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Blackwood BP, Wood DR, Yuan C, Nicolas J, De Plaen IG, Farrow KN, Chou P, Turner JR, Hunter CJ. A Role for cAMP and Protein Kinase A in Experimental Necrotizing Enterocolitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 187:401-417. [PMID: 27939131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating intestinal disease that has been associated with Cronobacter sakazakii and typically affects premature infants. Although NEC has been actively investigated, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of epithelial injury and intestinal barrier damage. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA) are important mediators and regulators of apoptosis. To test the hypothesis that C. sakazakii increases cAMP and PKA activation in experimental NEC resulting in increased epithelial apoptosis, we investigated the effects of C. sakazakii on cAMP and PKA in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, rat intestinal epithelial cells and a human intestinal epithelial cell line were infected with C. sakazakii, and cAMP levels and phosphorylation of PKA were measured. An increase in cAMP was demonstrated after infection, as well as an increase in phosphorylated PKA. Similarly, increased intestinal cAMP and PKA phosphorylation were demonstrated in a rat pup model of NEC. These increases were correlated with increased intestinal epithelial apoptosis. The additional of a PKA inhibitor (KT5720) significantly ameliorated these effects and decreased the severity of experimental NEC. Findings were compared with results from human tissue samples. Collectively, these observations indicate that cAMP and PKA phosphorylation are associated with increased apoptosis in NEC and that inhibition of PKA activation protects against apoptosis and experimental NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Blackwood
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Douglas R Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carrie Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joseph Nicolas
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Isabelle G De Plaen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathryn N Farrow
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pauline Chou
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine J Hunter
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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Martin VJ, Leonard MM, Fiechtner L, Fasano A. Transitioning From Descriptive to Mechanistic Understanding of the Microbiome: The Need for a Prospective Longitudinal Approach to Predicting Disease. J Pediatr 2016; 179:240-248. [PMID: 27634626 PMCID: PMC5479769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alessio Fasano
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA.
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Itani T, Ayoub Moubareck C, Melki I, Rousseau C, Mangin I, Butel MJ, Karam Sarkis D. Establishment and development of the intestinal microbiota of preterm infants in a Lebanese tertiary hospital. Anaerobe 2016; 43:4-14. [PMID: 27833033 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The establishment and development of the intestinal microbiota is known to be associated with profound short- and long-term effects on the health of full-term infants (FTI), but studies are just starting for preterm infants (PTI). The data also mostly come from western countries and little information is available for the Middle East. Here, we determined the composition and dynamics of the intestinal microbiota during the first month of life for PTI (n = 66) and FTI (n = 17) in Lebanon. Fecal samples were collected weekly and analyzed by quantitative PCR (q-PCR) and temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE). We observed differences in the establishment and composition of the intestinal microbiota between the two groups. q-PCR showed that PTI were more highly colonized by Staphylococcus than FTI in the first three weeks of life; whereas FTI were more highly colonized by Clostridium clusters I and XI. At one month of life, PTI were mainly colonized by facultative anaerobes and a few strict anaerobes, such as Clostridium cluster I and Bifidobacterium. The type of feeding and antibiotic treatments significantly affected intestinal colonization. TTGE revealed low species diversity in both groups and high inter-individual variability in PTI. Our findings show that PTI had altered intestinal colonization with a higher occurrence of potential pathogens (Enterobacter, Clostridium sp) than FTI. This suggests the need for intervention strategies for PTI to modulate their intestinal microbiota and promote their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Itani
- Microbiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Rodolphe Mérieux Laboratory, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Carole Ayoub Moubareck
- Microbiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Rodolphe Mérieux Laboratory, Beirut, Lebanon; College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Imad Melki
- Hôtel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Clotilde Rousseau
- EA4065, Hospital University Department, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Microbiology, Saint-Louis Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Irène Mangin
- EA4065, Hospital University Department, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire MIEL, Cnam, Paris, France
| | - Marie-José Butel
- EA4065, Hospital University Department, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dolla Karam Sarkis
- Microbiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Rodolphe Mérieux Laboratory, Beirut, Lebanon
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Sawh SC, Deshpande S, Jansen S, Reynaert CJ, Jones PM. Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis with probiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2429. [PMID: 27761306 PMCID: PMC5068355 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most frequent gastrointestinal emergency in neonates. The microbiome of the preterm gut may regulate the integrity of the intestinal mucosa. Probiotics may positively contribute to mucosal integrity, potentially reducing the risk of NEC in neonates. OBJECTIVE To perform an updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of probiotics for the prevention of NEC in premature infants. DATA SOURCES Structured searches were performed in: Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (all via Ovid, from 2013 to January 2015). Clinical trial registries and electronically available conference materials were also searched. An updated search was conducted June 3, 2016. STUDY SELECTION Randomized trials including infants less than 37 weeks gestational age or less than 2,500 g on probiotic vs. standard therapy. DATA EXTRACTION Data extraction of the newly-identified trials with a double check of the previously-identified trials was performed using a standardized data collection tool. RESULTS Thirteen additional trials (n = 5,033) were found. The incidence of severe NEC (RR 0.53 95% CI [0.42-0.66]) and all-cause mortality (RR 0.79 95% CI [0.68-0.93]) were reduced. No difference was shown in culture-proven sepsis RR 0.88 95% CI [0.77-1.00]. LIMITATIONS Heterogeneity of organisms and dosing regimens studied prevent a species-specific treatment recommendation from being made. CONCLUSIONS Preterm infants benefit from probiotics to prevent severe NEC and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja C Sawh
- Department of Pharmacy, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Santosh Deshpande
- Department of Pharmacy, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandy Jansen
- Department of Pharmacy, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Philip M Jones
- Departments of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Minimal short-term effect of dietary 2'-fucosyllactose on bacterial colonisation, intestinal function and necrotising enterocolitis in preterm pigs. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:834-41. [PMID: 27452119 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516002646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human milk decreases the risk of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), a severe gastrointestinal disease that occurs in 5-10 % of preterm infants. The prebiotic and immune-modulatory effects of milk oligosaccharides may contribute to this protection. Preterm pigs were used to test whether infant formula enriched with α1,2-fucosyllactose (2'-FL, the most abundant oligosaccharide in human milk) would benefit gut microbial colonisation and NEC resistance after preterm birth. Caesarean-delivered preterm pigs were fed formula (Controls, n 17) or formula with 5 g/l 2'-FL (2'-FL, n 16) for 5 d; eight 2'-FL pigs (50 %) and twelve Controls (71 %) developed NEC, with no difference in lesion scores (P=0·35); 2'-FL pigs tended to have less anaerobic bacteria in caecal contents (P=0·22), but no difference in gut microbiota between groups were observed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation and 454 pyrosequencing. Abundant α1,2-fucose was detected in the intestine with no difference between groups, and intestinal structure (villus height, permeability) and digestive function (hexose absorption, brush border enzyme activities) were not affected by 2'-FL. Formula enrichment with 2'-FL does not affect gut microbiology, digestive function or NEC sensitivity in pigs within the first few days after preterm birth. Milk 2'-FL may not be critical in the immediate postnatal period of preterm neonates when gut colonisation and intestinal immunity are still immature.
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Gómez-Chaparro Moreno JL, Rodríguez Torronteras A, Ruiz González MD, Izquierdo Palomares L, Bonilla Valverde D, Ruiz Laguna J, Delgado Rubio A, López-Barea J. The β-glucosidase assay: a new diagnostic tool for necrotizing enterocolitis. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Eur J Pediatr 2016; 175:931-41. [PMID: 27118558 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We aimed to establish the utility of serum cytosolic β-glycosidase (CBG) assay as a NEC diagnosis tool. CBG activity has been compared in 192 NEC-free (NEC(-)) and 13 NEC-affected (NEC(+)) neonates, with modified Bell's stages II/III, born at Reina Sofia University Hospital; additional blood hematology, microbiology, and biochemical parameters have been assayed. NEC(+) neonates have higher serum CBG activity, 26.4 ± 12.4 mU/mg; 95 % CI (18.8-33.9), than NEC(-) infants, 11.0 ± 6.6 mU/mg; 95 % CI (10.1-11.9) (p < 0.0001). The CBG cutoff value in the ROC curve, 15.6 mU/mg, discriminates NEC(+)/NEC(-) infants with 84.6 % sensitivity, 85.9 % specificity, 37.9 positive predictive value and 98.2 negative predictive value, 6.11 positive likelihood ratio and 0.18 negative likelihood ratio, 33.61 DOR, and 0.89 AUC. A combined panel [CBG + aspartate aminotransferase + C-reactive protein] shows a 0.90 AUC value in multiple linear regressions. CONCLUSIONS The serum CBG level is a good NEC diagnosis test and a novel NEC biomarker which may become a screening tool. WHAT IS KNOWN •NEC affects ∼2.5 % of infants at NICU, ∼90 % of them weighing <1500 g. •NEC requires a careful differential diagnosis, being lethal if not diagnosed and treated. What is new: •CBG assay will be useful to determine infants without NEC and preventing unnecessary treatment. •CBG assay could discriminate NEC better than other gut-specific sera protein biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Gómez-Chaparro Moreno
- Experimental Unit. Córdoba Health District. Andalusian Health Service, C/ Isla de Lanzarote s/n Edificio 2, 1ª Planta, 14011, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez Torronteras
- Department of Epidemiology. Córdoba Health District, Andalusian Health Service, C/ Isla de Lanzarote s/n Edificio 2, 1ª Planta, Córdoba, 14011, Spain
| | - María Dolores Ruiz González
- Neonatology Unit, Pediatrics Service, RSUH. Andalusian Health Service, Avda. Menendez Pidal s/n., Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Lucía Izquierdo Palomares
- Pediatrics Radiology Section, Radiodiagnostic Service, RSUH, Andalusian Health Service, Avda. Menendez Pidal s/n., Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Daniel Bonilla Valverde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Córdoba University, Severo Ochoa Building. A4 Highway, Km 396a, Rabanales Campus, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Julia Ruiz Laguna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Córdoba University, Severo Ochoa Building. A4 Highway, Km 396a, Rabanales Campus, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Alfonso Delgado Rubio
- Department of Pediatric of San Pablo-CEU University, School of Medicine. Monteprincipe Campus. Alcorcón, Madrid, 28925, Spain
| | - Juan López-Barea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Córdoba University, Severo Ochoa Building. A4 Highway, Km 396a, Rabanales Campus, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
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Aurora M, Spence JR. hPSC-derived lung and intestinal organoids as models of human fetal tissue. Dev Biol 2016; 420:230-238. [PMID: 27287882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In vitro human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) derived tissues are excellent models to study certain aspects of normal human development. Current research in the field of hPSC derived tissues reveals these models to be inherently fetal-like on both a morphological and gene expression level. In this review we briefly discuss current methods for differentiating lung and intestinal tissue from hPSCs into individual 3-dimensional units called organoids. We discuss how these methods mirror what is known about in vivo signaling pathways of the developing embryo. Additionally, we will review how the inherent immaturity of these models lends them to be particularly valuable in the study of immature human tissues in the clinical setting of premature birth. Human lung organoids (HLOs) and human intestinal organoids (HIOs) not only model normal development, but can also be utilized to study several important diseases of prematurity such as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Aurora
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital For Children, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via De Renzi 50, 84125, Salerno (Italy).
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Fawley J, Gourlay DM. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase: a summary of its role in clinical disease. J Surg Res 2016; 202:225-34. [PMID: 27083970 PMCID: PMC4834149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there is increasing evidence implicating a novel role for Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase (IAP) in mitigating inflammatory mediated disorders. IAP is an endogenous protein expressed by the intestinal epithelium that is believed to play a vital role in maintaining gut homeostasis. Loss of IAP expression or function is associated with increased intestinal inflammation, dysbiosis, bacterial translocation and subsequently systemic inflammation. As these events are a cornerstone of the pathophysiology of many diseases relevant to surgeons, we sought to review recent research in both animal and humans on IAP's physiologic function, mechanisms of action and current research in specific surgical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Fawley
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - David M Gourlay
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
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NOD2 Loss-of-Function Mutations and Risks of Necrotizing Enterocolitis or Focal Intestinal Perforation in Very Low-birth-weight Infants. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:249-56. [PMID: 26752461 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NOD2 loss-of-function mutations, that is, R702W [rs2066844], G908R [rs2066845], and Leu1007fsinsC [rs5743293], have been linked to inflammatory bowel diseases. It is yet unknown whether these variants are also associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or focal intestinal perforation (FIP) in infants of very low birth weight (VLBW). METHODS To test this hypothesis, we genotyped 9082 VLBW infants with European ancestry enrolled in a prospective, population-based cohort study of the German Neonatal Network. We assessed the effect of the NOD2 gene variants on the risk for major morbidities of the gastrointestinal tract, that is, NEC/FIP requiring surgery in multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS In the whole cohort of VLBW infants, carriers of ≥ 2 NOD2 variant alleles had an increased risk for NEC requiring surgery (odds ratio [OR], 3.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27-10.04; P = 0.03) and NEC or FIP requiring surgery (OR, 3.81; 95% CI, 1.70-8.51; P = 0.004) as compared with wild-type genotypes. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis including gestational age, birth weight, gender, multiple birth, and inborn delivery, the association between ≥ 2 NOD2 variant alleles and NEC surgery (OR, 4.14; 95% CI, 1.41-12.12; P = 0.009), FIP surgery (OR, 3.50; 95% CI, 1.02-12.04; P = 0.047), and NEC or FIP surgery (OR, 4.10; 95% CI, 1.74-9.73; P = 0.001) proved to be independent. We also performed a regression analysis in the subgroup of infants with available information on Lactobacillus acidophilus/Bifidobacterium infantis probiotic supplementation (n = 3638). Although probiotics had a protective effect on NEC and NEC or FIP requiring surgery, the NOD2 variants had no significant impact in this subgroup. CONCLUSIONS VLBW infants carrying ≥ 2 NOD2 genetic risk factors of inflammatory bowel disease in adults have an increased risk for severe gastrointestinal complications, such as NEC requiring surgery. Therefore, infants might benefit from NOD2 genotyping followed by supplementation with probiotics. Replication studies are needed along with genome-wide arrays to allow risk-adapted prevention and therapeutic strategies.
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Heida FH, van Zoonen AGJF, Hulscher JBF, Te Kiefte BJC, Wessels R, Kooi EMW, Bos AF, Harmsen HJM, de Goffau MC. A Necrotizing Enterocolitis-Associated Gut Microbiota Is Present in the Meconium: Results of a Prospective Study. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:863-870. [PMID: 26787171 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anomalous intestinal microbiota development is supposedly associated with development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Our aim in this study was to identify the intestinal microbiota of patients at risk for NEC. METHODS In a prospective trial that investigated prognostic factors for development of NEC in high-risk neonates (NTR4153), 11 NEC cases were gestational age/birthweight matched with controls (ratio of 1:2). Feces were collected twice a week. We used the first feces sample of each patient (meconium), as well as the last 2 feces samples prior to development of NEC. DNA was extracted, and the bacterial 16S rRNA genes were analyzed on a MiSeq sequencer. RESULTS The presence and abundance of Clostridium perfringens (8.4%) and Bacteroides dorei (0.9%) in meconium were increased in neonates who developed NEC compared with controls (0.1% and 0.2%; both species, P < .001). In post-meconium samples, the abundance of staphylococci became negatively associated with NEC development (P = .1 and P = .01 for consecutive samples); Clostridium perfringens continued to be more prevalent in NEC cases. Early enteral feeding and, in particular, breast milk were correlated with an increase in lactate-producing bacilli in post-meconium samples (ρ = -0.45; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS A NEC-associated gut microbiota can be identified in meconium samples; C. perfringens continues to be associated with NEC from the first meconium till just before NEC onset. In contrast, in post-meconium, increased numbers of staphylococci were negatively associated with NEC. These findings suggest causality but this causality should be verified in trials of induced infection in animals, targeted antibiotics, and/or probiotics. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION CALIFORNIA trial, registered under trial number NTR4153 in the Dutch Trial Registry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardou H Heida
- Department of Pediatric Surgery.,Department of Medical Microbiology
| | | | | | | | | | - Elisabeth M W Kooi
- Department of Neonatology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend F Bos
- Department of Neonatology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Application of Laser Capture Microdissection and 16S rRNA Gene Polymerase Chain Reaction in the Analysis of Bacteria Colonizing the Intestinal Tissue of Neonates With Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:e279-89. [PMID: 26372849 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal emergency in newborns. However, the pathogenesis of NEC remains unclear because most bacterial characterizations of alleged pathogens have been performed via the analysis of human fecal samples and experimental animal studies. The objective is to investigate the microbial composition of NEC using inflamed intestinal tissue surgically removed from neonates diagnosed with NEC (n = 18). METHODS We obtained intestinal tissues via a combination of laser capture microdissection and Gram staining, which was used to mark individual bacteria. Tissues with congenital intestinal atresia (n = 7) served as control specimens. An analysis of the 16S rRNA of each sample was performed via polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Numerous bacteria were observed in the inflamed intestinal wall tissue samples obtained from neonates with NEC following Gram staining and examination under an optical microscope. The total number of types detected by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was 12.17 ± 2.83 per infant with NEC, whereas only 2.57 ± 1.81 types were detected in each infant with congenital intestinal atresia. Proteobacteria had the highest constituent ratio (188 of 285) of all detected clone sequences in the NEC group. Additionally, Pseudomonas sp., Acinetobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Clostridium sp., Ochrobactrum sp. and Arcobacter sp. were detected only in the NEC group. CONCLUSIONS The combination of Gram staining and laser capture microdissection was a reliable method to obtain and prepare tissue samples for processing. NEC was associated with multiple species of bacteria, and microflora within the disease-affected sites may be relatively specific and stable. Proteobacteria demonstrated the highest constituent ratio. Our observations warrant closer examination of the 6 bacterial genera that were only detected in NEC, particularly Clostridium sp., which may be closely correlated with pneumatosis intestinalis.
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Cleary B, Brito IL, Huang K, Gevers D, Shea T, Young S, Alm E. Detection of low-abundance bacterial strains in metagenomic datasets by eigengenome partitioning. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:1053-60. [PMID: 26368049 PMCID: PMC4720164 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of metagenomic datasets that are sequenced to a depth of billions or trillions of bases can uncover hundreds of microbial genomes, but naive assembly of these data is computationally intensive, requiring hundreds of gigabytes to terabytes of RAM. We present latent strain analysis (LSA), a scalable, de novo pre-assembly method that separates reads into biologically informed partitions and thereby enables assembly of individual genomes. LSA is implemented with a streaming calculation of unobserved variables that we call eigengenomes. Eigengenomes reflect covariance in the abundance of short, fixed-length sequences, or k-mers. As the abundance of each genome in a sample is reflected in the abundance of each k-mer in that genome, eigengenome analysis can be used to partition reads from different genomes. This partitioning can be done in fixed memory using tens of gigabytes of RAM, which makes assembly and downstream analyses of terabytes of data feasible on commodity hardware. Using LSA, we assemble partial and near-complete genomes of bacterial taxa present at relative abundances as low as 0.00001%. We also show that LSA is sensitive enough to separate reads from several strains of the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Cleary
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ilana Lauren Brito
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Huang
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dirk Gevers
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Terrance Shea
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Young
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Alm
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Preterm Birth Reduces Nutrient Absorption With Limited Effect on Immune Gene Expression and Gut Colonization in Pigs. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61:481-90. [PMID: 25883061 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are preterm birth, enteral feeding, and gut colonization. It is unclear whether feeding and colonization induce excessive expression of immune genes that lead to NEC. Using a pig model, we hypothesized that reduced gestational age would upregulate immune-related genes and cause bacterial imbalance after birth. METHODS Preterm (85%-92% gestation, n = 53) and near-term (95%-99% gestation, n = 69) pigs were delivered by cesarean section and euthanized at birth or after 2 days of infant formula or bovine colostrum feeding. RESULTS At birth, preterm delivery reduced 5 of 30 intestinal genes related to nutrient absorption and innate immunity, relative to near-term pigs, whereas 2 genes were upregulated. Preterm birth also reduced ex vivo intestinal glucose and leucine uptake (40%-50%), but failed to increase cytokine secretions from intestinal explants relative to near-term birth. After 2 days of formula feeding, NEC incidence was increased in preterm versus near-term pigs (47% vs 0%-13%). A total of 6 of the 30 genes related to immunity (TLR2, IL1B, and IL8), permeability (CLDN3, and OCLN), and absorption (SGLT) decreased in preterm pigs without affecting Gram-negative bacteria-related responses (TLR4, IKBA, NFkB1, TNFAIP3, and PAFA). Bacterial abundance tended to be higher in preterm versus near-term pigs (P = 0.09), whereas the composition was unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Preterm birth predisposes to NEC and reduces nutrient absorption but does not induce upregulation of immune-related genes or cause bacterial dyscolonization in the neonatal period. Excessive inflammation and bacterial overgrowth may occur relatively late in NEC progression in preterm neonates.
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Jung K, Kim JH, Cheong HS, Shin E, Kim SH, Hwang JY, Lee E, Yoon MO, Kim SH, Sio CA, Shin HD, Jung SE. Gene expression profile of necrotizing enterocolitis model in neonatal mice. Int J Surg 2015; 23:28-34. [PMID: 26403067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) characterized by intestinal necrosis is one of the most common gastrointestinal emergencies in newborns. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the whole genome expression levels in a NEC mouse model controlled with breast milk. METHODS This study induced a NEC model in mice of gestational ages of 18-21 days by intensive hypoxic insult and permitted breast-feeding instead of formula feeding. After evaluating the NEC status in the small intestines of neonatal mice by histological examination, a genome-wide gene expression profile study was completed using microarray analysis. RESULTS A total of 72 genes (38 down-regulated and 34 up-regulated) were observed to have significantly different expression profiles in the NEC mouse model compared with the normal control animals, based on a significance at fold change ≥ 2 and P < 0.05. In particular, down-regulated Hist1h2aa and up-regulated Ube2i showed the most significant signals (P = 0.0008 for both genes). In an additional gene ontology analysis, the endopeptidase related categories (specifically, serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity, P = 8.95 × 10(-5); Pcorr = 0.008) appeared to affect NEC development in the mouse model. CONCLUSION Although replications and functional evaluations are needed, our results suggest that several genes may have different expression profiles in the NEC mouse model. In particular, endopeptidase related genes (which are also known to be relevant to NEC), as identified through gene ontology analysis, may represent attractive targets for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuwhan Jung
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Kim
- Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sub Cheong
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., Seoul 153-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Shin
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Hwang
- Preclinical Experimental Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ok Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Cherry Ann Sio
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Doo Shin
- Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Eun Jung
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul 110-773, Republic of Korea.
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Young JC, Pan C, Adams RM, Brooks B, Banfield JF, Morowitz MJ, Hettich RL. Metaproteomics reveals functional shifts in microbial and human proteins during a preterm infant gut colonization case. Proteomics 2015; 15:3463-73. [PMID: 26077811 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microbial colonization of the human gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in establishing health and homeostasis. However, the time-dependent functional signatures of microbial and human proteins during early colonization of the gut have yet to be determined. To this end, we employed shotgun proteomics to simultaneously monitor microbial and human proteins in fecal samples from a preterm infant during the first month of life. Microbial community complexity increased over time, with compositional changes that were consistent with previous metagenomic and rRNA gene data. More specifically, the function of the microbial community initially involved biomass growth, protein production, and lipid metabolism, and then switched to more complex metabolic functions, such as carbohydrate metabolism, once the community stabilized and matured. Human proteins detected included those responsible for epithelial barrier function and antimicrobial activity. Some neutrophil-derived proteins increased in abundance early in the study period, suggesting activation of the innate immune system. Likewise, abundances of cytoskeletal and mucin proteins increased later in the time course, suggestive of subsequent adjustment to the increased microbial load. This study provides the first snapshot of coordinated human and microbial protein expression in a preterm infant's gut during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacque C Young
- Genome Sciences and Technology Graduate School, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Chongle Pan
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Rachel M Adams
- Genome Sciences and Technology Graduate School, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Brandon Brooks
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jillian F Banfield
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Morowitz
- Division of Pediatric General & Thoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert L Hettich
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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Cassir N, Benamar S, Khalil JB, Croce O, Saint-Faust M, Jacquot A, Million M, Azza S, Armstrong N, Henry M, Jardot P, Robert C, Gire C, Lagier JC, Chabrière E, Ghigo E, Marchandin H, Sartor C, Boutte P, Cambonie G, Simeoni U, Raoult D, La Scola B. Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:1107-15. [PMID: 26084844 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common and serious gastrointestinal disorder among preterm neonates. We aimed to assess a specific gut microbiota profile associated with NEC. METHODS Stool samples and clinical data were collected from 4 geographically independent neonatal intensive care units, over a 48-month period. Thirty stool samples from preterm neonates with NEC (n = 15) and controls (n = 15) were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA pyrosequencing and culture-based methods. The results led us to develop a specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for Clostridium butyricum, and we tested stool samples from preterm neonates with NEC (n = 93) and controls (n = 270). We sequenced the whole genome of 16 C. butyricum strains, analyzed their phylogenetic relatedness, tested their culture supernatants for cytotoxic activity, and searched for secreted toxins. RESULTS Clostridium butyricum was specifically associated with NEC using molecular and culture-based methods (15/15 vs 2/15; P < .0001) or qPCR (odds ratio, 45.4 [95% confidence interval, 26.2-78.6]; P < .0001). Culture supernatants of C. butyricum strains from preterm neonates with NEC (n = 14) exhibited significant cytotoxic activity (P = .008), and we identified in all a homologue of the β-hemolysin toxin gene shared by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the etiologic agent of swine dysentery. The corresponding protein was secreted by a NEC-associated C. butyricum strain. CONCLUSIONS NEC was associated with C. butyricum strains and dysbiosis with an oxidized, acid, and poorly diversified gut microbiota. Our findings highlight the plausible toxigenic mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Cassir
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Samia Benamar
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Jacques Bou Khalil
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Olivier Croce
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Marie Saint-Faust
- Service de néonatalogie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice GCS-CHU Lenval
| | - Aurélien Jacquot
- Service de néonatalogie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve
| | - Matthieu Million
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Said Azza
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Nicholas Armstrong
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Mireille Henry
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Priscilla Jardot
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Catherine Robert
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Catherine Gire
- Service de néonatalogie, Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Eric Chabrière
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Eric Ghigo
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Hélène Marchandin
- Laboratoire de bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve
| | - Catherine Sartor
- Equipe opérationnelle d'hygiène hospitalière, Hôpital la Conception
| | - Patrick Boutte
- Service de néonatalogie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice GCS-CHU Lenval
| | - Gilles Cambonie
- Service de néonatalogie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve
| | - Umberto Simeoni
- Service de néonatalogie, Hôpital la Conception, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université
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Butel MJ, Aires J. Editorial Commentary:Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Clostridial Disease? Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:1116-8. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Hospital-associated microbiota and implications for nosocomial infections. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:427-32. [PMID: 25907678 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The rise of high-throughput sequencing technologies and culture-independent microbial surveys has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of how microbes colonize, move about, and evolve in hospital environments. Genome analysis of individual organisms, characterization of population dynamics, and microbial community ecology are facilitating the identification of novel pathogens, the tracking of disease outbreaks, and the study of the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Here we review the recent applications of these methods to microbial ecology studies in hospitals and discuss their potential to influence hospital management policy and practice and to reduce nosocomial infections and the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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71
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Raveh-Sadka T, Thomas BC, Singh A, Firek B, Brooks B, Castelle CJ, Sharon I, Baker R, Good M, Morowitz MJ, Banfield JF. Gut bacteria are rarely shared by co-hospitalized premature infants, regardless of necrotizing enterocolitis development. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25735037 PMCID: PMC4384745 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature infants are highly vulnerable to aberrant gastrointestinal tract
colonization, a process that may lead to diseases like necrotizing enterocolitis.
Thus, spread of potential pathogens among hospitalized infants is of great concern.
Here, we reconstructed hundreds of high-quality genomes of microorganisms that
colonized co-hospitalized premature infants, assessed their metabolic potential, and
tracked them over time to evaluate bacterial strain dispersal among infants. We
compared microbial communities in infants who did and did not develop necrotizing
enterocolitis. Surprisingly, while potentially pathogenic bacteria of the same
species colonized many infants, our genome-resolved analysis revealed that strains
colonizing each baby were typically distinct. In particular, no strain was common to
all infants who developed necrotizing enterocolitis. The paucity of shared gut
colonizers suggests the existence of significant barriers to the spread of bacteria
among infants. Importantly, we demonstrate that strain-resolved comprehensive
community analysis can be accomplished on potentially medically relevant time
scales. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05477.001 The spread of potentially harmful bacteria is a major source of disease in patients
staying in hospitals. Premature babies—born before 37 weeks of
pregnancy—can be particularly vulnerable to these infections because their
organs may not yet be fully developed. Also, young babies do not have the fully
established populations of beneficial microbes that help to protect us from dangerous
bacteria. Necrotizing enterocolitis—a life-threatening disease that can cause portions
of the bowel to die—is mostly seen in extremely premature babies. Although it
is not known what causes this serious condition, research has suggested that a
contagious microbe may be responsible. The development of methods that can sequence DNA from whole communities of microbes,
known as metagenomics, allows researchers to identify the presence of individual
strains of bacteria within these communities. This makes it possible to compare and
contrast the strains of bacteria present in both diseased and healthy individuals, to
help identify the bacteria responsible for a disease. Here, Raveh-Sadka et al. used a metagenomics approach to study the communities of
microbes present in premature babies in a hospital unit during an outbreak of
necrotizing enterocolitis. The study found that very few bacterial strains were
present in more than one baby, suggesting that bacterial strains are not readily
transferred between the babies while they are in the hospital. Furthermore,
Raveh-Sadka et al. reveal that no single bacterial strain was shared among all the
babies who developed necrotizing enterocolitis. These findings indicate that necrotizing enterocolitis is not caused by a single
strain of bacterium. Instead, if bacteria do contribute to the disease, it maybe that
it is caused by a variety of potentially harmful bacteria colonizing the gut at the
cost of beneficial bacteria. In future, better understanding of the barriers that
limit the transfer of bacteria between premature babies could help inform efforts to
reduce the spread of infections between patients in hospitals. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05477.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Raveh-Sadka
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Brian C Thomas
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Andrea Singh
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Brian Firek
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Brandon Brooks
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Cindy J Castelle
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Itai Sharon
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Robyn Baker
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Misty Good
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Michael J Morowitz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Jillian F Banfield
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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Østergaard MV, Shen RL, Støy ACF, Skovgaard K, Krych Ł, Leth SS, Nielsen DS, Hartmann B, Bering SB, Schmidt M, Sangild PT. Provision of Amniotic Fluid During Parenteral Nutrition Increases Weight Gain With Limited Effects on Gut Structure, Function, Immunity, and Microbiology in Newborn Preterm Pigs. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015; 40:552-66. [PMID: 25613990 DOI: 10.1177/0148607114566463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small enteral boluses with human milk may reduce the risk of subsequent feeding intolerance and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition (PN). We hypothesized that feeding amniotic fluid, the natural enteral diet of the mammalian fetus, will have similar effects and improve growth and gastrointestinal (GI) maturation in preterm neonates receiving PN, prior to the transition to milk feeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-seven pigs, delivered by cesarean section at ~90% of gestation, were provided with PN and also fed boluses with amniotic fluid (AF; n = 13, 24-72 mL/kg/d) or no oral supplements (nil per os [NPO]; n = 14) until day 5 when blood, tissue, and fecal samples were collected for analyses. RESULTS Body weight gain was 2.7-fold higher in AF vs NPO pigs. AF pigs showed slower gastric emptying, reduced meal-induced release of gastric inhibitory peptide and glucagon-like peptide 2, changed gut microbiota, and reduced intestinal permeability. There were no effects on GI weight, percentage mucosa, villus height, plasma citrulline, hexose absorptive capacity, and digestive enzymes. Intestinal interleukin (IL)-1β levels and expression of IL1B and IL8 were increased in AF pigs, while blood biochemistry and amino acid levels were minimally affected. CONCLUSION Enteral boluses of AF were well tolerated in the first 5 days of life in preterm pigs receiving PN. Enteral provision of AF before the initiation of milk feeding may stimulate body growth and improve hydration in preterm infants receiving PN. Furthermore, it may improve GI motility and integrity, although most markers of GI maturation remain unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Viberg Østergaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports and Department of Clinical Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Rene Liang Shen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports and Department of Clinical Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ann Cathrine Findal Støy
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports and Department of Clinical Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark Innate Immunology Group, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Innate Immunology Group, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Łukasz Krych
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stine Sofie Leth
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dennis Sandris Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Stine Brandt Bering
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports and Department of Clinical Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mette Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports and Department of Clinical Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports and Department of Clinical Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Abstract
The microbiome, of which the bacterial component alone (microbiota), is estimated to include 10 times more cells than human cells of the body, blooms immediately after birth and evolves in composition and complexity throughout childhood. The gut microbiome has a profound impact on gastrointestinal tract development, maintenance of mucosal surface integrity, and contributes to the nutritional status of the host and thus plays a pivotal role in health and disease. New technologies have enabled the detailed characterization of normal microbial symbionts and dysbiosis-disease associations. This review summarizes the stepwise establishment of the intestinal microbiota, influential environmental factors, and how this may be perturbed in preterm very-low-birth-weight infants. The contribution of the microbiota to provision of energy and nutrients for intestinal development and the nutritional status of the host are reviewed. In addition, the crucial role of the gut microbiota in maintaining mucosal integrity is explored along with how its breakdown can lead to sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Finally, the role of enteral feeding type (human milk, formula, and nutrient fortification) in mediating these processes is discussed, and guidance is provided for nutritional strategies to promote health in these fragile infants.
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Statement on the update of the list of QPS‐recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 1: Suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until October 2014. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Xiong W, Giannone RJ, Morowitz MJ, Banfield JF, Hettich RL. Development of an enhanced metaproteomic approach for deepening the microbiome characterization of the human infant gut. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:133-41. [PMID: 25350865 PMCID: PMC4286196 DOI: 10.1021/pr500936p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The establishment of early life microbiota
in the human infant
gut is highly variable and plays a crucial role in host nutrient availability/uptake
and maturation of immunity. Although high-performance mass spectrometry
(MS)-based metaproteomics is a powerful method for the functional
characterization of complex microbial communities, the acquisition
of comprehensive metaproteomic information in human fecal samples
is inhibited by the presence of abundant human proteins. To alleviate
this restriction, we have designed a novel metaproteomic strategy
based on double filtering (DF) the raw samples, a method that fractionates
microbial from human cells to enhance microbial protein identification
and characterization in complex fecal samples from healthy premature
infants. This method dramatically improved the overall depth of infant
gut proteome measurement, with an increase in the number of identified
low-abundance proteins and a greater than 2-fold improvement in microbial
protein identification and quantification. This enhancement of proteome
measurement depth enabled a more extensive microbiome comparison between
infants by not only increasing the confidence of identified microbial
functional categories but also revealing previously undetected categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xiong
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Sim K, Shaw AG, Randell P, Cox MJ, McClure ZE, Li MS, Haddad M, Langford PR, Cookson WOCM, Moffatt MF, Kroll JS. Dysbiosis anticipating necrotizing enterocolitis in very premature infants. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 60:389-97. [PMID: 25344536 PMCID: PMC4415053 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and targeted culture, we compared microbiota in fecal samples from infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and controls. Two significant signatures were associated with NEC: 1 with dominant Clostridium perfringens and 1 with dominant Enterobacteriaceae. Background. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating inflammatory bowel disease of premature infants speculatively associated with infection. Suspected NEC can be indistinguishable from sepsis, and in established cases an infant may die within hours of diagnosis. Present treatment is supportive. A means of presymptomatic diagnosis is urgently needed. We aimed to identify microbial signatures in the gastrointestinal microbiota preceding NEC diagnosis in premature infants. Methods. Fecal samples and clinical data were collected from a 2-year cohort of 369 premature neonates. Next-generation sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene regions was used to characterize the microbiota of prediagnosis fecal samples from 12 neonates with NEC, 8 with suspected NEC, and 44 controls. Logistic regression was used to determine clinical characteristics and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) discriminating cases from controls. Samples were cultured and isolates identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight. Clostridial isolates were typed and toxin genes detected. Results. A clostridial OTU was overabundant in prediagnosis samples from infants with established NEC (P = .006). Culture confirmed the presence of Clostridium perfringens type A. Fluorescent amplified fragment-length polymorphism typing established that no isolates were identical. Prediagnosis samples from NEC infants not carrying profuse C. perfringens revealed an overabundance of a Klebsiella OTU (P = .049). Prolonged continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy with supplemental oxygen was also associated with increased NEC risk. Conclusions. Two fecal microbiota signatures (Clostridium and Klebsiella OTUs) and need for prolonged CPAP oxygen signal increased risk of NEC in presymptomatic infants. These biomarkers will assist development of a screening tool to allow very early diagnosis of NEC. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01102738.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael J Cox
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Genomics, National Heart and Lung Institute
| | | | - Ming-Shi Li
- Department of Medicine, Section of Paediatrics
| | - Munther Haddad
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Miriam F Moffatt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Genomics, National Heart and Lung Institute
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Brower-Sinning R, Zhong D, Good M, Firek B, Baker R, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ, Morowitz MJ. Mucosa-associated bacterial diversity in necrotizing enterocolitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105046. [PMID: 25203729 PMCID: PMC4159227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies of infant fecal samples have failed to clarify the role of gut bacteria in the pathogenesis of NEC. We sought to characterize bacterial communities within intestinal tissue resected from infants with and without NEC. Methods 26 intestinal samples were resected from 19 infants, including 16 NEC samples and 10 non-NEC samples. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified and sequenced. Analysis allowed for taxonomic identification, and quantitative PCR was used to quantify the bacterial load within samples. Results NEC samples generally contained an increased total burden of bacteria. NEC and non-NEC sample sets were both marked by high inter-individual variability and an abundance of opportunistic pathogens. There was no statistically significant distinction between the composition of NEC and non-NEC microbial communities. K-means clustering enabled us to identify several stable clusters, including clusters of NEC and midgut volvulus samples enriched with Clostridium and Bacteroides. Another cluster containing both NEC and non-NEC samples was marked by an abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and decreased diversity among NEC samples. Conclusions The results indicate that NEC is a disease without a uniform pattern of microbial colonization, but that NEC is associated with an abundance of strict anaerobes and a decrease in community diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Brower-Sinning
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Diana Zhong
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Misty Good
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian Firek
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robyn Baker
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chhinder P. Sodhi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David J. Hackam
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Morowitz
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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78
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Donovan SM, Wang M, Monaco MH, Martin CR, Davidson LA, Ivanov I, Chapkin RS. Noninvasive molecular fingerprinting of host-microbiome interactions in neonates. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4112-9. [PMID: 25042036 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The early postnatal period is a critical window for intestinal and immune maturation. Intestinal development and microbiome diversity and composition differ between breast- (BF) and formula-fed (FF) infants. Mechanistic examination into host-microbe relationships in healthy infants has been hindered by ethical constraints surrounding tissue biopsies. Thus, a statistically rigorous analytical framework to simultaneously examine both host and microbial responses to dietary/environmental factors using exfoliated intestinal epithelial cells was developed. Differential expression of ∼1200 genes, including genes regulating intestinal proliferation, differentiation and barrier function, was observed between BF and FF term infants. Canonical correlation analysis uncovered a relationship between microbiome virulence genes and host immunity and defense genes. Lastly, exfoliated cells from preterm and term infants were compared. Pathways associated with immune cell function and inflammation were up-regulated in preterm, whereas cell growth-related genes were up-regulated in the term infants. Thus, coordinate measurement of the transcriptomes of exfoliated epithelial cells and microbiome allows inquiry into mutualistic host-microbe interactions in the infant, which can be used to prospectively study gut development or, retrospectively, to identify potential triggers of disease in banked samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Marcia H Monaco
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Camilia R Martin
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Laurie A Davidson
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science and Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA; Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science and Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA; Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science and Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA; Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
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79
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Arnold C. Rethinking sterile: the hospital microbiome. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:A182-7. [PMID: 24983914 PMCID: PMC4080534 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.122-a182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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80
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Toms R, Jackson KW, Dabal RJ, Reebals CH, Alten JA. Preoperative Trophic Feeds in Neonates with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2014; 10:36-42. [DOI: 10.1111/chd.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rune Toms
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Critical Care; Section of Cardiovascular Intensive Care; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Ala USA
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Neonatology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Ala USA
| | - Kimberly W. Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Critical Care; Section of Cardiovascular Intensive Care; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Ala USA
| | - Robert J. Dabal
- Department of Surgery; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Ala USA
| | - Cristina H. Reebals
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Neonatology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Ala USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Alten
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Critical Care; Section of Cardiovascular Intensive Care; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Ala USA
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81
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Jakaitis BM, Denning PW. Commensal and probiotic bacteria may prevent NEC by maturing intestinal host defenses. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2014; 21:47-54. [PMID: 24440614 PMCID: PMC5424473 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease of prematurity with significant morbidity and mortality. Immaturity of intestinal host defenses predisposes the premature infant gut to injury. An abnormal bacterial colonization pattern with a deficiency of commensal bacteria may lead to a further breakdown of these host defense mechanisms, predisposing the infant to NEC. The presence of probiotic and commensal bacteria within the gut has been shown to mature the intestinal defense system through a variety of mechanisms. We have shown that commensal and probiotic bacteria can promote intestinal host defenses by reducing apoptotic signaling, blocking inflammatory signaling, and maturing barrier function in immature intestinal epithelia. Future studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms by which probiotic and commensal bacteria exert their effects will be critical to developing effective preventive therapies for NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M Jakaitis
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Patricia W Denning
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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82
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Brooks B, Firek BA, Miller CS, Sharon I, Thomas BC, Baker R, Morowitz MJ, Banfield JF. Microbes in the neonatal intensive care unit resemble those found in the gut of premature infants. MICROBIOME 2014; 2:1. [PMID: 24468033 PMCID: PMC4392516 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The source inoculum of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbes is largely influenced by delivery mode in full-term infants, but these influences may be decoupled in very low birth weight (VLBW, <1,500 g) neonates via conventional broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment. We hypothesize the built environment (BE), specifically room surfaces frequently touched by humans, is a predominant source of colonizing microbes in the gut of premature VLBW infants. Here, we present the first matched fecal-BE time series analysis of two preterm VLBW neonates housed in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) over the first month of life. RESULTS Fresh fecal samples were collected every 3 days and metagenomes sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq2000 device. For each fecal sample, approximately 33 swabs were collected from each NICU room from 6 specified areas: sink, feeding and intubation tubing, hands of healthcare providers and parents, general surfaces, and nurse station electronics (keyboard, mouse, and cell phone). Swabs were processed using a recently developed 'expectation maximization iterative reconstruction of genes from the environment' (EMIRGE) amplicon pipeline in which full-length 16S rRNA amplicons were sheared and sequenced using an Illumina platform, and short reads reassembled into full-length genes. Over 24,000 full-length 16S rRNA sequences were produced, generating an average of approximately 12,000 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (clustered at 97% nucleotide identity) per room-infant pair. Dominant gut taxa, including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacteroides fragilis, and Escherichia coli, were widely distributed throughout the room environment with many gut colonizers detected in more than half of samples. Reconstructed genomes from infant gut colonizers revealed a suite of genes that confer resistance to antibiotics (for example, tetracycline, fluoroquinolone, and aminoglycoside) and sterilizing agents, which likely offer a competitive advantage in the NICU environment. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a high-throughput culture-independent approach that integrates room surveys based on full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences with metagenomic analysis of fecal samples collected from infants in the room. The approach enabled identification of discrete ICU reservoirs of microbes that also colonized the infant gut and provided evidence for the presence of certain organisms in the room prior to their detection in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Brooks
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brian A Firek
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Christopher S Miller
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80202, USA
| | - Itai Sharon
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brian C Thomas
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Robyn Baker
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | | | - Jillian F Banfield
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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83
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Feero WG, Guttmacher AE. Genomics, personalized medicine, and pediatrics. Acad Pediatr 2014; 14:14-22. [PMID: 24369865 PMCID: PMC4227880 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genomic discoveries are advancing biomedicine at an ever-increasing pace. Pediatrics is near the epicenter of these discoveries, which are revising our understanding of the genome and its function. Since the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, dramatic reductions in the cost of genotyping, and more recently sequencing, have permitted the study of the genomes of a great number of species as well as humans. These studies have led to insights on gene regulation and the complex interplay of factors responsible for normal development and biology. Study of single-gene disorders has greatly benefited from the genomics revolution and tests are now available for well over 2000 Mendelian conditions; availability of these tests are changing screening and diagnosis paradigms for rare conditions. Genomics is also yielding an increased understanding of common conditions such as diabetes, obesity, asthma, cancers, and mental health conditions. Personalized medicine, an approach to care in which an individual's genomic information is used to help tailor interventions to maximize health outcomes, is rapidly becoming a reality for a variety of conditions. Though challenges remain in translating new genomic insights into improved patient health, today's pediatricians and their patients will increasingly benefit from this watershed moment in the biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan E Guttmacher
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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84
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Alverdy J, Gilbert J, DeFazio JR, Sadowsky MJ, Chang EB, Morowitz MJ, Teitelbaum DH. Proceedings of the 2013 A.S.P.E.N. Research workshop: the interface between nutrition and the gut microbiome: implications and applications for human health [corrected]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 38:167-78. [PMID: 24379111 DOI: 10.1177/0148607113517904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human and earth microbiomes are among the most important biological agents in understanding and preventing disease. Technology is advancing at a fast pace and allowing for high-resolution analysis of the composition and function of our microbial partners across regions, space, and time. Bioinformaticists and biostatisticians are developing ever more elegant displays to understand the generated megadatasets. A virtual cyberinfrastructure of search engines to cross-reference the rapidly developing data is emerging in line with technologic advances. Nutrition science will reap the benefits of this new field, and its role in preserving the earth and the humans who inhabit it will become evidently clear. In this report we highlight some of the topics of an A.S.P.E.N.-sponsored symposium held during Clinical Nutrition Week in 2013 that address the importance of the human microbiome to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Alverdy
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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85
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S100A12 and hBD2 correlate with the composition of the fecal microflora in ELBW infants and expansion of E. coli is associated with NEC. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:150372. [PMID: 24307989 PMCID: PMC3838852 DOI: 10.1155/2013/150372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To describe the development of the gut microbiota in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants with and without necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) between April 2008 and December 2009, fecal microflora was prospectively analyzed in fecal samples of all ELBW infants using real-time PCR assays. In addition, fecal inflammatory were measured. Results. Fecal microflora established early in ELBW infants and microbiota composition remained stable over the first 28 days of life except for the prevalence of C. difficile which decreased with decreasing antibiotic use. Infants who subsequently developed NEC had an increase of total bacterial count (9.8-fold) 24 h prior to clinical symptoms mainly due to the expansion of E. coli species (21.6-fold), whereas microbiota composition did not differ from healthy ELBW infants five days before onset of NEC. Importantly, S100A12 and hBD2 positively correlated with the total and E. coli bacterial CFU/g feces (r2 0.4 and 0.64, resp.). Conclusions. In summary, we found evidence for a disturbed homeostasis between the intestinal microbiome and host immunity in ELBW infants with NEC. Moreover, S100A12 and hBD2 correlate with the fecal microbiota thus linking the intestinal innate immune response to the bacterial colonization thus possibly providing a diagnostic tool in the future.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the composition and richness of bacterial communities associated with low-birthweight (LBW) infants in relation to host body site, individual, and age. Bacterial 16S rRNA genes from saliva samples, skin swabs, and stool samples collected on postnatal days 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, and 21 from six LBW (five premature) infants were amplified, pyrosequenced, and analyzed within a comparative framework that included analogous data from normal-birthweight (NBW) infants and healthy adults. We found that body site was the primary determinant of bacterial community composition in the LBW infants. However, site specificity depended on postnatal age: saliva and stool compositions diverged over time but were not significantly different until the babies were 15 days old. This divergence was primarily driven by progressive temporal turnover in the distal gut, which proceeded at a rate similar to that of age-matched NBW infants. Neonatal skin was the most adult-like in microbiota composition, while saliva and stool remained the least so. Compositional variation among infants was marked and depended on body site and age. Only the smallest, most premature infant received antibiotics during the study period; this heralded a coexpansion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a novel Mycoplasma sp. in the oral cavity of this vaginally delivered, intubated patient. We conclude that concurrent molecular surveillance of multiple body sites in LBW neonates reveals a delayed compositional differentiation of the oral cavity and distal gut microbiota and, in the case of one infant, an abundant, uncultivated oral Mycoplasma sp., recently detected in human vaginal samples. Complications of premature birth are the most common cause of neonatal mortality. Colonization by the indigenous microbiota, which begins at delivery, may predispose some high-risk newborns to invasive infection or necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and protect others, yet neonatal microbiome dynamics are poorly understood. Here, we present the first cultivation-independent time series tracking microbiota assembly across multiple body sites in a synchronous cohort of hospitalized low-birthweight (LBW) neonates. We take advantage of archived samples and publically available sequence data and compare our LBW infant findings to those from normal-birthweight (NBW) infants and healthy adults. Our results suggest potential windows of opportunity for the dispersal of microbes within and between hosts and support recent findings of substantial baseline spatiotemporal variation in microbiota composition among high-risk newborns.
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Abstract
Feeding intolerance (FI), defined as the inability to digest enteral feedings associated to increased gastric residuals, abdominal distension and/or emesis, is frequently encountered in the very preterm infant and often leads to a disruption of the feeding plan. In most cases FI represents a benign condition related to the immaturity of gastrointestinal function, however its presentation may largely overlap with that of an impending necrotizing enterocolitis. As a consequence, individual interpretation of signs of FI represents one of the most uncontrollable variables in the early nutritional management of these infants, and may lead to suboptimal nutrition, delayed attainment of full enteral feeding and prolonged intravenous nutrition supply. Strategies aimed at preventing and/or treating FI are diverse, although very few have been validated in large RCT and systematic reviews. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the existing information on this topic, spanning from patho-physiological and clinical aspects to the prevention and treatment strategies tested in clinical studies, with specific attention to practical issues.
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88
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Sheng Q, Lv Z, Cai W, Song H, Qian L, Wang X. Protective effects of hydrogen-rich saline on necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal rats. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48:1697-706. [PMID: 23932609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) might have protective effects on the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in a neonatal rat model. METHODS NEC was induced in male newborn Sprague-Dawley rats by formula feeding, exposure to asphyxia and cold stress. Sixty-four rat pups were divided randomly into four groups: C+NS (n=11), C+H2 (n=11), NEC+NS (n=20), and NEC+H2 (n=22). Rats in the former two groups were mother-fed. Pups received intra-peritoneal injection of HRS (10 ml/kg, 10 min before asphyxia stress twice a day) or the same dose of normal saline. Rats were monitored until 96 h after birth. Body weight, histological NEC score, survival time, malondialdehyde, antioxidant capacity, inflammatory mediators, and mucosal integrity were assessed. RESULTS HRS treatment maintained the body weight, reduced the incidence of NEC from 85% (17/20) to 54.5% (12/22), increased the survival rate from 25% (5/20) to 68.2% (15/22), and attenuated the severity of NEC. In addition, HRS inhibited the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6), down-regulated lipid peroxidation, enhanced total antioxidant capacity, and prevented the increase of diamine oxidase in serum. However, no significant influence of HRS on the interleukin-10 mRNA expression was observed. CONCLUSIONS HRS showed beneficial effects on neonatal rats with NEC via decreasing oxidative stress, increasing antioxidant capacity, suppressing inflammation, and preserving mucosal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
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The gut microflora and its variety of roles in health and disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 358:273-89. [PMID: 22476557 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is a complex community of microorganisms that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract. The composition of the intestinal microbiota and the number of microorganisms differ in dependency of the local environmental conditions. The intestinal microbiota has an important impact on the development of the intestinal architecture and function, it influences the development of the gut-associated immune system, and epithelial cell functions. One of the most important functions of the intestinal microbiota is the prevention of bacterial overgrowth and susceptibility to infection with enteropathogenic organisms. Additionally, the intestinale microbiota plays a crucial role in the development of the systemic immunity and has an important influence on the host nutrition and metabolism. However, in genetically predisposed hosts, the intestinal microbiota is involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases and pouchitis. Additionally, recent studies suggest that there might be an inflammation triggering effect of the intestinal microbiota in necrotizing enterocolitis. Here, we give an overview of the intestinal microbiota and its variety of roles in health and disease.
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90
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Miyasaka EA, Feng Y, Poroyko V, Falkowski NR, Erb-Downward J, Gillilland MG, Mason KL, Huffnagle GB, Teitelbaum DH. Total parenteral nutrition-associated lamina propria inflammation in mice is mediated by a MyD88-dependent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6607-15. [PMID: 23667106 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enteral nutrient deprivation via total parenteral nutrition (TPN) administration leads to local mucosal inflammatory responses, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Wild-type (WT) and MyD88(-/-) mice underwent jugular vein cannulation. One group received TPN without chow, and controls received standard chow. After 7 d, we harvested intestinal mucosally associated bacteria and isolated small-bowel lamina propria (LP) cells. Bacterial populations were analyzed using 454 pyrosequencing. LP cells were analyzed using quantitative PCR and multicolor flow cytometry. WT, control mucosally associated microbiota were Firmicutes-dominant, whereas WT TPN mice were Proteobacteria-domiant. Similar changes were observed in MyD88(-/-) mice with TPN administration. UniFrac analysis showed divergent small bowel and colonic bacterial communities in controls, merging toward similar microbiota (but distinct from controls) with TPN. The percentage of LP T regulatory cells significantly decreased with TPN in WT mice. F4/80(+)CD11b(+)CD11c(dull/-) macrophage-derived proinflammatory cytokines significantly increased with TPN. These proinflammatory immunologic changes were significantly abrogated in MyD88(-/-) TPN mice. Thus, TPN administration is associated with significant expansion of Proteobacteria within the intestinal microbiota and increased proinflammatory LP cytokines. Additionally, MyD88 signaling blockade abrogated decline in epithelial cell proliferation and epithelial barrier function loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi A Miyasaka
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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91
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Ralls MW, Miyasaka E, Teitelbaum DH. Intestinal microbial diversity and perioperative complications. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 38:392-9. [PMID: 23636012 DOI: 10.1177/0148607113486482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Enteral nutrient deprivation via parenteral nutrition (PN) in a mouse model leads to a local mucosal inflammatory response. This proinflammatory response leads to a loss of epithelial barrier function and atrophy of the intestine. Although the underlying mechanisms are unknown, a potential contributing factor is the impact PN has on the intestinal microbiome. We recently identified a shift in the intestinal microbial community in mice given PN; however, it is unknown whether such changes occur in humans. We hypothesized that similar microbial changes occur in humans during periods of enteral nutrient deprivation. METHODS A series of small bowel specimens were obtained from pediatric and adult patients undergoing small intestinal resection. Mucosally associated bacteria were harvested and analyzed using 454 pyrosequencing techniques. Statistical analysis of microbial diversity and differences in microbial characteristics were assessed between enterally fed and enterally deprived portions of the intestine. Occurrence of postoperative infectious and anastomotic complications was also examined. RESULTS Pyrosequencing demonstrated a wide variability in microbial diversity within all groups. Principal coordinate analysis demonstrated only a partial stratification of microbial communities between fed and enterally deprived groups. Interestingly, a tight correlation was identified in patients who had a low level of enteric microbial diversity and those who developed postoperative enteric-derived infections or intestinal anastomotic disruption. CONCLUSIONS Loss of enteral nutrients and systemic antibiotic therapy in humans is associated with a significant loss of microbial biodiversity within the small bowel mucosa. These changes were associated with a number of enteric-derived intestinal infections and intestinal anastomotic disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Ralls
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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92
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Viladomiu M, Hontecillas R, Lu P, Bassaganya-Riera J. Preventive and prophylactic mechanisms of action of pomegranate bioactive constituents. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:789764. [PMID: 23737845 PMCID: PMC3657449 DOI: 10.1155/2013/789764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pomegranate fruit presents strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiobesity, and antitumoral properties, thus leading to an increased popularity as a functional food and nutraceutical source since ancient times. It can be divided into three parts: seeds, peel, and juice, all of which seem to have medicinal benefits. Several studies investigate its bioactive components as a means to associate them with a specific beneficial effect and develop future products and therapeutic applications. Many beneficial effects are related to the presence of ellagic acid, ellagitannins (including punicalagins), punicic acid and other fatty acids, flavonoids, anthocyanidins, anthocyanins, estrogenic flavonols, and flavones, which seem to be its most therapeutically beneficial components. However, the synergistic action of the pomegranate constituents appears to be superior when compared to individual constituents. Promising results have been obtained for the treatment of certain diseases including obesity, insulin resistance, intestinal inflammation, and cancer. Although moderate consumption of pomegranate does not result in adverse effects, future studies are needed to assess safety and potential interactions with drugs that may alter the bioavailability of bioactive constituents of pomegranate as well as drugs. The aim of this review is to summarize the health effects and mechanisms of action of pomegranate extracts in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Viladomiu
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Raquel Hontecillas
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Pinyi Lu
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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93
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Morrow AL, Lagomarcino AJ, Schibler KR, Taft DH, Yu Z, Wang B, Altaye M, Wagner M, Gevers D, Ward DV, Kennedy MA, Huttenhower C, Newburg DS. Early microbial and metabolomic signatures predict later onset of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. MICROBIOME 2013; 1:13. [PMID: 24450576 PMCID: PMC3971624 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-1-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating intestinal disease that afflicts 10% of extremely preterm infants. The contribution of early intestinal colonization to NEC onset is not understood, and predictive biomarkers to guide prevention are lacking. We analyzed banked stool and urine samples collected prior to disease onset from infants <29 weeks gestational age, including 11 infants who developed NEC and 21 matched controls who survived free of NEC. Stool bacterial communities were profiled by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Urinary metabolomic profiles were assessed by NMR. RESULTS During postnatal days 4 to 9, samples from infants who later developed NEC tended towards lower alpha diversity (Chao1 index, P = 0.086) and lacked Propionibacterium (P = 0.009) compared to controls. Furthermore, NEC was preceded by distinct forms of dysbiosis. During days 4 to 9, samples from four NEC cases were dominated by members of the Firmicutes (median relative abundance >99% versus <17% in the remaining NEC and controls, P < 0.001). During postnatal days 10 to 16, samples from the remaining NEC cases were dominated by Proteobacteria, specifically Enterobacteriaceae (median relative abundance >99% versus 38% in the other NEC cases and 84% in controls, P = 0.01). NEC preceded by Firmicutes dysbiosis occurred earlier (onset, days 7 to 21) than NEC preceded by Proteobacteria dysbiosis (onset, days 19 to 39). All NEC cases lacked Propionibacterium and were preceded by either Firmicutes (≥98% relative abundance, days 4 to 9) or Proteobacteria (≥90% relative abundance, days 10 to 16) dysbiosis, while only 25% of controls had this phenotype (predictive value 88%, P = 0.001). Analysis of days 4 to 9 urine samples found no metabolites associated with all NEC cases, but alanine was positively associated with NEC cases that were preceded by Firmicutes dysbiosis (P < 0.001) and histidine was inversely associated with NEC cases preceded by Proteobacteria dysbiosis (P = 0.013). A high urinary alanine:histidine ratio was associated with microbial characteristics (P < 0.001) and provided good prediction of overall NEC (predictive value 78%, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Early dysbiosis is strongly involved in the pathobiology of NEC. These striking findings require validation in larger studies but indicate that early microbial and metabolomic signatures may provide highly predictive biomarkers of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardythe L Morrow
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anne J Lagomarcino
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kurt R Schibler
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Diana H Taft
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhuoteng Yu
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Mekibib Altaye
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Michael A Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | | | - David S Newburg
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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94
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Andriantsoanirina V, Allano S, Butel MJ, Aires J. Tolerance of Bifidobacterium human isolates to bile, acid and oxygen. Anaerobe 2013; 21:39-42. [PMID: 23598280 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are part of the human gastrointestinal microbiota and are used as probiotics in functional food products because of their health promoting properties. However, only few data are available on the phenotypic characteristics displayed by human bifidobacteria strain populations. In this study we compared the in vitro tolerance to acid, bile and oxygen of the largest number of independent human intestinal strains. Bile and acid tolerance varied among species and independent strains within a species: B. adolescentis strains were the most tolerant to bile followed by Bifidobacterium longum and B. breve; B. longum, B. breve and B. dentium showed the highest viability levels after exposure to acid pH. Oxygen tolerance was largely distributed among intestinal bifidobacteria: B. longum, B. breve and B. bifidum showed the highest oxygen tolerance. B. adolescentis showed the highest susceptibility to acid and oxygen stresses. The present study gave us the opportunity to update our knowledge about the phenotypic characteristics of human intestinal bifidobacteria. B. longum and B. breve harboured the best tolerance to oxygen, bile and acid stresses. Based on such biological characters, B. longum and B. breve species showed the highest interest in terms of potential selection of human probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Andriantsoanirina
- EA4065, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
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95
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Nelson RK, Poroyko V, Morowitz MJ, Liu D, Alverdy JC. Effect of dietary monosaccharides on Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2013; 14:35-42. [PMID: 23451729 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2011.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic, gram-negative pathogen associated with many hospital-acquired infections and disease states. In particular, P. aeruginosa has been identified as a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). This condition presents more frequently in infants fed a formula-based diet, which may be a result of the specific monosaccharide content of this diet. We hypothesized that P. aeruginosa would express virulence genes differentially when exposed to monosaccharides present in formula versus those in human milk. METHODS Using the results of a metabolomics study on infant diets and their resulting fecal samples, we identified several monosaccharides that distinguished milk from formula diets. Of these compounds, four were found to be metabolized by P. aeruginosa. We subsequently grew P. aeruginosa in tryptic soy broth (TSB) supplemented with these four monosaccharides and used quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to measure the expression of 59 major P. aeruginosa virulence genes. The results were standardized to an external control of P. aeruginosa grown in TSB alone. RESULTS P. aeruginosa did not respond differentially to the monosaccharides after 6 h of growth. However, after 24 h, the organism grown in arabinose (present in formula), xylose (present in human milk), and galactose (present in both formula and feces from milk-fed infants) displayed a significant increase in the expression of virulence genes in all categories. In contrast, P. aeruginosa grown in mannose (present in the feces of milk-fed infants) displayed a significant decrease in virulence gene expression. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the importance of nutrient content on the relative expression of virulence genes in pathogens that colonize commonly the gut of infants. Understanding the effect of current dietary formulas on virulence gene expression in various gut-colonizing pathogens may present a new approach to elucidating the differences between human milk and formula in the development of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Nelson
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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96
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Patel RM, Denning PW. Therapeutic use of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis: what is the current evidence? Clin Perinatol 2013; 40:11-25. [PMID: 23415261 PMCID: PMC3575601 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and preventive therapies that are both effective and safe are urgently needed. Current evidence from therapeutic trials suggests that probiotics are effective in decreasing NEC in preterm infants, and probiotics are currently the most promising therapy for this devastating disease. However, concerns regarding safety and optimal dosing have limited the widespread adoption of routine clinical use of probiotics in preterm infants. This article summarizes the current evidence regarding the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in the preterm infant, including their therapeutic role in preventing NEC.
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97
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Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) primarily affects premature infants. It is less common in term and late preterm infants. The age of onset is inversely related to the postmenstrual age at birth. In term infants, NEC is commonly associated with congenital heart diseases. NEC has also been associated with other anomalies. More than 85% of all NEC cases occur in very low birth weight infants or in very premature infants. Despite incremental advances in our understanding of the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of NEC, universal prevention of this disease continues to elude us even in the twenty-first century.
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MESH Headings
- Age of Onset
- Disease Management
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/diagnosis
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/epidemiology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/therapy
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature/physiology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/diagnosis
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/epidemiology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/therapy
- Intestinal Perforation/diagnosis
- Intestines/diagnostic imaging
- Intestines/microbiology
- Intestines/physiopathology
- Pneumoperitoneum/diagnosis
- Prevalence
- Radiography
- Risk
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Sharma
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine at Jacksonville, 655 West 8th Street, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA.
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98
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Di Mauro A, Neu J, Riezzo G, Raimondi F, Martinelli D, Francavilla R, Indrio F. Gastrointestinal function development and microbiota. Ital J Pediatr 2013; 39:15. [PMID: 23433508 PMCID: PMC3615966 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-39-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the development of post-natal gastrointestinal functions of the host. Recent advances in our capability to identify microbes and their function offer exciting opportunities to evaluate the complex cross talk between microbiota, intestinal barrier, immune system and the gut-brain axis. This review summarizes these interactions in the early colonization of gastrointestinal tract with a major focus on the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of feeding intolerance in preterm newborn. The potential benefit of early probiotic supplementation opens new perspectives in case of altered intestinal colonization at birth as preventive and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Mauro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza G Cesare, Bari, Italy
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99
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Normann E, Fahlén A, Engstrand L, Lilja HE. Intestinal microbial profiles in extremely preterm infants with and without necrotizing enterocolitis. Acta Paediatr 2013; 102:129-36. [PMID: 23082780 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) represents one of the gravest complications in premature infants. The suggested role of intestinal microbiota in the development of NEC needs to be elucidated. METHODS This prospective single-centre case-control study applied barcoded pyrosequencing to map the bacterial composition of faecal samples from extremely preterm infants. Ten patients were diagnosed with NEC and matched to healthy controls with regard to sex, gestational age and mode of delivery prior to analysis of the samples. RESULTS Enterococcus, Bacillales and Enterobacteriaceae dominated the flora. Although not statistically significant, a high relative abundance of Bacillales and Enterobacteriaceae was detected at early time points in patients developing NEC, while healthy controls had a microbiota more dominated by Enterococcus. A low diversity of intestinal microbial flora was found without any differences between NEC patients and controls. In 16 healthy controls, Firmicutes (Enterococcus and Bacillales) dominated the faecal flora during the first weeks after birth and were then succeeded by Enterobacteriaceae. CONCLUSION No significant differences in the composition of intestinal microbiota of patients developing NEC were detected; however, some findings need to be scrutinized in subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Normann
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Uppsala University; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - Annika Fahlén
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska institute; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska institute; Stockholm; Sweden
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100
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Hall T, Dymock D, Corfield AP, Weaver G, Woodward M, Berry M. Bacterial invasion of HT29-MTX-E12 monolayers: effects of human breast milk. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48:353-7; discussion 357-8. [PMID: 23414864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The supramucosal gel, crucial for gut barrier function, might be compromised in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Breast milk is associated with a reduced incidence of NEC. We compared the effects of human breast milk (BM) versus a neonatal formula, Nutriprem 1 (FF), on adherence, internalisation, and penetration of NEC-associated Escherichia coli through monolayers of mucus producing intestinal cells, HT29-MTX-E12 (E12). METHODS E12 cells were grown to confluence on membranes permeable to bacteria. E. coli, reference strain and isolated from a NEC-affected intestine, were cultured in LB broth, labelled with fluorescein and biotinylated. Bacteria were suspended in tissue culture medium (TC) or mixtures of TC with BM or FF and applied to the E12 cultures. Bacterial numbers were assessed by fluorescence. DyLight 650-labelled neutravidin, which cannot cross cell membrane, evaluated extracellular bacteria. Fluorescence of basolateral medium was measured to quantify translocation. Bacterial concentrations were compared using the Mann Whitney U test. RESULTS After 1h exposure, E12 cultures adhered or internalised more NEC-derived bacteria than standard strain E. coli and more suspended in FF than BM (P<0.001). A greater proportion of NEC-derived bacteria internalised when suspended in TC or BM. In FF, the NEC-derived strain internalised least. More translocation occurred in BM incubations compared to FF in the first 1-4h: NEC-E. coli less than the reference strain. After 24h translocated bacterial populations were equal. CONCLUSION In this pilot study, breast milk was associated with relatively less adhesion and internalisation of NEC-associated E. coli to mucus covered E12s compared to formula milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hall
- University of Bristol, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
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