M, Kang JY, Youn HS, Lee JG, An JY, Park KR, Lim JJ, Kim JH, Kim JH, Park ZY, Kim YS, Wang J, Kim DH, Eom SH. Structure and function of the N-terminal domain of the human mitochondrial calcium uniporter. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1318-33. [PMID: 26341627 PMCID: PMC4662854 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) is responsible for mitochondrial calcium uptake and homeostasis. It is also a target for the regulation of cellular anti-/pro-apoptosis and necrosis by several oncogenes and tumour suppressors. Herein, we report the crystal structure of the MCU N-terminal domain (NTD) at a resolution of 1.50 Å in a novel fold and the S92A MCU mutant at 2.75 Å resolution; the residue S92 is a predicted CaMKII phosphorylation site. The assembly of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (uniplex) and the interaction with the MCU regulators such as the mitochondrial calcium uptake-1 and mitochondrial calcium uptake-2 proteins (MICU1 and MICU2) are not affected by the deletion of MCU NTD. However, the expression of the S92A mutant or a NTD deletion mutant failed to restore mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake in a stable MCU knockdown HeLa cell line and exerted dominant-negative effects in the wild-type MCU-expressing cell line. These results suggest that the NTD of MCU is essential for the modulation of MCU function, although it does not affect the uniplex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Steitz Center for Structural Biology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Choon Kee Min
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Systems Biology Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Steitz Center for Structural Biology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hong Ki Song
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Systems Biology Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yunki Lim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Systems Biology Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Systems Biology Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kahee Shin
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Systems Biology Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Moonkyung Kang
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejon, Korea
| | - Jung Youn Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Steitz Center for Structural Biology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyung-Seop Youn
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Steitz Center for Structural Biology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung-Gyu Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Steitz Center for Structural Biology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jun Yop An
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Steitz Center for Structural Biology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ryoung Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Steitz Center for Structural Biology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jia Jia Lim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Steitz Center for Structural Biology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji Hun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Steitz Center for Structural Biology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Steitz Center for Structural Biology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Zee Yong Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yeon-Soo Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejon, Korea
| | - Jimin Wang
- Steitz Center for Structural Biology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Do Han Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Systems Biology Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Eom
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Steitz Center for Structural Biology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
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