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Wang HT, Anvari S, Anagnostou K. The Role of Probiotics in Preventing Allergic Disease. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E24. [PMID: 30764558 PMCID: PMC6406271 DOI: 10.3390/children6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic disorders has been increasing worldwide and significantly impacts the quality of life of the atopic individual. There has been an increased interest in the role of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of allergic disorders, given the recent evidence that atopy risk may be associated with a dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. Research in this area is ongoing with some studies showing possible benefits of probiotics, with seemingly little to no risk. While these studies suggest that there may be a promise in probiotic use for the prevention or treatment of allergy, further evidence is needed to determine its efficacy, optimal dosing, and strains needed for treatment. In this review, we discuss recently published studies examining the benefits, risks, and role of probiotics in preventing atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen T Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy, Rheumatology, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy, Rheumatology, and Retrovirology, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Sara Anvari
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy, Rheumatology, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy, Rheumatology, and Retrovirology, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Katherine Anagnostou
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy, Rheumatology, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy, Rheumatology, and Retrovirology, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Urrutia-Baca VH, Escamilla-García E, de la Garza-Ramos MA, Tamez-Guerra P, Gomez-Flores R, Urbina-Ríos CS. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Downregulation of Virulence Gene Expression on Helicobacter pylori by Reuterin. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 10:168-175. [PMID: 29103130 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an infectious agent commonly associated with gastrointestinal diseases. The use of probiotics to treat this infection has been documented, however, their potential antimicrobial metabolites have not yet been investigated. In the present study, the effect of reuterin produced by Lactobacillus reuteri on H. pylori growth and virulence gene expression was evaluated. It was observed that reuterin caused significant (P < 0.05) H. pylori growth inhibition at concentrations from 0.08 to 20.48 mM, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 20.48 mM for H. pylori ATCC700824 and 10.24 mM for H. pylori ATCC43504. In a reuterin bacterial killing assay, it was observed that half of the MIC value for H. pylori (ATCC700824) significantly (P < 0.01) reduced colony numbers from 5.65 ± 0.35 to 3.78 ± 0.35 Log10 CFU/mL after 12 h of treatment and then increased them to 5.25 ± 0.23 Log10 CFU/mL at 24 h; at its MIC value (20.48 mM), reuterin abrogated (P < 0.01) H. pylori (ATCC700824) growth after 20 h of culture. In addition, reuterin significantly (P < 0.01) reduced H. pylori (ATCC 43504) colony numbers from 5.65 ± 0.35 to 4.1 ± 0.12 Log10 CFU/mL from 12 to 24 h of treatment and abrogated its growth at its MIC value (10.24 mM), after 20 h of treatment. Reuterin did not alter normal human gastric Hs738.St/Int cell viability at the concentrations tested for H. pylori strains. Furthermore, 10 μM reuterin was shown to significantly (P < 0.01) reduce mRNA relative expression levels of H. pylori virulence genes vacA and flaA at 3 h post-treatment, whose effect was higher at 6 h post-treatment, as measured by RT-qPCR. The observed direct antimicrobial effect and the downregulation of expression of virulence genes on H. pylori by reuterin may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of action of probiotics against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Hugo Urrutia-Baca
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Pedro de Alba y Manuel L. Barragán S/N. Cd. Universitaria, CP. 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., México
| | - Erandi Escamilla-García
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Odontología y Unidad de Odontología Integral y Especialidades del CIDICS, Av. Dr. Aguirre Pequeño y Silao S/N, Colonia Mitras Centro., CP. 64460, Monterrey, N.L., México
| | - Myriam Angélica de la Garza-Ramos
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Odontología y Unidad de Odontología Integral y Especialidades del CIDICS, Av. Dr. Aguirre Pequeño y Silao S/N, Colonia Mitras Centro., CP. 64460, Monterrey, N.L., México
| | - Patricia Tamez-Guerra
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Pedro de Alba y Manuel L. Barragán S/N. Cd. Universitaria, CP. 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., México
| | - Ricardo Gomez-Flores
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Pedro de Alba y Manuel L. Barragán S/N. Cd. Universitaria, CP. 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., México.
| | - Cynthia Sofía Urbina-Ríos
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Pedro de Alba y Manuel L. Barragán S/N. Cd. Universitaria, CP. 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., México
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Lo Vecchio A, Buccigrossi V, Fedele MC, Guarino A. Acute Infectious Diarrhea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1125:109-120. [PMID: 30649712 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute infectious diarrhea (AID) is one of the most common diseases in pediatric age with relevant burden both in high- and in low-income countries.Thanks to their direct action on enterocyte functions and indirect actions on mucosal and systemic immune system and intestinal microenvironment, probiotics are an ideal intervention to manage AID in childhood. However, their efficacy is strictly related to strains and indications, and practitioners should take this information into account in clinical practice.This chapter summarizes the main mechanisms of action of probiotics in AID, with a focus on proof of efficacy supporting their use in prevention and treatment of infant AID.The use of selected strains in appropriate doses is strongly recommended by guidelines of AID, based on large and consistent proofs of efficacy and safety. At present, therapy with probiotics of AID is arguably the strongest indication for probiotics in medicine. Future research should investigate probiotic efficacy in at-risk populations and settings where the evidence is missing.Their role in prevention of AID is however questionable in healthy population, whereas it should be considered in at-risk population. Evidence for prevention of diarrhea in day-care centers and communities is lacking, but consistent evidence supports efficacy in prevention of hospital acquired diarrhea.Overall, AID is the most convincing area for probiotic use in children, and effective strains should be used early after onset of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lo Vecchio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Buccigrossi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Fedele
- Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Teresa C, Antonella D, de Ville de Goyet Jean. New Nutritional and Therapeutical Strategies of NEC. Curr Pediatr Rev 2019; 15:92-105. [PMID: 30868956 DOI: 10.2174/1573396315666190313164753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an acquired severe disease of the digestive system affecting mostly premature babies, possibly fatal and frequently associated to systemic complications. Because of the severity of this condition and the possible long-term consequences on the child's development, many studies have aimed at preventing the occurrence of the primary events at the level of the bowel wall (ischemia and necrosis followed by sepsis) by modifying or manipulating the diet (breast milk versus formula) and/or the feeding pattern (time for initiation after birth, continuous versus bolus feeding, modulation of intake according clinical events). Feeding have been investigated so far in order to prevent NEC. However, currently well-established and shared clinical nutritional practices are not available in preventing NEC. Nutritional and surgical treatments of NEC are instead well defined. In selected cases surgery is a therapeutic option of NEC, requiring sometimes partial intestinal resection responsible for short bowel syndrome. In this paper we will investigate the available options for treating NEC according to the Walsh and Kliegman classification, focusing on feeding practices in managing short bowel syndrome that can complicate NEC. We will also analyze the proposed ways of preventing NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capriati Teresa
- Artificial Nutrition in Pediatric Children's Hospital, Bambino Gesu, Rome, Italy
| | - Diamanti Antonella
- Artificial Nutrition in Pediatric Children's Hospital, Bambino Gesu, Rome, Italy
| | - de Ville de Goyet Jean
- Pediatric Department for the Treatment and Study of abdominal Disease and Abdominal Transplants, ISMETT-UPMC, Palermo, Italy
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Hagen PC, Skelley JW. Efficacy of Bifidobacterium Species in Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Very-Low Birth Weight Infants. A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2019; 24:10-15. [PMID: 30837808 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-24.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most common and serious gastrointestinal diseases in preterm infants. The aim of this systematic review examines the effects of probiotics on preventing NEC in very-low birth weight (VLBW) infants with a focus on the Bifidobacterium species and its strains. A systematic review of randomized trials and retrospective studies analyzing the use of probiotics to prevent NEC in VLBW infants was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar (1996-2016). Trials reporting NEC involving preterm infants who were given Bifidobacterium alone in the first month of life were included in the systematic review. Nine studies were suitable for inclusion. Nine studies involving VLBW infants were analyzed for strain specific effects of Bifidobacterium for the prevention of NEC ≥ Stage II. B breve showed some benefit in infants < 34 weeks GA with relative risk (RR) of 0.43 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21-0.87) p = 0.019, but not in neonates < 28 weeks. B lactis greatly reduced the incidence of NEC with a RR 0.11 (95% CI: 0.03-0.47), p = < 0.001. B bifidum was not widely studied but resulted in no cases of NEC. Bifidobacterium proved to be statistically significant in reducing the incidence of NEC in preterm infants.
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56
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Kamiya S, Yonezawa H, Osaki T. Role of Probiotics in Eradication Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1149:243-255. [PMID: 31016634 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as, "Live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host", and have various effects including inhibitory capabilities on pathogens, stimulation of organ functions and activation of immune responses in the human. Probiotics were reported to inhibit Helicobacter pylori not only in vitro, but also in vivo studies. The mechanisms by which probiotics inhibit H. pylori infection include competition for nutrients, production of bactericidal substances, competitive inhibition of adherence and stimulation of host functions and immunity. In addition, probiotics are clinically used for eradication therapy of H. pylori infection, and the effects of probiotics as single treatment and combination use with other drugs including proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics against H. pylori are reported. It has been testified that probiotics increase the eradication rate and prevent adverse events including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and taste disorder. In the Maastrich V/Florence Consensus Report 2017, it was stated that some probiotics may have a beneficial effect on H. pylori eradication and are effective in reducing side effects of eradication therapy, but more research is needed to answer several questions concerning the mechanisms of probiotics action. In addition, strain specificity, dosages and duration times of probiotics used for H. pylori eradication therapy need to be clarified in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kamiya
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hideo Yonezawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Osaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Hartman S, Sayler K, Belsky J. Prenatal stress enhances postnatal plasticity: The role of microbiota. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 61:729-738. [PMID: 30575950 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Separate fields of inquiry indicate (a) that prenatal stress is associated with heightened behavioral and physiological reactivity and (b) that these postnatal phenotypes are themselves associated with increased susceptibility to both positive and negative environmental influences. Collectively, this work supports Pluess and Belsky's (Psychopathology, 2011, 23, 29) claim that prenatal stress fosters, promotes or "programs" postnatal developmental plasticity. Herein, we review animal and human evidence consistent with this hypothesis before advancing the novel idea that infant intestinal microbiota may be one candidate mechanism for instantiating developmental plasticity as a result of prenatal stress. We then review research indicating that prenatal stress predicts differences in infant intestinal microbiota; that infant intestinal microbiota is associated with behavioral and physiological reactivity phenotypes; and, thus, that prenatal stress may influence infant intestinal microbiota in a way that results in heightened physiological and behavioral reactivity and, thereby, postnatal developmental plasticity. Finally, we offer ideas for testing this claim and consider implications for intervention and use of probiotics during early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hartman
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Kristina Sayler
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jay Belsky
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of California, Davis, California
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58
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Libertucci J, Young VB. The role of the microbiota in infectious diseases. Nat Microbiol 2018; 4:35-45. [PMID: 30546094 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human body is colonized by a diverse community of microorganisms collectively referred to as the microbiota. Here, we describe how the human microbiota influences susceptibility to infectious diseases using examples from the respiratory, gastrointestinal and female reproductive tract. We will discuss how interactions between the host, the indigenous microbiota and non-native microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can alter the outcome of infections. This Review Article will highlight the complex mechanisms by which the microbiota mediates colonization resistance, both directly and indirectly, against infectious agents. Strategies for the therapeutic modulation of the microbiota to prevent or treat infectious diseases will be discussed, and we will review potential therapies that directly target the microbiota, including prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Libertucci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vincent B Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Grev J, Berg M, Soll R. Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 12:CD012519. [PMID: 30548483 PMCID: PMC6516999 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012519.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation may contribute to preterm birth and to morbidity of preterm infants. Preterm infants are at risk for alterations in the normal protective microbiome. Oral probiotics administered directly to preterm infants have been shown to decrease the risk for severe necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) as well as the risk of death, but there are safety concerns about administration of probiotics directly to preterm infants. Through decreasing maternal inflammation, probiotics may play a role in preventing preterm birth and/or decreasing the inflammatory milieu surrounding delivery of preterm infants, and may alter the microbiome of the preterm infant when given to mothers during pregnancy. Probiotics given to mothers after birth of preterm infants may effect infant bacterial colonization, which could potentially reduce the incidence of NEC. OBJECTIVES 1. To compare the efficacy of maternal probiotic administration versus placebo or no intervention in mothers during pregnancy for the prevention of preterm birth and the prevention of morbidity and mortality of infants born preterm.2. To compare the efficacy of maternal probiotic administration versus placebo, no intervention, or neonatal probiotic administration in mothers of preterm infants after birth on the prevention of mortality and preterm infant morbidities such as NEC. SEARCH METHODS We used the standard search strategy of Cochrane Neonatal to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2017, Issue 2), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to 21 March 2017), Embase (1980 to 21 March 2017), and CINAHL (1982 to 21 March 2017). We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings, and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomized controlled trials and quasi-randomized trials. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials in the review if they administered oral probiotics to pregnant mothers at risk for preterm birth, or to mothers of preterm infants after birth. Quasi-randomized trials were eligible for inclusion, but none were identified. Studies enrolling pregnant women needed to administer probiotics at < 36 weeks' gestation until the trimester of birth. Probiotics considered were of the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium or Saccharomyces. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used the standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration and Cochrane Neonatal to determine the methodologic quality of studies, and for data collection and analysis. MAIN RESULTS We included 12 eligible trials with a total of 1450 mothers and 1204 known infants. Eleven trials administered probiotics to mothers during pregnancy and one trial administered probiotics to mothers after birth of their preterm infants. No studies compared maternal probiotic administration directly with neonatal administration. Included prenatal trials were highly variable in the indication for the trial, the gestational age and duration of administration of probiotics, as well as the dose and formulation of the probiotics. The pregnant women included in these trials were overall at low risk for preterm birth. In a meta-analysis of trial data, oral probiotic administration to pregnant women did not reduce the incidence of preterm birth < 37 weeks (typical risk ratio (RR) 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32 to 2.67; 4 studies, 518 mothers and 506 infants), < 34 weeks (typical risk difference (RD) 0.00, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.02; 2 studies, 287 mothers and infants), the incidence of infant mortality (typical RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.02; 2 studies, 309 mothers and 298 infants), or the gestational age at birth (mean difference (MD) 0.15, 95% CI -0.33 to 0.63; 2 studies, 209 mothers with 207 infants).One trial studied administration of probiotics to mothers after preterm birth and included 49 mothers and 58 infants. There were no significant differences in the risk of any NEC (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.46; 1 study, 58 infants), surgery for NEC (RR 0.15, 95% CI 0.01 to 2.58; 1 study, 58 infants), death (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.06 to 6.88; 1 study, 58 infants), and death or NEC (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.49; 1 study, 58 infants). There was an improvement in time to reach 50% enteral feeds in infants whose mothers received probiotics, but the estimate is imprecise (MD -9.60 days, 95% CI -19.04 to -0.16 days; 58 infants). No other improvement in any neonatal outcomes were reported. The estimates were imprecise and do not exclude the possibility of meaningful harms or benefits from maternal probiotic administration. There were no cases of culture-proven sepsis with the probiotic organism. The GRADE quality of evidence was judged to be low to very low due to inconsistency and imprecision. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to conclude whether there is appreciable benefit or harm to neonates of either oral supplementation of probiotics administered to pregnant women at low risk for preterm birth or oral supplementation of probiotics to mothers of preterm infants after birth. Oral supplementation of probiotics to mothers of preterm infants after birth may decrease time to 50% enteral feeds, however, this estimate is extremely imprecise. More research is needed for post-natal administration of probiotics to mothers of preterm infants, as well as to pregnant mothers at high risk for preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Berg
- Johns Hopkins All Children's HospitalPediatrics/Neonatology601 Fifth Street South, Suite 501St. PetersburgFloridaUSA33606
| | - Roger Soll
- Larner College of Medicine at the University of VermontDivision of Neonatal‐Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics111 Colchester AvenueBurlingtonVermontUSA05401
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Gordon M, Biagioli E, Sorrenti M, Lingua C, Moja L, Banks SSC, Ceratto S, Savino F. Dietary modifications for infantile colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 10:CD011029. [PMID: 30306546 PMCID: PMC6394439 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011029.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infantile colic is typically defined as full-force crying for at least three hours per day, on at least three days per week, for at least three weeks. This condition appears to be more frequent in the first six weeks of life (prevalence range of 17% to 25%), depending on the specific location reported and definitions used, and it usually resolves by three months of age. The aetiopathogenesis of infantile colic is unclear but most likely multifactorial. A number of psychological, behavioural and biological components (food hypersensitivity, allergy or both; gut microflora and dysmotility) are thought to contribute to its manifestation. The role of diet as a component in infantile colic remains controversial. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of dietary modifications for reducing colic in infants less than four months of age. SEARCH METHODS In July 2018 we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase , 17 other databases and 2 trials registers. We also searched Google, checked and handsearched references and contacted study authors. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs evaluating the effects of dietary modifications, alone or in combination, for colicky infants younger than four months of age versus another intervention or placebo. We used specific definitions for colic, age of onset and the methods for performing the intervention. We defined 'modified diet' as any diet altered to include or exclude certain components. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Our primary outcome was duration of crying, and secondary outcomes were response to intervention, frequency of crying episodes, parental/family quality of life, infant sleep duration, parental satisfaction and adverse effects. MAIN RESULTS We included 15 RCTs involving 1121 infants (balanced numbers of boys and girls) aged 2 to 16 weeks. All studies were small and at high risk of bias across multiple design factors (e.g. selection, attrition). The studies covered a wide range of dietary interventions, and there was limited scope for meta-analysis. Using the GRADE approach, we assessed the quality of the evidence as very low.Low-allergen maternal diet versus a diet containing known potential allergens: one study (90 infants) found that 35/47 (74%) of infants responded to a low-allergen maternal diet, compared with 16/43 (37%) of infants on a diet containing known potential allergens.Low-allergen diet or soy milk formula versus dicyclomine hydrochloride: one study (120 infants) found that 10/15 (66.6%) breastfed babies responded to dicyclomine hydrochloride, compared with 24/45 (53.3%) formula-fed babies. There was little difference in response between breastfed babies whose mother changed their diet (10/16; 62.5%) and babies who received soy milk formula (29/44; 65.9%).Hydrolysed formula versus standard formula: two studies (64 infants) found no difference in duration of crying, reported as a dichotomous outcome: risk ratio 2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 5.10; very low-quality evidence. The author of one study confirmed there were no adverse effects. One study (43 infants) reported a greater reduction in crying time postintervention with hydrolysed formula (104 min/d, 95% CI 55 to 155) than with standard formula (3 min/d, 95% CI -63 to 67).Hydrolysed formula versus another hydrolysed formula: one study (22 infants) found that two types of hydrolysed formula were equally effective in resolving symptoms for babies who commenced with standard formula (Alimentum reduced crying to 2.21 h/d (standard deviation (SD) 0.40) and Nutramigen to 2.93 h/d (SD 0.70)).Hydrolysed formula or dairy- and soy-free maternal diet versus addition of parental education or counselling: one study (21 infants) found that crying time decreased to 2.03 h/d (SD 1.03) in the hydrolysed or dairy- and soy-free group compared with 1.08 h/d (SD 0.7) in the parent education or counselling group, nine days into the intervention.Partially hydrolysed, lower lactose, whey-based formulae containing oligosaccharide versus standard formula with simethicone: one study (267 infants) found that both groups experienced a decrease in colic episodes (secondary outcome) after seven days (partially hydrolysed formula: from 5.99 episodes (SD 1.84) to 2.47 episodes (SD 1.94); standard formula: from 5.41 episodes (SD 1.88) to 3.72 episodes (SD 1.98)). After two weeks the difference between the two groups was significant (partially hydrolysed: 1.76 episodes (SD 1.60); standard formula: 3.32 episodes (SD 2.06)). The study author confirmed there were no adverse effects.Lactase enzyme supplementation versus placebo: three studies (138 infants) assessed this comparison, but none reported data amenable to analysis for any outcome. There were no adverse effects in any of the studies.Extract of Foeniculum vulgare, Matricariae recutita, and Melissa officinalis versus placebo: one study (93 infants) found that average daily crying time was lower for infants given the extract (76.9 min/d (SD 23.5), than infants given placebo (169.9 min/d (SD 23.1), at the end of the one-week study. There were no adverse effects.Soy protein-based formula versus standard cows' milk protein-based formula: one study (19 infants) reported a mean crying time of 12.7 h/week (SD 16.4) in the soy formula group versus 17.3 h/week (SD 6.9) in the standard cows' milk group, and that 5/10 (50%) responded in the soy formula group versus 0/9 (0%) in the standard cows' milk group.Soy protein formula with polysaccharide versus standard soy protein formula: one study (27 infants) assessed this comparison but did not provide disaggregated data for the number of responders in each group after treatment.No study reported on our secondary outcomes of parental or family quality of life, infant sleep duration per 24 h, or parental satisfaction. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Currently, evidence of the effectiveness of dietary modifications for the treatment of infantile colic is sparse and at significant risk of bias. The few available studies had small sample sizes, and most had serious limitations. There were insufficient studies, thus limiting the use of meta-analysis. Benefits reported for hydrolysed formulas were inconsistent.Based on available evidence, we are unable to recommend any intervention. Future studies of single interventions, using clinically significant outcome measures, and appropriate design and power are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Gordon
- University of Central LancashireSchool of MedicinePrestonLancashireUK
| | - Elena Biagioli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSLaboratory Methodology for Clinical ResearchVia La Masa, 19MilanItaly
| | - Miriam Sorrenti
- Regina Margherita Children's HospitalDepartment of PediatricsP.zza Polonia 94TurinItaly10126
| | - Carla Lingua
- University of TurinDepartment of Public and Pediatric Health SciencesPiazza Polonia 94TurinTurinItaly10126
| | - Lorenzo Moja
- University of MilanDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for HealthVia Pascal 36MilanSwitzerland20133
| | - Shel SC Banks
- Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustDepartment of Child HealthWhinney Heys RoadBlackpoolUKFY3 8NR
| | - Simone Ceratto
- Regina Margherita Children's HospitalDepartment of PediatricsP.zza Polonia 94TurinItaly10126
- University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's HospitalDepartment of Sciences of Public Health and PediatricsPiazza Polonia 94TurinItaly10126
| | - Francesco Savino
- Regina Margherita Children's HospitalDepartment of PediatricsP.zza Polonia 94TurinItaly10126
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61
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Donovan SM. 90th Anniversary Commentary: Prebiotics in Infancy for Allergy Prevention: Promising Findings, but No Consensus. J Nutr 2018; 148:1691-1692. [PMID: 30281124 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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62
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Riikonen A, Hadley D, Uusitalo U, Miller N, Koletzko S, Yang J, Andrén Aronsson C, Hummel S, Norris JM, Virtanen SM. Milk feeding and first complementary foods during the first year of life in the TEDDY study. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2018; 14:e12611. [PMID: 29693777 PMCID: PMC6156929 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to describe milk feeding patterns and first weaning foods during the first year of life in a large prospective birth cohort of infants with increased genetic risk for Type 1 diabetes (T1D) recruited in 4 different countries: the United States, Finland, Germany, and Sweden. All enrolled children with dietary information (n = 8,673) were included in the analyses; 1,307 (15%) children who dropped out before the first birthday were excluded from some analyses. Supplementary milk feeding in the first 3 days of life was common in all the four countries, although the type of the supplementary milk differed by country and by maternal T1D. Donated human milk was commonly used only in Finland. In all the countries, the most common first supplementary food was cow's milk-based infant formula, especially among offspring of mothers with T1D. The use of specific types of infant formulas differed notably by country: Extensively hydrolysed formulas were most used in Finland, partially hydrolysed ones in the United States and in Germany, and soy formulas only in the United States. Infant formulas commonly included probiotics, prebiotics, and starches. During the first year of life, most of the infants received conventional cow's milk. Overall, milk feeding during the first 3 days of life and thereafter until the first birthday differed markedly by maternal T1D status and across countries. These descriptive data may be useful in understanding early infant feeding practices and in planning potential interventions, which affect infant feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Riikonen
- Public Health Promotion, Department of Public Health SolutionsNational Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of TampereTampereFinland
| | - David Hadley
- TransMed Systems, Inc.CupertinoCAUSA
- Population Health Research Institute, St George'sUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Ulla Uusitalo
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Nicole Miller
- University of Massachusetts Amherst MPH in Nutrition GraduateMassachusettsMAUSA
| | - Sibylle Koletzko
- Dr.von Hauner Children's HospitalLudwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Jimin Yang
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | | | - Sandra Hummel
- Institute of Diabetes ResearchHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Jill M. Norris
- Department of EpidemiologyColorado School of Public HealthAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Suvi M. Virtanen
- Public Health Promotion, Department of Public Health SolutionsNational Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of TampereTampereFinland
- Research Center for Child HealthTampere University and University Hospital and the Science Center of Pirkanmaa Hospital DistrictTampereFinland
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63
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Supportive Role of Probiotic Strains in Protecting Rats from Ovariectomy-Induced Cortical Bone Loss. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 11:1145-1154. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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64
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Damaceno QS, Souza JP, Nicoli JR, Paula RL, Assis GB, Figueiredo HC, Azevedo V, Martins FS. Evaluation of Potential Probiotics Isolated from Human Milk and Colostrum. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 9:371-379. [PMID: 28374172 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated a diversity of bacterial species in human milk, even in aseptically collected samples. The present study evaluated potential probiotic bacteria isolated from human milk and associated maternal variables. Milk samples were collected from 47 healthy women and cultured on selective and universal agar media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Bacterial isolates were counted and identified by Biotyper Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight mass spectrometry and then tested for probiotic properties. Total bacteria in human milk ranged from 1.5 to 4.0 log10 CFU/mL. The higher bacterial counts were found in colostrum (mean = 3.9 log10 CFU/mL, 95% CI 3.14-4.22, p = 0.00001). The most abundant species was Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 76). The potential probiotic candidates were Lactobacillus gasseri (n = 4), Bifidobacterium breve (n = 1), and Streptococcus salivarius (n = 4). Despite the small sample size, L. gasseri was isolated only in breast milk from mothers classified into a normal weight range and after a vaginally delivered partum. No potential probiotics showed antagonism against pathogens, but all of them agglutinated different pathogens. Nine bacterial isolates belonging to the species L. gasseri, B. breve, and S. salivarius were selected as potential probiotics. The present study confirms the presence in breast milk of a bacterial microbiota that could be the source of potential probiotic candidates to be used in the formula of simulated maternal milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quésia S Damaceno
- Laboratory of Biotherapeutic Agents, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline P Souza
- Laboratory of Biotherapeutic Agents, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jacques R Nicoli
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Raquel L Paula
- Neonatology, Hospital Sofia Feldman, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriela B Assis
- AQUACEN, National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Henrique C Figueiredo
- AQUACEN, National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Department of General Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flaviano S Martins
- Laboratory of Biotherapeutic Agents, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Agentes Bioterapêuticos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, C.P. 486, Pampulha - Campus UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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65
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Abstract
With the advent of the scientific realization that the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract was more than the cells that exist in the body, the full importance of prebiotics and probiotics has come forth. The importance has been stressed and is available in the new textbook entitled, "The Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology: Implication for Human Health, Prebiotics, Probiotics and Dysbiosis." There is enough evidence now published in the literature so that the scientific world now believes that prebiotics and probiotics are important in gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Floch
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, 1089 LMP, New Haven, CT 06850, USA.
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66
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Plaza-Díaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Gil-Campos M, Gil A. Immune-Mediated Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics and Synbiotics in Treating Pediatric Intestinal Diseases. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10010042. [PMID: 29303974 PMCID: PMC5793270 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pediatric population is continually at risk of developing infectious and inflammatory diseases. The treatment for infections, particularly gastrointestinal conditions, focuses on oral or intravenous rehydration, nutritional support and, in certain case, antibiotics. Over the past decade, the probiotics and synbiotics administration for the prevention and treatment of different acute and chronic infectious diseases has dramatically increased. Probiotic microorganisms are primarily used as treatments because they can stimulate changes in the intestinal microbial ecosystem and improve the immunological status of the host. The beneficial impact of probiotics is mediated by different mechanisms. These mechanisms include the probiotics' capacity to increase the intestinal barrier function, to prevent bacterial transferation and to modulate inflammation through immune receptor cascade signaling, as well as their ability to regulate the expression of selected host intestinal genes. Nevertheless, with respect to pediatric intestinal diseases, information pertaining to these key mechanisms of action is scarce, particularly for immune-mediated mechanisms of action. In the present work, we review the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action of probiotics and synbiotics that affect the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Gil-Campos
- CIBEROBN (CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30028), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14010 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Angel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain.
- CIBEROBN (CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30028), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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67
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Bardanzellu F, Fanos V, Strigini FAL, Artini PG, Peroni DG. Human Breast Milk: Exploring the Linking Ring Among Emerging Components. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:215. [PMID: 30131948 PMCID: PMC6091001 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal breast milk (BM) is a complex and unique fluid that evolution adapted to satisfy neonatal needs; in addition to classical nutrients, it contains several bioactive components. BM characteristically shows inter-individual variability, modifying its composition during different phases of lactation. BM composition, determining important consequences on neonatal gut colonization, influences both short and long-term development. Maternal milk can also shape neonatal microbiota, through its glycobiome rich in Lactobacilli spp. and Bifidobacteria spp. Therefore, neonatal nourishment during the first months of life seems the most important determinant of individual's outcomes. Our manuscript aims to provide new evidence in the characterization of BM metabolome and microbiome, and its comparison to formula milk, allowing the evaluation of each nutrient's influence on neonatal metabolism. This result very interesting since potentially offers an innovative approach to investigate the complex relationship between BM components and infant's health, also providing the chance to intervene in a sartorial way on diet composition, according to the nutritional requests. Future research, integrating metabolomics, microbiomics and stem cells knowledge, could make significant steps forward in understanding BM extraordinary properties and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Paolo G Artini
- Gynecology and Obstetrics, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diego G Peroni
- Section of Pediatric, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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68
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Forsberg A, West CE, Prescott SL, Jenmalm MC. Pre- and probiotics for allergy prevention: time to revisit recommendations? Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 46:1506-1521. [PMID: 27770467 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reduced intensity and diversity of microbial exposure is considered a major factor driving abnormal postnatal immune maturation and increasing allergy prevalence, particularly in more affluent regions. Quantitatively, the largest important source of early immune-microbial interaction, the gut microbiota, is of particular interest in this context, with variations in composition and diversity in the first months of life associated with subsequent allergy development. Attempting to restore the health consequences of the 'dysbiotic drift' in modern society, interventions modulating gut microbiota for allergy prevention have been evaluated in several randomized placebo-controlled trials. In this review, we provide an overview of these trials and discuss recommendations from international expert bodies regarding prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic interventions. Recent guidelines from the World Allergy Organization recommend the use of probiotics for the primary prevention of eczema in pregnant and breastfeeding mothers of infants at high risk for developing allergy and in high-risk infants. It is however stressed that these recommendations are conditional, based on very low-quality evidence and great heterogeneity between studies, which also impedes specific and practical advice to consumers on the most effective regimens. We discuss how the choice of probiotic strains, timing and duration of administration can critically influence the outcome due to different effects on immune modulation and gut microbiota composition. Furthermore, we propose strategies to potentially improve allergy-preventive effects and enable future evidence-based implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Forsberg
- Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - C E West
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) network of the World Universities Network, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - S L Prescott
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) network of the World Universities Network, Umeå, Sweden.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia and Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - M C Jenmalm
- Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,International Inflammation (in-FLAME) network of the World Universities Network, Umeå, Sweden
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69
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Cameron D, Hock QS, Kadim M, Mohan N, Ryoo E, Sandhu B, Yamashiro Y, Jie C, Hoekstra H, Guarino A. Probiotics for gastrointestinal disorders: Proposed recommendations for children of the Asia-Pacific region. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:7952-7964. [PMID: 29259371 PMCID: PMC5725290 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i45.7952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recommendations for probiotics are available in several regions. This paper proposes recommendations for probiotics in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases in the Asia-Pacific region. Epidemiology and clinical patterns of intestinal diseases in Asia-Pacific countries were discussed. Evidence-based recommendations and randomized controlled trials in the region were revised. Cultural aspects, health management issues and economic factors were also considered. Final recommendations were approved by applying the Likert scale and rated using the GRADE system. Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 (Sb) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) were strongly recommended as adjunct treatment to oral rehydration therapy for gastroenteritis. Lactobacillus reuteri could also be considered. Probiotics may be considered for prevention of (with the indicated strains): antibiotic-associated diarrhea (LGG or Sb); Clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea (Sb); nosocomial diarrhea (LGG); infantile colic (L reuteri) and as adjunct treatment of Helicobacter pylori (Sb and others). Specific probiotics with a history of safe use in preterm and term infants may be considered in infants for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. There is insufficient evidence for recommendations in other conditions. Despite a diversity of epidemiological, socioeconomical and health system conditions, similar recommendations apply well to Asia pacific countries. These need to be validated with local randomized-controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Cameron
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Quak Seng Hock
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Musal Kadim
- Child Health Department, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, University of Indonesia, Jakarta 12220, Indonesia
| | - Neelam Mohan
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology And Liver Transplantation, Medanta The Medicity 122001, Gurugram Haryana, India
| | - Eell Ryoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Gachon University, Gil Gachon Children’s Hosptial, Incheon 21565, South Korea
| | - Bhupinder Sandhu
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yuichiro Yamashiro
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chen Jie
- The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 610041, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hans Hoekstra
- Department of Pediatrics, Hieronymus Bosch Hospital, ’s-Hertogenbosch 5223GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Alfredo Guarino
- Unit of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases and Clinical Nutrition of the Department of Translational Medical Science-Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
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70
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Yang J, Tamura RN, Uusitalo UM, Aronsson CA, Silvis K, Riikonen A, Frank N, Joslowski G, Winkler C, Norris JM, Virtanen SM. Vitamin D and probiotics supplement use in young children with genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:1449-1454. [PMID: 28901336 PMCID: PMC5718924 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Vitamin D and probiotics are nutrients of interest in the context of type 1 diabetes (T1D). We assessed the prevalence of and factors associated with vitamin D and probiotic supplementations among young children with genetic risk of T1D. SUBJECTS/METHODS Use of supplements during the first 2 years of life was collected prospectively from 8674 children in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. RESULTS Single and/or multivitamin/mineral (MVM) supplements were reported by 81% of the children. The majority of participants in Finland, Germany and Sweden (97-99%) and 50% in the United States received vitamin D supplements that were mostly MVMs. Probiotics use varied from 6% in the United States to 60% in Finland and was primarily from probiotics-only preparations. More than 80% of the vitamin D and probiotics supplementation was initiated during infancy, and more than half of the uses lasted longer than a year. Being the first child, longer duration of breastfeeding, born in a later year, older maternal age and higher maternal education level were associated with both vitamin D and probiotics use. Shorter gestational age and mother not smoking during pregnancy were associated with a higher likelihood of probiotics supplementation only. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D and probiotics supplementations are popular in children 0-2 years old and are associated with common factors. Data documented here will allow evaluation of the relationship between early childhood dietary intake and the development of islet autoimmunity and progression to T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Yang
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine,
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Roy N. Tamura
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine,
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ulla M. Uusitalo
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine,
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Katherine Silvis
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA,
USA
| | - Anne Riikonen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Nutrition Unit, Helsinki;
University of Tampere, School of Health Sciences; Center for Child Health Research,
University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nicole Frank
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado
School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gesa Joslowski
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München
and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische
Universität München and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Munich,
Germany
| | - Christiane Winkler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München
and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische
Universität München and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Munich,
Germany
| | - Jill M. Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Denver, Colorado
School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Suvi M. Virtanen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Nutrition Unit, Helsinki;
University of Tampere, School of Health Sciences; Center for Child Health Research,
University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Tampere University and University Hospital; and The Science Center
of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
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71
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Witkowski M, Witkowski M, Gagliani N, Huber S. Recipe for IBD: can we use food to control inflammatory bowel disease? Semin Immunopathol 2017; 40:145-156. [PMID: 29124320 PMCID: PMC5809523 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system and the microbiota in the intestinal tract have recently been shown to play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Both of these can be influenced by food. Thus, we propose dietary intervention as a therapeutic option for IBD. In this review, we discuss the interaction of the intestinal mucosal immune system and the intestinal microbiota in the context of IBD. In addition, we discuss the impact of food components on immune responses in IBD. Finally, we address the current evidence of how this interaction (i.e., immune system-microbiota) can be modulated by food components, pre/probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and how these approaches can support intestinal homeostasis. By gathering the vast amount of literature available on the impact of food on IBD, we aim to distinguish between scientifically sound data and theories, which have not been included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Witkowski
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marco Witkowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, 17176 , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuel Huber
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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72
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Servi BD, Ranzini F. Protective efficacy of antidiarrheal agents in a permeability model of Escherichia coli-infected CacoGoblet ® cells. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:1449-1455. [PMID: 29068234 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the protective efficacy of gelatine tannate/probiotic with other antidiarrheal agents in Escherichia coli-inoculated CacoGoblet® cells. METHODS Four test compounds - gelatine tannate plus inactivated probiotic, diosmectite, probiotic mixture and Saccharomyces boulardii - were added to E. coli-infected CacoGoblet cells. After 1 and 24 h, transepithelial electrical resistance was measured and a lucifer yellow assay performed. RESULTS Gelatine tannate/probiotic markedly increased transepithelial electrical resistance by 123.1% (at 1 h) and 149.5% (at 24 h), and produced paracellular flux values of 0.41% (1 h) and 1.34% (24 h), which were considerably less than the E. coli-invasion value (2.41%). CONCLUSION The protective efficacy of gelatine tannate/probiotic against E. coli-induced reduction of membrane integrity manifests early and is maintained for 24 h.
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73
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The Effect of Probiotics in Prevention of Necrotising Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates in Comparison with Control Group. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/ijp.7663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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74
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West CE, Dzidic M, Prescott SL, Jenmalm MC. Bugging allergy; role of pre-, pro- and synbiotics in allergy prevention. Allergol Int 2017; 66:529-538. [PMID: 28865967 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale biodiversity loss and complex changes in social behaviors are altering human microbial ecology. This is increasingly implicated in the global rise in inflammatory diseases, most notably the "allergy epidemic" in very early life. Colonization of human ecological niches, particularly the gastrointestinal tract, is critical for normal local and systemic immune development and regulation. Disturbances in composition, diversity and timing of microbial colonization have been associated with increased allergy risk, indicating the importance of strategies to restore a dysbiotic gut microbiota in the primary prevention of allergic diseases, including the administration of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. Here, we summarize and discuss findings of randomized clinical trials that have examined the effects of these microbiome-related strategies on short and long-term allergy preventative effects - including new guidelines from the World Allergy Organization which now recommend probiotics and prebiotics for allergy prevention under certain conditions. The relatively low quality evidence, limited comparative studies and large heterogeneity between studies, have collectively hampered recommendations on specific probiotic strains, specific timing and specific conditions for the most effective preventive management. At the same time the risk of using available products is low. While further research is needed before specific practice guidelines on supplement probiotics and prebiotics, it is equally important that the underlying dietary and lifestyle factors of dysbiosis are addressed at both the individual and societal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E West
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; inFLAME Global Network (Worldwide Universities Network), West New York, NJ, USA.
| | - Majda Dzidic
- inFLAME Global Network (Worldwide Universities Network), West New York, NJ, USA; Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Department of Biotechnology, Unit of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics, Valencia, Spain
| | - Susan L Prescott
- inFLAME Global Network (Worldwide Universities Network), West New York, NJ, USA; School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia and Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia
| | - Maria C Jenmalm
- inFLAME Global Network (Worldwide Universities Network), West New York, NJ, USA; Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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75
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Nieto-Domínguez M, de Eugenio LI, York-Durán MJ, Rodríguez-Colinas B, Plou FJ, Chenoll E, Pardo E, Codoñer F, Jesús Martínez M. Prebiotic effect of xylooligosaccharides produced from birchwood xylan by a novel fungal GH11 xylanase. Food Chem 2017; 232:105-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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76
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Markowiak P, Śliżewska K. Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1021. [PMID: 28914794 PMCID: PMC5622781 DOI: 10.3390/nu9091021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1012] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is colonised by a complex ecosystem of microorganisms. Intestinal bacteria are not only commensal, but they also undergo a synbiotic co-evolution along with their host. Beneficial intestinal bacteria have numerous and important functions, e.g., they produce various nutrients for their host, prevent infections caused by intestinal pathogens, and modulate a normal immunological response. Therefore, modification of the intestinal microbiota in order to achieve, restore, and maintain favourable balance in the ecosystem, and the activity of microorganisms present in the gastrointestinal tract is necessary for the improved health condition of the host. The introduction of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics into human diet is favourable for the intestinal microbiota. They may be consumed in the form of raw vegetables and fruit, fermented pickles, or dairy products. Another source may be pharmaceutical formulas and functional food. This paper provides a review of available information and summarises the current knowledge on the effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. The mechanism of beneficial action of those substances is discussed, and verified study results proving their efficacy in human nutrition are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Markowiak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Śliżewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
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77
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The importance of appropriate initial bacterial colonization of the intestine in newborn, child, and adult health. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:387-395. [PMID: 28426649 PMCID: PMC5570628 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fetus does not reside in a sterile intrauterine environment and is exposed to commensal bacteria from the maternal gut/blood stream that cross the placenta and enter the amniotic fluid. This intestinal exposure to colonizing bacteria continues at birth and during the first year of life and has a profound influence on lifelong health. Why is this important? Intestinal crosstalk with colonizing bacteria in the developing intestine affects the infant's adaptation to extrauterine life (immune homeostasis) and provides protection against disease expression (allergy, autoimmune disease, obesity, etc.) later in life. Colonizing intestinal bacteria are critical to the normal development of host defense. Disrupted colonization (dysbiosis) due to maternal dysbiosis, cesarean section delivery, use of perinatal antibiotics, or premature delivery may adversely affect the gut development of host defense and predispose to inflammation rather than to homeostasis, leading to increased susceptibility to disease later in life. Babies born by cesarean section have a higher incidence of allergy, type 1 diabetes, and obesity. Infants given repeated antibiotic regimens during the first year of life are more likely to have asthma as adolescents. This research breakthrough helps to explain the shift in disease paradigms from infections to immune-mediated in children from developed countries. This review will develop this research breakthrough.
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78
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Draper K, Ley C, Parsonnet J. Probiotic guidelines and physician practice: a cross-sectional survey and overview of the literature. Benef Microbes 2017; 8:507-519. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic use by patients and physicians has dramatically increased over the last decade, although definitive evidence is often lacking for their use. We examined probiotic-prescribing practices among health care providers (HCP) at a tertiary medical centre and compared these practices to clinical guidelines. HCP at the Stanford Medical Center received a survey on probiotic prescribing practices including choice of probiotic and primary indications. A broad overview of the literature was performed. Among 2,331 HCP surveyed, 632 responded. Of the 582 of these who routinely prescribed medications, 61% had recommended probiotic foods or supplements to their patients. Women and gastroenterologists were more likely to prescribe probiotics (odds ratio (OR): 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0-2.1; OR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.5-10.1, respectively). Among probiotic prescribers, 50% prescribed inconsistently or upon patient request, and 40% left probiotic choice to the patient. Common indications for probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus GG, were prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (79 and 66%, respectively). Probiotics were often prescribed for ‘general bowel health’ or at patient request (27 and 39% of responders, respectively). Most respondents (63%) thought an electronic medical record (EMR) pop-up would change probiotic prescribing patterns. However, a review of published guidelines and large trials found inconsistencies in probiotic indications, dosages and strain selection. Probiotic prescribing is common but lacks consistency, with choice of probiotic frequently left to the patient, even for indications with some strain-specific evidence. Implementation of EMR pop-ups/pocket guides may increase consistency in probiotic prescribing, although the lack of clear and consistent guidelines must first be addressed with large, well-designed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Draper
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC 5187, Stanford, CA 94305-5119, USA
| | - C. Ley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC 5187, Stanford, CA 94305-5119, USA
| | - J. Parsonnet
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC 5187, Stanford, CA 94305-5119, USA
- Health Research and Policy, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, 150 Governor’s Lane, HRP Redwood Building, Stanford, CA 94305-5405, USA
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79
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Berti C, Agostoni C, Davanzo R, Hyppönen E, Isolauri E, Meltzer HM, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Cetin I. Early-life nutritional exposures and lifelong health: immediate and long-lasting impacts of probiotics, vitamin D, and breastfeeding. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:83-97. [PMID: 28130504 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy and infancy comprise the most critical stages for conditioning an individual's health, with a number of implications for subsequent risks of morbidity, mortality, and reproductive health. Nutrition may influence both the overall pregnancy outcome and the growth trajectory and immune system of the fetus and infant, with short- and long-term effects on the health of the offspring. Within this context, leading experts at Expo Milano 2015 in Milan, Italy, discussed up-to-date knowledge while providing suggestions and challenges before, during, and after pregnancy. This narrative review summarizes the key issues raised by the experts concerning the interplay between the nutritional environment from conception to early infancy and the offspring's immediate and lifelong health, with a particular focus on epigenetic mechanisms, probiotics, vitamin D, and breastfeeding. Taken together, the findings strengthen the awareness that nutritional exposures occurring from preconception to the postnatal period may be strong determinants of the offspring's health and may provide supportive evidence for current nutritional recommendations and guidelines for pregnant women and infants. Critical topics to be addressed in future research and translated into recommendations of public health relevance are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Berti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Davanzo
- Division of Neonatology and NICU, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute of Health Research and School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Population, Policy and Practice Programme, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Erika Isolauri
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Helle M Meltzer
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Régine P M Steegers-Theunissen
- Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Cetin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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80
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Review tests available for detection of Clostridium difficile (C. Diff) induced disease, including when such tests should be done in children and how they should be interpreted. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple tests are available for detecting disease due to C. diff. These include colonoscopy and stool analysis. Colonoscopy with biopsy is the most sensitive test for detecting the presence of colitis. The toxins produced by the C. diff. (toxin A, toxin B, and binary toxin) are the agents that cause injury and disease. Only toxin producing C. diff. Strains will cause disease. Binary toxin by itself is not thought to produce disease. Binary toxin causes disease in humans when present with toxin A and B producing bacteria, and has been implicated with fulminant life threatening disease. Stool analyses vary in sensitivity and specificity depending on the assay used. The presence of toxin producing strains of C diff. in the stool does not equate with disease. The presence of a toxin-producing bacteria or toxins (A or B) only equates with disease if diarrhea or a diseased colon (toxic megacolon, ileus, and sepsis) is present. Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), when used in the stool from patients with diarrhea, appears to be the most efficient study to detect the gene that encodes for toxin A and B and thus to diagnose C. diff.-induced disease. Infants have a high carriage rate of C. diff. and are believed not to develop disease from it or its toxins. Infants should not be tested for C. difficile. The NAAT is most specific when done on patients with diarrhea with liquid stools. Testing for C. difficile should only be done on patients with diarrhea. One can assume that a patient who has no diarrhea and is not ill does not have C. diff.-induced disease. Treatment should be limited to patients with diarrhea who test positive for C. diff. toxin (A or B) or toxin-producing bacteria. Direct testing for binary toxin is not commercially available. Binary toxin is only thought to cause disease in humans when C. diff. toxin (A and B)-producing bacteria are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph McConnie
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Rush University Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, 1725 W Harrison St #710, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Arthur Kastl
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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81
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Abstract
The practice of pediatrics from an integrative framework is based on physician-patient relationship, informed by evidence, and approaches the health of children and their families from a broad perspective. This article reviews the basic principles of integrative pediatrics and summarizes data and integrative approaches to common pediatric conditions seen in the primary care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Becker
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1545 Divisadero Street, 4th Floor, Box 1726, San Francisco, CA 94143-1726, USA.
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82
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Xiao L, Ding G, Ding Y, Deng C, Ze X, Chen L, Zhang Y, Song L, Yan H, Liu F, Ben X. Effect of probiotics on digestibility and immunity in infants: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e5953. [PMID: 28383398 PMCID: PMC5411182 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of a fetus in utero is sterile but it becomes colonized with environmental microorganisms shortly after birth. Since the gut microbiota undergoes substantial changes in early life, healthy gut microflora is essential to an infant's gut health and immune system and probably also has an effect on overall health status in later life. Probiotics, defined as viable microbial preparations that have a beneficial effect on the health of the host, represent a rapidly expanding field. Although randomized controlled trials using probiotics in infants have shown promising results in the prevention and treatment of common diseases such as diarrhea and allergy, little is known about whether probiotics could offer benefits to healthy infants. We have designed a randomized controlled trial to test the hypothesis that an oral preparation of probiotics is superior to placebo in improving digestive and immune function in healthy infants.The trial will be a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-parallel-group study in Shanghai, China. After a 2-week run-in period, 200 exclusively formula-fed healthy infants aged 4 to 6 months will be randomly allocated to receive either a probiotic product containing Bifidobacterium infantis R0033, Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071, and Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 or an identical placebo once daily for 4 weeks and will be followed up for 8 weeks. The duration of the subject's participation will be 14 weeks, with a total of 5 visits: inclusion (Visit 1, Day 1), start of intervention (V2, D15), end of intervention (V3, D44), and follow-up (V4 and V5, D72 and D100). Stool and saliva samples will be collected at the first 3 visits to measure microbial populations and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), respectively. Physical examination will be performed at each visit, and tolerance records will be completed 1 day prior to each visit. The primary endpoints will be the changes in the composition of fecal microbiota, particularly the Bifidobacterium bifidum population. The secondary endpoints will include the change in salivary SIgA level, growth parameters, digestive tolerance, and adverse events.An effective, practical, and acceptable probiotic intervention in manipulating the gut microbiota and boosting the immune system in formula-fed infants would represent a major clinical advance. The administration of probiotic supplementation or follow-on formula to infant may be associated with some clinic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Xiao
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifang Ding
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoming Deng
- Biostime Institute for Nutrition and Care, Biostime Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Ze
- Biostime Institute for Nutrition and Care, Biostime Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Biostime Institute for Nutrition and Care, Biostime Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Song
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongli Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Ben
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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83
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Zalewski BM, Patro B, Veldhorst M, Kouwenhoven S, Crespo Escobar P, Calvo Lerma J, Koletzko B, van Goudoever JB, Szajewska H. Nutrition of infants and young children (one to three years) and its effect on later health: A systematic review of current recommendations (EarlyNutrition project). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:489-500. [PMID: 25751102 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.888701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND EarlyNutrition ( www.project-earlynutrition.eu ) is an international research project investigating the effects of early nutrition on metabolic programming. OBJECTIVE To summarize, by performing a systematic review, current standards, recommendations, guidelines, and regulations (hereafter, referred to as documents) on the nutrition of children up to three years of age. Special emphasis was placed on long-term effects of early nutrition, such as the risk of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, overweight, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, or glucose intolerance. METHODS MEDLINE, selected databases, and websites were searched for documents published between 2008 and January 2013. RESULTS Forty two documents met the inclusion criteria. The strongest and most consistent evidence for a protective, long-term effect was documented for breastfeeding. Also, limiting the intake of sodium and rapidly absorbed carbohydrates, use of a specific meal pattern, reducing the consumption of saturated fatty acids by replacing them with polyunsaturated fatty acids, and lowering the intake of trans fatty acids, seems beneficial. Many documents did not evaluate long-term outcomes of interest to us, or reported insufficient or imprecise data. Inconsistency in recommendations for some outcomes and research gaps were identified. CONCLUSIONS Our findings may serve as a helpful tool in planning further research, preventive actions against important diet-related diseases, and guidelines improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernadeta Patro
- a Department of Pediatrics , The Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Margriet Veldhorst
- b Department of Pediatrics , VU University Medical Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Kouwenhoven
- b Department of Pediatrics , VU University Medical Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Paula Crespo Escobar
- c Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology , La Fe University Hospital , Valencia , Spain
| | - Joaquim Calvo Lerma
- c Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology , La Fe University Hospital , Valencia , Spain
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- d Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Klinikum d. Univ. München , München , Germany
| | - Johannes Bernard van Goudoever
- b Department of Pediatrics , VU University Medical Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,e Department of Pediatrics , Emma Children's Hospital , Amsterdam Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Hania Szajewska
- a Department of Pediatrics , The Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
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84
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Alvi S, Javeed A, Akhtar B, Sharif A, Akhtar MF. Probiotics for cure of Helicobacter pylori infection: A review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1233432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Alvi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqeel Javeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Akhtar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Sharif
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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85
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Grev J, Berg M, Soll R. Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Hippokratia 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Berg
- University of Vermont Medical Center; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine; Burlington Vermont USA 05401
| | - Roger Soll
- University of Vermont Medical Center; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine; Burlington Vermont USA 05401
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86
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Long-term safety assessment in children who received hydrolyzed protein formulas with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: a 5-year follow-up. Eur J Pediatr 2017; 176:217-224. [PMID: 27975116 PMCID: PMC5243874 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2825-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Extensively hydrolyzed (EH) formula with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) was demonstrated to alleviate cow's milk allergy (CMA) symptoms and promote faster acquisition of tolerance to cow's milk protein. We previously demonstrated that partially hydrolyzed (PH) and EH formulas with LGG supported normal growth in healthy-term infants through 120 days of age. The objective of the current study was to evaluate growth, development, and specific adverse events through 5 years of age in participants from that cohort who continued receiving study formula. Infants who completed a double-blind, randomized growth and tolerance study were eligible to continue receiving the assigned study formula through 1 year of age (control: EH casein formula, EHF, or one of two investigational formulas: EH casein formula with LGG (EHF-LGG) or a PH formula with LGG (PHF-LGG)) and participate in follow-up through 5 years of age. Anthropometric measures, behavior development, and specific adverse events were recorded. No significant differences in achieved weight and height or behavioral development outcomes at 3 or 5 years of age were observed among study groups. Few statistically significant differences in the incidence of specific infection-related events through years 3 or 5 were observed among study groups, none of which were considered clinically relevant. CONCLUSION Extensively and partially hydrolyzed formulas with LGG were associated with normal growth and development and long-term safety through 5 years of age. What is Known: • Infants with cow's milk allergy often experience allergic manifestations that can lead to poor nutrition status and poor growth. • Providing partially hydrolyzed (PH) and EH formulas with or without LGG in infants can support normal growth in healthy-term infants. What is New: • This study provides long-term safety data for the first 5 years of life on the use of extensively and partially hydrolyzed formulas with LGG when fed through 1 year of age. • Extensively and partially hydrolyzed formulas with LGG are associated with normal growth, development, and long-term safety through 5 years of age.
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87
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Olaya Galán NN, Ulloa Rubiano JC, Velez Reyes FA, Fernandez Duarte KP, Salas Cárdenas SP, Gutierrez Fernandez MF. In vitro antiviral activity of Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium adolescentis against rotavirus infection monitored by NSP4 protein production. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1041-51. [PMID: 26801008 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to determine the antiviral activity of four probiotic metabolites (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacetrium species) against rotavirus in vitro infection monitored by the NSP4 protein production and Ca(2+) release. METHODS AND RESULTS The antiviral effect of the metabolites was performed due a comparison between a blocking model and an intracelullar model on MA104 cells, with the response of NSP4 production and Ca(2+) liberation measured by flow cytometry. Significant results were obtained with the metabolites of Lactobacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis in the reduction of the protein production (P = 0·04 and P = 0·014) and Ca(2+) liberation (P = 0·094 and P = 0·020) in the intracellular model, which suggests a successful antiviral activity against RV infection. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that probiotic metabolites were able to interfere with the final amount of intracellular NSP4 protein and a successful Ca(2+) regulation, which suggests a new approach to the mechanism exerted by probiotics against the rotavirus infection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A novel anti-rotaviral effect exerted by probiotic metabolites monitored by the NSP4 protein during the RV in vitro infection and the effect on the Ca(2+) release is reported; suggesting a reduction on the impact of the infection by decreasing the damage of the cells preventing the electrolyte loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Olaya Galán
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J C Ulloa Rubiano
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - F A Velez Reyes
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - K P Fernandez Duarte
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - S P Salas Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M F Gutierrez Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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88
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Banks SSC, Thomas MR, Gordon M, Wallace C, Akobeng AK. Probiotics to prevent infantile colic. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shel SC Banks
- Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Child Health; Whinney Heys Road Blackpool UK FY3 8NR
| | - Megan R Thomas
- Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Child Health; Whinney Heys Road Blackpool UK FY3 8NR
| | - Morris Gordon
- University of Central Lancashire; School of Medicine; Preston UK
- Blackpool Victoria Hospital; Families Division; Blackpool UK
| | - Chris Wallace
- Blackpool Victoria Hospital; Postgraduate Department; Whinney Heys Road Blackpool Lancs UK FY38NR
| | - Anthony K Akobeng
- Sidra Medical & Research Center; PO Box 26999 Doha Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medical College; Doha Qatar
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89
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Anderson S. Probiotics for Preterm Infants: A Premature or Overdue Necrotizing Enterocolitis Prevention Strategy? Neonatal Netw 2016; 34:83-101. [PMID: 26803090 DOI: 10.1891/0730-0832.34.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Common among preterm, very low birth weight (VLBW) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a gastrointestinal, infectious disease that remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among this high-risk population. To combat this devastating condition, research efforts have been redirected from treatment toward prevention strategies. Although there are several proposed risk-reduction strategies, one intervention gaining support is the administration of prophylactic enteral probiotics. Regardless of growing evidentiary support and a benign safety profile, neonatal providers have yet to embrace this therapy. This article provides an overview of the proposed benefits of probiotics, focusing on their role as a NEC prevention strategy. A review of several sentinel research studies targeting preterm, VLBW, and ELBW infants is provided. Considerations for ongoing research are reviewed. Finally, two evidence-based NEC prevention probiotics protocols are presented.
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90
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Thomas MR, Gordon M, Banks SSC, Wallace C. Parent training programmes for managing infantile colic. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Thomas
- Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Child Health; Whinney Heys Road Blackpool Lancashire UK FY3 8NR
| | - Morris Gordon
- University of Central Lancashire; School of Medicine; Preston UK
- Blackpool Victoria Hospital; Families Division; Blackpool UK
| | - Shel SC Banks
- Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Child Health; Whinney Heys Road Blackpool Lancashire UK FY3 8NR
| | - Chris Wallace
- Blackpool Victoria Hospital; Postgraduate Department; Whinney Heys Road Blackpool Lancs UK FY38NR
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91
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Pinto JM, Petrova A. Lactobacillus acidophilus Mixture in Treatment of Children Hospitalized With Acute Diarrhea. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2016; 55:1202-1209. [PMID: 26581358 DOI: 10.1177/0009922815616075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite unproven effectiveness, Lactobacillus acidophilus is a widely used probiotic in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea. In this report, we evaluated the association between length of stay (LOS) for 290 young children hospitalized with acute diarrhea and adjuvant therapy with a probiotic mixture containing 80% L acidophilus that was included in treatment for 22.4% of them. Overall, no association between LOS and use of L acidophilus was recorded after controlling for age, length of diarrhea symptoms, duration of intravenous fluids, and prior exposure to antibiotic. However, LOS was directly associated with use of L acidophilus in children with negative stool studies, and no such association was recorded in children with positive stool for rotavirus or other infections. We concluded that adjuvant therapy with L acidophilus mixture is not beneficial for young children hospitalized with acute diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Pinto
- Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, USA
| | - Anna Petrova
- Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, USA Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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92
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O'Sullivan A, O'Grady M, O'Callaghan Y, Smyth T, O'Brien N, Kerry J. Seaweed extracts as potential functional ingredients in yogurt. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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93
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Green Corkins K, Shurley T. What's in the Bottle? A Review of Infant Formulas. Nutr Clin Pract 2016; 31:723-729. [PMID: 27646861 DOI: 10.1177/0884533616669362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant formulas are designed to be a substitute for breast milk. Since they are sole source of nutrition for growing and developing infants, they are highly regulated by the government. All ingredients in infant formulas must be considered "generally recognized as safe." Manufacturers are continually modifying their products to make them more like breast milk. Functional ingredients added to infant formula include long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, nucleotides, prebiotics, and probiotics. The most common breast milk substitutes are standard cow's milk-based term infant formulas, which include subcategories of organic and breast milk supplementation, and come in standard dilutions of 19 or 20 calories per ounce. In addition to standard cow's milk-based term infant formulas, there is a line of term infant formulas marketed for signs and symptoms of intolerance. These products include modifications in lactose content, partially hydrolyzed protein, added probiotics, or added rice starch. There are also specialized formulas for medical conditions such as prematurity, gastrointestinal disorders, allergy, disorders of fat metabolism, and renal insufficiency. Infants on specialty formulas should be monitored closely by medical professionals. Formulas come in ready-to-feed, liquid concentrate, and powder forms. Each offers advantages and disadvantages. Each step in the formula mixing process or each manipulation required for the feeding is another opportunity to introduce bacteria to the formula. There are guidelines for preparing formula in institutions. Standard dilution and mixing instructions are different for each formula, so individual recipes are needed. Caregivers should also be educated on proper hygiene when preparing formula at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Green Corkins
- 1 Department of Nutrition Therapy, LeBonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Teresa Shurley
- 1 Department of Nutrition Therapy, LeBonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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94
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Schlichte MJ, Vandersall A, Katta R. Diet and eczema: a review of dietary supplements for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Dermatol Pract Concept 2016. [PMID: 27648380 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.0603a06.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of increasing popularity of "natural" alternatives to conventional medicine, several dietary supplements have gained the attention of researchers and consumers alike in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). Readily available without a prescription and frequently perceived to have fewer side effects than traditional medications, these "natural" remedies may be featured in discussions with patients, and clinicians should therefore be familiar with their efficacy and safety. Based on trials to date, no dietary supplements can be recommended for routine use in the treatment of AD. However, some promising results have been noted from the use of probiotics and prebiotics taken in combination. Given significant differences in study design to date, however, further studies would be needed to clarify dose and strains of probiotics. Studies of vitamin D have been limited and have produced conflicting results, although further trials in selected subsets of patients may be indicated. Very limited data is available on fish oil supplements, while future studies on Chinese herbal medicine would require evaluation of comparable herbs and formulations. Finally, multiple trials of evening primrose oil and borage seed oil have shown improvement similar to placebo, and neither is currently recommended in eczema therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Schlichte
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abbey Vandersall
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rajani Katta
- Division of Dermatology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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95
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96
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Schlichte MJ, Vandersall A, Katta R. Diet and eczema: a review of dietary supplements for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Dermatol Pract Concept 2016; 6:23-9. [PMID: 27648380 PMCID: PMC5006549 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.0603a06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of increasing popularity of "natural" alternatives to conventional medicine, several dietary supplements have gained the attention of researchers and consumers alike in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). Readily available without a prescription and frequently perceived to have fewer side effects than traditional medications, these "natural" remedies may be featured in discussions with patients, and clinicians should therefore be familiar with their efficacy and safety. Based on trials to date, no dietary supplements can be recommended for routine use in the treatment of AD. However, some promising results have been noted from the use of probiotics and prebiotics taken in combination. Given significant differences in study design to date, however, further studies would be needed to clarify dose and strains of probiotics. Studies of vitamin D have been limited and have produced conflicting results, although further trials in selected subsets of patients may be indicated. Very limited data is available on fish oil supplements, while future studies on Chinese herbal medicine would require evaluation of comparable herbs and formulations. Finally, multiple trials of evening primrose oil and borage seed oil have shown improvement similar to placebo, and neither is currently recommended in eczema therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Schlichte
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abbey Vandersall
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rajani Katta
- Division of Dermatology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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97
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Moraes-Filho JP, Quigley EMM. THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA AND THE ROLE OF PROBIOTICS IN IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME: a review. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2016; 52:331-8. [PMID: 26840477 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032015000400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome is a common, chronic relapsing gastrointestinal disorder that affects 7%-22% of the population worldwide. According to Rome III Criteria, the disorder is defined by the coexistence of abdominal discomfort or pain associated with an alteration in bowel habits. Its pathophysiology is not completely understood but, in addition to some important abnormalities, the disturbed intestinal microbiota has also been described supported by several strands of evidence. The treatment of irritable bowel syndrome is based upon several therapeutic approaches but few have been successful or without adverse events and more recently the gut microbiota and the use of probiotics have emerged as a factor to be considered. Probiotics are live micro-organisms which when consumed in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host, such as Lactic bacteria among others. An important scientific rationale has emerged for the use of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome, although the data regarding different species are still limited. Not all probiotics are beneficial: it is important to select the specific strain which should be supported by good evidence base. The mechanisms of action of probiotics are described and the main strains are quoted.
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98
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Nieuwoudt C. Nutrition and the child with cancer: where do we stand and where do we need to go? SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2011.11734376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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99
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Bueno-Vargas P, Manzano M, Diaz-Castro J, López-Aliaga I, Rueda R, López-Pedrosa JM. Maternal Dietary Supplementation with Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin in Gestating/Lactating Rats Preserves Maternal Bone and Improves Bone Microarchitecture in Their Offspring. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154120. [PMID: 27115490 PMCID: PMC4846003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation could exert a key role not only on maternal bone, but also could influence the skeletal development of the offspring. This study was performed in rats to assess the relationship between maternal dietary intake of prebiotic oligofructose-enriched inulin and its role in bone turnover during gestation and lactation, as well as its effect on offspring peak bone mass/architecture during early adulthood. Rat dams were fed either with standard rodent diet (CC group), calcium-fortified diet (Ca group), or prebiotic oligofructose-enriched inulin supplemented diet (Pre group), during the second half of gestation and lactation. Bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC), as well as micro-structure of dams and offspring at different stages were analysed. Dams in the Pre group had significantly higher trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and smaller specific bone surface (BS/BV) of the tibia in comparison with CC dams. The Pre group offspring during early adulthood had an increase of the lumbar vertebra BMD when compared with offspring of CC and Ca groups. The Pre group offspring also showed significant increase versus CC in cancellous and cortical structural parameters of the lumbar vertebra 4 such as Tb.Th, cortical BMD and decreased BS/BV. The results indicate that oligofructose-enriched inulin supplementation can be considered as a plausible nutritional option for protecting against maternal bone loss during gestation and lactation preventing bone fragility and for optimizing peak bone mass and architecture of the offspring in order to increase bone strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Bueno-Vargas
- Abbott Nutrition R&D, Granada, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada and Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Javier Diaz-Castro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada and Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada López-Aliaga
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada and Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Abstract
Infantile colic is a self-limiting disorder of excessive infant crying or fussiness that peaks at 6 weeks of age and typically improves by 3 months of age. The etiology of infantile colic has yet to be definitively elucidated, but there is increasing research to support its relationship to migraine. The aims of this review are to present recent research investigating the connection between infantile colic and migraine. The importance of identifying this connection is useful in reducing invasive and potentially harmful investigations and to identify age appropriate pharmacologic interventions that would be safe in this population.
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