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Li Q, Xie W, Wang N, Li C, Wang M. CDC7-dependent transcriptional regulation of RAD54L is essential for tumorigenicity and radio-resistance of glioblastoma. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:300-306. [PMID: 29413763 PMCID: PMC5884092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase(CDC7) plays an essential role in tumor cells and it could induces cell proliferation and could be related to prognosis in multiple types of cancer. However, the biological role and molecular mechanism of CDC7 in GBM still remains unclear. In this study, we identified that CDC7 expression was enriched in glioblastoma (GBM) tumors and was functionally required for tumor proliferation and its expression was associated to poor prognosis in GBM patients. Mechanically, CDC7 induced radio resistance in GBM cells and CDC7 knock down increased cell apoptosis when combined with radiotherapy. Moreover, CDC7 regulated The DNA repair/recombination protein 54L (RAD54L) expression via regulation of RAD54L promoter activity. Therapeutically, we found that CDC7 inhibitor attenuated tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, CDC7 promotes proliferation, induces radio resistance in GBM, and could become a potential therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Wanfu Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Chuankun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Maode Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University.
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52
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Jaafari-Ashkavandi Z, Ashraf MJ, Abbaspoorfard AA. Overexpression of CDC7 in malignant salivary gland tumors correlates with tumor differentiation. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 85:144-149. [PMID: 29339028 PMCID: PMC9452223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cell division cycle-7 protein is a serine/threonine kinase that has a basic role in cell cycle regulation and is a potential prognostic or therapeutic target in some human cancers. Objectives This study investigated the expression of cell division cycle-7 protein in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors and also its correlation with clinicopathologic factors. Methods Immunohistochemical expression of cell division cycle-7 was evaluated in 46 cases, including 15 adenoid cystic carcinoma, 12 mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 14 pleomorphic adenoma, and 5 normal salivary glands. Cell division cycle-7 expression rate and intensity were compared statistically. Results The protein was expressed in almost all tumors. The intensity and mean of cell division cycle-7 expression were higher in malignant tumors in comparison with pleomorphic adenomas (p = 0.000). The protein expression was correlated with tumor grades (p = 0.000). Conclusions The present study demonstrated cell division cycle-7 overexpression in malignant salivary gland tumors in comparison with pleomorphic adenomas, and also a correlation with tumor differentiation. Therefore, this protein might be a potential prognostic and therapeutic target for salivary gland tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Jaafari-Ashkavandi
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Javad Ashraf
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Abbaspoorfard
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Shiraz, Iran
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53
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Cdc7-Dbf4-mediated phosphorylation of HSP90-S164 stabilizes HSP90-HCLK2-MRN complex to enhance ATR/ATM signaling that overcomes replication stress in cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17024. [PMID: 29209046 PMCID: PMC5717001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc7-Dbf4 kinase plays a key role in the initiation of DNA replication and contributes to the replication stress in cancer. The activity of human Cdc7-Dbf4 kinase remains active and acts as an effector of checkpoint under replication stress. However, the downstream targets of Cdc7-Dbf4 contributed to checkpoint regulation and replication stress-support function in cancer are not fully identified. In this work, we showed that aberrant Cdc7-Dbf4 induces DNA lesions that activate ATM/ATR-mediated checkpoint and homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair. Using a phosphoproteome approach, we identified HSP90-S164 as a target of Cdc7-Dbf4 in vitro and in vivo. The phosphorylation of HSP90-S164 by Cdc7-Dbf4 is required for the stability of HSP90-HCLK2-MRN complex and the function of ATM/ATR signaling cascade and HR DNA repair. In clinically, the phosphorylation of HSP90-S164 indeed is increased in oral cancer patients. Our results indicate that aberrant Cdc7-Dbf4 enhances replication stress tolerance by rewiring ATR/ATM mediated HR repair through HSP90-S164 phosphorylation and by promoting recovery from replication stress. We provide a new solution to a subtyping of cancer patients with dominant ATR/HSP90 expression by combining inhibitors of ATR-Chk1, HSP90, or Cdc7 in cancer combination therapy.
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Datta A, Ghatak D, Das S, Banerjee T, Paul A, Butti R, Gorain M, Ghuwalewala S, Roychowdhury A, Alam SK, Das P, Chatterjee R, Dasgupta M, Panda CK, Kundu GC, Roychoudhury S. p53 gain-of-function mutations increase Cdc7-dependent replication initiation. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:2030-2050. [PMID: 28887320 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated p53 missense mutants confer gain of function (GOF) and promote tumorigenesis by regulating crucial signaling pathways. However, the role of GOF mutant p53 in regulating DNA replication, a commonly altered pathway in cancer, is less explored. Here, we show that enhanced Cdc7-dependent replication initiation enables mutant p53 to confer oncogenic phenotypes. We demonstrate that mutant p53 cooperates with the oncogenic transcription factor Myb in vivo and transactivates Cdc7 in cancer cells. Moreover, mutant p53 cells exhibit enhanced levels of Dbf4, promoting the activity of Cdc7/Dbf4 complex. Chromatin enrichment of replication initiation factors and subsequent increase in origin firing confirm increased Cdc7-dependent replication initiation in mutant p53 cells. Further, knockdown of CDC7 significantly abrogates mutant p53-driven cancer phenotypes in vitro and in vivo Importantly, high CDC7 expression significantly correlates with p53 mutational status and predicts poor clinical outcome in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Collectively, this study highlights a novel functional interaction between mutant p53 and the DNA replication pathway in cancer cells. We propose that increased Cdc7-dependent replication initiation is a hallmark of p53 gain-of-function mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Datta
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Dishari Ghatak
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sumit Das
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India
| | - Taraswi Banerjee
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH Biomedical Research Center, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anindita Paul
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Ramesh Butti
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India
| | - Mahadeo Gorain
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India
| | - Sangeeta Ghuwalewala
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Anirban Roychowdhury
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Sk Kayum Alam
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Pijush Das
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Chinmay Kumar Panda
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Gopal C Kundu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India
| | - Susanta Roychoudhury
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India .,Saroj Gupta Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Kolkata, India
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55
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Azenha D, Lopes MC, Martins TC. Claspin functions in cell homeostasis-A link to cancer? DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 59:27-33. [PMID: 28942358 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Most cancers present high degrees of genomic instability. DNA damage and replication checkpoints function as barriers to halt cell cycle progression until damage is resolved, preventing the perpetuation of errors. Activation of these checkpoints is critically dependent on Claspin, an adaptor protein that mediates the phosphorylation of the effector kinase Chk1 by ATR. However, Claspin also performs other roles related to the protection and maintenance of cell and genome integrity. For instance, following DNA damage and checkpoint activation, Claspin bridges checkpoint responses to DNA repair or to apoptosis. During DNA replication, Claspin acts a sensor and couples DNA unwinding to strand polymerization, and may also indirectly regulate replication initiation at firing origins. As Claspin participates in several processes that are vital to maintenance of cell homeostasis, its function is tightly regulated at multiple levels. Nevertheless, little is known about its role in cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that Claspin inactivation could be an essential event during carcinogenesis, indicating that Claspin may function as a tumour suppressor. In this review, we will examine the functions of Claspin and how its deregulation may contribute to cancer initiation and progression. To conclude, we will discuss means by which Claspin can be targeted for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Azenha
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculdade de Medicina, Pólo I, 1º andar, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra de Francisco Gentil, Av. Bissaya Barreto 98, Apartado 2005, 3000-651, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria Celeste Lopes
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculdade de Medicina, Pólo I, 1º andar, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Teresa C Martins
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculdade de Medicina, Pólo I, 1º andar, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra de Francisco Gentil, Av. Bissaya Barreto 98, Apartado 2005, 3000-651, Coimbra, Portugal.
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56
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Kurasawa O, Homma M, Oguro Y, Miyazaki T, Mori K, Uchiyama N, Iwai K, Ohashi A, Hara H, Yoshida S, Cho N. 2-Aminomethylthieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones bearing 3-methylpyrazole hinge binding moiety: Highly potent, selective, and time-dependent inhibitors of Cdc7 kinase. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3658-3670. [PMID: 28533114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase the success rate for developing new Cdc7 inhibitors for cancer therapy, we explored a new chemotype which can comply with the previously-constructed pharmacophore model. Substitution of a pyridine ring of a serendipitously-identified Cdc7 inhibitor 2b with a 3-methylpyrazole resulted in a 4-fold increase in potency and acceptable kinase selectivity, leading to the identification of thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one as an alternative scaffold. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) study revealed that incorporation of a substituted aminomethyl group into the 2-position improved kinase selectivity. Indeed, a pyrrolidinylmethyl derivative 10c was a potent Cdc7 inhibitor (IC50=0.70nM) with high selectivity (Cdk2/Cdc7≥14,000, ROCK1/Cdc7=200). It should be noted that 10c exhibited significant time-dependent Cdc7 inhibition with slow dissociation kinetics, cellular pharmacodynamic (PD) effects, and COLO205 growth inhibition. Additionally, molecular basis of high kinase selectivity of 10c is discussed by using the protein structures of Cdc7 and Cdk2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kurasawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Misaki Homma
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuya Oguro
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tohru Miyazaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kouji Mori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Noriko Uchiyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Iwai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideto Hara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Sei Yoshida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuo Cho
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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57
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Genovese I, Ilari A, Assaraf YG, Fazi F, Colotti G. Not only P-glycoprotein: Amplification of the ABCB1- containing chromosome region 7q21 confers multidrug resistance upon cancer cells by coordinated overexpression of an assortment of resistance-related proteins. Drug Resist Updat 2017; 32:23-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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58
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Sasi NK, Bhutkar A, Lanning NJ, MacKeigan JP, Weinreich M. DDK Promotes Tumor Chemoresistance and Survival via Multiple Pathways. Neoplasia 2017; 19:439-450. [PMID: 28448802 PMCID: PMC5406526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DBF4-dependent kinase (DDK) is a two-subunit kinase required for initiating DNA replication at individual origins and is composed of CDC7 kinase and its regulatory subunit DBF4. Both subunits are highly expressed in many diverse tumor cell lines and primary tumors, and this is correlated with poor prognosis. Inhibiting DDK causes apoptosis of tumor cells, but not normal cells, through a largely unknown mechanism. Firstly, to understand why DDK is often overexpressed in tumors, we identified gene expression signatures that correlate with DDK high- and DDK low-expressing lung adenocarcinomas. We found that increased DDK expression is highly correlated with inactivation of RB1-E2F and p53 tumor suppressor pathways. Both CDC7 and DBF4 promoters bind E2F, suggesting that increased E2F activity in RB1 mutant cancers promotes increased DDK expression. Surprisingly, increased DDK expression levels are also correlated with both increased chemoresistance and genome-wide mutation frequencies. Our data further suggest that high DDK levels directly promote elevated mutation frequencies. Secondly, we performed an RNAi screen to investigate how DDK inhibition causes apoptosis of tumor cells. We identified 23 kinases and phosphatases required for apoptosis when DDK is inhibited. These hits include checkpoint genes, G2/M cell cycle regulators, and known tumor suppressors leading to the hypothesis that inhibiting mitotic progression can protect against DDKi-induced apoptosis. Characterization of one novel hit, the LATS2 tumor suppressor, suggests that it promotes apoptosis independently of the upstream MST1/2 kinases in the Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda Kumar Sasi
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute (VARI), Grand Rapids, MI 49503; Laboratory of Systems Biology, VARI; Graduate Program in Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Arjun Bhutkar
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Weinreich
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute (VARI), Grand Rapids, MI 49503.
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59
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Discovery of novel furanone derivatives as potent Cdc7 kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 130:406-418. [PMID: 28279847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cdc7 is a serine-threonine kinase and plays a conserved and important role in DNA replication, and it has been recognized as a potential anticancer target. Herein, we report the design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of novel furanone derivatives as Cdc7 kinase inhibitors. Compound 13 was identified as a strong inhibitor of Cdc7 with an IC50 value of 0.6 nM in the presence of 1 mM ATP and showed excellent kinase selectivity. In addition, it exhibited slow off-rate characteristics, which may offer advantages over known Cdc7 inhibitors in its potential to yield prolonged inhibitory effects in vivo. Compound 13 potently inhibited Cdc7 activity in cancer cells, and effectively induced cell death.
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60
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Kurasawa O, Oguro Y, Miyazaki T, Homma M, Mori K, Iwai K, Hara H, Skene R, Hoffman I, Ohashi A, Yoshida S, Ishikawa T, Cho N. Identification of a new class of potent Cdc7 inhibitors designed by putative pharmacophore model: Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-ones. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2133-2147. [PMID: 28284870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell division cycle 7 (Cdc7) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays important roles in the regulation of DNA replication process. A genetic study indicates that Cdc7 inhibition can induce selective tumor-cell death in a p53-dependent manner, suggesting that Cdc7 is an attractive target for the treatment of cancers. In order to identify a new class of potent Cdc7 inhibitors, we generated a putative pharmacophore model based on in silico docking analysis of a known inhibitor with Cdc7 homology model. The pharmacophore model provided a minimum structural motif of Cdc7 inhibitor, by which preliminary medicinal chemistry efforts identified a dihydrothieno[3,2-d]-pyrimidin-4(1H)-one scaffold having a heteroaromatic hinge-binding moiety. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies resulted in the discovery of new, potent, and selective Cdc7 inhibitors 14a, c, e. Furthermore, the high selectivity of 14c, e for Cdc7 over Rho-associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) is discussed by utilizing a docking study with Cdc7 and ROCK2 crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kurasawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Yuya Oguro
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tohru Miyazaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Misaki Homma
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kouji Mori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Iwai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideto Hara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Robert Skene
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego 92121, CA, USA
| | - Isaac Hoffman
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego 92121, CA, USA
| | - Akihiro Ohashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Sei Yoshida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Ishikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuo Cho
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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61
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Huggett MT, Tudzarova S, Proctor I, Loddo M, Keane MG, Stoeber K, Williams GH, Pereira SP. Cdc7 is a potent anti-cancer target in pancreatic cancer due to abrogation of the DNA origin activation checkpoint. Oncotarget 2017; 7:18495-507. [PMID: 26921250 PMCID: PMC4951304 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cdc7 is a serine/threonine kinase which is responsible for the ‘firing’ of replication origins leading to initiation of DNA replication. Inhibition or depletion of Cdc7 in normal cells triggers a DNA origin activation checkpoint causing a reversible G1 arrest. Here we investigate Cdc7 as a novel therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. Experimental design Cdc7 target validation was performed by immunoexpression profiling in a cohort of 73 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma including 24 controls. Secondly Cdc7 kinase was targeted in Capan-1 and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell line models using either an siRNA against Cdc7 or alternatively a small molecule inhibitor (SMI) of Cdc7 (PHA-767491). Results Cdc7 was significantly overexpressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma compared to benign pancreatic tissue (median LI 34.3% vs. 1.3%; P<0.0001). Cdc7 knockdown using siRNA in Capan-1 and PANC-1 cells resulted in marked apoptotic cell death when compared with control cells. A prominent sub-G1 peak was seen on flow cytometry (sub-G1 51% vs. 3% and 45% vs. 0.7% in Capan-1 and PANC-1 cells, respectively). Annexin V labelling confirmed apoptosis in 64% vs. 11% and 75% vs. 8%, respectively. Western blotting showed cleavage of PARP-1 and caspase-3 and presence of γH2A.X. TUNEL assay showed strong staining in treated cells. These results were mirrored following Cdc7 kinase inhibition with PHA-767491. Conclusions Our findings show that Cdc7 is a potent anti-cancer target in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and that Cdc7 immunoexpression levels might be used as a companion diagnostic to predict response to therapeutic siRNAs or SMIs directed against this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Huggett
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health and UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.,The Research Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Slavica Tudzarova
- The Research Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian Proctor
- The Research Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Loddo
- The Research Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Oncologica Ltd, The Science Village, Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Margaret G Keane
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health and UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kai Stoeber
- The Research Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth H Williams
- The Research Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Oncologica Ltd, The Science Village, Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen P Pereira
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health and UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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62
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Erbayraktar Z, Alural B, Erbayraktar RS, Erkan EP. Cell division cycle 7-kinase inhibitor PHA-767491 hydrochloride suppresses glioblastoma growth and invasiveness. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:88. [PMID: 27891063 PMCID: PMC5116134 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genomic instability is a hallmark of cancer cells, and this cellular phenomenon can emerge as a result of replicative stress. It is possible to take advantage of replicative stress, and enhance it in a targeted way to fight cancer cells. One of such strategies involves targeting the cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase (CDC7), a protein with key roles in regulation of initiation of DNA replication. CDC7 overexpression is present in different cancers, and small molecule inhibitors of the CDC7 have well-documented anti-tumor effects. Here, we aimed to test the potential of CDC7 inhibition as a new strategy for glioblastoma treatment. Methods PHA-767491 hydrochloride was used as the CDC7 inhibitor. Two glioblastoma cell lines (U87-MG and U251-MG) and a control cell line (3T3) were used to characterize the effects of CDC7 inhibition. The effect of CDC7 inhibition on cell viability, cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were analyzed. In addition, real-time PCR arrays were used to identify the differentially expressed genes in response to CDC7 inhibition. Results Our results showed that CDC7 inhibition reduces glioblastoma cell viability, suppresses cell proliferation, and triggers apoptosis in glioblastoma cell lines. In addition, we determined that CDC7 inhibition also suppresses glioblastoma cell migration and invasion. To identify molecular targets of CDC7 inhibition, we used real-time PCR arrays, which showed dysregulation of several mRNAs and miRNAs. Conclusions Taken together, our findings suggest that CDC7 inhibition is a promising strategy for treatment of glioblastoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-016-0364-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubeyde Erbayraktar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Begum Alural
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Erdogan Pekcan Erkan
- Pharmaplus Laboratories, Pharmaplus Ilac ve Saglik Urunleri Ltd. Sti, Izmir, Turkey
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Tudzarova S, Mulholland P, Dey A, Stoeber K, Okorokov AL, Williams GH. p53 controls CDC7 levels to reinforce G1 cell cycle arrest upon genotoxic stress. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2958-2972. [PMID: 27611229 PMCID: PMC5105930 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1231281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication initiation is a key event in the cell cycle, which is dependent on 2 kinases - CDK2 and CDC7. Here we report a novel mechanism in which p53 induces G1 checkpoint and cell cycle arrest by downregulating CDC7 kinase in response to genotoxic stress. We demonstrate that p53 controls CDC7 stability post-transcriptionally via miR-192/215 and post-translationally via Fbxw7β E3 ubiquitin ligase. The p53-dependent pathway of CDC7 downregulation is interlinked with the p53-p21-CDK2 pathway, as p21-mediated inhibition of CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of CDC7 on Thr376 is required for GSK3ß-phosphorylation and Fbxw7ß-dependent degradation of CDC7. Notably, sustained oncogenic high levels of active CDC7 exert a negative feedback onto p53, leading to unrestrained S-phase progression and accumulation of DNA damage. Thus, p53-dependent control of CDC7 levels is essential for blocking G1/S cell-cycle transition upon genotoxic stress, thereby safeguarding the genome from instability and thus representing a novel general stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Tudzarova
- a Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, Division of Medicine, University College London , London , UK.,b Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Paul Mulholland
- c Department of Pathology , UCL Cancer Institute, University College London , London , UK
| | - Ayona Dey
- a Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, Division of Medicine, University College London , London , UK
| | - Kai Stoeber
- c Department of Pathology , UCL Cancer Institute, University College London , London , UK
| | - Andrei L Okorokov
- a Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, Division of Medicine, University College London , London , UK
| | - Gareth H Williams
- c Department of Pathology , UCL Cancer Institute, University College London , London , UK.,d Oncologica Ltd, The Science Village, Chesterford Research Park , Cambridge , UK
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64
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Govindarajah V, Leung YK, Ying J, Gear R, Bornschein RL, Medvedovic M, Ho SM. In utero exposure of rats to high-fat diets perturbs gene expression profiles and cancer susceptibility of prepubertal mammary glands. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 29:73-82. [PMID: 26895667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human studies suggest that high-fat diets (HFDs) increase the risk of breast cancer. The 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis rat model is commonly used to evaluate the effects of lifestyle factors such as HFD on mammary tumor risk. Past studies focused primarily on the effects of continuous maternal exposure on the risk of offspring at the end of puberty (PND50). We assessed the effects of prenatal HFD exposure on cancer susceptibility in prepubertal mammary glands and identified key gene networks associated with such disruption. During pregnancy, dams were fed AIN-93G-based diets with isocaloric high olive oil, butterfat or safflower oil. The control group received AIN-93G. Female offspring were treated with DMBA on PND21. However, a significant increase in tumor volume and a trend of shortened tumor latency were observed in rats with HFD exposure against the controls (P=.048 and P=.067, respectively). Large-volume tumors harbored carcinoma in situ. Transcriptome profiling identified 43 differentially expressed genes in the mammary glands of the HFBUTTER group as compared with control. Rapid hormone signaling was the most dysregulated pathway. The diet also induced aberrant expression of Dnmt3a, Mbd1 and Mbd3, consistent with potential epigenetic disruption. Collectively, these findings provide the first evidence supporting susceptibility of prepubertal mammary glands to DMBA-induced tumorigenesis that can be modulated by dietary fat that involves aberrant gene expression and likely epigenetic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinothini Govindarajah
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yuet-Kin Leung
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Center of Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics Pharmacology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robin Gear
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics Pharmacology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert L Bornschein
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Center of Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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65
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Chen B, Li C, Zhang L, Lv J, Tong Y. Screening of biomarkers in cervical squamous cell carcinomas via gene expression profiling. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6985-9. [PMID: 26398134 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, gene expression profiles of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and invasive cervical squamous cell carcinomas (CSCC) were analyzed using bioinformatic tools to identify key genes and potential biomarkers. Analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were performed for HSIL vs. normal control and invasive CSCC vs. normal control tissues using the Limma package in R. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed using KOBAS. A protein‑protein interaction (PPI) network for the DEGs in invasive CSCC was constructed using String. Functional enrichment analysis was performed for the DEGs in the PPI network using DAVID. Relevant small molecules were predicted using Cmap. A total of 633 and 881 DEGs were identified in HSIL and invasive CSCC, respectively, and the two groups had 305 DEGs in common. Genes associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway were enriched in the HSIL, while cell cycle-associated genes were over‑represented in invasive CSCC. The PPI network, containing 72 upregulated genes and 434 edges, was illustrated. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the cell cycle was the most significant gene ontology term. A total of six small molecules associated with the pathology of CSCC were identified, including the anti-cancer drug piperlongumine, which showed a negative correlation. The findings of the present study not only enhanced the current understanding of the pathogenesis of CSCC, but may also be a basis for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of The Air Force, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Chundong Li
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of The Air Force, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of The Air Force, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Lv
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of The Air Force, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Ying Tong
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of The Air Force, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
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Satam V, Babu B, Patil P, Brien KA, Olson K, Savagian M, Lee M, Mepham A, Jobe LB, Bingham JP, Pett L, Wang S, Ferrara M, Bruce CD, Wilson WD, Lee M, Hartley JA, Kiakos K. AzaHx, a novel fluorescent, DNA minor groove and G·C recognition element: Synthesis and DNA binding properties of a p-anisyl-4-aza-benzimidazole-pyrrole-imidazole (azaHx-PI) polyamide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3681-5. [PMID: 26122210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and DNA binding properties of azaHx-PI or p-anisyl-4-aza-benzimidazole-pyrrole-imidazole (5) are described. AzaHx, 2-(p-anisyl)-4-aza-benzimidazole-5-carboxamide, is a novel, fluorescent DNA recognition element, derived from Hoechst 33258 to recognize G·C base pairs. Supported by theoretical data, the results from DNase I footprinting, CD, ΔT(M), and SPR studies provided evidence that an azaHx/IP pairing, formed from antiparallel stacking of two azaHx-PI molecules in a side-by-side manner in the minor groove, selectively recognized a C-G doublet. AzaHx-PI was found to target 5'-ACGCGT-3', the Mlu1 Cell Cycle Box (MCB) promoter sequence with specificity and significant affinity (K(eq) 4.0±0.2×10(7) M(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Satam
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Balaji Babu
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Pravin Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Kimberly A Brien
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Kevin Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Mia Savagian
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Megan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Andrew Mepham
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Laura Beth Jobe
- Department of Chemistry, Erskine College, Due West, SC 29639, United States
| | - John P Bingham
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Luke Pett
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Maddi Ferrara
- Department of Chemistry, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118, United States
| | - Chrystal D Bruce
- Department of Chemistry, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118, United States
| | - W David Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Moses Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States; Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
| | - John A Hartley
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Konstantinos Kiakos
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Melling N, Muth J, Simon R, Bokemeyer C, Terracciano L, Sauter G, Izbicki JR, Marx AH. Cdc7 overexpression is an independent prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. Diagn Pathol 2015. [PMID: 26208856 PMCID: PMC4514957 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cdc7 is a widely expressed protein kinase implicated in cell division, cell cycle checkpoint mechanisms and cancer progression. Recently, it has been suggested as a target for anti-cancer therapy. Methods To determine the relationship of Cdc7 protein expression with tumor phenotype, molecular features and prognosis, 1800 colorectal carcinomas were analyzed by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray. Results Cdc7 expression was considered negative in 33.6 %, weak in 57.2 % and strong in 9.2 % of 1711 interpretable CRCs. Loss of Cdc7 expression was significantly associated with high tumor stage (p < 0.0001) and high tumor grade (p = 0.0077), but was unrelated to the nodal status (p = 0.5957). Moreover, a link between Cdc7 expression and the tubular histological tumor type was seen (p < 0.0001). p53 and Cdc7 expression were significantly linked to each other (p = 0.0013). In a multivariate survival analysis, strong Cdc7 expression of CRC was an independent marker of improved patient survival (p = 0.0031). Conclusion Our data show that Cdc7 is highly expressed in CRC and a potential therapeutic target in a subset of cancers with high p53 expression. Moreover, our findings strongly argue for a clinical utility of Cdc7 immunostaining as an independent prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer enabling to select patients for adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Melling
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Johanna Muth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, BMT with section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jakob Robert Izbicki
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Holger Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Man SM, Zhu Q, Zhu L, Liu Z, Karki R, Malik A, Sharma D, Li L, Malireddi RKS, Gurung P, Neale G, Olsen SR, Carter RA, McGoldrick DJ, Wu G, Finkelstein D, Vogel P, Gilbertson RJ, Kanneganti TD. Critical Role for the DNA Sensor AIM2 in Stem Cell Proliferation and Cancer. Cell 2015; 162:45-58. [PMID: 26095253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Mutations in the innate immune sensor AIM2 are frequently identified in patients with colorectal cancer, but how AIM2 modulates colonic tumorigenesis is unknown. Here, we found that Aim2-deficient mice were hypersusceptible to colonic tumor development. Production of inflammasome-associated cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was largely intact in Aim2-deficient mice; however, intestinal stem cells were prone to uncontrolled proliferation. Aberrant Wnt signaling expanded a population of tumor-initiating stem cells in the absence of AIM2. Susceptibility of Aim2-deficient mice to colorectal tumorigenesis was enhanced by a dysbiotic gut microbiota, which was reduced by reciprocal exchange of gut microbiota with healthy wild-type mice. These findings uncover a synergy between a specific host genetic factor and gut microbiota in determining the susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Therapeutic modulation of AIM2 expression and microbiota has the potential to prevent colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ming Man
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Qifan Zhu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Liqin Zhu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicines, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ankit Malik
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Liyuan Li
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott R Olsen
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert A Carter
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Daniel J McGoldrick
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Gilbertson
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Balasubramanian PK, Balupuri A, Cho SJ. Molecular Modeling Studies of Trisubstituted Thiazoles as Cdc7 Kinase Inhibitors through 3D-QSAR and Molecular Docking Simulation. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra K. Balasubramanian
- Department of Bio-New Drug Development, College of Medicine; Chosun University; Gwangju 501-759 Republic of Korea
| | - Anand Balupuri
- Department of Bio-New Drug Development, College of Medicine; Chosun University; Gwangju 501-759 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joo Cho
- Department of Bio-New Drug Development, College of Medicine; Chosun University; Gwangju 501-759 Republic of Korea
- Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine; Chosun University; Gwangju 501-759 Republic of Korea
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70
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Prediction of cancer proteins by integrating protein interaction, domain frequency, and domain interaction data using machine learning algorithms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:312047. [PMID: 25866773 PMCID: PMC4381656 DOI: 10.1155/2015/312047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins are known to be associated with cancer diseases. It is quite often that their precise functional role in disease pathogenesis remains unclear. A strategy to gain a better understanding of the function of these proteins is to make use of a combination of different aspects of proteomics data types. In this study, we extended Aragues's method by employing the protein-protein interaction (PPI) data, domain-domain interaction (DDI) data, weighted domain frequency score (DFS), and cancer linker degree (CLD) data to predict cancer proteins. Performances were benchmarked based on three kinds of experiments as follows: (I) using individual algorithm, (II) combining algorithms, and (III) combining the same classification types of algorithms. When compared with Aragues's method, our proposed methods, that is, machine learning algorithm and voting with the majority, are significantly superior in all seven performance measures. We demonstrated the accuracy of the proposed method on two independent datasets. The best algorithm can achieve a hit ratio of 89.4% and 72.8% for lung cancer dataset and lung cancer microarray study, respectively. It is anticipated that the current research could help understand disease mechanisms and diagnosis.
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Sasi NK, Tiwari K, Soon FF, Bonte D, Wang T, Melcher K, Xu HE, Weinreich M. The potent Cdc7-Dbf4 (DDK) kinase inhibitor XL413 has limited activity in many cancer cell lines and discovery of potential new DDK inhibitor scaffolds. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113300. [PMID: 25412417 PMCID: PMC4239038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc7-Dbf4 kinase or DDK (Dbf4-dependent kinase) is required to initiate DNA replication by phosphorylating and activating the replicative Mcm2-7 DNA helicase. DDK is overexpressed in many tumor cells and is an emerging chemotherapeutic target since DDK inhibition causes apoptosis of diverse cancer cell types but not of normal cells. PHA-767491 and XL413 are among a number of potent DDK inhibitors with low nanomolar IC50 values against the purified kinase. Although XL413 is highly selective for DDK, its activity has not been extensively characterized on cell lines. We measured anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of XL413 on a panel of tumor cell lines compared to PHA-767491, whose activity is well characterized. Both compounds were effective biochemical DDK inhibitors but surprisingly, their activities in cell lines were highly divergent. Unlike PHA-767491, XL413 had significant anti-proliferative activity against only one of the ten cell lines tested. Since XL413 did not effectively inhibit DDK in multiple cell lines, this compound likely has limited bioavailability. To identify potential leads for additional DDK inhibitors, we also tested the cross-reactivity of ∼400 known kinase inhibitors against DDK using a DDK thermal stability shift assay (TSA). We identified 11 compounds that significantly stabilized DDK. Several inhibited DDK with comparable potency to PHA-767491, including Chk1 and PKR kinase inhibitors, but had divergent chemical scaffolds from known DDK inhibitors. Taken together, these data show that several well-known kinase inhibitors cross-react with DDK and also highlight the opportunity to design additional specific, biologically active DDK inhibitors for use as chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda Kumar Sasi
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute (VARI), Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Kanchan Tiwari
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute (VARI), Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Fen-Fen Soon
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, VARI, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Dorine Bonte
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute (VARI), Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Tong Wang
- Translational Drug Development, Inc. (TD2), Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, VARI, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - H. Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, VARI, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Michael Weinreich
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute (VARI), Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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MiR-630 inhibits proliferation by targeting CDC7 kinase, but maintains the apoptotic balance by targeting multiple modulators in human lung cancer A549 cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1426. [PMID: 25255219 PMCID: PMC4225225 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAome analyses have shown microRNA-630 (miR-630) to be involved in the regulation of apoptosis. However, its apoptotic role is still debated and its participation in DNA replication is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that miR-630 inhibits cell proliferation by targeting cell-cycle kinase 7 (CDC7) kinase, but maintains the apoptotic balance by targeting multiple activators of apoptosis under genotoxic stress. We identified a novel regulatory mechanism of CDC7 gene expression, in which miR-630 downregulated CDC7 expression by recognizing and binding to four binding sites in CDC7 3'-UTR. We found that miR-630 was highly expressed in A549 and NIH3T3 cells where CDC7 was downregulated, but lower in H1299, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, HeLa and 2BS cells where CDC7 was upregulated. Furthermore, the induction of miR-630 occurred commonly in a variety of human cancer and immortalized cells in response to genotoxic agents. Importantly, downregulation of CDC7 by miR-630 was associated with cisplatin (CIS)-induced inhibitory proliferation in A549 cells. Mechanistically, miR-630 exerted its inhibitory proliferation by blocking CDC7-mediated initiation of DNA synthesis and by inducing G1 arrest, but maintains apoptotic balance under CIS exposure. On the one hand, miR-630 promoted apoptosis by downregulation of CDC7; on the other hand, it reduced apoptosis by downregulating several apoptotic modulators such as PARP3, DDIT4, EP300 and EP300 downstream effector p53, thereby maintaining the apoptotic balance. Our data indicate that miR-630 has a bimodal role in the regulation of apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Our data also support the notion that a certain mRNA can be targeted by several miRNAs, and in particular an miRNA may target a set of mRNAs. These data afford a comprehensive view of microRNA-dependent control of gene expression in the regulation of apoptosis under genotoxic stress.
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Abrantes JLF, Tornatore TF, Pelizzaro-Rocha KJ, de Jesus MB, Cartaxo RT, Milani R, Ferreira-Halder CV. Crosstalk between kinases, phosphatases and miRNAs in cancer. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt B:167-87. [PMID: 25230087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of proteins, performed by kinases and phosphatases, is the major post translational protein modification in eukaryotic cells. This intracellular event represents a critical regulatory mechanism of several signaling pathways and can be related to a vast array of diseases, including cancer. Cancer research has produced increasing evidence that kinase and phosphatase activity can be compromised by mutations and also by miRNA silencing, performed by small non-coding and endogenously produced RNA molecules that lead to translational repression. miRNAs are believed to target about one-third of human mRNAs while a single miRNA may target about 200 transcripts simultaneously. Regulation of the phosphorylation balance by miRNAs has been a topic of intense research over the last years, spanning topics going as far as cancer aggressiveness and chemotherapy resistance. By addressing recent studies that have shown miRNA expression patterns as phenotypic signatures of cancers and how miRNA influence cellular processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle control, angiogenesis, inflammation and DNA repair, we discuss how kinases, phosphatases and miRNAs cooperatively act in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia L F Abrantes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thaís F Tornatore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo B de Jesus
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T Cartaxo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Renato Milani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
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74
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Brandão LN, Ferguson R, Santoro I, Jinks-Robertson S, Sclafani RA. The role of Dbf4-dependent protein kinase in DNA polymerase ζ-dependent mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2014; 197:1111-22. [PMID: 24875188 PMCID: PMC4125387 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.165308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK) (composed of Dbf4 and Cdc7 subunits) is an essential, conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase that regulates multiple processes in the cell, including DNA replication, recombination and induced mutagenesis. Only DDK substrates important for replication and recombination have been identified. Consequently, the mechanism by which DDK regulates mutagenesis is unknown. The yeast mcm5-bob1 mutation that bypasses DDK's essential role in DNA replication was used here to examine whether loss of DDK affects spontaneous as well as induced mutagenesis. Using the sensitive lys2ΔA746 frameshift reversion assay, we show DDK is required to generate "complex" spontaneous mutations, which are a hallmark of the Polζ translesion synthesis DNA polymerase. DDK co-immunoprecipitated with the Rev7 regulatory, but not with the Rev3 polymerase subunit of Polζ. Conversely, Rev7 bound mainly to the Cdc7 kinase subunit and not to Dbf4. The Rev7 subunit of Polζ may be regulated by DDK phosphorylation as immunoprecipitates of yeast Cdc7 and also recombinant Xenopus DDK phosphorylated GST-Rev7 in vitro. In addition to promoting Polζ-dependent mutagenesis, DDK was also important for generating Polζ-independent large deletions that revert the lys2ΔA746 allele. The decrease in large deletions observed in the absence of DDK likely results from an increase in the rate of replication fork restart after an encounter with spontaneous DNA damage. Finally, nonepistatic, additive/synergistic UV sensitivity was observed in cdc7Δ pol32Δ and cdc7Δ pol30-K127R,K164R double mutants, suggesting that DDK may regulate Rev7 protein during postreplication "gap filling" rather than during "polymerase switching" by ubiquitinated and sumoylated modified Pol30 (PCNA) and Pol32.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis N Brandão
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Rebecca Ferguson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Irma Santoro
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Sue Jinks-Robertson
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Robert A Sclafani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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75
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Reichelt A, Bailis JM, Bartberger MD, Yao G, Shu H, Kaller MR, Allen JG, Weidner MF, Keegan KS, Dao JH. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of trisubstituted thiazoles as Cdc7 kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 80:364-82. [PMID: 24793884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Cell division cycle 7 (Cdc7) protein kinase is essential for DNA replication and maintenance of genome stability. We systematically explored thiazole-based compounds as inhibitors of Cdc7 kinase activity in cancer cells. Our studies resulted in the identification of a potent, selective Cdc7 inhibitor that decreased phosphorylation of the direct substrate MCM2 in vitro and in vivo, and inhibited DNA synthesis and cell viability in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reichelt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | - Julie M Bailis
- Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
| | - Michael D Bartberger
- Molecular Structure and Characterization, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Guomin Yao
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Hong Shu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Matthew R Kaller
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - John G Allen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Margaret F Weidner
- Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
| | - Kathleen S Keegan
- Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
| | - Jennifer H Dao
- Molecular Structure and Characterization, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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76
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Kiełbasiński P, Łuczak J, Cierpiał T, Błaszczyk J, Sieroń L, Wiktorska K, Lubelska K, Milczarek M, Chilmończyk Z. New enantiomeric fluorine-containing derivatives of sulforaphane: synthesis, absolute configurations and biological activity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:332-42. [PMID: 24589488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Three pairs of enantiomers of the unknown sulforaphane analogs bearing organofluorine substituents bonded to the sulfinyl sulfur atom and having different number of methylene groups in the central carbon chain were synthesized and fully characterized, including determination of their absolute configurations. All the new compounds were tested in vitro for their cytotoxicity against melanoma cells to show increased activity in comparison with the natural sulforaphane. The influence of the particular structural changes in the molecule on the cytotoxicity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kiełbasiński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Łuczak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cierpiał
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jarosław Błaszczyk
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Lesław Sieroń
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Technical University of Łódź, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wiktorska
- National Medicines Institute, Cell Biology Department, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Lubelska
- National Medicines Institute, Cell Biology Department, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Milczarek
- National Medicines Institute, Cell Biology Department, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Chilmończyk
- National Medicines Institute, Cell Biology Department, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland
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77
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Yamada M, Watanabe K, Mistrik M, Vesela E, Protivankova I, Mailand N, Lee M, Masai H, Lukas J, Bartek J. ATR-Chk1-APC/CCdh1-dependent stabilization of Cdc7-ASK (Dbf4) kinase is required for DNA lesion bypass under replication stress. Genes Dev 2014; 27:2459-72. [PMID: 24240236 PMCID: PMC3841735 DOI: 10.1101/gad.224568.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cdc7 kinase regulates DNA replication. However, its role in DNA repair and recombination is poorly understood. Here we describe a pathway that stabilizes the human Cdc7-ASK (activator of S-phase kinase; also called Dbf4), its regulation, and its function in cellular responses to compromised DNA replication. Stalled DNA replication evoked stabilization of the Cdc7-ASK (Dbf4) complex in a manner dependent on ATR-Chk1-mediated checkpoint signaling and its interplay with the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome(Cdh1) (APC/C(Cdh1)) ubiquitin ligase. Mechanistically, Chk1 kinase inactivates APC/C(Cdh1) through degradation of Cdh1 upon replication block, thereby stabilizing APC/C(Cdh1) substrates, including Cdc7-ASK (Dbf4). Furthermore, motif C of ASK (Dbf4) interacts with the N-terminal region of RAD18 ubiquitin ligase, and this interaction is required for chromatin binding of RAD18. Impaired interaction of ASK (Dbf4) with RAD18 disables foci formation by RAD18 and hinders chromatin loading of translesion DNA polymerase η. These findings define a novel mechanism that orchestrates replication checkpoint signaling and ubiquitin-proteasome machinery with the DNA damage bypass pathway to guard against replication collapse under conditions of replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yamada
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, CZ-775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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78
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Dimitrakopoulou K, Dimitrakopoulos GN, Sgarbas KN, Bezerianos A. Tamoxifen integromics and personalized medicine: dynamic modular transformations underpinning response to tamoxifen in breast cancer treatment. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 18:15-33. [PMID: 24299457 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2013.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in pharmacogenomics technologies allow bold steps to be taken towards personalized medicine, more accurate health planning, and personalized drug development. In this framework, systems pharmacology network-based approaches offer an appealing way for integrating multi-omics data and set the basis for defining systems-level drug response biomarkers. On the road to individualized tamoxifen treatment in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients, we examine the dynamics of the attendant pharmacological response mechanisms. By means of an "integromics" network approach, we assessed the tamoxifen effect through the way the high-order organization of interactome (i.e., the modules) is perturbed. To accomplish that, first we integrated the time series transcriptome data with the human protein interaction data, and second, an efficient module-detecting algorithm was applied onto the composite graphs. Our findings show that tamoxifen induces severe modular transformations on specific areas of the interactome. Our modular biomarkers in response to tamoxifen attest to the immunomodulatory role of tamoxifen, and further reveal that it deregulates cell cycle and apoptosis pathways, while coordinating the proteasome and basal transcription factors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that informs the fields of personalized medicine and clinical pharmacology about the actual dynamic interactome response to tamoxifen administration.
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79
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Mansouri M, Mirzaei SA, Lage H, Mousavi SS, Elahian F. The cell cycle arrest and the anti-invasive effects of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates are not mediated by DBF4 in breast cancer cells. Biochimie 2013; 99:71-6. [PMID: 24287290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has shown that a DBF4 analog in yeast may be a target of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. DBF4 is an essential protein kinase required for DNA replication from primary eukaryotes to humans and appears to play a critical role in the S-phase checkpoint. It is also required for cell migration and cell surface adhesion. The effects of Pamidronate, risedronate, or zoledronate on cell viability and DBF4 expression were measured via MTT assays and western blotting. In addition, FACS cell cycle analyses and invasion assays were conducted in cells in the presence of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates to identify any correlations between DBF4 expression and S-phase arrest or anti-invasive effects of the bisphosphonates. Zoledronate transiently down-regulated DBF4 expression in all three cell lines in the first 24 h of the experiment, but after 72 h, DBF4 expression returned to the control levels in all treated cells. Following treatment of the tumor cells with the bisphosphonates, the number of cells in S-phase was increased. Pamidronate and zoledronate showed anti-invasive effects in BT20 cells. The anti-invasive effects of pamidronate, risedronate and zoledronate appeared after 48 h of exposure. In MDA-MB231 cells a reduction of invasiveness was only observed after 72 h of the pamidronate exposure. We finally concluded that the anti-invasive and cell cycle arrest-inducing effects of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates are not DBF4 mediated, and other mediators are therefore needed to explain the observed complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Mansouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Mirzaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Institute of Pathology, Charité Campus Mitte, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann Lage
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Campus Mitte, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seyyedeh Soghra Mousavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Elahian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Institute of Pathology, Charité Campus Mitte, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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80
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Siah A, McKenna P, Berthe FCJ, Afonso LOB, Danger JM. Transcriptome analysis of neoplastic hemocytes in soft-shell clams Mya arenaria: Focus on cell cycle molecular mechanism. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 3:95-103. [PMID: 24600564 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In North America, a high mortality of soft-shell clams Mya arenaria was found to be related to the disease known as disseminated neoplasia (DN). Disseminated neoplasia is commonly recognized as a tetraploid disorder related to a disruption of the cell cycle. However, the molecular mechanisms by which hemocytes of clams are transformed in the course of DN remain by far unknown. This study aims at identifying the transcripts related to DN in soft shell clams' hemocytes using next generation of sequencing (Illumina HiSeq2000). This study mainly focuses on transcripts and molecular mechanisms involved in cell cycle. Using Illumina next generation of sequencing, more than 95,399,159 reads count with an average length of 45 bp was generated from three groups of hemocytes: (1) a healthy group with less than 10% of tetraploid cells; (2) an intermediate group with tetraploid hemocytes ranging between 10% and 50% and (3) a diseased group with more than 50% of tetraploid cells. After the reads were cleaned by removing the adapters, de novo assembly was performed on the sequences and more than 73,696 contigs were generated with a mean contig length estimated at 585 bp ranging from 189 bp to 14,773 bp. Once a Blastx search against NCBI Non Redundant database was performed and the duplicates removed, 18,378 annotated sequences matched known sequences, 3078 were hypothetical and 9002 were uncharacterized sequences. Fifty percent and 41% of known sequences match sequences from Mollusca and Gastropoda respectively. Among the bivalvia, 33%, 17%, 17% and 15% of the contigs match sequences from Ostreoida, Veneroida, Pectinoida and Mytiloida respectively. Gene ontology analysis showed that metabolic, cellular, transport, cell communication and cell cycle represent 33%, 15%, 9%, 8.5% and 7% respectively of the total biological process. Approximately 70% of the component process is related to intracellular process and 15% is linked to protein and ribonucleoprotein complex. Catalytic activities and binding molecular processes represent 39% and 33% of the total molecular functions. Interestingly, nucleic acid binding represents more than 18% of the total protein class. Transcripts involved in the molecular mechanisms of cell cycle are discussed providing new avenues for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Siah
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, BC CAHS, 871A Island Highway, Campbell River, BC, Canada V9W 2C2 ; Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Patty McKenna
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Franck C J Berthe
- Animal Health and Welfare Unit, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Largo N, Palli 5IA, I-43100, Parma,Italy
| | - Luis O B Afonso
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, PO Box 423, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia
| | - Jean-Michel Danger
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, University of Le Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, BP540, 76058 Le Havre, France
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81
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Wu X, Zeng H, Zhu X, Ma Q, Hou Y, Wu X. Novel pyrrolopyridinone derivatives as anticancer inhibitors towards Cdc7: QSAR studies based on dockings by solvation score approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:323-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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82
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Petrochilos D, Shojaie A, Gennari J, Abernethy N. Using random walks to identify cancer-associated modules in expression data. BioData Min 2013; 6:17. [PMID: 24128261 PMCID: PMC4015830 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0381-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of cancer involves a complex series of genetic and environmental conditions. To better represent and study the intricate genetics of cancer onset and progression, we construct a network of biological interactions to search for groups of genes that compose cancer-related modules. Three cancer expression datasets are investigated to prioritize genes and interactions associated with cancer outcomes. Using a graph-based approach to search for communities of phenotype-related genes in microarray data, we find modules of genes associated with cancer phenotypes in a weighted interaction network. RESULTS We implement Walktrap, a random-walk-based community detection algorithm, to identify biological modules predisposing to tumor growth in 22 hepatocellular carcinoma samples (GSE14520), adenoma development in 32 colorectal cancer samples (GSE8671), and prognosis in 198 breast cancer patients (GSE7390). For each study, we find the best scoring partitions under a maximum cluster size of 200 nodes. Significant modules highlight groups of genes that are functionally related to cancer and show promise as therapeutic targets; these include interactions among transcription factors (SPIB, RPS6KA2 and RPS6KA6), cell-cycle regulatory genes (BRSK1, WEE1 and CDC25C), modulators of the cell-cycle and proliferation (CBLC and IRS2) and genes that regulate and participate in the map-kinase pathway (MAPK9, DUSP1, DUSP9, RIPK2). To assess the performance of Walktrap to find genomic modules (Walktrap-GM), we evaluate our results against other tools recently developed to discover disease modules in biological networks. Compared with other highly cited module-finding tools, jActiveModules and Matisse, Walktrap-GM shows strong performance in the discovery of modules enriched with known cancer genes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the Walktrap-GM algorithm identifies modules significantly enriched with cancer genes, their joint effects and promising candidate genes. The approach performs well when evaluated against similar tools and smaller overall module size allows for more specific functional annotation and facilitates the interpretation of these modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Petrochilos
- Biomedical and Health Informatics, Dept of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Box 357240, 1959 NE Pacific Street, HSB I-264, Seattle, WA 98195-7240, USA.
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83
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Wang X, Simon R. Identification of potential synthetic lethal genes to p53 using a computational biology approach. BMC Med Genomics 2013; 6:30. [PMID: 24025726 PMCID: PMC3847148 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-6-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of genes that are synthetic lethal to p53 is an important strategy for anticancer therapy as p53 mutations have been reported to occur in more than half of all human cancer cases. Although genome-wide RNAi screening is an effective approach to finding synthetic lethal genes, it is costly and labor-intensive. METHODS To illustrate this approach, we identified potentially druggable genes synthetically lethal for p53 using three microarray datasets for gene expression profiles of the NCI-60 cancer cell lines, one next-generation sequencing (RNA-Seq) dataset from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project, and one gene expression data from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) project. We selected the genes which encoded kinases and had significantly higher expression in the tumors with functional p53 mutations (somatic mutations) than in the tumors without functional p53 mutations as the candidates of druggable synthetic lethal genes for p53. We identified important regulatory networks and functional categories pertinent to these genes, and performed an extensive survey of literature to find experimental evidence that support the synthetic lethality relationships between the genes identified and p53. We also examined the drug sensitivity difference between NCI-60 cell lines with functional p53 mutations and NCI-60 cell lines without functional p53 mutations for the compounds that target the kinases encoded by the genes identified. RESULTS Our results indicated that some of the candidate genes we identified had been experimentally verified to be synthetic lethal for p53 and promising targets for anticancer therapy while some other genes were putative targets for development of cancer therapeutic agents. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that pre-screening of potential synthetic lethal genes using gene expression profiles is a promising approach for improving the efficiency of synthetic lethal RNAi screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Wang
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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84
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Barkley LR, Santocanale C. MicroRNA-29a regulates the benzo[a]pyrene dihydrodiol epoxide-induced DNA damage response through Cdc7 kinase in lung cancer cells. Oncogenesis 2013; 2:e57. [PMID: 23877787 PMCID: PMC3740286 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc7 kinase is a key regulator of DNA replication and has an important role in the cellular DNA damage response by controlling checkpoint signaling and cell survival. Yet, how the activity of Cdc7 kinase is regulated is poorly understood. In silico analysis identified microRNA-29 (miR-29)-binding sites in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of both Cdc7 and its activating subunit Dbf4. We show that miR-29a binds to Cdc7 and Dbf4 3'-UTRs and regulates kinase levels. We find that in response to DNA damage, upregulation of Cdc7 kinase correlates with a downregulation in miR-29a. Enforced miR-29a expression prevents the accumulation of Cdc7 in response to the environmental genotoxin, benzo[a]pyrene dihydrodiol epoxide (BPDE) present in cigarette smoke, resulting in aberrant checkpoint signaling and increased cell lethality. As BPDE sensitivity was rescued by overexpression of miRNA-resistant Cdc7/Dbf4, we propose that Cdc7 kinase is an important target of miR-29a in determining cell survival from genotoxic stress caused by this environmental toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Barkley
- Centre for Chromosome Biology and National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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85
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Cheng AN, Jiang SS, Fan CC, Lo YK, Kuo CY, Chen CH, Liu YL, Lee CC, Chen WS, Huang TS, Wang TY, Lee AYL. Increased Cdc7 expression is a marker of oral squamous cell carcinoma and overexpression of Cdc7 contributes to the resistance to DNA-damaging agents. Cancer Lett 2013; 337:218-25. [PMID: 23684929 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cdc7-Dbf4 kinase (Dbf4-dependent kinase, DDK) is an essential factor of DNA replication and DNA damage response (DDR), which is associated with tumorigenesis. However, Cdc7 expression has never been associated to the outcome of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, and the mechanism underlying cancer cell survival mediated by Cdc7 remains unclear. The Cdc7 protein expression of 105 OSCC tumor and 30 benign tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry assay. Overall survival rates of 80 OSCC patients were measured using Kaplan-Meier estimates and the log-rank tests. Cdc7 overexpression by adenovirus system was used to scrutinize the underlying mechanism contributed to cancer cell survival upon DDR. In silico analysis showed that increased Cdc7 is a common feature of cancer. Cdc7 overexpression was found in 96 of 105 (91.4%) studied cases of OSCC patients. Patients with higher Cdc7 expression, either categorized into two groups: Cdc7 high expression (2+ to 3+) versus Cdc7 low expression (0 to 1+) [hazard ratios (HR)=2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.28-5.43; P=0.0087] or four groups (0 to 3+) [HR=1.71; 95% CI=1.20-2.44; P=0.0032], exhibited a poorer outcome. Multivariate analysis showed that Cdc7 is an independent marker for survival prediction. Overexpressed Cdc7 inhibits genotoxin-induced apoptosis to increase the survival of cancer cells. In summary, Cdc7 expression, which is universally upregulated in cancer, is an independent prognostic marker of OSCC. Cdc7 inhibits genotoxin-induced apoptosis and increases survival in cancer cells upon DDR, suggesting that high expression of Cdc7 enhances the resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ning Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
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86
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Ramer MD, Suman ES, Richter H, Stanger K, Spranger M, Bieberstein N, Duncker BP. Dbf4 and Cdc7 proteins promote DNA replication through interactions with distinct Mcm2-7 protein subunits. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14926-35. [PMID: 23549044 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.392910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential cell cycle target of the Dbf4/Cdc7 kinase (DDK) is the Mcm2-7 helicase complex. Although Mcm4 has been identified as the critical DDK phosphorylation target for DNA replication, it is not well understood which of the six Mcm2-7 subunits actually mediate(s) docking of this kinase complex. We systematically examined the interaction between each Mcm2-7 subunit with Dbf4 and Cdc7 through two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation analyses. Strikingly different binding patterns were observed, as Dbf4 interacted most strongly with Mcm2, whereas Cdc7 displayed association with both Mcm4 and Mcm5. We identified an N-terminal Mcm2 region required for interaction with Dbf4. Cells expressing either an Mcm2 mutant lacking this docking domain (Mcm2ΔDDD) or an Mcm4 mutant lacking a previously identified DDK docking domain (Mcm4ΔDDD) displayed modest DNA replication and growth defects. In contrast, combining these two mutations resulted in synthetic lethality, suggesting that Mcm2 and Mcm4 play overlapping roles in the association of DDK with MCM rings at replication origins. Consistent with this model, growth inhibition could be induced in Mcm4ΔDDD cells through Mcm2 overexpression as a means of titrating the Dbf4-MCM ring interaction. This growth inhibition was exacerbated by exposing the cells to either hydroxyurea or methyl methanesulfonate, lending support for a DDK role in stabilizing or restarting replication forks under S phase checkpoint conditions. Finally, constitutive overexpression of each individual MCM subunit was examined, and genotoxic sensitivity was found to be specific to Mcm2 or Mcm4 overexpression, further pointing to the importance of the DDK-MCM ring interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Ramer
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
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87
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Bryan MC, Falsey JR, Frohn M, Reichelt A, Yao G, Bartberger MD, Bailis JM, Zalameda L, Miguel TS, Doherty EM, Allen JG. N-substituted azaindoles as potent inhibitors of Cdc7 kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2056-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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88
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Mulvey CM, Tudzarova S, Crawford M, Williams GH, Stoeber K, Godovac-Zimmermann J. Subcellular proteomics reveals a role for nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking at the DNA replication origin activation checkpoint. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1436-53. [PMID: 23320540 PMCID: PMC4261602 DOI: 10.1021/pr3010919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Depletion of DNA replication initiation factors such as CDC7 kinase triggers the origin activation checkpoint in healthy cells and leads to a protective cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase of the mitotic cell division cycle. This protective mechanism is thought to be defective in cancer cells. To investigate how this checkpoint is activated and maintained in healthy cells, we conducted a quantitative SILAC analysis of the nuclear- and cytoplasmic-enriched compartments of CDC7-depleted fibroblasts and compared them to a total cell lysate preparation. Substantial changes in total abundance and/or subcellular location were detected for 124 proteins, including many essential proteins associated with DNA replication/cell cycle. Similar changes in protein abundance and subcellular distribution were observed for various metabolic processes, including oxidative stress, iron metabolism, protein translation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This is accompanied by reduced abundance of two karyopherin proteins, suggestive of reduced nuclear import. We propose that altered nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking plays a key role in the regulation of cell cycle arrest. The results increase understanding of the mechanisms underlying maintenance of the DNA replication origin activation checkpoint and are consistent with our proposal that cell cycle arrest is an actively maintained process that appears to be distributed over various subcellular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Mulvey
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Slavica Tudzarova
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Crawford
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth H. Williams
- Research Department of Pathology and UCL Cancer Institute, Rockefeller Building, University College London, University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Stoeber
- Research Department of Pathology and UCL Cancer Institute, Rockefeller Building, University College London, University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jasminka Godovac-Zimmermann
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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89
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Tong Y, Stewart KD, Florjancic AS, Harlan JE, Merta PJ, Przytulinska M, Soni N, Swinger KK, Zhu H, Johnson EF, Shoemaker AR, Penning TD. Azaindole-Based Inhibitors of Cdc7 Kinase: Impact of the Pre-DFG Residue, Val 195. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:211-5. [PMID: 24900653 DOI: 10.1021/ml300348c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role played by the unique pre-DFG residue Val 195 of Cdc7 kinase on the potency of azaindole-chloropyridines (1), a series of novel analogues with various chloro replacements were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against Cdc7. X-ray cocrystallization using a surrogate protein, GSK3β, and modeling studies confirmed the azaindole motif as the hinge binder. Weaker hydrophobic interactions with Met 134 and Val 195 by certain chloro replacements (e.g., H, methyl) led to reduced Cdc7 inhibition. Meanwhile, data from other replacements (e.g., F, O) indicated that loss of such hydrophobic interaction could be compensated by enhanced hydrogen bonding to Lys 90. Our findings not only provide an in-depth understanding of the pre-DFG residue as another viable position impacting kinase inhibition, they also expand the existing knowledge of ligand-Cdc7 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsong Tong
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kent D. Stewart
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Alan S. Florjancic
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - John E. Harlan
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Philip J. Merta
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Magdalena Przytulinska
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Nirupama Soni
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kerren K. Swinger
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Haizhong Zhu
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Eric F. Johnson
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Alexander R. Shoemaker
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Thomas D. Penning
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
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90
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Hughes S, Elustondo F, Di Fonzo A, Leroux FG, Wong AC, Snijders AP, Matthews SJ, Cherepanov P. Crystal structure of human CDC7 kinase in complex with its activator DBF4. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19:1101-7. [PMID: 23064647 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CDC7 is a serine/threonine kinase that is essential for the initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication. CDC7 activity is controlled by its activator, DBF4. Here we present crystal structures of human CDC7-DBF4 in complex with a nucleotide or ATP-competing small molecules, revealing the active and inhibited forms of the kinase, respectively. DBF4 wraps around CDC7, burying approximately 6,000 Å(2) of hydrophobic molecular surface in a bipartite interface. The effector domain of DBF4, containing conserved motif C, is essential and sufficient to support CDC7 kinase activity by binding to the kinase N-terminal lobe and stabilizing its canonical αC helix. DBF4 motif M latches onto the C-terminal lobe of the kinase, acting as a tethering domain. Our results elucidate the structural basis for binding to and activation of CDC7 by DBF4 and provide a framework for the design of more potent and specific CDC7 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Hughes
- Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, Potters Bar, UK
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91
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Wang CI, Chien KY, Wang CL, Liu HP, Cheng CC, Chang YS, Yu JS, Yu CJ. Quantitative proteomics reveals regulation of karyopherin subunit alpha-2 (KPNA2) and its potential novel cargo proteins in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1105-22. [PMID: 22843992 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.016592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling is mediated by karyopherins. Dysregulated expression of karyopherins may trigger oncogenesis through aberrant distribution of cargo proteins. Karyopherin subunit alpha-2 (KPNA2) was previously identified as a potential biomarker for nonsmall cell lung cancer by integration of the cancer cell secretome and tissue transcriptome data sets. Knockdown of KPNA2 suppressed the proliferation and migration abilities of lung cancer cells. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying KPNA2 activity in cancer remain to be established. In the current study, we applied gene knockdown, subcellular fractionation, and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture-based quantitative proteomic strategies to systematically analyze the KPNA2-regulating protein profiles in an adenocarcinoma cell line. Interaction network analysis revealed that several KPNA2-regulating proteins are involved in the cell cycle, DNA metabolic process, cellular component movements and cell migration. Importantly, E2F1 was identified as a potential novel cargo of KPNA2 in the nuclear proteome. The mRNA levels of potential effectors of E2F1 measured using quantitative PCR indicated that E2F1 is one of the "master molecule" responses to KPNA2 knockdown. Immunofluorescence staining and immunoprecipitation assays disclosed co-localization and association between E2F1 and KPNA2. An in vitro protein binding assay further demonstrated that E2F1 interacts directly with KPNA2. Moreover, knockdown of KPNA2 led to subcellular redistribution of E2F1 in lung cancer cells. Our results collectively demonstrate the utility of quantitative proteomic approaches and provide a fundamental platform to further explore the biological roles of KPNA2 in nonsmall cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-I Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, and Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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92
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Discovery of XL413, a potent and selective CDC7 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3727-31. [PMID: 22560567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CDC7 is a serine/threonine kinase that has been shown to be required for the initiation and maintenance of DNA replication. Up-regulation of CDC7 is detected in multiple tumor cell lines, with inhibition of CDC7 resulting in cell cycle arrest. In this paper, we disclose the discovery of a potent and selective CDC7 inhibitor, XL413 (14), which was advanced into Phase 1 clinical trials. Starting from advanced lead 3, described in a preceding communication, we optimized the CDC7 potency and selectivity to demonstrate in vitro CDC7 dependent cell cycle arrest and in vivo tumor growth inhibition in a Colo-205 xenograft model.
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93
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Abstract
The basic biology of the cell division cycle and its control by protein kinases was originally studied through genetic and biochemical studies in yeast and other model organisms. The major regulatory mechanisms identified in this pioneer work are conserved in mammals. However, recent studies in different cell types or genetic models are now providing a new perspective on the function of these major cell cycle regulators in different tissues. Here, we review the physiological relevance of mammalian cell cycle kinases such as cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), Aurora and Polo-like kinases, and mitotic checkpoint regulators (Bub1, BubR1, and Mps1) as well as other less-studied enzymes such as Cdc7, Nek proteins, or Mastl and their implications in development, tissue homeostasis, and human disease. Among these functions, the control of self-renewal or asymmetric cell division in stem/progenitor cells and the ability to regenerate injured tissues is a central issue in current research. In addition, many of these proteins play previously unexpected roles in metabolism, cardiovascular function, or neuron biology. The modulation of their enzymatic activity may therefore have multiple therapeutic benefits in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain.
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94
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Masica DL, Karchin R. Correlation of somatic mutation and expression identifies genes important in human glioblastoma progression and survival. Cancer Res 2011; 71:4550-61. [PMID: 21555372 PMCID: PMC3129415 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cooperative dysregulation of gene sequence and expression may contribute to cancer formation and progression. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Network recently catalogued gene sequence and expression data for a collection of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors. We developed an automated, model-free method to rapidly and exhaustively examine the correlation among somatic mutation and gene expression and interrogated 149 GBM tumor samples from the TCGA. The method identified 41 genes whose mutation status is highly correlated with drastic changes in the expression (z-score ± 2.0), across tumor samples, of other genes. Some of the 41 genes have been previously implicated in GBM pathogenesis (e.g., NF1, TP53, RB1, and IDH1) and others, while implicated in cancer, had not previously been highlighted in studies using TCGA data (e.g., SYNE1, KLF6, FGFR4, and EPHB4). The method also predicted that known oncogenes and tumor suppressors participate in GBM via drastic over- and underexpression, respectively. In addition, the method identified a known synthetic lethal interaction between TP53 and PLK1, other potential synthetic lethal interactions with TP53, and correlations between IDH1 mutation status and the overexpression of known GBM survival genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Masica
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Rachel Karchin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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95
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Dinosaurs and ancient civilizations: reflections on the treatment of cancer. Neoplasia 2011; 12:957-68. [PMID: 21170260 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research efforts in the area of palaeopathology have been seen as an avenue to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of cancer. Answers to questions of whether dinosaurs had cancer, or if cancer plagued ancient civilizations, have captured the imagination as well as the popular media. Evidence for dinosaurian cancer may indicate that cancer may have been with us from the dawn of time. Ancient recorded history suggests that past civilizations attempted to fight cancer with a variety of interventions. When contemplating the issue why a generalized cure for cancer has not been found, it might prove useful to reflect on the relatively limited time that this issue has been an agenda item of governmental attention as well as continued introduction of an every evolving myriad of manmade carcinogens relative to the total time cancer has been present on planet Earth. This article reflects on the history of cancer and the progress made following the initiation of the "era of cancer chemotherapy."
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96
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Menichincheri M, Albanese C, Alli C, Ballinari D, Bargiotti A, Caldarelli M, Ciavolella A, Cirla A, Colombo M, Colotta F, Croci V, D'Alessio R, D'Anello M, Ermoli A, Fiorentini F, Forte B, Galvani A, Giordano P, Isacchi A, Martina K, Molinari A, Moll JK, Montagnoli A, Orsini P, Orzi F, Pesenti E, Pillan A, Roletto F, Scolaro A, Tatò M, Tibolla M, Valsasina B, Varasi M, Vianello P, Volpi D, Santocanale C, Vanotti E. Cdc7 kinase inhibitors: 5-heteroaryl-3-carboxamido-2-aryl pyrroles as potential antitumor agents. 1. Lead finding. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7296-315. [PMID: 20873740 DOI: 10.1021/jm100504d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cdc7 serine/threonine kinase is a key regulator of DNA synthesis in eukaryotic organisms. Cdc7 inhibition through siRNA or prototype small molecules causes p53 independent apoptosis in tumor cells while reversibly arresting cell cycle progression in primary fibroblasts. This implies that Cdc7 kinase could be considered a potential target for anticancer therapy. We previously reported that pyrrolopyridinones (e.g., 1) are potent and selective inhibitors of Cdc7 kinase, with good cellular potency and in vitro ADME properties but with suboptimal pharmacokinetic profiles. Here we report on a new chemical class of 5-heteroaryl-3-carboxamido-2-substituted pyrroles (1A) that offers advantages of chemistry diversification and synthetic simplification. This work led to the identification of compound 18, with biochemical data and ADME profile similar to those of compound 1 but characterized by superior efficacy in an in vivo model. Derivative 18 represents a new lead compound worthy of further investigation toward the ultimate goal of identifying a clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Menichincheri
- Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl, Business Unit Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, MI, Italy.
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97
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Abstract
Advances in the generation and interpretation of proteomics data have spurred a transition from focusing on protein identification to functional analysis. Here we review recent proteomics results that have elucidated new aspects of the roles and regulation of signal transduction pathways in cancer using the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), ERK and breakpoint cluster region (BCR)-ABL1 networks as examples. The emerging theme is to understand cancer signalling as networks of multiprotein machines which process information in a highly dynamic environment that is shaped by changing protein interactions and post-translational modifications (PTMs). Cancerous genetic mutations derange these protein networks in complex ways that are tractable by proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Kolch
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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98
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Montagnoli A, Moll J, Colotta F. Targeting cell division cycle 7 kinase: a new approach for cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:4503-8. [PMID: 20647475 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cell division cycle 7 (Cdc7) is a serine-threonine kinase, originally discovered in budding yeast, required to initiate DNA replication. Human Cdc7 phosphorylates the minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (Mcm2), a component of the DNA replicative helicase needed for genome duplication. Inhibition of Cdc7 in cancer cells impairs progression through S phase, inducing a p53-independent apoptotic cell death, whereas in normal cells, it does not affect cell viability. Small molecule compounds able to interfere with Cdc7 activity have been identified and shown to be effective in controlling tumor growth in animal models. Two Cdc7 inhibitors are currently in phase I clinical development. Inhibition of Cdc7 kinase activity in cancer cells restricts DNA replication and induces apoptotic cell death by an unprecedented molecular mechanism of action.
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99
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The War on Cancer rages on. Neoplasia 2010; 11:1252-63. [PMID: 20019833 DOI: 10.1593/neo.91866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1971, the "War on Cancer" was launched by the US government to cure cancer by the 200-year anniversary of the founding of the United States of America, 1976. This article briefly looks back at the progress that has been made in cancer research and compares progress made in other areas of human affliction. While progress has indeed been made, the battle continues to rage on.
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100
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Choschzick M, Lebeau A, Marx AH, Tharun L, Terracciano L, Heilenkötter U, Jaenicke F, Bokemeyer C, Simon R, Sauter G, Schwarz J. Overexpression of cell division cycle 7 homolog is associated with gene amplification frequency in breast cancer. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:358-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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